Apparatus and method for controlling the voltage of microarrays

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a device for controlling one or more electricity generation unit(s) and / or electricity storage unit(s), intended to be connected to at least one line of a micro-grid for consumption and / or production of electricity.

[0002] The field of the invention relates to micro-networks (in English "microgrid" for consumption and / or production of electricity) comprising on the one hand one or more first centralized sources of electricity production (designated by G 1 , G 2 , ... GM in the following and which may be for example thermal sources (diesel or coal for example, or others) and second sources of electricity production distributed on lines connected to the first sources, the second sources of electricity production being able to operate intermittently and being able to comprise for example photovoltaic or wind turbine sources of electricity production. The first centralized sources of electricity production can operate all the time.

[0003] Microgrids can operate with low consumption (e.g., consumption orders of magnitude below a few dozen MW) and autonomously some or all of the time. Their distributed energy sources are generally renewable producers with or without energy storage batteries. These microgrids can, for example, be located on islands or in places that are difficult to access, such as mountainous areas or deserts.

[0004] In a first type of electrical systems, namely conventional electrical systems with a transmission network, the operation and system services of these electrical systems are based on the correlation UQ (voltage - reactive power) on the one hand and fP (frequency - active power) on the other hand. These correlations are the consequence of the electrical characteristics of HTB overhead lines (high voltage B for electrical installations in which the voltage exceeds 50,000 volts in alternating current) which have an equivalent impedance of a highly inductive nature.

[0005] By assimilating the equivalent impedance of an HTB line to its equivalent reactance X between two nodes N1 and N2 according to the figure 1 and by linearizing the equations of the active power and the reactive power of the node N1, we obtain the commonly used expressions below: P 1 ≈ U 1 U 2 X θ 1 − θ 2 Q 1 ≈ U 1 X U 1 − U 2 With : P 1 , Q 1 , U 1 and θ 1 respectively the active power, the reactive power, the effective value of the voltages between phases and the voltage angle of node N1, U 2 and θ 2 respectively the effective value of the voltages between phases and the voltage angle of node N2, X the equivalent reactance of the HTB overhead line

[0006] These equations illustrate the correlations UQ and fP mentioned above, the active power P 1 is proportional to the difference θ 1 - θ 2 of the angles of the voltages which themselves correspond to the integrals of the frequencies of the two nodes N1 and N2, multiplied by a factor of 2π and the reactive power Q 1 is proportional to the difference U 1 - U 2 of the voltages of the two nodes N1 and N2.

[0007] Therefore, the transmission network voltage can be regulated by the production units, the supply and / or reactive power compensation devices, at their various connection points while having a negligible impact on the active power flows in the system.

[0008] In a second type of electrical systems, namely microgrids without distributed energy sources, the classic structure of microgrids consists of the figure 2 in a single thermal power station C composed of several production groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM and connected to several departures D 1 , D 2 , ..., DN of lines where consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l,2 are distributed.

[0009] Unlike conventional systems, the voltage level generally corresponds to HTA (high voltage A for electrical installations in which the voltage exceeds 1000 volts without exceeding 50000 volts in alternating current) or LV (low voltage for electrical installations in which the voltages are between 50 and 1000 volts in alternating voltage regime) and the impedance of the lines is mainly resistive in the case of overhead lines or resistive - capacitive in the case of underground lines. The correlations presented above for the first type of electrical systems are therefore inoperative and must be recalculated.

[0010] HTA and LV overhead lines can be modeled according to the figure 3 with between the two electrical nodes N1 and N2 connected by the line a resistance R in series with a potentially non-negligible equivalent inductance X.

[0011] By linearizing the equations of active power and reactive power at node N1 we obtain the expressions below: P 1 ≈ XU 1 U 2 R 2 + X 2 θ 1 − θ 2 + RU 1 R 2 + X 2 U 1 − U 2 Q 1 ≈ XU 1 R 2 + X 2 U 1 − U 2 − RU 1 U 2 R 2 + X 2 θ 1 − θ 2 With : P 1 , Q 1 , U 1 and θ 1 respectively the active power, the reactive power, the effective value of the voltages between phases and the voltage angle of node N1 U 2 and θ 2 respectively the effective value of the voltages between phases and the voltage angle of node N2 R and X the equivalent resistance and the equivalent reactance of the HTA or LV overhead line.

[0012] The active and reactive powers P 1 , Q 1 depend in these conditions both on the difference U 1 - U 2 of the effective values ​​of the voltages and on the difference θ 1 - θ 2 of their angles.

[0013] Neglecting the equivalent reactance X of the line in front of its equivalent resistance R, we obtain the simplified expressions below: P 1 ≈ U 1 R U 1 − U 2 Q 1 ≈ − U 1 U 2 R θ 1 − θ 2

[0014] We then observe an inversion of the existing correlations in the electrical systems of the first type having a transport network to obtain the new UP and fQ correlations for the installations of the second type.

[0015] Therefore, if the thermal groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM of production of a microgrid were distributed instead of being centralized as illustrated in figure 4 , their control should be completely adapted to take into account the UP and fQ correlations: the voltage of the production groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM would be modulated to regulate their active power and their frequency would be modulated to regulate their reactive power.

[0016] A primary voltage adjustment and a reactive power load sharing are described below, according to the state of the art. For centralized production groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM in the vast majority of microgrids, the correlations defined above for the first type apply between groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM because the equivalent impedance of the alternator-transformer sets of these groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM is mainly inductive.

[0017] The example below of the figure 5 represents two centralized production groups G 1 and G 2 , modeled equivalently downstream of their step-up transformer (network side), supplying a load consuming reactive power QR and modeled by an ideal current source, connected to the same central electrical node N as the centralized production groups G 1 and G 2 .

[0018] The reactive powers supplied by groups G 1 and G 2 at their stator can be expressed by the following equations: Q G 1 ≈ X G 2 X G 1 + X G 2 3 U G 1 I R sin θ G 1 − γ R + U G 1 U G 1 − U G 2 X G 1 + X G 2 Q G 2 ≈ X G 1 X G 1 + X G 2 3 U G 2 I R sin θ G 2 − γ R + U G 2 U G 2 − U G 1 X G 1 + X G 2 With : Q G 1 et Q G2 the reactive powers injected by the two groups G 1 and G 2 at their stator, X G 1 et X G 2 the equivalent reactances of the alternator-transformer assemblies of the two groups G 1 and G 2 brought back to the network side, θ G1 et θ G2 the angles of the tensions of the two groups G 1 and G 2 brought back to the network side, I R et γ R the effective value and the angle of the load current QR, U G 1 et U G 2 the voltages of the two groups G 1 and G 2 at their stator level brought back to the network side,

[0019] In these equations, the first terms X G 2 X G 1 + X G 2 3 U G 1 I R sin θ G 1 − γ R And X G 1 X G 1 + X G 2 3 U G 2 I R sin θ G 2 − γ R correspond to what can be considered as the "natural contribution" of the G 1 and G 2 production groups to the supply of reactive power. This depends mainly on the term X G 2 X G 1 + X G 2 for group G 1 and the term X G 1 X G 1 + X G 2 for group G 2 . These terms reflect the fact that group G 1 or G 2 with the lowest equivalent reactance will provide more reactive power to the load than group G 2 or G 1 with the highest equivalent reactance.

[0020] The second terms U G 1 U G 1 − U G 2 X G 1 + X G 2 And U G 2 U G 2 − U G 1 X G 1 + X G 2 correspond to what can be considered as the "controlled contribution" of the production groups G 1 and G 2 to the supply of reactive power. They reflect the fact that group G 1 or G 2 having the higher stator voltage will supply more reactive power to the load than its natural contribution while group G 2 or G 1 having the lower stator voltage will supply less reactive power to the load than its natural contribution.

[0021] It can therefore be noted that if the stator voltages of groups G 1 and G 2 are identical, the controlled contribution to the supply of reactive power does not exist and only the ratio of the equivalent reactances of groups G 1 and G 2 determines their supply of reactive power. In this case, there is no consideration for the reactive power capacities of groups G 1 and G 2 which may be asymmetrical, which results in a deoptimization of the system.

[0022] Conversely, the modulation of the voltages of groups G 1 and G 2 makes it possible to control the injection of reactive power of groups G 1 and G 2 .

[0023] In a third type of electrical installation, the energy transition of microgrids results in some cases in the installation of significant renewable energy capacities, particularly photovoltaic power plants, which can exceed the maximum active power consumption of microgrids several times over. It is then essential to install a storage solution, often consisting of electrochemical batteries.

[0024] These same microgrids are generally required to operate for part of the day without or with few centralized production thermal groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM and it is therefore necessary for the storage batteries to have an operating mode that can supplement and replace the system services performed by the thermal groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM such as voltage regulation, frequency regulation, fault current injection and the ability to re-power the microgrid after a general incident ("black start" capacity in English, which means cold start). It is therefore preferable for the proper functioning of these system services that these storage batteries Bat be centralized with the thermal groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM in a power plant C for electricity production and electricity storage. The resulting microgrid structure is shown in figure 6 .

[0025] With this new structure of the figure 6 , the set C of batteries Bat and thermal groups G 1 , G 2 , ...GM can be separated from the renewable electricity production sources S distributed with the consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 on the feeders D 1 , D 2 , ..., DN of lines by significant lengths of these HTA or LV overhead or underground lines and it is therefore necessary to consider two levels of physical correlation: the correlations applicable at the intra-central level C production groups - storage, the correlations between the central C and the decentralized electricity production sources S.

[0026] At the level of the electricity production and electricity storage plant C, the integration of Bat storage batteries does not modify the operation described above for the second type of installations and it is possible to model its different sources in a similar way, as shown in figure 7 .

[0027] The reactive power supply equations are identical to those mentioned above for this second type if we replace the indices of the quantities relating to group G 2 by the indices B of the battery Bat (voltage UB of the battery Bat, equivalent reactance XB of the battery Bat represented in figure 7 ).

[0028] The correlations between the C plant and the S sources of decentralized electricity production and the problem of maintaining the voltage of the microgrid are described below.

[0029] Since the C power plant and the S decentralized electricity production sources are connected by HTA or LV overhead lines, the applicable correlations are those of the second type of installations, i.e. UP and fQ.

[0030] Its impact on the voltage resistance of the microgrid can be illustrated through the example of a source S of decentralized photovoltaic electricity production charging a battery Bat of the power station C through an overhead line assimilated to its equivalent resistance R between the node N1 located on the side of the power station C and the node N2 node N2 located on the side of the source S of decentralized photovoltaic electricity production at the figure 8 .

[0031] In the example of the figure 8 , the photovoltaic decentralized electricity production source S can inject the maximum available active power thanks to a maximum power point tracking algorithm and the battery Bat can maintain the voltage of the node N1 located on the side of the power plant C at a value close to the nominal voltage if it has a reactive power sharing algorithm or exactly at the nominal voltage if a secondary voltage adjustment algorithm is also used.

[0032] In this situation, the effective value U 2 of the voltage at node N2 located on the side of the photovoltaic decentralized electricity production source S can be calculated via the following equation, where U 1 is the effective value of the voltage at node N1: U 2 ≈ U 1 − RP 1 U 1 ; avec P 1 < 0

[0033] For a voltage U 1 fixed by the battery and a given equivalent line resistance R, the rise in voltage U 2 is therefore proportional to the transit of active power P 1 charging the battery Bat. Thus, a first disadvantage is that if this transit is sufficiently significant, voltage U 2 will go outside the contractual range.

[0034] More generally, by taking up the complete structure of a micronetwork of the figure 6 , this first drawback results in the fact that part of the microgrid could find itself in overvoltage due to strong active power transfers from the decentralized electricity production sources S to the battery Bat.

[0035] Although the operation of microgrids in the presence of distributed energy sources S has been the subject of scientific publications, these mainly focus on load sharing between thermal groups G and / or decentralized storage batteries by proposing load sharing algorithms taking into account the correlations due to HTA or LV overhead lines (see second type mentioned above), for example with load sharing in active and reactive power by statism of the type: U ref = U N − K UP P − K UQ Q f ref = f N − K fP P − K fQ Q With : U ref et f ref the voltage and frequency references of each thermal group and battery P et Q the active power and reactive power injected by each thermal group and battery K UP , K UQ , K fP , K fQ the algorithm adjustment coefficients.

[0036] More complex algorithms using the concept of virtual impedance have also been proposed to improve the quality of load sharing, however their objective remains the same.

[0037] Some publications describe secondary control algorithms without addressing the first drawback mentioned above. Indeed, the use of such secondary voltage controls aims to bring the voltage of the controlled electrical node to a fixed value, typically the nominal value, without taking into consideration the voltage behavior of the rest of the network which risks going outside its contractual range during periods of high injections of active power from the decentralized electricity production sources S to the centralized battery Bat, which is a second additional drawback.

[0038] CN109038644A proposes a micro-grid energy system and a voltage regulation control method therefor. The system and method adopt two-level voltage regulation, which can adapt to the load change and fluctuation characteristics of renewable energy, fully utilize the reactive capacity of renewable energy, ensure the high quality of output energy of the micro-grid energy, and support the safety and stability of the distribution network.

[0039] Thus, the problem is that existing voltage control solutions composed of reactive power sharing algorithms coupled or not with a secondary voltage control algorithm operating according to the state of the art are insufficient to ensure the voltage stability of the entire network in the presence of decentralized producers and do not make it possible to overcome the first and second drawbacks mentioned above.

[0040] An objective of the invention is to obtain a device for controlling the voltage of microgrids by controlling at least one electricity production unit and / or at least one electricity storage unit, which overcomes the drawbacks mentioned above.

[0041] For this purpose, a first object of the invention is a device for controlling a power plant according to claim 1.

[0042] The invention overcomes the first and second drawbacks mentioned above.

[0043] Claims 2 to 8 relate to embodiments of the control device.

[0044] A second object of the invention is a method of controlling a power plant according to claim 9.

[0045] A third subject of the invention is a computer program according to claim 10.

[0046] The invention will be better understood upon reading the description which follows, given solely by way of non-limiting example with reference to the figures below of the attached drawings. There figure 1 is an equivalent electrical diagram of an HTB electrical network line for a first type of electrical systems, according to the state of the art. The figure 2 shows an electrical diagram of a second type of electrical system, according to the state of the art. The figure 3 is an equivalent electrical diagram of an electrical network line of the figure 2 , according to the state of the art. The figure 4 is an equivalent electrical diagram of distributed production groups of a microgrid according to the state of the art. The figure 5 is an equivalent electrical diagram of two centralized production groups of a microgrid according to the state of the art. The figure 6 represents an electrical diagram of a third type of electrical installation according to the state of the art. The figure 7 is an equivalent electrical diagram of a centralized production group and storage system, according to the state of the art. figure 8 is an equivalent electrical diagram of a production group and a distributed storage system of a microgrid, according to the state of the art. figure 9 is an electrical diagram of a microgrid requiring a control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 10 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 11 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 12 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 13 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 14 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 15 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 16 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 17 is a flowchart of a control method according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 18 illustrates an example of a microgrid tested with an example of a control device according to the state of the art and with an example of a control device according to the invention. The figure 19 shows active power profiles of the microgrid of the figure 18 . There figure 20 shows voltage curves of the microgrid tested with an example of a state-of-the-art control device. The figure 21 shows voltage curves of the microgrid tested with an example of a control device according to the invention. The figure 22 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention. The figure 23 shows an example of architecture of embodiments according to the invention. The figure 24 is a diagram of the control device according to embodiments of the invention.

[0047] Below is described in more detail with reference to the figures 9 à 24 examples of a device 1000 for controlling one (or more) electricity generation unit G i and / or one (or more) electricity storage unit (Bat i ). This control device 1000 is composed of a first central automaton 100 corresponding to an energy management system (in English "energy management system") as well as a second automaton A i per electricity production unit G i and / or a second automaton A i per electricity storage unit Bat i. In the following, the index i indicates what is planned for each electricity production unit G i and / or each second automaton A i associated with this electricity production unit G i or this electricity storage unit Bat i. There may therefore be one or more second automaton A i .The second automaton of each electricity production unit G i or each electricity storage unit Bat i regulates the internal voltage of this electricity production unit G i or this electricity storage unit Bat i.

[0048] To the figure 9 , the MR micronetwork can include for example: one (or more) electricity generation unit G i, such as for example two electricity generation units G 1 and G 2 , each comprising one (or more) output conductor 20 i, used for sending or receiving electric current to the line(s) D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN , for electricity transmission, one (or more) electricity storage unit Bat i, each comprising one (or more) output conductor 20 i, used for sending or receiving electric current to the line(s) D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN , one (or more) connection terminal 10 (for example common busbars, or others), connected in common to the output conductor(s) 20 i of the electricity generation unit(s) G i and the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i, the line(s) D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN , one end of which (line departure) is connected to the connection terminal(s) 10, one (or more) distributed electricity production sources S k , S k+1 (also called decentralized electricity production sources S k , S k+1) along the line D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN , one (or more) distributed electricity consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 (also called decentralized electricity consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2) along the line D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN . .

[0049] On each electricity distribution line departure, for example electricity distribution line D 1 as shown in figure 9 , the distributed electricity production sources S k , S k+1 are connected to the electricity distribution line D 1 to be able to send electric current to it and have nodes N 11 , N 12 for connection to the line D 1 , which are at least a non-zero distance apart from each other and from the connection terminal 10 along the line D 1 . The distributed electricity production sources S k , S k+1 may also be or include distributed electricity storage units S k , S k+1.

[0050] On each electricity distribution line, for example the D 1 electricity transmission line as shown in figure 9 , the distributed electricity consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 are connected to the electricity transmission line D 1 in order to be able to receive electric current from it and have nodes N 13 , N 14 , N 15 for connection to the line D 1 , which are at least a non-zero distance apart from each other and from the connection terminal 10 along the line D 1 .

[0051] According to one embodiment of the invention, at least one, several or all of the distributed electricity production sources S k , S k+1 may comprise, for example: - a so-called fatal or intermittent energy production unit, which may comprise, for example, one or more photovoltaic panels, one or more wind turbines, an electrical energy storage unit, which may comprise, for example, one or more electric batteries (for example, this electrical energy storage unit may comprise at least one electric battery and at least one photovoltaic panel connected to the line), one or more combustion turbine(s).

[0052] The term "fatal energy" refers to the quantity of energy inevitably present or trapped in certain processes or products, which sometimes - at least in part - can be recovered and / or used. The term "fatal" also refers to the energy that would be lost if it were not used when it is available, for example: electricity from wind turbines, solar panels, or that produced by run-of-river hydroelectric or tidal power plants. The term "intermittent" refers to the fact that the unit produces energy for part of the day, such as one or more photovoltaic panels, or irregularly, such as one or more wind turbines. These energy production units can use renewable energy, such as solar radiation for one or more photovoltaic panels, or the force of the wind for one or more wind turbines.

[0053] The electricity generation unit(s) G i, the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i, the output conductor(s) 20 i and the connection terminal(s) 10 may be grouped together in an electricity production plant C. The connection terminal 10 is common to the electricity generation unit(s) G i and / or to the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i, and to the output conductor(s) 20 i may also be called a common electrical node 10 of the plant C and may be, for example, a common busbar of the electricity production plant C. The plant comprises, for example, a single common connection terminal 10 or a single common electrical node 10.

[0054] The electricity generating unit(s) G i may draw the electricity they produce from internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines via alternators and transformers, but could also be of another type, such as a nuclear or coal-fired, hydroelectric or other power plant.

[0055] The Bat i electricity storage unit(s) may be or include one (or more) Bat i electricity storage batteries, which may be equipped with an inverter.

[0056] In another example, only one (or more) electricity generation unit G i may be provided, without an electricity storage unit Bat i.

[0057] In another example, only one (or more) Bat i electricity storage unit may be provided, without a G i electricity generation unit.

[0058] According to the invention, the device 1000 for controlling the electricity generation unit(s) G i and / or the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i and the method for controlling the electricity generation unit(s) G i and / or the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i comprise and use the first automaton 100 for controlling the power station C and the second automaton(s) A i for controlling the electricity generation unit G i (connected to the first control automaton 100) and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i and is configured to calculate (step E5 to figure 17 ) a set voltage U ref(i) of each electricity generation unit G i and / or a set voltage U ref(i) of each electricity storage unit Bat i.

[0059] As represented in the figures 9 à 17 , 22, 23 And 24, we describe below what the control automatons 100 and A i comprise for each electricity generation unit G i and / or each electricity storage unit Bat i and the steps implemented by the control automaton 100 in the method.

[0060] The control automaton 100 comprises a first member 1 for measuring or determining a total active power P central output from the central C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit(s) G i and / or the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i on the common connection terminal 10 (step E1 carried out by this first member 1). In one embodiment, the first measuring member 1 may be, for example, a measurement sensor on the common connection terminal 10.In another embodiment, the first measuring member 1 can use a calculator adding measurements or determinations of the individual active powers, carried out by measuring members (sensors or others) or determination members (calculator) forming part of the second automaton(s) A i , on the output conductor(s) 20 i of each electricity generation unit G i and / or of each electricity storage unit Bat i towards the connection terminal 10.

[0061] The control automaton 100 comprises a second member 2 for measuring or determining a voltage U Rmes of the common connection terminal 10 (which may be, for example, a measurement sensor on the output conductor 20 i or on the common connection terminal 10), at step E2 carried out by this second member 2. This voltage U Rmes of the common connection terminal 10 is therefore the voltage U Rmes of the output conductor(s) 20 i of each electricity generation unit G i and / or of each electricity storage unit Bat i.

[0062] The control automaton 100 comprises a third member 3 for calculating (for example by a calculator) a central reference URef of voltage of the common connection terminal 10 according to a first prescribed function f depending at least on the total active power P central (step E3 carried out by this third member 3).

[0063] Each second control automaton A i comprises a fourth member 4 i for measuring or determining an individual reactive power Q mes(i) supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (G i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ) towards the common connection terminal 10 (step E4 carried out by this fourth member 4). In one embodiment, the fourth measuring member 4 i may be, for example, a measurement sensor on the output conductor 20 i of each electricity generation unit G i and / or of each electricity storage unit Bat i towards the connection terminal 10.

[0064] The control automaton 100 comprises a first voltage corrector 5, having a second prescribed transfer function corr. The control automaton 100 is configured to calculate (step E5) U centraleRef = f P centrale U offset = corr U centraleRef − U Rmes where U offset is a first central offset voltage, calculated by applying the second prescribed transfer function corr of the first corrector to the difference U centrateRef - U Rmes . The control automaton 100 is configured to calculate at least one second offset voltage U offset(i) according to a third prescribed function gi depending on the first central offset voltage U offse . The control automaton 100 is configured to transmit the second offset voltage(s) U offset(i) to the second control automaton(s) A i for the electricity generation unit G i associated with this second automaton A i and / or for the electricity storage unit Bat i associated with this second automaton A i .

[0065] The first central control automaton 100 calculates (step E6) and transmits (step E6) to each second control automaton A i the offset voltage U offset(i) of each electricity generation unit G i and / or each electricity storage unit Bat i associated with this second control automaton A i, so that the voltage of the common connection terminal 10 is set to the central voltage reference URef.

[0066] The second control automaton(s) A i is configured to calculate (step E7) the local setpoint voltage U ref(i) for the electricity generation unit G i associated with this second automaton A i and / or for the electricity storage unit Bat i associated with this second automaton (A i ), according to U ref(i) = U offset(i) - K UQ(i) .Q mes(i) where K UQ(i) is a prescribed, non-zero coefficient.

[0067] According to one embodiment of the invention, each coefficient K UQ(i) represents a sharing function of the first total reactive power Q mes and may correspond to the ratio of the individual reactive power Q mes(i) of an electricity generation unit G i or electricity storage unit Bat i relative to the first total reactive power Q mes , this sharing function being implemented in the second control automaton A i. This sharing function of the first total reactive power Q mes is associated with the regulation of the internal voltage of each electricity generation unit G i and / or each electricity storage unit Bat i, carried out by the second control automaton A i associated with this unit.

[0068] The present invention makes it possible to adapt the operation of the centralized secondary voltage adjustment presented to the figure 11 in order to minimize voltage differences across all nodes of the MR microgrid, in particular nodes N 11 , N 12 connecting the distributed electricity production sources S k , S k+1 and nodes N 13 , N 14 , N 15 connecting the distributed electricity consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2, compared to the nominal voltage. The voltage reference U centraleRef of the secondary adjustment is modulated according to the total active power P centrale and / or the first total reactive power Q mes injected by the central C into the MR microgrid.

[0069] In embodiments of the invention, shown in figures 10 And 24 , the first central control automaton 100 comprises another member 4 for measuring or determining the first total reactive power Q mes leaving the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i.

[0070] In one embodiment of the invention, shown in figure 10 , the measuring device 4 can use a calculator adding measurements or determinations of the individual reactive powers Q mes(i), which have been carried out by the measuring devices 4 i (sensors or others) or determination (calculator) forming part of the second automaton(s) A i , on the output conductor(s) 20 i of each electricity generation unit G i and / or of each electricity storage unit Bat i towards the connection terminal 10.

[0071] In one embodiment of the invention, shown in figure 24 , the first central control automaton 100 comprises, as another member 4, another member 4 for measuring the first total reactive power Q mes leaving the power station, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10.

[0072] The automaton 100, the first calculation module M1 i and the second calculation module M2 i, the members, the correctors, filters, limiters and other elements described below, can be produced by any calculation means, which may include a calculator, a computer, one or more processors, a calculation circuit, a computer program or others. The invention also relates to a computer program comprising code instructions for implementing the method for controlling at least one electricity generation unit G i and / or at least one electricity storage unit Bat i, when it is executed by the control automaton 100. The elements described below can implement other steps of the control method, described below.

[0073] An object of the invention is a computer program comprising code instructions for implementing a method for controlling a power plant (C), which comprises at least one electricity generation unit (G i ) and / or at least one electricity storage unit (Bat i ), and at least one common connection terminal (10), which is connected to the electricity generation unit (G i ) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) and which is intended to be connected to at least one line (D 1 , D 2 , DN ) of a microgrid (MR) for consuming and / or producing electricity, method in which a central control automaton (100) of the electricity generation unit (G i ) and / or of the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) calculates (E5) and transmits at least one offset voltage U offset(i) of each electricity generation unit (G i ) and / or of each electricity storage unit (Bat i ) to at least one second control automaton (A i ) of each electricity generation unit (G i ) and / or electricity storage unit (Bat i ), so that the voltage of the common connection terminal (10) is set to a central voltage reference URef, characterized in that a total active power P central leaving the power station (C ) is measured or determined (E1) by a first measuring or determining member (1) of the first central control automaton (100), supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (G i ) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) electricity storage,a voltage U Rmes of the common connection terminal (10) is measured (E2) by a second measuring member (2) of the first central control automaton (100), a voltage reference U centraleRef of the common connection terminal (10) is calculated (E3) by a third calculating member (3) of the first central control automaton (100) according to a first prescribed function f depending at least on the total active power P centrale , a first individual reactive power Q mes(i) supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (G i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ) and / or by the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ) to the connection terminal (10) is measured or determined (E4) by a fourth measuring or determining member (4 i ) of the second control automaton (A i ), the first central control automaton (100) having a first voltage corrector (5), having a second prescribed transfer function corr,we calculate (E5) by the first central control automaton (100), U centraleRef = f P centrale U offset = corr U centraleRef − U Rmes where U offset is a first central offset voltage, calculated by applying the second prescribed transfer function corr of the first corrector to the difference U centrateRef - U Rmes , the second offset voltage U offset(i) is calculated (E6) by the first control automaton (100) from the first central offset voltage U offset according to a third prescribed function (gi ) and the second offset voltage U offset(i) is transmitted by the first control automaton (100) to the second control automaton (A i ) for the electricity generation unit (G i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ),we calculate (E7) by the second control automaton (A i ) at least one local setpoint voltage U ref(i) for the electricity generation unit (G i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bat i ) associated with this second automaton (A i ), according to , U ref i = U offset i − K UQ i . Q mes i where K UQ(i) is a prescribed, non-zero coefficient, the computer program being executed by the first central control automaton (100) and by the second control automaton (A i ).

[0074] THE figures 11 , 22 And 23shows an example of an embodiment of a first module M1 for calculating the second offset voltage U offset(i), where this first calculation module M1 i comprises a first subtractor SOUS1 comprising a first adding input E10 receiving the voltage reference U centraleRef and a second subtracting input E20 receiving the voltage U Rmes from the common connection terminal 10 to provide on its first output SOR the difference U centraleRef - U Rmes. The output SOR is connected to the third input of the corrector 5 of the voltage regulation loop, which calculates on its second output SOR corr the offset voltage U offset = corr(U centraleRef -U Rmes ). The third prescribed function gi is or comprises the division of the first central offset voltage U offset by a prescribed nominal voltage U iN of the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i, for example to have the second offset voltage U offset(i) equal to or proportional to U offset(i) = U offset / U iN . The second output SOR corr is connected to the twenty-fourth input EMULT7 i of a seventh multiplier MULT7 i multiplying the first central offset voltage U offset by the inverse of the prescribed nominal voltage U iN to provide on a nineteenth output S MULT7 i of the seventh multiplier MULT7 i this second offset voltage U offset(i).

[0075] There figure 12 shows an example of an embodiment of a second module M2 i for calculating the setpoint voltage U ref(i), where this second calculation module M2 i comprises a first multiplier MULT i comprising a fourth input EMULT i receiving the individual reactive power Q mes(i) and providing on its third output SMULT i the product of the prescribed coefficient K UQ(i) by the individual reactive power Q mes(i). The output SMULT i is connected to a fifth subtractive input E3 i of a second subtractor SOUS2 i, of which a sixth adding input E4 i receives the second offset voltage U offset(i) and of which the fourth output SOR sous2i provides the setpoint voltage U ref(i) equal to the difference U offset(i) - K uQ(i) .Q mes(i).

[0076] Thus, U offset(i) is the reference voltage when the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i neither supplies nor absorbs any reactive power cas où Q mes i = 0 .

[0077] According to one embodiment of the invention, the first prescribed function f of the automaton 100 depends at least on: of the total active power P central output from the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10, and of the first total reactive power Q mes output from the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10, according to U centraleRef = f P centrale Q mes .

[0078] According to one embodiment of the invention, the first prescribed function f is affine or linear and depends on: of the total active power P central output from the central C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10, according to U centraleRef = K P . P centrale + U 0 , where KP is a second non-zero prescribed coefficient, U 0 is a third prescribed coefficient.

[0079] According to one embodiment of the invention, the first prescribed function f is affine or linear and depends on: of the total active power P central output from the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10, and of the first total reactive power Q mes output from the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10, according to U centraleRef = K P . P centrale + K Q . Q mes + U 0 , where KP is a second non-zero prescribed coefficient, U 0 is a third prescribed coefficient, KQ is a fourth non-zero prescribed coefficient, as shown as an example in figure 13 .

[0080] In the example of realization of the figures 13 ,22 And 23, the third calculation unit 3 comprises a second multiplier MULT2 comprising a seventh input EMULT2 receiving the central active power P and providing on its fifth output SMULT2 the product of the second prescribed coefficient KP by the central active power P . The third calculation unit 3 comprises a third multiplier MULT3 comprising an eighth input EMULT3 receiving the reactive power Q mes and providing on its sixth output SMULT3 the product of the fourth prescribed coefficient KQ by the reactive power Q mes . The third calculation unit 3 comprises a first adder ADD1 comprising a ninth adding input EADD11 connected to the fifth output SMULT2, a tenth adding input EADD12 connected to the eighth input EMULT3, an eleventh input EADD13 receiving the third prescribed coefficient U 0 , and a seventh output SADD1 providing KP .P central + KQ .Q mes + U 0 .The third calculation member 3 comprises a first filtering member F1 comprising a twelfth input EF1 connected to the seventh output SADD1. The filtering member F1 may comprise a first limiter LIM1 limiting on the eighth output SF1 of the filtering member F1 the values ​​KP .P central + KQ .Q mes + U 0 to values ​​which are greater than or equal to a prescribed minimum value U min of strictly positive voltage and which are less than or equal to a prescribed maximum value U max of strictly positive voltage as a voltage reference U centralRef. The maximum value U max of strictly positive voltage is greater than the minimum value U min of strictly positive voltage. The filtering member F1 may comprise a first low-pass filter FPB1 providing the values ​​KP .P central + KQ .Q mes + U 0 filtered by a first low-pass filtering function prescribed on the eighth output SF1 of the filtering member F1 as a voltage reference U centralRef. The filtering member F1 may comprise both the first limiter LIM1 and the first low-pass filter FPB1 to provide on the eighth output SF1 of the filtering member F1 the values ​​KP .P central + KQ .Q mes + U 0 both limited by the first limiter LIM1 and filtered by the first low-pass filter FPB1 on the eighth output SF1 of the first limiter LIM1 as a voltage reference U centralRef.

[0081] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 14 , 22 And 23, the first prescribed function f comprises a hysteresis function fH having three different reference steps U centraleRef of voltage (namely either the prescribed minimum value U min of voltage, or the prescribed maximum value U max of voltage, or the prescribed nominal value UN of voltage, which is greater than the prescribed minimum value U min of voltage and is less than the prescribed maximum value U max ) of voltage, according to the increasing or decreasing values ​​of the total active power P centrale leaving the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10. The hysteresis function fH is useful for example if the coefficients of the linear or affine function described above could not be determined or if the performances are not satisfactory.

[0082] According to the hysteresis function fH, when the values ​​of the total active power P central increase over time and become greater than or equal to a first strictly negative prescribed value P 1 of active power while remaining less than a second strictly positive prescribed value P 2 of active power, the voltage reference U centralRef takes the nominal value UN of strictly positive and prescribed voltage (first case).

[0083] According to the hysteresis function fH, as long as the values ​​of the total active power P central increase over time and remain lower than the first strictly negative prescribed value P 1 of power, the reference U centralRef of voltage takes the minimum value U min of strictly positive and prescribed voltage (second case).

[0084] According to the hysteresis function fH, when the values ​​of the total active power P central increase over time and are greater than the second strictly positive prescribed value P 2 of active power, the voltage reference U centralRef takes the maximum value U max of strictly positive and prescribed voltage (third case).

[0085] According to the hysteresis function fH, when the values ​​of the total active power P central decrease over time and become less than or equal to a third strictly negative prescribed value P 3 of active power while remaining greater than a fourth strictly positive prescribed value P 4 of active power, the voltage reference U centralRef takes the nominal value UN of strictly positive and prescribed voltage (fourth case). The first case and the fourth case correspond for example to the fact that when the injection or absorption of total active power P central is low, the voltage drop or rise on the microgrid MR will remain limited and the secondary voltage U centralRef will be maintained at its nominal value UN .

[0086] According to the hysteresis function fH, when the values ​​of the total active power P central decrease over time and are lower than the fourth strictly positive prescribed active power value P 4 , the voltage reference U centralRef takes the minimum strictly positive and prescribed voltage value U min (fifth case). The second case and the fifth case correspond for example to the fact that when the absorption of total active power P central is significant, that is to say in the case of high production of distributed sources S k , S k+1 , the secondary voltage reference U centralRef will be the low value U min .

[0087] According to the hysteresis function fH, as long as the values ​​of the total active power P central decrease over time and remain greater than the third strictly positive prescribed value P 3 of active power, the voltage reference U centralRef takes the maximum value U max of strictly positive and prescribed voltage (sixth case). The third case and the sixth case correspond for example to the fact that when the injection of total active power P central is significant, typically during the daily consumption peak of the distributed electricity consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 , the secondary voltage reference U centralRef will be the high value U max .

[0088] According to one embodiment of the invention, the third strictly positive prescribed value P 3 of active power is less than the second strictly positive prescribed value P 2 of active power.

[0089] According to one embodiment of the invention, the fourth strictly negative value prescribed P 4 of active power being less than the first strictly negative value prescribed P 1 of active power.

[0090] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 14 , 22 And 23 , the third calculation member 3 comprises a second low-pass filter FPB2 comprising a thirteenth input EFPB2 receiving the total active power P central and providing on its ninth output SFPB2 the total active power P central filtered by a second prescribed low-pass filtering function. The ninth output SFPB2 is connected to the hysteresis function fH which receives instead of the total active power P central the total active power P central having been filtered by a second prescribed low-pass filtering function of the second low-pass filter FPB2.

[0091] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 10 , 22 , 23 And 24 , the control automaton 100 further comprises at least a fifth receiving member 5 for receiving: of the first values ​​U decentralized-sources-k of voltage telemetry respectively of sources S k , S k+1 of decentralized (or distributed) electricity production of the line D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN of the microgrid MR of consumption and / or production of electricity, separated by at least one non-zero distance (connection nodes N 11 , N 12 ) from each other and from the common connection terminal 10 of the power station C, of ​​the second values ​​U consumer-stations-l of voltage telemetry respectively of consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 of decentralized (or distributed) electricity of the line D 1 , D 2 ,.., DN of the microgrid MR of consumption and / or production of electricity, separated by at least one non-zero distance (connection nodes N 13 , N 14 , N 15 ) relative to each other and relative to the common connection terminal 10 of the central unit C.

[0092] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 9 , 10 , 22 , 23 And 24 , the decentralized electricity production sources S k , S k+1 can each be equipped with a seventh member 7 k , 7 k+1 for measuring (for example, measuring sensor) or for determining their first value U decentralized-sources-k of respective voltage telemetry and an eighth member 8 k , 8 k+1 for telecommunication (for example, transmitter) for transmitting these first values ​​U decentralized-sources-k of voltage telemetry via a telecommunication network R to the fifth receiving member 5 (which is for example a telecommunication receiver).

[0093] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 9 , 10 , 22 , 23 And 24, the decentralized electricity consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l,2 can each be equipped with a ninth member 9 l , 9 l+1 , 9 l+2 for measuring (for example, measuring sensor) or for determining their second value U consumer stations-l for telemetry of respective voltage and a tenth member 10 l , 10 l+1 , 10 l+2 for telecommunication (for example, transmitter) for transmitting these second values ​​U consumer stations-l for telemetry of voltage to the fifth receiving member 5 via a telecommunication network R.

[0094] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 15 , 22 And 23 , the first prescribed function f includes: the calculation of a maximum voltage U Rmax between the voltage U Rmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the power station C and the first values ​​U decentralized-sources-k of voltage telemetry of the sources S k , S k+1 of decentralized electricity production, that is to say U Rmax = max U Rmes U sources − décentralisées − k , the calculation of a minimum voltage U Rmin between the voltage U Rmes of the terminal (10) of common connection of the power station and the second values ​​U consumer-stations-l of voltage telemetry of the consumer stations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 of decentralized electricity, that is to say U Rmin = min U Rmes U postes − consommateurs − l , taking into account the half-sum of the maximum U Rmax voltage and the minimum U Rmin voltage for the calculation of the central U referenceRef voltage.

[0095] This allows the lowest and highest voltages of the distributed sources S k , S k+1 and the distributed consumer substations PC l , PC l+1 , PC l+2 to be taken into account to calculate the optimal voltage reference U centralRef. Indeed, the maximum voltage U Rmax on the microgrid necessarily corresponds to that of a distributed source supplying active power according to the equations of the first type mentioned above. The minimum voltage U Rmin on the microgrid necessarily corresponds to that of a distributed consumer substation absorbing active power according to the equations of the first type mentioned above. This function, which corresponds to an external regulation loop for secondary adjustment, aims to center the voltage of the microgrid MR at its nominal value UN . Indeed, when the second PID corrector REG has canceled the static error of this external loop, the voltage reference U centralRef makes it possible to obtain U Rmax + U Rmin 2 = U N

[0096] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 15 , 22 And 23 , the third calculation unit 3 comprises a second adder ADD2 comprising a fourteenth adding input EADD21 receiving the maximum voltage U Rmax, a fifteenth adding input EADD22 receiving the minimum voltage U Rmin, and a tenth output SADD2 providing the sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin. The third calculation unit 3 comprises a fourth multiplier MULT4 comprising a sixteenth input EMULT4 connected to the tenth output SADD2 and providing on its eleventh output SMULT4 the half-sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin.

[0097] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 15 , 22 And 23, the third calculation unit 3 comprises a second corrector REG of the proportional, integrator and derivator (PID) type, providing on its twelfth output SREG the central voltage reference URef from the difference between on the one hand the prescribed nominal voltage UN and on the other hand the half-sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin, this difference being applied to a seventeenth input EREG of the second corrector REG.

[0098] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 15 , 22 And 23 , the third calculation member 3 comprises a second limiter LIM2 limiting on the twelfth output SREG of the second corrector REG the values ​​of the central voltage reference URef to values ​​which are greater than or equal to the minimum value U min of strictly positive voltage, prescribed and which are less than or equal to the maximum value U max of strictly positive voltage, prescribed.

[0099] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 15 , 22 And 23 , the third calculation device 3 i comprises a second subtractor SOUS2 comprising an eighteenth adding input ESOUS21 receiving the prescribed nominal voltage UN and a nineteenth subtracting input ESOUS22 receiving the half-sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin, to provide on its ninth output SOR2 the difference between on the one hand the prescribed nominal voltage UN and on the other hand the half-sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin. The ninth output SOR2 is connected to the seventeenth input EREG of the second corrector REG.

[0100] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 15 , 22 And 23, the third calculation device 3 may comprise a third low-pass filter FPB3 whose twentieth input EFPB3 is connected to the eleventh output SMULT4 to receive the half-sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin. The third low-pass filter FPB3 comprises a thirteenth output SFPB3 providing the half-sum of the maximum voltage U Rmax and the minimum voltage U Rmin, filtered by a third prescribed low-pass filtering function. The thirteenth output SFPB3 is connected to the nineteenth subtractive input ESOUS22.

[0101] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 9 , 10 , 16 , 22 , 23 And 24, the control automaton 100 comprises a sixth member 6 for calculating respective setpoints Q decentralized-source-k , Q decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power for the corresponding sources S k , S k+1 of decentralized electricity production. These respective setpoints Q decentralized-source-k , Q decentralized-source-k+1 sont des proportions rk , r k+1 at least of the first total reactive power Q mes leaving the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10 (therefore being able to add other measured reactive powers, as described below). The control automaton 100 may comprise a twelfth telecommunication unit 12 (for example transmitter) for transmitting via a telecommunication network R these respective instructions Q decentralized-source-k , Q decentralized-source-k+1 to the corresponding decentralized electricity production sources S k , S k+1 (which may have a thirteenth reception unit 13 k , 13 k+1 (for example a telecommunication receiver)) receiving these respective instructions Q decentralized-source-k , Q decentralized-source-k+1 via the telecommunication network R on their third control automaton A k.The third automaton A k , A k+1 controlling each source S k , S k+1 of decentralized electricity production regulates the internal voltage of this source S k , S k+1 of decentralized electricity production.

[0102] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 9 , 10 , 16 , 22 , 23 And 24, the control automaton 100 comprises a seventh receiving member 7 for receiving third respective values ​​Q mes-source-decentralized-k , Q mes-source-decentralized-k+1 of reactive power telemetry from the respective sources S k , S k+1 of decentralized electricity production. The sixth calculating member 6 is configured to calculate a second total reactive power Q microgrid equal to the algebraic sum SPR of the first total reactive power Q mes leaving the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the connection terminal 10 and third respective values ​​Q mes-source-decentralized-k , Q mes-source-decentralized-k+1 of reactive power telemetry (absorbed or injected) from the respective sources S k , S k+1 of distributed electricity production.The sixth calculation unit 6 is configured to calculate the respective setpoints Q decentralized-source-k , Q decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power of the respective sources S k , S k+1 of decentralized electricity production as being proportions rk , r k+1 of said sum SPR, Q micronetwork, i.e. . Q source − décentralisée − k = r k . Q microréseau , Q source − décentralisée − k + 1 = r k + 1 . Q microréseau , with 0 ≤ r k . ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ r k + 1 . ≤ 1 , and the sum of rk , r k+1 being equal to 1. This thus allows the participation of distributed electricity production sources S k , S k+1 in the supply of reactive power in an efficient manner. By default, the entire reactive power Q mes(i) will be supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i.

[0103] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 9 And 10 , 22, 23 And 24, the decentralized electricity production sources S k , S k+1 can each be provided with an eleventh member 11 k , 11 k+1 for measuring (for example, measuring sensor) or for determining their third respective value Q mes-decentralized-source-k , Q mes-decentralized-source-k+1 for reactive power telemetry and an eighth member 8 k , 8 k+1 for telecommunication (for example, transmitter) for transmitting these third respective values ​​Q mes-decentralized-source-k , Q mes-decentralized-source-k+1 for reactive power telemetry via a telecommunication network R to the seventh receiving member 7 (which has, for example, a telecommunication receiver).

[0104] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 16 , 22 And 23, the proportions rk , r k+1 in the respective setpoints Q decentralized-source-k , Q decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power of the respective distributed electricity generation sources S k , S k+1 correspond to respective ratios rk , r k+1 of a respective prescribed capacity CPRS k , CPRS k+1 in reactive power of the respective distributed electricity generation source S k , S k+1, divided by the sum SCPRS of the respective prescribed capacities CPRS k , CPRS k+1 in reactive power of the respective distributed electricity generation sources S k , S k+1 and the respective prescribed capacities CPRS; in reactive power of the electricity generation unit(s) G i and / or the electricity storage unit(s) Bat i, i.e. r k . = CPRS k / SCPRS , r k + 1 . = CPRS k + 1 / SCPRS .

[0105] According to one embodiment of the invention, figures 16 , 22 And 23, the sixth calculation unit 6 comprises a third adder ADD3 receiving on its inputs the first total reactive power Q mes leaving the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10 and the third respective values ​​Q mes-decentralized-source-k , Q mes-decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power telemetry, and comprising a fourteenth output SADD3 providing the algebraic sum SPR of the first total reactive power Q mes leaving the power station C, supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit G i and / or the electricity storage unit Bat i on the common connection terminal 10 and the third respective values ​​Q mes-decentralized-source-k , Q mes-decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power telemetry (absorbed or injected) of the respective sources S k , S k+1 of production of electricity distributed.The sixth calculation unit 6 comprises respective branches bk, b k+1 for calculating the respective setpoints Q decentralized-source-k, Q decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power of the respective sources S k, S k+1 of distributed electricity production. Each respective calculation branch bk comprises a fifth multiplier MULT5 k comprising a twenty-first input EMULT5 k connected to the fourteenth output SADD3 and providing on its fifteenth output SMULT5 k the product rk .SPR. Each respective calculation branch b k+1 comprises a sixth multiplier MULT5 k+1 comprising a twenty-second input EMULT5 k+1 connected to the fourteenth output SADD3 and providing on its sixteenth output SMULT5 k+1 the product r k+1 .SPR. The sixth calculation device 6 may include a fourth low-pass filter FPB4 k whose twenty-second input EFPB4 k is connected to the fifteenth output SMULT5 k to receive the product rk .SPR.The fourth low-pass filter FPB4 k comprises a seventeenth output SFPB4 k providing the product rk .SPR, filtered by a fourth low-pass filter function prescribed as the respective setpoint Q decentralized-source-k of reactive power of the respective source S k of distributed electricity production. The sixth calculation unit 6 may comprise a fifth low-pass filter FPB4 k+1 whose twenty-third input EFPB4 k+1 is connected to the sixteenth output SMULT5 k+1 to receive the product r k+1 .SPR. The fifth low-pass filter FPB4 k+1 comprises an eighteenth output SFPB4 k+1 providing the product r k+1 .SPR, filtered by a fifth low-pass filter function prescribed as the respective setpoint Q decentralized-source-k+1 of reactive power of the respective source S k+1 of distributed electricity production.

[0106] There figure 23 illustrates an architecture of the embodiments of the invention of the figures 11 à 16 , comprising the embodiment of the FIG 13 or the method of realization of the FIG 14 or the method of realization of the FIG15 (OR function at the figure 23 ), combined with the embodiment of the FIG 11 , with the embodiment of the FIG 12 and with the mode of realization of the FIG 16 (AND function at the figure 23 ).

[0107] THE figures 18 à 21 illustrate a numerical simulation in effective value of an example of a microgrid MR, whose power plant C comprises a unit Bat i for storing electricity formed by a battery Bat i , whose output conductor 20 i is connected to the common connection terminal 10, itself connected by a first section D 1a of 2 km length of the line D 1 for transmitting electricity to a node N, which is connected by a second section D 1b of 10 km length of the line D 1 for transmitting electricity to the respective source S k of decentralized electricity production of the photovoltaic (PV) type and is connected by a third section D 1c of 5 km length of the line D 1 for transmitting electricity to the consumer substation PC l of decentralized electricity. The nominal voltage UN(i) of this microgrid MR is 20 kV. The installed power of this respective source S k of decentralized electricity production of the photovoltaic (PV) type is 5 MW.The load (Pn / cos(phin)) of this decentralized electricity consumer station PC l is 2 MW / 0.9. These sections D 1a , D 1b , D 1c of the electricity transmission line D 1 are Phlox type cables 37.7mm 2< (R / X) of 1.176 Ohms / km / 0.399 Ohms / km. This Bat ia battery has unlimited energy and power during the simulations. The . figure 19 shows, over time on the abscissa, the active power profile (curve C1) of the respective source S k of decentralized electricity production of the photovoltaic (PV) type, the active power profile (curve C2) of the decentralized electricity consumer station PC l and the active power profile (curve C3) of the battery Bat i .

[0108] Two scenarios were simulated and compared: the first scenario of the figure 20 in which the voltage of the central unit C is maintained at its nominal value UN by the battery Bat i via a known centralized secondary adjustment algorithm and the second scenario of the figure 21 using the present invention wherein the voltage reference U centraleRef of the secondary setting is calculated via the first prescribed function f affine U centrateRef( = KP .P centrale( + KQ .Q centrale + U 0 , described above, with in this example KP = 0.392 kV / MW, KQ = -0.385 kV / Mvar and U 0 = 20 kV.

[0109] There figure 20 shows, over time on the abscissa, the voltage at node N 12 (curve U1) of the respective source S k of decentralized photovoltaic (PV) electricity production, the voltage at node N 13 (curve U2) of the decentralized electricity consumer station PC l, the voltage at connection terminal 10 (curve U3) of the battery Bat i and the voltage of the common node N (curve U4) in the first scenario. At the figure 20 , the voltage on the ordinate is expressed as a reduced value (u(pu)) corresponding to U / 20 kV.

[0110] There figure 21 shows, over time on the abscissa, the voltage at node N 12 (curve INV1) of the respective source S k of decentralized photovoltaic (PV) electricity production, the voltage at node N 13 (curve INV2) of the decentralized electricity consumer station PC l, the voltage on the connection terminal 10 (curve INV3) of the battery Bat i and the voltage of the common node N (curve INV4) in the first scenario according to the invention. At the figure 20 , the voltage on the ordinate is expressed as a reduced value (u(pu)) corresponding to U / 20 kV.

[0111] We observe for the first scenario of the figure 20 that, although the voltage of the battery Bat i of the power station C according to the curve U3 is ideally maintained at its nominal value UN , this is not the case for the other nodes N 12 , N 13 , N of the network at the curves U1, U2 and U4. The voltage of the curve U1 of the node N12 corresponding to the respective source S k of decentralized electricity production of the photovoltaic (PV) type is the perfect example with a voltage rise close to 15% during the peak production of this PV source. Less impressively but nevertheless remarkable, the voltage of the curve U2 at the node N 13 corresponding to the consumer station PC l of decentralized electricity drops significantly during the peak consumption between 5 and 7 p.m.

[0112] To the figure 21, the second scenario according to the invention allows, in accordance with the objective of the present invention, to minimize the voltage variations on the entire network by modulating the voltage (curve INV3) of the central C comprising the battery Bat i (terminal 10). The voltage (INV3 curve) of the power plant C comprising the battery Bat i (terminal 10) is lowered significantly to limit the voltage rise (INV1 curve) at node N 12 to approximately 8%, i.e. almost half as much as the U1 curve in the first scenario, during the peak production of the respective source S k of decentralized photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and, conversely, the voltage (INV3 curve) of the power plant C comprising the battery Bat i (terminal 10) is increased to limit the voltage drop at node N 13 during the peak consumption (INV2 curve between 5 and 7 p.m.) of the decentralized electricity consumer station PC l.

[0113] Of course, the embodiments, features, possibilities and examples described above can be combined with each other or selected independently of each other.

Claims

1. A device for controlling a plant (C), wherein the plant comprises at least one electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or at least one electricity storage unit (Bati), and at least one common connection terminal (10), which is connected to the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or to the electricity storage unit (Bati) and which is intended to be connected to at least one line (D1, D2, DN) of an electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), the control device comprising at least one first central automatic controller (100) as well as at least one second automatic controller (Ai) for each electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or electricity storage unit (Bati), the second automatic controller (Ai) being connected to the first central automatic controller (100), the first central automatic controller (100) being configured to compute and transmit to the second automatic controller (Ai) at least one offset voltage Uoffset(i) of each electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of each electricity storage unit (Bati), so that the voltage of the common connection terminal (10) is set to a voltage reference UcentraleRef, characterized in that the first central automatic controller (100) comprises a second member (2) for measuring or determining a voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10), a third computing member (3) for computing the voltage reference UcentraleRef of the common connection terminal (10) according to a first prescribed function f, each second automatic controller (Ai) comprises a fourth member (4i) for measuring or determining a first individual reactive power Qmes(i) supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) to the connection terminal (10), the first central automatic controller (100) comprises a first voltage corrector (5), having a second prescribed transfer function corr, the first automatic controller (100) being configured to compute U offset = corr U centraleRef − U Rmes where Uoffset is a first central offset voltage, computed by applying the second prescribed transfer function corr of the first corrector to the difference UcentraleRef - URmes, the first automatic controller (100) is configured to compute the second offset voltage Uoffset(i) according to a third prescribed function (gi) from the first central offset voltage Uoffset and to transmit the second offset voltage Uoffset(i) to the second automatic controller (Ai) for the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai), the second automatic controller (Ai) is configured to compute at least a local setpoint voltage Uref(i) for the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai), according to U ref i = U offset i − K UQ i . Q mes i where KUQ(i) is a prescribed, non-zero coefficient, the first automatic controller (100) further comprises at least a fifth receiving member (5) to receive: - first voltage remote measurement values (Usources-décentralisées-k) respectively of decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N11, N12) from one another and from the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C), - second voltage remote measurement values (Upostes-consommateurs-l) respectively of decentralized electricity consumer stations (PCl, PCl+1, PCl+2) of the line (D1, D2,.., DN) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N13, N14, N15) from one another and from the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C ), the first prescribed function f comprises: - computing a voltage maximum (URmax) of the voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C) and of the first voltage remote measurement values (Usources-décentralisées-k) respectively of the decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), - computing a voltage minimum (URmin) of the voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C) and of the second voltage remote measurement values (Upostes-consommateurs-l) respectively of the decentralized electricity consumer stations (PCl, PCl+1, PCl+2) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), - taking into account the half-sum of the voltage maximum (URmax) and of the voltage minimum (URmin) for the computation of the voltage reference UcentraleRef.

2. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the third computing member (3) comprises a second corrector (REG) of proportional-integral-derivative type supplying the voltage reference UcentraleRef from the difference between on the one hand a prescribed nominal voltage (UN) of the microgrid and on the other hand the half-sum of the voltage maximum (URmax) and of the voltage minimum (URmin).

3. The device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first central automatic controller (100) comprises another member (4) for measuring or determining a first total reactive power Qmes leaving the plant (C), supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bati), the first automatic controller (100) comprises: a sixth member (6) for computing reactive power setpoints (Qsource-décentralisée-k, Qsource-décentralisée-k+1) of the respective decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N11, N12) from the common connection terminal (10), which are proportions (rk, rk+1) at least of the first total reactive power Qmes leaving the plant (C), supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bati).

4. The device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the first automatic controller (100) further comprises at least a seventh receiving member (7) to receive: - third respective reactive power remote measurement values (Qmes-source-décentralisée-k, Qmes-source-décentralisée-k+1) of the respective decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), the sixth computing member (6) being configured to compute a second total reactive power (Qmicroréseau) equal to the sum (SPR) of the first total reactive power Qmes leaving the plant (C), supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bati) and of the third reactive power remote measurement values (Qmes-source-décentralisée-k, Qmes-source-décentralisée-k+1) of the respective decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR) and to compute the reactive power setpoints (Qsource-décentralisée-k , Qsource-décentralisée-k+1) of the respective decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR) as being proportions (rk, rk+1) of said sum (Qmicroréseau, SPR).

5. The device as claimed in claim 3 or 4, characterized in that said proportions (rk, rk+1) in the reactive power setpoints (Qsource-décentralisée-k, Qsource-décentralisée-k+1) of the respective decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR) correspond to respective ratios of a prescribed reactive power capacity (CPRSk, CPRSk+1) of the respective decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), divided by a sum (SCPRS) of the prescribed reactive power capacities (CPRSk, CPRSk+1) of the respective electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the line (D1, D2,.., DN) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR) and of the respective prescribed reactive power capacities (CPRSi) of the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of the electricity storage unit (Bati).

6. The device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the third prescribed function (gi) comprises the division of the first central offset voltage Uoffset by a prescribed nominal voltage (UiN) of the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of the electricity storage unit (Bati).

7. The device as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the first central automatic controller (100) comprises, as other member (4), another member (4) for determining the first total reactive power Qmes leaving the plant (C), supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bati) by summing the first individual reactive powers Qmes(i).

8. The device as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the first central automatic controller (100) comprises, as other member (4), another member (4) for measuring the first total reactive power Qmes leaving the plant (C), supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or the electricity storage unit (Bati) on the common connection terminal (10).

9. A method for controlling a plant (C), wherein the plant comprises at least one electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or at least one electricity storage unit (Bati), and at least one common connection terminal (10), which is connected to the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or to the electricity storage unit (Bati) and which is intended to be connected to at least one line (D1, D2, DN) of an electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), a method in which a central automatic controller (100) for controlling the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of the electricity storage unit (Bati) computes (E5) and transmits at least one offset voltage Uoffset(i) of each electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of each electricity storage unit (Bati) to at least a second automatic controller (Ai) for controlling each electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or electricity storage unit (Bati), so that the voltage of the common connection terminal (10) is set to a voltage reference UcentraleRef, characterized by receiving by a fifth receiving member (5): - first voltage remote measurement values (Usources-décentralisées-k) respectively of decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N11, N12) from one another and from the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C), - second voltage remote measurement values (Upostes-consommateurs-l) respectively of decentralized electricity consumer stations (PCl, PCl+1, PCl+2) of the line (D1, D2,.., DN) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N13, N14, N15) from one another and from the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C ), measuring (E2) by a second measuring member (2) of the first central automatic controller (100) a voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10), computing (E3) by a third computing member (3) of the first central automatic controller (100) a voltage reference UcentraleRef of the common connection terminal (10) according to a first prescribed function f, the first prescribed function f comprises: - computing a voltage maximum (URmax) of the voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C) and of the first voltage remote measurement values (Usources-décentralisées-k) respectively of the decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), - computing a voltage minimum (URmin) of the voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C) and of the second voltage remote measurement values (Upostes-consommateurs-l) respectively of the decentralized electricity consumer stations (PCl, PCl+1, PCl+2) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), - taking into account the half-sum of the voltage maximum (URmax) and of the voltage minimum (URmin) for the computation of the voltage reference UcentraleRef, measuring or determining (E4) by a fourth measuring or determining member (4i) of the second automatic controller (Ai) a first individual reactive power Qmes(i) supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or by the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) to the connection terminal (10), the first central automatic controller (100) having a first voltage corrector (5), having a second prescribed transfer function corr, computing (E5) by the first central automatic controller (100) U offset = corr U centraleRef − U Rmes where Uoffset is a first central offset voltage, computed by applying the second prescribed transfer function corr of the first corrector to the difference UcentraleRef - URmes, computing (E6) by the first automatic controller (100) the second offset voltage Uoffset(i) from the first central offset voltage Uoffset according to a third prescribed function (gi) and transmitting by the first automatic controller (100) the second offset voltage Uoffset(i) to the second automatic controller (Ai) for the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai), computing (E7) by the second automatic controller (Ai) at least a local setpoint voltage Uref(i) for the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai), according to U ref i = U offset i − K UQ i . Q mes i where KUQ(i) is a prescribed, non-zero coefficient.

10. A computer program comprising code instructions for implementing a method for controlling a plant (C), wherein the plant comprises at least one electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or at least one electricity storage unit (Bati), and at least one common connection terminal (10), which is connected to the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or to the electricity storage unit (Bati) and which is intended to be connected to at least one line (D1, D2, DN) of an electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), a method in which a central automatic controller (100) for controlling the electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of the electricity storage unit (Bati) computes (E5) and transmits at least one offset voltage Uoffset(i) of each electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or of each electricity storage unit (Bati) to at least a second automatic controller (Ai) for controlling each electricity generation unit (Gi) and / or electricity storage unit (Bati), so that the voltage of the common connection terminal (10) is set to a voltage reference UcentraleRef, characterized by receiving by a fifth receiving member (5): - first voltage remote measurement values (Usources-décentralisées-k) respectively of decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N11, N12) from one another and from the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C), - second voltage remote measurement values (Upostes-consommateurs-l) respectively of decentralized electricity consumer stations (PCl, PCl+1, PCl+2) of the line (D1, D2,.., DN) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), remote by at least a non-zero distance (N13, N14, N15) from one another and from the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C ), measuring (E2) by a second measuring member (2) of the first central automatic controller (100) a voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10), computing (E3) by a third computing member (3) of the first central automatic controller (100) a voltage reference UcentraleRef of the common connection terminal (10) according to a first prescribed function f, the first prescribed function f comprises: - computing a voltage maximum (URmax) of the voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C) and of the first voltage remote measurement values (Usources-décentralisées-k) respectively of the decentralized electricity production sources (Sk, Sk+1) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), - computing a voltage minimum (URmin) of the voltage URmes of the common connection terminal (10) of the plant (C) and of the second voltage remote measurement values (Upostes-consommateurs-l) respectively of the decentralized electricity consumer stations (PCl, PCl+1, PCl+2) of the electricity consumption and / or production microgrid (MR), - taking into account the half-sum of the voltage maximum (URmax) and of the voltage minimum (URmin) for the computation of the voltage reference UcentraleRef, measuring or determining (E4) by a fourth measuring or determining member (4i) of the second automatic controller (Ai) a first individual reactive power Qmes(i) supplied or absorbed by the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or by the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) to the connection terminal (10), the first central automatic controller (100) having a first voltage corrector (5), having a second prescribed transfer function corr, computing (E5) by the first central automatic controller (100) U offset = corr U centraleRef − U Rmes where Uoffset is a first central offset voltage, computed by applying the second prescribed transfer function corr of the first corrector to the difference UcentraleRef - URmes, computing (E6) by the first automatic controller (100) the second offset voltage Uoffset(i) from the first central offset voltage Uoffset according to a third prescribed function (gi) and transmitting by the first automatic controller (100) the second offset voltage Uoffset(i) to the second automatic controller (Ai) for the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai), computing (E7) by the second automatic controller (Ai) at least a local setpoint voltage Uref(i) for the electricity generation unit (Gi) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai) and / or for the electricity storage unit (Bati) associated with this second automatic controller (Ai), according to U ref i = U offset i − K UQ i . Q mes i where KUQ(i) is a prescribed, non-zero coefficient, the computer program being executed by the first central automatic controller (100) and by the second automatic controller (Ai).