Intermediate, tool and method for producing a deformation projectile with defined terminal ballistics

Abstract

The present invention relates to a projectile, in particular a deformation projectile, such as a hollow-point projectile, for example for ammunition for police and / or official agencies, in particular with a calibre in the range from 4.6 mm to 20 mm, comprising a projectile body with a front wall delimiting a central cavity that is open to the surroundings, wherein the inner surface of the front wall is notched in such a way that when the projectile hits a target, the front wall is deformed in such a way that it flares by less than 90°, in particular less than 60° in relation to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. The cavity is made preferably in a cold-forming operation. In the manufacturing process, a pressing mandrel comprising a pressing head and projecting pressing ribs is used.

Description

[0001]

[0002] SwissP Defence AG, Uttigenstrasse 67, 3602 Thun, Switzerland

[0003] Intermediate, tool and method for producing a deformation bullet with defined final hallistics

[0004] The present invention relates to an intermediate, a tool, and a method for producing a deformation projectile, for example for police and / or government ammunition with a caliber in the range from 4.6 mm to 20 mm, as well as a deformation projectile. Furthermore, the present invention relates to police and / or government ammunition with a caliber in the range from 4.6 mm to 20 mm. Police and / or government ammunition is characterized, among other things, by the fact that the firing range is generally less than 600 m, in particular less than 300 m or less than 150 m. Generic deformation projectiles are characterized by a defined wound-ballistic behavior, namely a predetermined deformation, in particular mushrooming, after impact with the target. They are generally made from a single piece and comprise a particularly ogive-shaped projectile nose with a central cavity and a projectile tail adjoining the projectile nose.

[0005] For ecological and health reasons, the use of lead as a material for bullets is viewed critically these days. When choosing a material for bullets, there is therefore a conflict of interest, particularly between good accuracy and flight range and environmental compatibility. Alternative materials to lead, such as tin, zinc, or copper, have proven less suitable due to their low density. While this would ensure better environmental compatibility, this can result in significant losses in terms of precision and flight range. Furthermore, alternative solutions such as brass projectiles have significant disadvantages with regard to barrel life and resistance to penetration by the firearm barrel. The pressure during powder combustion is too high, while the resulting muzzle velocity is too low. A further disadvantage is that a main component of brass is copper.Copper itself is also hazardous to health and bactericidal. Therefore, its use is undesirable in light of future environmental requirements.

[0006] The wound ballistics or terminal ballistics of deformed bullets are largely determined by the so-called cross-sectional loading, which results from the ratio of the bullet's mass to its cross-sectional area. In general, with increasing cross-sectional loading, the penetration depth of the bullet into the target increases. It is clear that the projectile's energy transfer into wound ballistics is increased by the shortened penetration depth. This is fundamentally related to the fact that the cross-sectional loading in terminal ballistics is determined by the increase in diameter of the bullet resulting from the expanding or mushrooming deformation, particularly in its front or nose area, especially the ogive area.To date, there is no particularly environmentally friendly deformation bullet available in the state of the art that meets wound ballistic requirements with regard to a reduced penetration depth compared to non-expanding bullets, despite a comparatively high cross-sectional load. The inventors have attempted to soft-anneal the ogive-shaped nose of the bullets or to reduce the ogive wall thickness very slightly, down to less than 1 mm. However, the conflict of interest between cross-sectional load or the desired (mushrooming) deformation behavior and a predetermined penetration depth could not be satisfactorily resolved.

[0007] From DE 102017011359 Ai, it is known to produce solid bullets by cold forming using a die-mandrel-tool arrangement, in which the mandrel has a Phillips screwdriver-like front with blades distributed in the circumferential direction. When the bullet blank is pressed, its material deflects from the blades of the mandrel, so that a corresponding negative profile is pressed into the bullet blank. The bullets according to DE 10 2017011359 Ai have generally proven very effective. However, it has been found that the axial slots pressed into the bullet blank by the mandrel result in a significant increase in diameter when the bullet strikes a target. While this is generally positive in terms of reducing penetration depth, it also entails an increased risk of projectile components breaking off or separating from the bullet.

[0008] It is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the known prior art, in particular to improve the wound ballistic behavior of a deformation projectile, in particular to provide a deformation projectile which resolves the conflict of interests between expanding deformation and reduced penetration depth with a reduced risk of projectile components tearing off or being separated.

[0009] This problem is solved by the features of the independent claims.

[0010] The present invention relates to a projectile, in particular a deformation projectile, such as a hollow-point projectile, for example for police and / or government ammunition. In particular, the present invention relates to a projectile with a caliber in the range of 4.6 mm to 20 mm.

[0011] Cartridges typically consist of a bullet, a cartridge case, propellant, and a primer cap. The bullet is the object fired by the weapon. For a 9 mm x 19 caliber cartridge (Luger or Para caliber), the weight can be between 3 g and 10 g, in particular between 5 g and 15 g, preferably between 5.5 g and 9 g, particularly preferably between 6 g and 6.3 g, for example 6.1 g. Due to their weight and shape, the bullets of law enforcement-standard 9 mm Luger caliber cartridges reach muzzle velocities of 340 m / s or more. The bullet material is preferably lead-free and / or lead-alloy-free. Caliber is generally defined as a measure of the outer diameter of projectiles or bullets and the inner diameter of a firearm barrel.

[0012] A projectile according to the present invention is a so-called operational projectile, which is used, for example, by the police and / or authorities in operations. Operational projectiles are normally designed as deformation projectiles and exhibit defined wound ballistic or terminal ballistic behavior. In other words, operational projectiles have a defined effect within the target being fired upon after they have penetrated it. Operational projectiles are therefore to be distinguished from so-called training projectiles, which are used, for example, by the police and / or authorities in training or for shooting instruction and training.The training projectiles are designed to replicate the flight characteristics of the operational projectiles as accurately as possible. However, their terminal ballistics differ from the operational projectiles in that the training projectiles are designed to have little or no impact on the target, and in particular, they are designed not to penetrate the target. To achieve this, the nose of the training projectiles is designed to flatten upon impact, so that the cross-sectional load is so small that the training projectile does not penetrate the target.

[0013] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a projectile according to the invention comprises a projectile body which can have an in particular ogive-shaped projectile nose and a in particular cylindrical projectile tail. The projectile tail can be made substantially from solid material and / or can be fully cylindrical at least in sections. The maximum outer diameter, which determines the caliber of the projectile, can be present in the region of the projectile tail. When reference is made in the present description to nose, front, nose-side or front-side, or tail, tail-side or rear-side, this is to be understood with reference to a longitudinal axis of the projectile pointing in the direction of projectile flight. The projectile tail can, for example, have a guide band, which is in particular cylindrical at least in sections, for guiding the projectile in the firearm barrel.The guide band can, for example, be designed to engage the rifling-field profile of the firearm barrel, which serves, in particular, to impart spin to the bullet as it slides along the barrel to stabilize its trajectory. A phased section can be arranged at the rear end of the bullet tail to facilitate the insertion of the bullet into the mouth of a cartridge case.

[0014] The projectile body has a nose wall defining a central cavity open to the environment. A central cavity means that the cavity extends along the projectile's longitudinal axis or is formed around the projectile's longitudinal axis. The cavity can be rotationally symmetrical with respect to the projectile's longitudinal axis and / or has a substantially circular cross-section. The cavity defined by the nose wall is open to the environment in the direction of the projectile nose or in the direction of the projectile front, in other words at the projectile tip, and extends from there in the direction of the projectile rear to a cavity base. The cavity is preferably empty, i.e. filled only with ambient air. The cavity allows the projectile to deform upon impact with a target or other resistance.During projectile deformation, the projectile nose deforms relative to the particularly cylindrical projectile tail essentially only in the axial and radial directions. For example, the deformation can be rotationally symmetrical. In particular, the nose wall deforms radially outward upon impact with the target.

[0015] According to a first aspect of the present invention, the nose wall is notched and / or the cavity is cold-formed in such a way that when the projectile impacts a target, the nose wall deforms in such a way that it is bent by less than 90°, in particular less than 60°, in particular less than 45 0 or less than 30°, in relation to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. In an exemplary further development, the bow wall can only be expanded by less than 15 0 or even less than 10° or less than 5 0be expanded. The target can be a standard target, for example, a particularly uncovered jelly mass. Furthermore, the deformation projectile can be fired at the target under idealized test conditions in order to inspect the deformed projectile that has impacted and been trapped in the jelly mass.

[0016] In contrast to the strongly mushrooming and thereby expanding ogive walls of state-of-the-art bullets, in which the ogive wall expands and bends significantly more than 90° and sometimes up to 180° in relation to the longitudinal axis of the bullet and in the direction of fire during deformation after the bullet impacts a target, the present invention overcomes this strong mushrooming deformation. The deformed bullet resembles a trumpet shape in the frontal area. The bullet according to the invention is characterized by a shallow penetration depth despite the small increase in diameter in the frontal area when the bullet impacts a target compared to the prior art.This effect is particularly related to texturing of the projectile body as a result of cold forming of the cavity, resulting in direction-dependent texturing, particularly in the nose wall, which leads to the identified trumpet-shaped deformation. In particular, the texturing of the projectile body is such that the strength in the area of ​​the nose wall transverse to the longitudinal direction of the projectile is increased, particularly compared to the strength in the longitudinal direction. Due to the increased strength transverse to the longitudinal direction, the projectile is subject to less severe deformation radially outwards upon impact with a target, thereby reducing mushrooming. Alternatively or additionally, the deformation behavior of the projectile can be influenced by notching the nose wall. Notching the nose wall results in a local reduction in wall thickness, which specifically weakens the nose wall locally.In other words, the notch forms one or more depressions in the bow wall, resulting locally in a reduced wall thickness of the bow wall. The notch can in particular be introduced on an inner wall surface of the bow wall delimiting the cavity and can be oriented in the longitudinal direction of the projectile. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the deformation behavior can be changed by notching the bow wall, regardless of the strength of the bow wall, which results, among other things, from the thickness of the bow wall, from the cold forming of the cavity and / or from a subsequent heat treatment process such as annealing. As a result, the deformation behavior can be adjusted in a particularly simple and cost-effective manner such that a required cross-sectional load and / or a required penetration depth of the projectile as well as an expansion of the bow wall of less than 90°, in particular less than 60°, less than 45. 0or less than 30°. In addition, the deformation behavior can be adjusted particularly reliably because it is not dependent on changes and / or hardening during cold forming and / or subsequent heat treatment processes. During deformation of the bullet, the nose wall opens along the introduced notch, while the sections of the nose wall arranged between the notches remain in one piece, so that the deformation, in particular the widening of the nose wall, can be adjusted in a targeted manner. A further reason for the reduced penetration depth that can be achieved with the bullet according to the invention is related to the frontal cavity of the bullet, which is open to the environment and in which air or air bubbles remain when the bullet penetrates the target, increasing the braking effect in accordance with the "cavitation bubble theory".Due to the slight expansion of the bow wall and the resulting comparatively large cavity remaining after deformation, this effect is increased compared to state-of-the-art projectiles with a larger expansion.

[0017] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the first aspect and the exemplary embodiments, the projectile consists of a projectile body made from a single piece. "One-piece" or "single-piece" means that the entire projectile body, which may have a particularly ogive-shaped projectile nose and a particularly cylindrical projectile tail, is made from a homogeneous material. This distinguishes the projectile according to the invention from two-piece projectiles, which consist of a core and a jacket that are manufactured separately and subsequently joined together.

[0018] The bullet tail can be made essentially of solid material and / or be fully cylindrical at least in part. The maximum outer diameter, which determines the caliber of the bullet, can be present in the region of the bullet tail. The bullet tail can, for example, have a guide band, which in particular is cylindrical at least in part, for guiding the bullet in the firearm barrel. The guide band can, for example, be designed such that it engages in a rifling-field profile of the firearm barrel, which serves in particular to impart spin to the bullet as it slides along the firearm barrel in order to stabilize the bullet trajectory. A phase section can be arranged at the rear end of the bullet tail to simplify the insertion of the bullet into the mouth of a cartridge case.

[0019] The projectile body has a nose wall defining a central cavity open to the environment. A central cavity means that the cavity extends along the projectile's longitudinal axis or is formed around the projectile's longitudinal axis. The cavity can be rotationally symmetrical with respect to the projectile's longitudinal axis and / or has a substantially circular cross-section. The cavity defined by the nose wall is open to the environment in the direction of the projectile nose or in the direction of the projectile front, in other words at the projectile tip, and extends from there in the direction of the projectile rear to a cavity base. The cavity is preferably empty, i.e. filled only with ambient air. The cavity allows the projectile to deform upon impact with a target or other resistance.During projectile deformation, the projectile nose deforms relative to the particularly cylindrical projectile tail essentially only in the axial and radial directions. For example, the deformation can be rotationally symmetrical. In particular, the nose wall deforms radially outward upon impact with the target.

[0020] According to a further aspect, an inner wall surface of the nose wall bounding the cavity has at least two notches oriented in the longitudinal direction of the projectile, wherein the cavity is produced by cold forming. The cold forming of the cavity creates a texturing of the projectile body, resulting in direction-dependent texturing, particularly in the nose wall. In particular, the texturing of the projectile body is adjusted such that the strength in the region of the nose wall is increased transversely to the longitudinal direction of the projectile, particularly compared to the strength in the longitudinal direction. Due to the increased strength transversely to the longitudinal direction, the impact of the projectile on a target is accompanied by less severe deformation radially outwards, thereby mitigating mushrooming.The inventors of the present invention have further discovered that the deformation behavior can be altered by the notches in the bow wall, independently of the strength of the bow wall, which results, among other things, from the thickness of the bow wall, from the cold forming of the cavity, and / or from a subsequent heat treatment process. The notches each form a depression in the bow wall, resulting in a locally reduced wall thickness of the bow wall and a resulting local weakening of the bow wall. This allows the deformation behavior to be adjusted in a particularly simple and cost-effective manner to achieve a required cross-sectional load and / or a required penetration depth of the projectile. Furthermore, the deformation behavior can be adjusted particularly reliably because it is not dependent on changes and / or hardening during cold forming and / or subsequent heat treatment processes.When the projectile is deformed, the nose wall opens along the notches, while the sections of the nose wall arranged between the notches remain in one piece, so that the deformation, in particular the widening of the nose wall, can be precisely adjusted.

[0021] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the projectile consists of a projectile body made from a piece of iron material. "Made from one piece" or "single-piece" means that the entire projectile body, which can have an ogive-shaped projectile nose and a cylindrical projectile tail, is made from a homogeneous iron material. This distinguishes the projectile according to the invention from two-part projectiles, which consist of a core and a jacket that are manufactured separately and subsequently joined together. The projectile body can be made, in particular, from a piece of soft iron. The carbon content of the iron material can be more than 0.05%, for example, between 0.06% and 1.14%.By manufacturing the bullet from iron, an environmentally friendly bullet is created with improved ballistics. Furthermore, iron is inexpensive and characterized by good formability, which simplifies the production of the bullet. It has been found that the bullets made of iron according to the invention are particularly well suited for production by bulk forming, in particular by cold forming, such as deep drawing or extrusion, as an alternative to machining.

[0022] The bullet tail can be made essentially of solid material and / or be fully cylindrical at least in part. The maximum outer diameter, which determines the caliber of the bullet, can be present in the region of the bullet tail. The bullet tail can, for example, have a guide band, which in particular is cylindrical at least in part, for guiding the bullet in the firearm barrel. The guide band can, for example, be designed such that it engages in a rifling-field profile of the firearm barrel, which serves in particular to impart spin to the bullet as it slides along the firearm barrel in order to stabilize the bullet trajectory. A phase section can be arranged at the rear end of the bullet tail to simplify the insertion of the bullet into the mouth of a cartridge case.The projectile body has a nose wall defining a central cavity open to the environment. A central cavity means that the cavity extends along the projectile's longitudinal axis or is formed around the projectile's longitudinal axis. The cavity can be rotationally symmetrical with respect to the projectile's longitudinal axis and / or has a substantially circular cross-section. The cavity defined by the nose wall is open to the environment in the direction of the projectile nose or in the direction of the projectile front, in other words at the projectile tip, and extends from there in the direction of the projectile rear to a cavity base. The cavity is preferably empty, i.e. filled only with ambient air. The cavity allows the projectile to deform upon impact with a target or other resistance.During projectile deformation, the projectile nose deforms relative to the particularly cylindrical projectile tail essentially only in the axial and radial directions. For example, the deformation can be rotationally symmetrical. In particular, the nose wall deforms radially outward upon impact with the target.

[0023] According to a further aspect, an inner wall surface of the bow wall bounding the cavity has at least two notches oriented in the longitudinal direction of the projectile. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the deformation behavior can be modified by the notches in the bow wall, independently of the strength of the bow wall, which results, among other things, from the thickness of the bow wall, from the cold forming of the cavity and / or from a subsequent heat treatment process. The notches each form a depression in the bow wall, resulting in a locally reduced wall thickness of the bow wall and a resulting local weakening of the bow wall. As a result, the deformation behavior can be adjusted in a particularly simple and cost-effective manner to achieve a required cross-sectional load and / or a required penetration depth of the projectile.Furthermore, the deformation behavior can be adjusted particularly reliably because it is not dependent on changes and / or hardening during cold forming and / or subsequent heat treatment processes. During the deformation of the bullet, the nose wall opens along the notches, while the sections of the nose wall located between the notches remain in one piece, allowing the deformation, especially the widening of the nose wall, to be precisely adjusted.

[0024] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, a projectile according to the invention comprises a projectile body which can have a projectile nose which is in particular ogive-shaped and a projectile tail which is in particular cylindrical.

[0025] The bullet tail can be made essentially of solid material and / or be fully cylindrical at least in part. The maximum outer diameter, which determines the caliber of the bullet, can be present in the region of the bullet tail. The bullet tail can, for example, have a guide band, which in particular is cylindrical at least in part, for guiding the bullet in the firearm barrel. The guide band can, for example, be designed such that it engages in a rifling-field profile of the firearm barrel, which serves in particular to impart spin to the bullet as it slides along the firearm barrel in order to stabilize the bullet trajectory. A phase section can be arranged at the rear end of the bullet tail to simplify the insertion of the bullet into the mouth of a cartridge case.

[0026] The projectile body has a nose wall defining a central cavity open to the environment. A central cavity means that the cavity extends along the projectile's longitudinal axis or is formed around the projectile's longitudinal axis. The cavity can be rotationally symmetrical with respect to the projectile's longitudinal axis and / or has a substantially circular cross-section. The cavity defined by the nose wall is open to the environment in the direction of the projectile nose or in the direction of the projectile front, in other words at the projectile tip, and extends from there in the direction of the projectile rear to a cavity base. The cavity is preferably empty, i.e. filled only with ambient air. The cavity allows the projectile to deform upon impact with a target or other resistance.During projectile deformation, the projectile nose deforms relative to the particularly cylindrical projectile tail essentially only in the axial and radial directions. For example, the deformation can be rotationally symmetrical. In particular, the nose wall deforms radially outward upon impact with the target.

[0027] According to a further aspect, an inner wall surface of the nose wall facing the cavity has at least two micronotches oriented in the longitudinal direction of the projectile with a notch depth of less than 0.3 mm, in particular less than 0.2 mm or less than 0.1 mm. The micronotches can only be detected on the projectile using reflected-light microscopy, for example, and thus have no influence on the flight behavior of the projectile. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the deformation behavior can be specifically adjusted using micronotches with a very shallow depth. With regard to the mode of operation and the advantages of the micronotches, reference is made to the explanations regarding the notches introduced into the inner wall surface of the nose wall in the previous aspects.

[0028] In an exemplary embodiment, the notches or the notching or the micro-notches extend by less than 25%, in particular less than 20% or less than 15%, of a total longitudinal extent of the projectile from the open end of the cavity towards a cavity base. Alternatively or additionally, the notches or the notching or the micro-notches extend by less than 50%, in particular less than 40%, less than 30% or less than 25% of a total longitudinal extent of the cavity from the open end of the cavity towards a cavity base. In an exemplary further development, the length of the notches is in a range from 0.5 mm to 3 mm. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the deformation behavior in the front area can be specifically influenced by short notches in the area of ​​the projectile tip, which are particularly simple and cost-effective to produce.

[0029] In a further exemplary embodiment, the inner wall surface has 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, notches. The notches are preferably evenly distributed in the circumferential direction over the circumference of the cavity. This results in particularly uniform deformation behavior of the nose wall when the projectile hits the target. According to a further exemplary embodiment, the projectile is manufactured without a heat treatment process, in particular without annealing. By introducing the notches into the inner wall surface of the nose wall, a subsequent heat treatment process can be omitted because the notches can be used to adjust the deformation behavior independently of the strength of the nose wall. Without a subsequent heat treatment process, the production of the projectile is simpler and more cost-effective. Alternatively or additionally, the cavity is manufactured using reverse extrusion.In reverse extrusion, the material is pressed against the direction of the pressing ram used. This results in particularly good material properties, and the desired geometry of the cavity can be produced particularly reliably. Alternatively or additionally, the notches can also be produced by cold forming, in particular by reverse extrusion. Preferably, the notches can be produced in the same process step, in particular with the same tool, as the cavity. This results in particularly simple and cost-effective production of the notches, requiring no additional process step.

[0030] The present invention also relates to an intermediate for producing a projectile designed in particular according to one of the above aspects and exemplary embodiments.

[0031] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the intermediate consists of a metal body produced from a metal blank by cold forming, having a hollow cylinder delimiting a central cavity open to the environment. Central is to be understood as meaning that the cavity extends along a longitudinal axis of the intermediate. The cavity delimited by the hollow cylinder extends from an end face of the intermediate to a cavity base. It can be provided that the cavity is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the intermediate. Preferably, the cavity has a substantially circular cross-section, which in particular can be constant over the entire length of the cavity; in other words, the cavity can be cylindrical. The hollow cylinder later forms the particularly ogive-shaped projectile nose in the finished projectile.The metal body can be made of a homogeneous metal material such as copper, a copper alloy, or brass, or preferably of a ferrous material such as steel. Preferably, the metal body is made of a lead-free material. The metal body can be made from a cut blank, which can in particular be formed from a cut ductile metal material.

[0032] According to the invention, an inner surface of the hollow cylinder facing the cavity is notched such that during cold forming of the hollow cylinder of the intermediate to form a particularly ogive-shaped nose of the projectile, a dimension of the notch is reduced such that the notch is only visible under reflected light microscopy and / or that a notch depth of less than 0.3 mm, in particular less than 0.2 mm or less than 0.1 mm, results. In other words, the notches are introduced into the intermediate with a specific length, depth and width during the production of the projectile and are compressed during the subsequent cold forming of the nose of the projectile from the hollow cylinder or the notches close during the cold forming such that micronotches with significantly smaller dimensions than the originally introduced notches result on the finished projectile.These micro-notches do not affect the flight behavior of the projectile, but do influence the deformation behavior of the finished projectile when it hits a target as described for the previous aspects, so that with regard to the deformation behavior produced by the notches or micro-notches, reference is made to the previous aspects.

[0033] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the intermediate consists of an iron material body produced by cold forming from an iron material blank, having a hollow cylinder delimiting a central cavity open to the environment. Central is to be understood as meaning that the cavity extends along a longitudinal axis of the intermediate. The cavity delimited by the hollow cylinder extends from an end face of the intermediate to a cavity base. It can be provided that the cavity is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the intermediate. Preferably, the cavity has a substantially circular cross-section, which in particular can be constant over the entire length of the cavity; in other words, the cavity can be cylindrical.The hollow cylinder later forms the particularly ogive-shaped projectile nose of the finished projectile.

[0034] The ferrous material body can be produced from a cut blank, which can in particular be formed from a cut ductile ferrous material. The intermediate can in particular consist of soft iron. The carbon content of the ferrous material can be more than 0.05%, for example between 0.06% and 1.14%. By producing the intermediate or projectile from ferrous material, an environmentally friendly projectile is created that has improved ballistics. Furthermore, ferrous material is cost-effective and characterized by good formability, which simplifies the production of the intermediates or projectiles. It has been found that the intermediates or projectiles made of ferrous material according to the invention are particularly well suited for production by bulk forming, in particular by cold forming, such as deep drawing or extrusion, as an alternative to machining.According to the invention, a hollow cylinder inner surface facing the cavity has at least two notches oriented in the longitudinal direction of the intermediate. The notches, like the rest of the intermediate, in particular the cavity, are produced by cold forming. The notches result in a defined deformation behavior in the finished projectile, as described for the previous aspects, so reference is again made to the explanations for the previous aspects.

[0035] In an exemplary embodiment, the notches or the notching extend by less than 25%, in particular less than 20% or less than 15%, of a total longitudinal extent of the intermediate from the open end of the cavity towards a cavity base. Alternatively or additionally, the notches or the notching extend by less than 50%, in particular less than 40%, less than 30% or less than 25% of a total longitudinal extent of the cavity from the open end of the cavity towards a cavity base. In an exemplary further development, the length of the notches is in a range from 0.5 mm to 3 mm. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the deformation behavior of the bullet made from the intermediate can be specifically influenced by short notches at the open end of the cavity, which are particularly simple and cost-effective to produce.

[0036] In another exemplary embodiment, the depth and / or width of the notches varies from the open end of the cavity toward the cavity base. In an exemplary refinement, the depth and / or width of the notches preferably decreases continuously from the open end of the cavity. In other words, this results in pyramid-shaped notches whose cross-section decreases, in particular, continuously from the open end of the cavity toward the cavity base.

[0037] According to an exemplary embodiment, the notches have a depth of less than 1 mm, in particular a depth in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm. Alternatively or additionally, the notches have a width of less than 1.5 mm, in particular a width in the range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm.

[0038] According to a further exemplary embodiment, the notches each have two V-shaped notch flanks. The notch flanks can be oriented relative to one another at an angle in the range of 30° to 80°, preferably at an angle of approximately 60°.

[0039] In a further preferred embodiment, the hollow cylinder's inner surface has 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, notches. The notches are preferably evenly distributed circumferentially around the circumference of the cavity. This results in a particularly uniform deformation behavior of the nose wall of the projectile made from the intermediate.

[0040] In an exemplary further development, the notches are created by cold forming, in particular by reverse extrusion. Preferably, the notches can be created in the same process step as the cavity, in particular with the same tool. This results in a particularly simple and cost-effective production of the notches, which requires no additional process step.

[0041] The present invention also relates to a press mandrel for pressing a metal blank inserted into a cylindrical die along a pressing direction in order to produce an intermediate and / or projectile, in particular according to one of the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments. For this purpose, the press mandrel is pressed into the metal blank inserted into the cylindrical die along the pressing direction, in particular along a linear direction. In particular, the press mandrel is pressed into the metal blank without rotation of the press head about a longitudinal axis of the press mandrel.

[0042] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the press mandrel has a particularly cylindrical press head that defines the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel. The press head can be cylindrical with respect to the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel. However, the press head can also have a cross-section that deviates from a cylindrical shape. Preferably, the cross-section of the press head is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the press mandrel. During pressing of the metal blank, the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel is oriented along the pressing direction and corresponds in particular to the longitudinal direction of the blank or intermediate. The press head has at least two pressing ribs that extend in the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel.The pressing ribs represent elevations on the pressing head that protrude radially, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, beyond the remaining outer contour of the pressing head. Using the pressing mandrel, the cavity and the notches described in the preceding aspects can be introduced into the metal blank in a single step, with the notches being created by the pressing ribs. The geometry of the created notches is complementary to the geometry of the pressing ribs. According to the invention, the depth of the pressing ribs transverse to the longitudinal direction is less than 1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm.

[0043] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the press mandrel comprises a cylindrical press head with at least two press ribs extending in the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel and protruding radially from a cylindrical surface of the press head. During pressing of the metal blank, the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel is oriented along the pressing direction and corresponds in particular to the longitudinal direction of the blank or intermediate. With the press mandrel, the cavity and the notches described in the preceding aspects can be introduced into the metal blank in a single step. The notches are created by the press ribs and the cylindrical cavity is created by the cylindrical surface of the press mandrel between the press ribs. The geometry of the notches created is complementary in shape to the geometry of the press ribs.The cylindrical shape of the press head makes it particularly easy and cost-effective to manufacture.

[0044] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the press mandrel comprises a press head with at least two press ribs extending in the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel and protruding transversely to the longitudinal direction from an outer circumferential surface of the press head. The press mandrel can be used to introduce the cavity and the notches described in the preceding aspects into the metal blank in one step. The notches are created by the press ribs, and the cavity is created by the outer circumferential surface of the press mandrel between the press ribs. The geometry of the notches created is complementary in shape to the geometry of the press ribs. The press ribs have a depth transverse to the longitudinal direction. According to the invention, the depth of the press ribs varies in the longitudinal direction. In particular, the depth can decrease counter to the pressing direction.This reduces friction between the blank material and the press head when the press mandrel is pressed into the metal blank. By reducing the depth of the press ribs in the opposite direction to the pressing direction, only a small area of ​​the press ribs comes into contact with the blank, so that the notches are created from the open end of the cavity. As the press mandrel is pushed further in, when the notches are already created at the upper end of the cavity and are further created toward the cavity base, there is no contact between the already created notch areas and the rear area of ​​the press ribs with a smaller depth, as viewed in the pressing direction.The length of the notches produced can be determined by the position of the greatest depth of the pressing ribs in the longitudinal direction, because the ends of the notches facing the cavity base have the same distance to the cavity base as the deepest point of the pressing ribs to a front side of the pressing head.

[0045] In an exemplary further development, the depth of the pressing ribs decreases against the pressing direction at an angle of 6° to 15 0 , in particular from 6° to 10°. Alternatively or additionally, the depth of the pressing ribs decreases over at least 80% of a longitudinal extension of the pressing ribs, in particular at least 90% and / or less than the entire longitudinal extension, opposite to the pressing direction.

[0046] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the press mandrel comprises a press head with at least two press ribs extending in the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel and protruding transversely to the longitudinal direction from an outer circumferential surface of the press head. With the press mandrel, the cavity and the notches described in the preceding aspects can be introduced into the metal blank in one step. The notches are created by the press ribs and the cavity is created by the outer circumferential surface of the press mandrel between the press ribs. The geometry of the created notches is complementary in shape to the geometry of the press ribs. According to the invention, the press flanks have two V-shaped tapered press flanks whose transition is rounded.In particular, both the transition between the two pressing flanks and the transition between the pressing flanks and the outer surface of the pressing head are rounded. This allows the notches to be introduced into the hollow cylinder wall defining the cavity without damaging the material around the notches, in particular without cracks forming at the transition between the notch flanks created by the pressing flanks and the hollow cylinder inner surface of the intermediate. A further advantage is that the pressing mandrel can be manufactured using die-sinking erosion, which enables particularly precise production of the pressing flanks. In an exemplary further development, a radius at the transition is at least 0.01 mm and / or at most 0.2 mm.

[0047] According to an exemplary further development, the pressing flanks are oriented to one another at an angle in the range of 30° to 8o°, preferably at an angle of approximately 6o°.

[0048] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, the press mandrel has a particularly cylindrical press head that defines the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel. The press head can be cylindrical with respect to the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel. However, the press head can also have a cross-section that deviates from a cylindrical shape. Preferably, the cross-section of the press head is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the press mandrel. During pressing of the metal blank, the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel is oriented along the pressing direction and preferably corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the blank or the intermediate. The press head has at least two pressing ribs extending in the longitudinal direction of the press mandrel.The pressing ribs represent elevations on the pressing head that protrude in the radial direction, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, beyond the remaining outer contour of the pressing head. Using the pressing mandrel, the cavity and the notches described in the preceding aspects can be introduced into the metal blank in one step, with the notches being created by the pressing ribs. The geometry of the notches created is complementary in shape to the geometry of the pressing ribs. According to the invention, a particularly flat end face of the pressing head is inclined relative to the longitudinal direction. In an exemplary development, a forming angle of the particularly flat end face of the pressing head is in the range of 105° to 135°. 0 compared to the longitudinal direction. The inclined face allows the press mandrel to penetrate the blank particularly easily and with minimal force. The face also serves to form the base of the cavity.

[0049] In one exemplary embodiment, a transition between the inclined front side and the pressing ribs is rounded. The radius at the transition can be comparatively large and in particular lie in a range of 1 mm to 2 mm. Alternatively or additionally, the front side has a central area oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. In this embodiment, the pressing head is rounded at a transition between the central area and the inclined front side. A radius at the transition can be comparatively large and in particular lie in a range of 1 mm to 2 mm. The rounding results in better force distribution and stress peaks when the pressing head penetrates the blank can be prevented. In addition, the service life of the pressing mandrel can be increased.

[0050] In one exemplary embodiment, the pressing head has 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, pressing ribs. The pressing ribs are preferably distributed evenly in the circumferential direction over the circumference of the pressing head. In another exemplary embodiment, the pressing head has reduced-friction areas between the pressing ribs. In particular, the pressing head can have a low surface roughness, lubrication, and / or a coating in the reduced-friction areas.

[0051] In another exemplary embodiment, the press head is made of a hard material, such as a hard metal. The material can, in particular, have a hardness of more than 550 HV.

[0052] The present invention also relates to a method for producing an intermediate and / or projectile designed in particular according to one of the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments.

[0053] According to a further aspect of the present invention, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, a metal blank is inserted into a cylindrical die and, in order to create the intermediate of the projectile, is cold-formed by means of a press mandrel designed in particular according to one of the preceding aspects or exemplary embodiments in such a way that a hollow cylinder is formed which delimits a central cavity open to the environment and whose inner surface facing the cavity has at least two notches oriented in the longitudinal direction of the intermediate. The cavity has a constant cross-section along its longitudinal extent, which can be essentially circular. In an exemplary further development, the hollow cylinder is subsequently cold-formed to form a projectile nose, in particular one which is ogive-shaped.

[0054] In an exemplary further development, the notches are created by cold forming, in particular by reverse extrusion. Preferably, the notches can be created in the same process step as the cavity, in particular with the same tool. This results in a particularly simple and cost-effective production of the notches, which requires no additional process step.

[0055] The invention also relates to a fired, deformed projectile resulting from the firing of a projectile constructed according to one of the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments and the impact of the projectile on a target, in particular a standard target. The standard target can be, for example, gelatin, soap, wet newspaper, or paraffin. The fired, deformed projectile is deformed according to the deformation behavior described for the preceding aspects.

[0056] Preferred embodiments are specified in the subclaims.

[0057] In the following, further properties, features and advantages of the invention will become clear by describing preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings, in which:

[0058] Fig. 1 - 5 a schematic stage plan for the production of an exemplary embodiment of a projectile according to the invention starting from a blank;

[0059] Fig. 6 is a sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of an intermediate according to the invention;

[0060] Fig. 7a, b a plan view of the intermediate from Fig. 6;

[0061] Fig. 8 is a sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a press mandrel according to the invention;

[0062] Fig. 9a, b a sectional view of the press mandrel from Fig. 8 along the line IX - IX in Fig. 8;

[0063] Fig. 10 is a side view of the press mandrel from Figs. 8 and 9;

[0064] Fig. 11 is a perspective view of the press mandrel from Figs. 8 to 10; and

[0065] Fig. 12 is a schematic view of an exemplary embodiment of a projectile according to the invention in a deformed state after impact with a target.

[0066] In the following description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a projectile according to the invention is generally provided with the reference number 1, an intermediate according to the invention is generally provided with the reference number 10 and a pressing mandrel according to the invention is generally provided with the reference number 100.

[0067] A projectile i according to the invention is shown in a sectional view in Fig. 5. The projectile according to the invention comprises a projectile body 3 made from a single piece. The projectile body 3 is made of a homogeneous material; for example, the projectile body 3 can be made of iron material, such as steel, in particular soft iron. The projectile body 3 comprises a cylindrical projectile tail 5 and an ogive-shaped projectile nose 7. The projectile nose 7 is formed by a circumferential nose wall 9, which encloses a central cavity 11 open toward the front of the projectile 1.

[0068] With reference to Figures 1 to 5, which represent a stage plan for the production of a projectile 1 according to the invention, the individual production steps of the finished projectile 1 shown in Figure 5 are first apparent.

[0069] First, a blank 13 made of metal, preferably iron material, is provided (Figure 1), which is obtained by cutting off continuous raw material such as a wire or tube. The blank 13 consists of a particularly homogeneous material and is constructed in one piece, in particular from solid material.

[0070] In a first manufacturing step, the blank 13 is cold-formed into a seed 14 by setting, for example by pressing (Figure 2). As can be seen from a comparison of Figures 1 and 2, setting is accompanied by a longitudinal expansion of the blank 13, with the outer diameter remaining essentially constant. The increase in length results from the central recess 15 introduced during setting, which extends from an end face 17 of the seed 14 to a recess base 16 in the direction of the opposite end face 19 of the seed 14. The introduction of the recess 15 causes a material displacement, which manifests itself in a longitudinal expansion. Opposite the recess 15, i.e. on the opposite end face 19, there is a centering recess 21. The setting can be carried out via a punch-die arrangement (not shown), whereby the punch outer geometry determines the recess inner geometry 15.After setting, the seedling 14 is pre-pressed to form an intermediate 10 according to the invention (Figure 3). To form the intermediate 10, the seedling 14 is cold-formed on a hollow cylinder inner surface 25 of the hollow cylinder 23 surrounding the recess 15, so that the recess 15 is formed into the front-side cavity 11 of the projectile 1. At the same time, at least two notches 27 oriented in the longitudinal direction L of the seedling 14 or the intermediate 10 are cold-formed on the hollow cylinder inner surface 25 of the hollow cylinder 23; these notches will be explained in more detail later. During the pre-pressing, the hollow cylinder 23 is also cold-formed on the outside to form a nose wall 9 that tapers in an ogive shape at least in sections.Due to the bow wall 9 tapering towards the projectile nose 29 and decreasing in wall thickness, the longitudinal dimension of the section forming the later projectile nose 3 is extended compared to the hollow cylinder 23 of the seedling 14.

[0071] The intermediate 10 produced in this way consists of a metal body 12 made of homogeneous material, preferably iron, and is then further cold-formed to form a cylindrical blank 31, shown in Figure 4, which largely already has the complete geometry of the final projectile 1. The cylindrical blank 31 is compressed in the longitudinal direction L starting from the intermediate 10, whereby the internal geometry of the cavity 11 is retained. Due to the compression in the longitudinal direction L of the intermediate 10, the diameter of the cylindrical blank 31 increases. The cylindrical blank 31 has a cylinder section 33, which consists essentially of solid material and is fully cylindrical and is arranged in the area of ​​the later projectile tail 7 and extends over a large part of the longitudinal extent of the cylindrical blank up to the ogive-like taper of the nose wall 9. To produce the final projectile 1, the projectile nose 7 remains essentially unchanged.The bullet tail 5 can be further processed by cold forming steps, for example to introduce a guide band (not shown) for guiding the bullet 1 in a firearm barrel or a rear-side circumferential chamfer (not shown) for easier insertion of the bullet 1 into the firearm barrel.

[0072] The final projectile 1 has a rear-facing, essentially flat projectile base 35, in the center of which is located the centering recess 21. The cavity 11 has a cavity bottom 37, to which the cavity 11 extends from the projectile nose 29 toward the projectile tail 7. An inner wall surface 39 of the nose wall 9 has at least two notches 27 oriented in the longitudinal direction L of the projectile 1, which were introduced into the hollow cylinder inner surface 25 delimiting the cavity 11 during the preforming of the seedling 14 into the intermediate 10 (Figures 2 and 3). Due to the subsequent cold forming of the hollow cylinder 23 into the nose wall 9 or during the cold forming of the intermediate 10 into the cylinder 31, the dimensions of the notches 27 are reduced such that the notches 27 on the finished projectile 1 are only visible under reflected light microscopy.The notches 27 on the inner wall surface 39 of the bow wall 9 can then be referred to as micro-notches and have a depth of less than 0.3 mm. Adjacent to the inner wall surface 39 of the bow wall 9 is a cavity base section 41 inclined with respect to the longitudinal direction L of the projectile 1, which then transitions into a cavity base section 43 oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction L.

[0073] In order to clarify the production and subsequent compression of the notches 27, the geometry of the notches 27 at the time when they are introduced into the blank 13 to form the intermediate 10 according to the invention is described in comparison to the micronotches formed on the inner wall surface 39 with reference to Figures 6 and 7.

[0074] In the exemplary embodiment, the intermediate 10 according to the invention has six notches 27 evenly distributed in the circumferential direction on the inner surface 25 of the hollow cylinder. The notches 27 each have two V-shaped notch flanks 45 which are oriented at an angle 47 of approximately 60° to one another, which can be seen particularly well in the detailed view of a notch 27 in Figure 7b. The notches 27 extend from the open end of the cavity 11 at the projectile nose 29 in the direction of the cavity base 37. The notches 27 preferably extend by less than 25% of the longitudinal extent of the intermediate 10 and / or by less than 50% of a longitudinal extent of the cavity 11. The depth of the notches 27 transverse to the longitudinal direction L of the intermediate 10 is preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm.As already mentioned, the notches 27 are compressed during the subsequent cold forming of the hollow cylinder 23 to form the nose wall 9 of the finished projectile 1, so that the depth of the notches 27 in the finished projectile 1 is less than 0.3 mm and the notches 27 are no longer visible to the naked eye. However, the notches 27 have an effect on the deformation behavior of the projectile 1, which will be explained in more detail later.

[0075] In the following, a press mandrel according to the invention is described with reference to Figures 8 to 11, with which the depression 15 in the seedling 14 (Figure 2) can be transformed into the cavity 11 and the notches 27 can be introduced into the cavity inner wall 25 in one process step.

[0076] The press mandrel 100 has a press head 49, which is pressed into the blank 13 or the seed 14 produced from the blank 13 along a pressing direction P (see Figures 2 and 6). In this case, no rotation of the press head 49 or the press mandrel 100 occurs with respect to the longitudinal axis L of the press mandrel 100, which coincides with the longitudinal axis L of the blank 13 or the intermediate 10 when the press mandrel 100 is pressed into the blank 13.

[0077] In the embodiment shown in Figures 8 to 11, the pressing head 49 is cylindrically shaped and rotationally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis L of the pressing mandrel 100. The sectional view in Figure 9 shows that the pressing head 49 has six pressing ribs 53 on an outer surface 51, which are evenly distributed in the circumferential direction and protrude radially from the outer surface 51. The pressing ribs 53 extend rectilinearly in the longitudinal direction L on the outer surface 51 of the pressing head 49. The depth of the pressing ribs 53 in the radial direction, transverse to the longitudinal direction L, is preferably between 0.1 mm and 0.7 mm, which corresponds to the preferred depth of the notches 27 introduced into the intermediate 10 using the pressing ribs 53.

[0078] In Figures 8 and 11 it can be seen that the depth of the pressing ribs 53 varies in the longitudinal direction L and decreases continuously from a section 55 with a constant depth against the pressing direction P. An inclination angle 57 of the pressing ribs 53 can preferably be between 6° and 10° with respect to the longitudinal direction L of the pressing mandrel 100. This reduces the friction between the pressing ribs 53 and the blank 13 when the pressing head 49 is pressed into the blank 13 because only the section 55 of the pressing ribs 53 in which the pressing ribs have the greatest depth comes into contact with the hollow cylinder inner surface 25 and the inclined section 59 of the pressing ribs 53 arranged behind it in the pressing direction P does not come into contact with the notches 27 already created.The distance of the contact area 55 of the pressing ribs 53 with the greatest depth with respect to the end face 61 of the pressing head 49 corresponds to the distance between a lower end 63 of the notches 27 from the cavity base 37 (see Figure 6) and thus determines the length of the notches 27.

[0079] The front side 61 of the pressing head 49 has a central flat area 65 which is oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction L and an inclined front surface 67 adjacent thereto. The front surface 67 is preferably at an angle 68 which can be referred to as the forming angle and in the exemplary embodiment is between 105° and 135 0is inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis L. The pressing head 49 is rounded both at a transition 69 between the flat region 65 and the inclined end face 67 and at a transition 71 between the inclined end face 67 and the pressing ribs 53 or the outer circumferential surface 51. A radius can be comparatively large and lie between 1 mm and 2 mm. A comparison of Figures 8 and 5 shows that the contour of the cavity base 37 corresponds to the contour of the end face 61 of the pressing head 49. Due to the roundings on the pressing head 49, it can be pressed into the blank 13 particularly easily without damaging the pressing head 49 or the blank 13.

[0080] The pressing ribs 53 each have two V-shaped, tapered pressing flanks 73, which in the embodiment in Figures 8 to 11 are oriented at an angle 75 of approximately 60° to one another, which can be seen particularly well in the detailed view of a pressing flank 53 in Figure 9b. The angle 75 of the pressing flanks 73 to one another corresponds to the angle 47 of the notch flanks 45 of the notches 27 produced by the pressing mandrel 100 in the intermediate 10. At a transition 77 between the pressing flanks 53 and the outer surface 51 of the pressing head 49 and at the tip 79 or at the transition between the two pressing flanks 73, the pressing head 49 is rounded in each case, with a radius preferably lying between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm. The areas between the pressing ribs 53 are friction-reduced areas 81. The friction reduction can be achieved, for example, by a low surface roughness, by lubrication and / or a coating.At the rear end 83 of the pressing head 49, viewed in the pressing direction P, a relief groove 85 is formed, at which the pressing head 49 merges into a cylindrical section 87 of the pressing mandrel 100 without pressing ribs. A schematic representation of a fired, deformed projectile 2 produced by firing a projectile 1 according to the invention and impact of the projectile.

[0081] I on a target, in particular a standard target, as a gelatinous mass results, is shown in Figure 12.

[0082] The deformed projectile 2 differs from state-of-the-art projectiles in particular by its reduced radially outward mushrooming effect upon impact with a target. As can be seen in Figure 12, the front deformed section 89 of the nose wall 9 is expanded or mushroomed by significantly less than 90° relative to the projectile's longitudinal axis L, thus resulting in a trumpet-shaped configuration in the front area.

[0083] The deformation behavior results from the cold forming of the cavity

[0084] II and, on the other hand, from the notches 27 introduced into the hollow cylinder inner surface 25 of the intermediate 10, which remain as micro-notches on the inner wall surface 39 of the nose wall 9 of the finished projectile 1. The cold forming increases the strength of the nose wall 9 transverse to the longitudinal direction L compared to the strength of the nose wall 9 in the longitudinal direction L, and the notches 27 allow the deformation behavior to be specifically controlled. As can be seen in Figure 12, the projectile 1 in Fig. 12 has five front-facing notches 27. Upon impact with a target, the nose wall 9 opens along the notches 27, while the nose wall regions 91 arranged in the circumferential direction between the notches 27 remain in one piece. The length of the notches 27 allows the extent to which the nose wall 9 opens and thus the extent to which the front region 89 widens.In this way, the deformation behavior of the projectile nose 7 can be varied independently of the strength of the nose wall 9. This eliminates the need for expensive heat treatment processes, such as annealing, after cold forming, and thus allows the projectile 1 according to the invention to be manufactured particularly easily and cost-effectively.

[0085] The features disclosed in the above description, the figures, and the claims may be important both individually and in any combination for the realization of the invention in its various embodiments. List of reference symbols

[0086] 1 floor io Intermediate

[0087] 100 pressing mandrels

[0088] 2 fired, deformed projectiles

[0089] 3 projectile bodies

[0090] 5-story rear

[0091] 7 storey bow

[0092] 9 Bow wall

[0093] 11 Cavity

[0094] 12 metal bodies

[0095] 13 blank

[0096] 14 seedlings

[0097] 15 Deepening

[0098] 16 Reason for further study

[0099] 17 Frontal surface

[0100] 19 Frontal surface

[0101] 21 Centering recess

[0102] 23 hollow cylinders

[0103] 25 Hollow cylinder inner surface

[0104] 27 notch

[0105] 29 Nosepiece

[0106] 31 cylinders

[0107] 33 cylinder section

[0108] 35 floor

[0109] 37 Cavity base

[0110] 39 Interior wall surface

[0111] 41 inclined cavity base section

[0112] 43 flat cavity base section

[0113] 45 notch flank

[0114] 47 Notch flank angle

[0115] 49 Press head

[0116] 51 Outer surface

[0117] 53 Press flank

[0118] 55 flat press rib section

[0119] 57 Press rib angle inclined press rib section front side

[0120] Notch end central face area inclined face area forming angle

[0121] Front transition

[0122] Press rib transition to press flank

[0123] Press flank angle

[0124] Press rib transition

[0125] Press rib tip friction-reduced area rear press head end undercut cylindrical press mandrel section front deformed section bow wall area

[0126] Longitudinal direction Pressing direction

Claims

REQUIREMENTS 1. Projectile (i), in particular expanding projectile, such as a hollow-point projectile, for example for police and / or official ammunition, especially with a caliber in the range of 4.6 mm to 20 mm, comprising a projectile body (3) with a nose wall (9) defining a central cavity (11) open to the surroundings, wherein the nose wall (9) is notched and / or the cavity (11) is cold-formed in such a way that, upon impact of the projectile (1) on a target, the nose wall (9) deforms by less than 90°, in particular less than 60°, in particular less than 45°. 0 or less than 30°, widened with respect to the longitudinal axis (L) of the building.

2. Projectile (1), in particular according to claim 1, in particular a deformation projectile, such as a hollow-point projectile, for example for police and / or official ammunition, in particular with a caliber in the range of 4.6 mm to 20 mm, which consists of a projectile body (3) manufactured in one piece with a bow wall (9) defining a central cavity (11) open to the surroundings, the inner wall surface (39) of which facing the cavity (11) has at least two notches (27) oriented in the longitudinal direction (L) of the projectile, wherein the cavity (11) is manufactured by cold forming.

3. Projectile (1), in particular according to one of the preceding claims, in particular a deformation projectile, such as a hollow-point projectile, for example for police and / or official ammunition, in particular with a caliber in the range of 4.6 mm to 20 mm, which consists of a projectile body (3) made from a piece of iron material with a bow wall (9) defining a central cavity (11) open to the surroundings, the inner wall surface (39) of which facing the cavity (11) has at least two notches (27) oriented in the longitudinal direction (L) of the projectile.

4. Projectile (1), in particular according to one of the preceding claims, in particular expanding projectile, such as hollow-point projectile, for example for police and / or official ammunition, in particular with a caliber in the range of 4.6 mm to 20 mm, comprising a projectile body (3) with a central cavity (11) limiting a central cavity open to the surroundings Bow wall (9), the inner wall surface (39) of which facing the cavity (11) has at least two micro-notches (27) oriented in the longitudinal direction (L) of the floor with a notch depth of less than 0.3 mm, in particular less than 0.2 mm or less than 0.1 mm.

5. Projectile (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the notches (27) extend by less than 25%, in particular less than 20% or less than 15%, of a total longitudinal extent of the projectile (1) and / or by less than 50%, in particular less than 40%, less than 30% or less than 25%, of a total longitudinal extent of the cavity (11) from the open end of the cavity (11) towards a cavity base (37), wherein in particular a length of the notches (27) is in a range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.

6. Floor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the inner wall surface (39) has 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, notches (27) which are distributed uniformly in the circumferential direction.

7. Floor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is produced without a heat treatment process, in particular annealing, and / or in which the cavity (11) is produced by means of reverse extrusion, and / or wherein the notches (27) are produced by cold forming, in particular in a process step with the cavity (11).

8. Intermediate (10) for manufacturing a projectile (1) designed in particular according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a metal body (12) cold-formed from a metal blank (13) with a hollow cylinder (23) defining a central cavity (11) open to the environment, the inner surface (25) of the hollow cylinder facing the cavity (11) being notched in such a way that, during the cold forming of the hollow cylinder (23) to form a projectile nose (7) of the projectile (1) in particular an ogiferous shape, the dimension of the notch (27) is reduced such that the notch (27) is only visible under reflected light microscopy and / or that a notch depth of less than 0.3 mm, in particular less than 0.2 mm or less than 0.1 mm, results.

9. Intermediate (10), in particular according to claim 8, for producing a projectile (1) in particular designed according to one of claims 1 to 7, consisting of an iron material body (12) produced by cold forming from an iron material blank (13) with a hollow cylinder (23) defining a central cavity (11) open to the surroundings, the inner surface (25) of the hollow cylinder facing the cavity (11) having at least two notches (27) oriented in the intermediate longitudinal direction (L). Intermediate (10) according to one of claims 8 or 9, wherein the notches (27) extend by less than 25%, in particular less than 20% or less than 15%, of a total longitudinal extent of the intermediate (10) and / or by less than 50%, in particular less than 40%, less than 30% or less than 25%, of a total longitudinal extent of the cavity (11) from the open end of the cavity (11) towards a cavity bottom (37), wherein in particular the length of the notches (27) is in the range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.An intermediate (10) according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the depth and / or width of the notches (27) varies from the open end of the cavity (11) towards the cavity floor (37), wherein, in particular, the depth and / or width preferably decreases continuously from the open end of the cavity (11) towards the cavity floor (37). An intermediate (10) according to any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the notches (27) have a depth of less than 1 mm, in particular in a range of 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm, and / or a width of less than 1.5 mm, in particular in a range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm. Intermediate (10) according to one of claims 8 to 12, wherein the notches (27) each have two V-shaped notch flanks (45) which are oriented to each other in particular at an angle in the range of 30° to 80°, preferably at an angle of about 60°.An intermediate (10) according to any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the inner surface (25) of the hollow cylinder has notches (27) 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, which are distributed uniformly, in particular in the circumferential direction. An intermediate (10) according to any one of claims 8 to 14, wherein the notches (27) are produced, in particular in a single process step, by cold forming with the cavity (11).

16. Press mandrel (100) for pressing a metal blank (13) inserted in a cylindrical die to produce an intermediate (10) and / or projectile (1) designed in particular according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a press head (49) in particular cylindrical with at least two press ribs (53) extending in the longitudinal direction (L) of the press mandrel (100), the depth of which transverse to the longitudinal direction (L) is less than 1 mm, in particular in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm.

17. Press mandrel (100), in particular according to claim 16, for pressing a metal blank (13) inserted in a cylindrical die in order to produce an intermediate (10) in particular according to one of claims 8 to 15 and / or a projectile (1) in particular according to one of claims 1 to 7, comprising a cylindrical press head (49) with at least two press ribs (53) extending in the longitudinal direction (L) of the press mandrel (100) and projecting radially from a cylindrical surface (51) of the press head (49).

18. Press mandrel (100), in particular according to claim 16 or 17, for pressing a metal blank (13) inserted in a cylindrical die along a pressing direction (P) in order to produce an intermediate (10) in particular according to one of claims 8 to 15 and / or a projectile (1) in particular according to one of claims 1 to 7, comprising a press head (49) with at least two press ribs (53) extending in the longitudinal direction (L) of the press mandrel (100) and projecting transversely to the longitudinal direction (L) from an outer surface (51) of the press head (49), the depth of which varies transversely to the longitudinal direction (L) in the longitudinal direction (L), in particular decreasing opposite to the pressing direction (P).

19. Press mandrel (100) according to claim 18 wherein the depth of the press ribs (53) opposite the pressing direction (P) at an angle of 6° to 15° 0, in particular from 6° to 10°, decreases and / or decreases over at least 80% of a longitudinal extent, in particular over at least 90% and / or less than the entire longitudinal extent, of the press ribs (53) against the pressing direction (P).

20. Press mandrel (100), in particular according to one of claims 16 to 19, for pressing a metal blank (13) inserted in a cylindrical die around an intermediate (10) designed in particular according to one of claims 8 to 15 and / or an intermediate designed in particular according to one of claims 1 to 7 To manufacture a projectile (i), comprising a press head (49) with at least two press ribs (53) extending in the longitudinal direction (L) of the press mandrel (100) and projecting transversely to the longitudinal direction (L) from an outer surface (51) of the press head (49), the press ribs having two V-shaped tapered press flanks (73) whose transition (77, 79) is rounded, wherein in particular a radius at the transition (77, 79) is at least 0.01 mm and / or at most 0.2 mm. Press mandrel (100) according to claim 20, wherein the press flanks (73) are oriented to each other at an angle in the range of 30° to 80°, preferably at an angle of about 60°.Press mandrel (100), in particular according to one of claims 16 to 21, for pressing a metal blank (13) inserted in a cylindrical die in order to produce an intermediate (10) in particular according to one of claims 8 to 15 and / or a projectile (1) in particular according to one of claims 1 to 7, comprising a press head (49) in particular cylindrical with at least two press ribs (53) extending in the longitudinal direction (L) of the press mandrel (100), wherein a particularly flat end face (61) of the press head (49) is inclined relative to the longitudinal direction (L), wherein in particular a forming angle of the particularly flat end face (61) of the press head (49) is in the range of 105° to 135°. 0compared to the longitudinal direction (L). Press mandrel (100) according to claim 22, wherein a transition (71) between the end face (61) and the press ribs (53) is rounded, wherein in particular a radius at the transition (71) is in the range of 1 mm to 2 mm and / or wherein the end face (61) has a central flat area (65) and the press head (49) is rounded at a transition (69) between the central area (65) and the inclined end face (61), wherein in particular a radius at the transition (69) is in the range of 1 mm to 2 mm. Press mandrel (100) according to any one of claims 16 to 23, wherein the press head (49) has 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, press ribs (53) which are in particular evenly distributed in the circumferential direction. Press mandrel (100) according to one of claims 16 to 24, wherein the press head (49) has friction-reduced areas (81) between the press ribs (53), wherein In particular, the friction-reduced areas (81) have a low surface roughness, lubrication and / or a coating. Press mandrel (100) according to one of claims 16 to 25, wherein the press head (49) is made of a hard material, such as a cemented carbide, in particular with a hardness of more than 550 HV.A method for producing an intermediate (10) and / or a projectile (1), in particular according to one of claims 8 to 15, wherein a metal blank (13) is inserted into a cylindrical die and, to produce the intermediate (10) of the projectile (1), the metal blank (13) is cold-formed by means of a press mandrel (100), in particular according to one of claims 16 to 26, such that a hollow cylinder (23) is formed, defining a central cavity (11) open to the surroundings, the inner surface (25) of the hollow cylinder facing the cavity (11) having at least two notches (27) oriented in the intermediate longitudinal direction (L), wherein the cavity (11) has a constant cross-section along its longitudinal extent, wherein, in particular, the hollow cylinder (23) is cold-formed to form a projectile nose (7), in particular an ogival shape. becomes.Method according to claim 27, wherein the notches (27) are cold-formed together with the cavity (11) in a single process step. A fired, deformed projectile (2) resulting from firing a projectile (1) designed according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and the impact of the projectile (1) on a target, in particular a standard target.

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