Fusion reactor having a spherical magnetic field

Abstract

The invention relates to a fusion reactor (1) comprising a plasma vessel (20), coils (Q1-Qn), a cooling system (5), a heating system (4), a heat transfer system (6), a support system (7), and an injection system (8); said plasma vessel (20) being provided around a central midpoint (M), defining a plasma volume (2), and being surrounded by the coils (Q1-Qn); said coils (Q1-Qn) being in the form of Helmholtz coils or helical coils to form a spherical magnetic field having magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) in the plasma volume (2); said magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) having a central magnetic field line (m1), the coils (Q1-Qn) each being arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line (m1); said central magnetic field line (m1) lying around the central midpoint (M1) in a closed loop consisting of four identical semi-circular arcs (B1-B4) having four apex points (V1-V4) and four connection points (J1-J4) lying in a common plane on a virtual first sphere having a first radius (r1); said cooling system (5) being provided for cooling the coils (Q1-Qn); said heating system (4) being provided for heating a plasma in the plasma vessel (20); said heat transfer system (6) being provided for transporting away heat from the heat source (60) consisting of the plasma and for conducting it to a user system; said injection system (8) being provided for injecting a fuel into the plasma vessel (20); and said support system (7) being designed to support the plasma vessel (20).

Description

[0001] Fusion reactor with a spherical magnetic field

[0002] The invention relates to a fusion reactor with an induction system for a spherical magnetic field, which is preferably designed for permanent magnetic plasma confinement in a plasma vessel of the fusion reactor. In a theoretical part of the invention, symmetry conditions are specified for the negatively charged electrons present in the plasma of the fusion reactor and for the positively charged nuclei of deuterium and tritium, which are also referred to as ions in the context of the invention. These symmetry conditions fulfill a regime applicable to fundamental fermions with the quantum number 1 / 2. The fusion reactor is designed to fuse nuclei of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen to form helium by releasing their strong binding forces, with each high-energy neutron being released.The spherical magnetic field provides a spherical model for electromagnetically induced ring oscillations, which, with a fluid-dynamic equilibrium for electrons and ions, enables permanent magnetic plasma confinement in a plasma vessel of the fusion reactor. The spherical model, through the combination of three geometric operations—namely, the Lorentz transformation, translation, and rotation—fulfills the regime applicable to fermions. This explanatory model, also known as the Poincare group, is considered in quantum field theory to prove the validity of general relativity. In a structural part of the invention, based on a geometric order for the spherical magnetic field of the fusion reactor, a technical theory is provided for the design of the plasma vessel as an integrated construction system with modular components and functional elements of the fusion reactor.To solve these problems, the invention proposes a spherical ring oscillation within concentric magnetic field layers of a double helix. All magnetic field lines for the ring oscillations of particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 lie on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with a uniform radius. In the sense of group theory, the centers of the transformation sphere form a homogeneous group with an operator described by a matrix. According to this rule, the centers of the spheres lie within a virtual spherical space around the central point of the fusion reactor. The diameter of this spherical space is defined by the diameter of the plasma volume, with the number of magnetic field lines in relation to the respective radius of the plasma volume being limited by the gyration radius of the particles.

[0003] In a broader sense, the double helix can also be recognized as an orbital layered model of universal space-time, in which all particles are subject to oscillations in order to, starting from a beginning, arrive in the same state at an end, which is a new beginning.

[0004] The fusion reactor is designed for stable magnetic confinement of a plasma volume within a plasma vessel surrounded by a plurality of coils. It has a plurality of centers, each located at the intersection of a space defined by longitudinal, transverse, and vertical axes. The plasma volume has a central magnetic field line of uniform radius consisting of four equal semicircular arcs and divided into eight equal-length sections by four connecting points and four vertices. This line defines an orbit on the surface of a virtual sphere around a central center. For the arrangement of decentralized magnetic field lines, the central magnetic field line is surrounded by concentric, tubular surfaces of a double helix in a plurality of layers.The Helmholtz coils, arranged at regular intervals concentrically to the central magnetic field line and perpendicular to a magnetodynamic flux direction, enforce equal path lengths for electrons and ions at at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation, with a chiasmus of the magnetic field lines, each designed as a continuous loop, at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation. The particles are guided in concentric layers of the magnetic field formed by the double helix. In the fusion reactor, the deuterium and tritium nuclei are guided precisely along the magnetic field lines and collide with each other at speeds of more than 1,000 km / s and at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius, fusing to form helium, releasing large amounts of thermal energy.All magnetic field lines of the magnetic field formed by the double helix, the central magnetic field line and the decentralized magnetic field lines, are each located on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with a uniform radius. While the transformation sphere of the central magnetic field line has a central center, the decentralized magnetic field lines are arranged around decentralized centers on the surface of the transformation sphere. The decentralized centers of the transformation sphere lie within a virtual sphere around the central center, the radius of which corresponds to the radius of the plasma volume.While the four arcs of the central magnetic field line, as regular semicircular arcs with four connecting points each lying in a plane, define four magnetic field planes offset by 90 degrees from each other, the decentralized magnetic field lines each have four spatial and elliptical arcs with four complementary connecting points and vertices. The coils, in conjunction with the chiasmus of the magnetic field lines, ensure equal path lengths for charged particles in the mirror-image halves of the double helix within the individual tubular layers of the magnetic structure of the plasma volume. Electrons and ions interact with the Lorentz force exerted by the Helmholtz coils by aligning their angular momentum planes perpendicular to the magnetic field lines and their angular momentum axes parallel to them, thereby following the magnetic flux direction of the plasma volume.Electrons and ions are accelerated in the direction of plasma flow by the Lorentz force generated by the coils, restricting their freedom of movement. The magnetic field is stronger on its inner side, facing the central point, than on the opposite outer side. As the electrons and ions move, they induce an asymmetric electric vortex field acting perpendicular to the magnetic field. Electrons and ions are therefore forced to move away from the magnetic field lines in spirals. The sign of the respective charge determines whether these spirals are left- or right-handed. The radius of gyration of an ion is larger than that of an electron and depends on the strength of the magnetic field as well as the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field. The velocity and direction of the magnetic flux are unaffected.The magnetic-dynamic equilibrium in the mirror-symmetrically arranged halves of the double helix is ​​important for the orbital stability of the particles. It can be achieved by changing the spin of particles with quantum number 1 / 2 four times from an up spin to a down spin in each of the four semicircular arcs. The angular momentum axes of the particles in the mirror-image halves of the magnetic field lines reverse four times on their respective orbits with a sum of 720 degrees. The four identical semicircular arcs of the central magnetic field line, arranged with a radius around the central center of the fusion reactor, form a guide line for spherical ring oscillations.While the angular momentum axes of charged particles rotate once around themselves in one revolution of their respective orbits with a sum of angles of 360 degrees, the four-fold reversal of the spin direction of the particles between the connecting points of the central magnetic field line ensures the tracking of the particles. This is achieved by the torque of the particles in the mirror-image opposite halves of the magnetic field lines canceling each other out, creating a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces in the plasma volume. The rapid change in the direction of spin prevents the formation of gyral drift motions due to spin-induced precession of the particles, which precisely follow the magnetic field lines and return to a starting point on the respective orbit with the same spin state.The necessary magnetic field is generated by Helmholtz coils or spiral coils, which generate a central magnetic field line surrounded by numerous decentralized magnetic field lines. Due to the asymmetry of the magnetic field, both the central and decentralized magnetic field lines deviate slightly from the ideal spherical shape and are spherical or spheroidal. On the one hand, the balance of the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils in the mirror-image halves of the double helix results in equal path lengths for electrons and ions along the magnetic field lines, so that the particles undergo a regular transition from the inside to the outside of the plasma volume with each orbit.

[0005] On the other hand, the centrifugal forces resulting from the mass of the electrons and ions in the magnetic field planes of the double helix, each offset by 90 degrees, create a torque in which the radius of the four connecting points lying in one plane acts as a lever arm for twisting the magnetic field lines. This happens automatically without any further intervention, so that the orbits in both halves of the endless loops are of equal length, and charged particles orbit the center of the fusion reactor in the individual layers of the plasma volume on their respective orbits with equal path lengths. Since the Helmholtz coils are arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line and follow the course of a double helix at regular intervals, the plasma vessel in the shape of a double helix forms a housing for spherical ring oscillations.The plasma vessel itself is constructed from a plurality of identical vessel modules, each with a circular or oval cross-section. They are arranged between an inner radius and an outer radius around the central center point, concentric with the central magnetic field line, and can be screwed or welded together to form four arc-shaped assemblies. The magnetic field, in the form of a double helix, ensures that the plasma volume follows the cross-section of the plasma vessel at a distance from an inner shell. The Helmholtz coils are assigned to the individual vessel modules and have a radial distance from the plasma vessel as well as longitudinal distances from each other, which can be defined by sector angles of the radius around the central center point. The central magnetic field line of the fusion reactor is surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers for the arrangement of the decentralized magnetic field lines with analogous vertices and connection points.After the plasma is ignited, the electrons separate from the nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes, starting from the central magnetic field line. The Lorentz force exerted by the Helmholtz coils within the magnetic field formed by the double helix determines both the magnetodynamic flow direction and the orientation of the angular momentum axes and angular momentum planes of the electrons and ions. The two periods of a ring oscillation are divided into two mirror-image halves by at least one zero line between opposite connecting points of the central magnetic field line. The ring oscillations differ in the individual layers of the plasma volume by layer-specific frequencies, with a frequency band of 50 Hz on the outside of the plasma volume and up to several kilohertz in the region of the central magnetic field line.If the quantum-mechanically effective induction system succeeds in permanently confining the plasma volume by precisely and stably guiding charged particles with a quantum number of 1 / 2 along the magnetic field lines, a plasma vessel diameter of only 0.30 to 0.40 meters is sufficient to create a compact fusion reactor. The diameter of the plasma volume enclosed in the plasma vessel is preferably between 0.3 m and several meters. The fusion reactor, including its power supply and a conversion system, can be deployed both terrestrially and orbitally and can be integrated into a vehicle, particularly a watercraft.

[0006] State of the art

[0007] Under the extreme pressure of gravity, the protons of hydrogen fuse to form helium in the sun and in stars, which radiate through space and time. If nuclear fusion could be replicated on Earth, sufficient energy would be available for the continued cultural and industrial development of humanity. The fusion of protons holds the promise of providing energy in unlimited quantities in the future to satisfy the world's hunger for energy without harming the climate. Comparing the "power plant of the sun" with a fusion reactor reveals the fascinating properties of plasma, which obeys both the laws of gas dynamics and the physical laws of electromagnetism.While in the sun, which has a diameter of seven hundred thousand kilometers, the high pressure resulting from gravity makes the nuclear fusion of divalent hydrogen possible through self-ignition at temperatures of just fifteen million degrees, on Earth temperatures of one hundred to two hundred million degrees are required to ignite a plasma for nuclear fusion at a comparatively low pressure of only five to six bar. With a particle density of only ten to the power of twenty particles per cubic meter, the plasma is comparable to a deep vacuum compared to air, which has a particle density of ten to the power of twenty-six particles per cubic meter. Hydrogen occurs in three isotopes. Protium consists of a nucleus with one proton and one electron. Deuterium has a nucleus with one proton and one neutron, and one electron, and is called heavy hydrogen.Tritium has a nucleus with one proton, two neutrons, and one electron, and is referred to as superheavy hydrogen. Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years and rarely occurs naturally on Earth. The isotopes are chemically equivalent. A unit that describes the energy with which an atomic nucleus is held together is the electronvolt. An electronvolt is the energy an electron gains when passing through an accelerating voltage of 1 V. The strong interaction is decisive for the binding of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. The release of binding energy is possible through nuclear fusion of light elements or nuclear fission of heavy elements.

[0008] The energy released during fusion is a million times greater than the energy that can be achieved in a chemical reaction, such as the combustion of coal.

[0009] The fusion of deuterium and tritium produces a helium nucleus, a neutron, and an energy of 17.6 million eV. The protons of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen – deuterium and tritium – are preferentially fused to form helium under high pressure and at high temperatures in an ionized gas in which electrons and protons have separated. The exothermic energy released by one gram of hydrogen corresponds to the heat of combustion of eleven tons of coal. A mass difference occurs between two fusion partners and the fusion products, according to Einstein's equation E = mc 2This mass difference is particularly large between the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, on the one hand, and the fusion product, helium, on the other. The so-called Coulomb barrier must be overcome before the fusion process can begin. A mixture of equal parts deuterium and tritium is very suitable as fusion fuel. The fusion of two deuterium nuclei to form helium-3 is also possible and has the advantage that the radioactive tritium can be omitted, although a comparatively lower energy yield of only 3.27 million eV would be accepted. In fusion reactors with electromagnetic plasma confinement, a distinction is made between the tokamak type and the stellarator type.In a tokamak, only pulsed operation at intervals is possible due to the ohmic heating with inductively driven current, whereas in a stellerator, steady-state operation is possible by heating the plasma with microwave tubes located outside the plasma vessel. The microwave tubes can be designed as gyrotrons or klystrons, which transfer their energy directly to the charged particles in the plasma through high-frequency oscillation, which in turn collide with other electrically charged particles, thus increasing the temperature of the plasma. Both designs use a ring-shaped, airless plasma vessel containing several cubic meters of gas, in which the gas is heated to 100 to 150 million degrees Celsius to separate electrons and atomic nuclei and subsequently ignite an electrically conductive plasma.Superconducting coils are arranged around the ring-shaped plasma vessel and generate a magnetic field of up to 12 Tesla, confining the plasma along magnetic field lines at a distance synonymous with the distance from the inner wall. Contact between the plasma and the inner wall of the plasma vessel must be avoided at all costs, as the rapidly cooling plasma will bring the fusion process to a halt. The nuclear reaction is highly exothermic and is triggered by the collision of the ionized protons of deuterium and tritium. The released neutrons release their energy as heat to the inner shell of the plasma vessel, so that it can be used to generate electricity. In an appropriately doped inner shell, tritium can be extracted from this process as a reaction product for the fusion process, which proceeds in a chain reaction.After electrons and protons have separated within the plasma, which is comparable to a high vacuum, the plasma ignites at a temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius, where the atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium fuse to form helium, releasing large amounts of thermal energy. However, to generate energy on a power plant scale, large numbers of electrically charged particles must fuse in a chain reaction without any additional external energy input. Unfortunately, this leads to undesirable convection currents within the plasma, meaning the fusion temperature can only be maintained for a few seconds.A problem that occurs in Tokamak-type fusion reactors and also in Stellarator-type fusion reactors concerns instabilities within the plasma volume, which are caused by different coil arrangements of the magnetic cage and manifest themselves as irregularities in the layer structure and with sensitive disturbances in the layer structure of temperature and density of the plasma volume and trigger convective, uncontrollable flows in the plasma volume perpendicular to the magnetodynamic flow direction, so that the energy confinement time is insufficient and the reactor, which is still in the experimental stage, has to be switched off before the fruits of nuclear fusion can be harvested as excess energy.

[0010] The Lawson criterion describes the boundary between the energy required to ignite the plasma and the energy generated within the ignited plasma. To utilize nuclear fusion as an energy source of the future, this boundary must be overcome so that the product of the particle density, the plasma temperature, and the energy confinement time lies beyond this limit. The thermonuclear power density of fusion is determined by the number of reactions per volume and time, and, together with the reaction rate, determines the fusion energy per reaction. To maintain the nuclear fusion chain reaction, an injection system is required to continuously inject new fuel into the plasma vessel to replace previously used fuel.Advantageously, the chain reaction stops automatically when the supply of new material is cut off, so that, unlike nuclear fission in a nuclear power plant, a fusion reactor poses no danger. Accidents such as explosions or meltdowns do not occur in fusion. As early as 1915, Albert Einstein and the Dutch physicist Wander Johannes de Haas were able to demonstrate in an experiment that an iron rod enclosed in an electric coil experiences angular momentum when an electric current is switched on. This so-called Einstein-de Haas effect is considered the first evidence of spin. At the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Institut Neel of the CNRS Grenoble, this effect was demonstrated in 2016 using the example of a single molecule and redefined as the "quantum Einstein-de Haas effect". In 1928, the English physicist Paul Dirac summarized the properties and behavior of a fundamental fermion, for exampleof an electron or quark with the nuclear spin quantum number 1 / 2 in a mathematical formula which, in contrast to the Schrödinger equation, fulfills the requirements of the special theory of relativity. In his book "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking gives the following explanation for spin: "A particle with spin 0 is a point: it looks the same from all directions. A particle with spin 1, on the other hand, is like an arrow: it looks different from different directions. Only after a complete rotation (360 degrees) does the particle look the same again. A particle with spin 2 is like an arrow with a point at each end. It looks the same again after half a rotation (180 degrees). Similarly, particles with higher spin look the same again if you rotate by smaller fractions of a complete rotation.In addition, there are particles that do not look the same after one rotation: in fact, two complete rotations are required! The spin of such particles is given as 1 / 2." Although charged particles in both a tokamak and a state-of-the-art stellerator orbit a center point on spirally twisted paths, the angular momentum axis of charged particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 does not change its polar orientation. In physics and technology, a phase position refers to the interaction of oscillations whose phase angles are shifted relative to one another in such a way that their periods coincide, but the times of their zero crossings do not. The French physicist Jules Antoine Lissajous (1822-1880) is considered the discoverer of two-dimensional curves that arise from the superposition of two harmonic oscillations of different frequencies that are perpendicular to each other.As early as 1968, an oscilloscope was used in physics classes at the Gottlieb Daimler Gymnasium in Stuttgart, Bad Cannstatt, to explain alternating currents using the example of a Lissajous figure. "Project Matterhorn" was the codename for controllable thermonuclear processes initiated by Lyman Spitzer at Princeton University during the Cold War. As early as 1951, Spitzer outlined the basic concept for the development of a stellarator, a device for confining and heating ionized hydrogen gas to release fusion energy for electricity generation. With support from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Princeton University, Project Matterhorn was launched in 1951. Spitzer's fusion research was housed on the Forrestal Campus in Princeton, where Princeton physicist John Wheeler conducted nuclear weapons research. Spitzer's research was codenamed "Matterhorn S" and Wheeler's "Matterhorn B."Project Matterhorn conducted crucial research that contributed to the development of the hydrogen bomb. When nuclear weapons research was discontinued in 1958, the project was decommissioned and, in 1961, transformed into the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, which still exists today. After the Wendelstein 7X stellarator set a world record with an energy confinement time of eight minutes in 2023, fusion research has come significantly closer to the goal of harnessing and harnessing the sun's fire on Earth. Despite decades of research, fusion reactors capable of generating electricity on a power plant scale, which is urgently needed worldwide to counteract the impending climate catastrophe, are still not available.

[0011] References:

[0012] - Paul Dirac: The principles of quantum mechanics, Oxford 1958, ISBN 0-19-85211-5,

[0013] - Stephen Hawking (ed.): A Brief History of Time (translated from English by Hainer Kober), 23rd ed. Hamburg 2018,

[0014] - GS Goudsmit, GE Uhlenbeck: Spinning Electrons and the Structure of Spectra, in: Nature. Vol. 117, 1926, pp. 264-265,

[0015] - Max Jammer: The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York 1966, p. 150,

[0016] - Lyman Spitzer Jr: The Stellarator Concept, in: Physics of Fluids, year 1958, Volume 1, Issue 4, p.253-264,

[0017] - Marc Ganzhorn / Svetlana Klyatskaya / Mario Ruben / Wolfgang Wernsdorfer: Quantum Einstein-de Haas effect, in: Nature Communications, Vol.7, Art. No.11443, 2016

[0018] - Hartmut Zohm: Big Bang, Universe and Life, published March 5, 2023, YouTube link: https: / / www.youtube.com / watch?v=19bEPuPYPgo

[0019] - S. Krause, G. Herzog, A. Schlenhoff, A. Sonntag, and R. Wiesendanger: Joule Heating and Spin-Transfer Torque Investigated on the Atomic Scale Using a Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett.107, 186601 - Published 27 2011 , - Henri Poincare: Sur la dynamique de 1'electron. In: Rendiconti del Circolo matematico di Palermo. Volume 21, 1906, pp. 129-176,

[0020] - Hans Joos: On the representation theory of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group as the basis of quantum mechanical kinematics. In: Advances in Physics. Volume 10, No. 3, 1962, pp. 65-146.

[0021] - Apostol, Tom M.: Modular functions and Dirichlet series in number theory. Springer Verlag, New York 1976, ISBN 0-387-90185-X, p. 9.

[0022] Task

[0023] Based on the state of the art presented, the task arises to provide a new fusion reactor and a new vehicle.

[0024] Preferably, an induction system for a spherical magnetic field enables permanent magnetic confinement of a plasma volume in a fusion reactor, thereby fulfilling the special conditions imposed on fermions with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2. However, it is already advantageous to enable confinement of the plasma volume long enough to provide a usable form of energy. The object of the invention is furthermore to provide a fusion reactor with scalable dimensions that can also be integrated into a vehicle.

[0025] Preferably, an induction system is provided for magnetic confinement of a plasma volume in a plasma vessel, which enables the operation of a fusion reactor with a significantly simplified design so that energy from nuclear fusion can be used as an energy source to counteract the globally threatening climate catastrophe.The specification of a scalable, modular, and serially producible construction system that enables the rapid construction of fusion power plants according to the invention at suitable locations worldwide is a preferred feature of the invention, as is a novel spatial integration of the individual systems of the fusion reactor, which consists of a heating system for the plasma, a cooling system for the superconducting coils, a heat transfer system for transferring the heat released during fusion to a utility system, a support system for the plasma vessel, and an injection system for the injection of fuel. The integration of these systems preferably follows the idea of ​​spatial unbundling on the one hand and the creation of synergies in the interaction of the systems on the other.Finally, a preferred object of the invention is to provide a quantum-mechanically effective induction system in which ions and electrons in the plasma move independently of one another along magnetic field lines in orbital orbits around a center point of the fusion reactor and are subject to the spin regime for fermions with the spin quantum number 1 / 2. The formation of a spherical magnetic field for a fusion reactor preferably requires an induction system that enables the mathematically and geometrically formulatable symmetry conditions for fermions with the spin quantum number 1 / 2 through high-frequency ring oscillations with two periods, whereby the formation of undesirable convective turbulence perpendicular to the flow direction of the plasma can be effectively prevented within the plasma by a regular reversal of the intrinsic angular momentum of the charged particles.

[0026] At least some of these problems are solved by the features of the main claim.

[0027] A fusion reactor comprises a plasma vessel, coils, preferably a cooling system, preferably a heating system, preferably a heat transfer system, preferably a support system, and preferably an injection system. The plasma vessel is provided around a central center point, defines a plasma volume, and is surrounded by the coils. The coils are configured as Helmholtz coils or as spiral coils to form a magnetic field with magnetic field lines in the plasma volume. The magnetic field lines comprise a central magnetic field line, wherein the coils are each arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line. The central magnetic field line lies in a closed loop of four equal semicircular arcs with four vertices and four connection points lying in a common plane on a virtual first sphere with a first radius around the central center point.Which cooling system is preferably provided for cooling the coils, which heating system is preferably provided for heating a plasma in the plasma vessel, which heat transfer system is preferably provided for transferring heat from the fusion process to a useful system, which injection system is preferably provided for injecting a fuel into the plasma vessel, and which support system is preferably designed to support the plasma vessel. The shape of the central magnetic field line approximately corresponds to the white line on the surface of a tennis ball or the seam of a baseball. The fusion reactor is advantageous and enables a compact design with geometric simplicity and symmetries.

[0028] The generation of the central magnetic field line on the virtual first sphere with the first radius around the central center point can be called a spherically guided magnetic field.

[0029] According to a preferred embodiment, the fusion reactor is designed to inject a fuel into the plasma vessel, which fuel comprises deuterium or both deuterium and tritium. These isotopes are well suited for nuclear fusion.

[0030] According to a preferred embodiment, the plasma vessel has a circular or oval cross-section. This allows for an advantageous, compact arrangement of the coils.

[0031] According to a preferred embodiment, the plasma vessel has an inner shell and an outer shell, wherein a finned heat transfer helix is ​​formed between the inner shell and the outer shell, which has an inlet and an outlet and forms a working space for a heat transfer fluid.

[0032] According to a preferred embodiment, the fusion reactor comprises a steam turbine, which is fluidically connected to the outlet and the inlet to form a circuit for the heat transfer fluid. According to a preferred embodiment, the plasma vessel is formed from vessel modules, which are preferably connected to one another by radial flange connections in a flexurally, shear-, and torsionally rigid manner, and are pressure- and steam-tightly connected by a sealing ring.

[0033] According to a preferred embodiment, the vessel modules have openings for the injection system to enable injection of fuel into the vessel modules through the openings.

[0034] According to a preferred embodiment, the fusion reactor comprises a plurality of identical vessel modules.

[0035] According to a preferred embodiment, the heating system comprises a plurality of microwave tubes which are connected to the plasma vessel in such a way that a window of the microwave tubes opens a connection to the plasma volume enclosed in the plasma vessel and to be heated.

[0036] According to a preferred embodiment, the microwave tubes have a support profile with a longitudinal center axis aligned with the central center point. Alternatively, the microwave tubes can also be connected to the plasma vessel from the radially outer side. This is particularly advantageous for smaller plasma vessels.

[0037] According to a preferred embodiment, the microwave tubes extend radially toward the plasma vessel from the inside or outside. Alternatively, they can also extend obliquely toward the plasma vessel.

[0038] According to a preferred embodiment, the support profiles are aligned as lattice bars to the central center of the fusion reactor and are connected on the one hand to the plasma vessel and on the other hand to a hollow sphere node arranged concentrically to the central center, so that a space framework centered on the central center is formed.

[0039] According to a preferred embodiment, the coils are surrounded on all sides by the cooling system and insulated from the plasma vessel by a vacuum. This facilitates the use of superconducting coils.

[0040] According to a preferred embodiment, the central magnetic field line is surrounded by decentralized magnetic field lines, each of which is arranged on an associated tubular surface of a double helix. These tubular surfaces are arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line and surround it in a plurality of layers. The coils, in functional unity with a chiasmus of the magnetic field lines at at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation, enforce equal path lengths for particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2, and the particles are each guided in concentric layers of the decentralized magnetic field lines. The geometric properties of the fusion reactor provide opportunities for improving plasma stability.

[0041] According to a preferred embodiment, the decentralized magnetic field lines are each located on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with the first radius, wherein the transformation spheres have decentralized centers relative to the central center, which are arranged on a virtual circular path around the central center of the central magnetic field line during a circulation of the particles in the individual concentric layers of the plasma volume, and the coils in the mirror-image opposite halves of the double helix each cause a magnetic field of the same magnitude, so that in the individual layers of the plasma volume, the decentralized magnetic field lines are forced to wind around the central magnetic field line as a family of congruent curves with analogous connecting and vertex points in winding closed loops,where each individual decentralized magnetic field line has four elliptical arcs and the two mirror-image halves in the orbits of the particles around the decentralized centers are each of equal length.

[0042] According to a preferred embodiment, the induction system of the fusion reactor is designed to induce an electric field acting transversely to the magnetic field, wherein the Lorentz force and the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles of the plasma determine the magnetodynamic flow direction, the orientation of the angular momentum axis of the particles and the orientation of the angular momentum plane of the particles, and wherein both periods of a ring oscillation are divisible by a zero line into two mirror-inverted halves, which zero line is provided between two of the connection points, and wherein the ring oscillations in the individual layers of the plasma volume each differ by layer-specific frequencies.

[0043] According to a preferred embodiment, the decentralized magnetic field lines have four spatial and elliptical arcs. The coils, in functional unity with the chiasm of the magnetic field lines, ensure equal path lengths for charged particles in the mirror-image halves. Particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 interact with the Lorentz force acting from the coils transversely to the magnetic field in such a way that their angular momentum planes are aligned perpendicularly and their angular momentum axes are aligned parallel to the magnetic field lines, and the particles follow the magnetic flux direction. The spin of particles with a quantum number of 1 / 2 changes once from an up spin to a down spin or vice versa in each of the four equal arcs of the central magnetic field line or in each of the four elliptical arcs of the decentralized magnetic field lines. The angular momentum axis simultaneously rotates around itself once in one orbit of the particles with a sum of angles of 360 degrees.so that the orbital stability of the particles can be achieved with a magnetodynamic equilibrium in the mirror-image halves.

[0044] According to a preferred embodiment, the magnetic field line around the central point forms a guideline for the formation of spherical ring oscillations, wherein the angular momentum axes of the particles rotate once around themselves with an angle sum of 360 degrees and with the four-fold reversal of the spin direction of the particles between opposite connection points of the central magnetic field line, the tracking accuracy of the particles is ensured by the torque of the particles canceling each other out between the two periods of the ring oscillation in the two mirror-image opposite halves of the magnetic field lines, so that a fluid dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces is achieved.The change in rotation direction prevents the formation of gyral drift motions due to spin-induced precession of the particles, and the particles precisely follow the magnetic field lines and return to a starting point on the respective orbit with the same spin state. According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the four semicircular arcs of the central magnetic field line, arranged with a radius around the central center point, span four magnetic field planes, each offset by 90 degrees from each other, which, with the connecting points of the central magnetic field line lying in one plane, define a common torque plane for all magnetic field lines.

[0045] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the electrons and ions following the magnetic field lines in the plasma volume are subjected to a centrifugal force due to their respective mass, wherein in the torque plane with the fourfold change of the magnetic field planes of 90 degrees each, a mechanically effective torque with a lever arm around the respective center of the magnetic field lines causes the twisting of the magnetic field lines in the flow direction of the plasma volume.

[0046] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the coils of the fusion reactor create a spherical magnetic field that is more effective on the side facing the central point of the central magnetic field line than on the outside of the double helix, wherein the electrons and ions of the plasma volume induce an electric field transverse to the spherically guided magnetic field created by the coils and are accelerated transversely to the magnetic field by the Lorentz force, so that the particles are forced to rotate on spiral paths with a radius of gyration around the magnetic field lines due to the asymmetry of the magnetic field, and wherein in the magnetic field planes of the double helix, each offset by 90 degrees from one another, the spin of the particles (+,-) changes four times from an up spin to a down spin.so that in the torque plane of the double helix defined by the connection points, the tracking of the particles is made possible by a quantum-mechanically effective mechanism in that the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles is reversed four times.

[0047] According to a preferred embodiment, the fusion reactor has a magnet system which is formed by a plurality of electromagnets arranged between the coils, with poles facing the plasma volume on the inner shell of the plasma vessel, and the poles are aligned perpendicular to the inner shell on the central magnetic field line, wherein by reversing the polarity of the electromagnets of the magnet system by means of a circuit, the plasma volume briefly comes into contact with the inner shell at poles activated separately from one another in time and space, so that heat transfer to the plasma vessel is enabled by convection and heat conduction.

[0048] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the poles of the magnet system and the inner shell of the plasma vessel carry a cladding of tungsten elements, wherein the poles are either formed as projections protruding from the inner shell and carrying cup-shaped pole caps made of tungsten or are formed flush with the inner shell.

[0049] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the magnetic field lines for the transport of charged particles (+,-) are formed which consist of ions and electrons, each having an angular momentum axis and an angular momentum plane arranged perpendicular thereto, wherein the angular momentum planes of the particles lie in a common angular momentum plane at the connection points.

[0050] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the plasma vessel has a low point at its lower inlet and a high point at its upper outlet, wherein the inner shell of the plasma vessel carries a cladding of tungsten plates and slag from the fusion process and from the abrasion of the tungsten cladding collects at the low point of the plasma vessel 20.

[0051] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the plasma vessel is circular in cross-section and can withstand an internal pressure of more than ten bar, so that the nuclei of deuterium can fuse together as heavy ions of hydrogen at a temperature of 400 million degrees, and the radioactive tritium can be dispensed with.

[0052] According to a preferred embodiment of the fusion reactor, the neutrons released in the fusion of the nuclei of deuterium and tritium are accelerated independently of the magnetic field and collide with the inner shell of the plasma vessel, or are reflected several times by the inner shell, whereby the neutrons transfer radiant heat from the plasma volume to the heat transfer helix.

[0053] A vehicle designed as a land vehicle, a watercraft, an aircraft, or a spacecraft has such a fusion reactor. This enables the conversion of nuclear energy into energy usable for the vehicle's movement. The integration of a fusion reactor into a vehicle, especially a watercraft, is possible due to its comparatively small dimensions. Such a vehicle would be, for example, a supertanker or a space station. Even very large land vehicles, such as those used in mining with dimensions of several hundred meters, can accommodate a fusion reactor.

[0054] The fusion reactor, with a cooling system for the coils, a heating system for the plasma, a heat transfer system, a support system for the plasma vessel, and an injection system for the fuel formed by deuterium and tritium, enables continuous operation of the fusion reactor, or at least operation that allows the generation of usable energy. After the plasma is ignited, the atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium collide, preferably at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius, at a speed of more than 1,000 km / s, and fuse to form helium in a chain reaction, releasing large amounts of thermal energy. In this case, the fusion reactor can act as a breeder, and deuterium can be converted to tritium in the fusion reactor. This eliminates the need for a tritium supply.

[0055] Further advantageous embodiments emerge from the subclaims.

[0056] In detail, the fusion reactor has at least some of the following properties:

[0057] - Specification of a central magnetic field line consisting of four semicircular arcs, which define four magnetic field planes with a radius around a central center point between four connecting points of the central magnetic field line and lie on the surface of a central virtual sphere,

[0058] - Specification of a decentralized magnetic field line consisting of four spatial and elliptical arcs, which lie with the same radius around a decentralized center point on the surface of the transformation sphere, - Use of the spin of electrons and ions for orbital stability, which changes its direction of rotation four times in one orbit of the two periods of a ring oscillation, which are mirror images of each other at a zero line,

[0059] - Use of the mass of electrons and ions in a plane of angular momentum defined by the four connecting points of the magnetic field lines for twisting the magnetic field lines,

[0060] - Specification of a plasma volume consisting of four semicircular arcs for spherical oscillations in which the spin of electrons and ions changes four times from an up-spin to a down-spin with an angle sum of 180 degrees, so that the particles return to their starting point in the same spin state in one orbit of the double helix,

[0061] - Specification of concentric layers of the plasma volume, the layer thicknesses of which correspond to the radius of gyration of the particles,

[0062] - Specification of a plasma volume in a plasma vessel, which can be inscribed, including the coils, in the shell volume of a virtual hollow sphere,

[0063] - Specification of a heat transfer system for a phase-changing heat transfer fluid in a finned heat transfer helix with an upper outlet for the flow to a heat sink and with a lower inlet for the return to the heat transfer helix surrounding the plasma volume as a heat source,

[0064] - Specification of a trajectory curve on which the angular momentum axis of a particle rotates once around itself,

[0065] - Specification of orbital tube surfaces of the magnetic field on which charged particles move around a center point with a speed of preferably more than 1,000 km / s,

[0066] - Specification of a transformation sphere with a uniform radius for the self-organization of harmonic ring oscillations within a magnetic field arranged concentrically around a central magnetic field line in the form of a double helix,

[0067] - Specification of a plasma vessel in which a temperature of more than 100 million degrees and a pressure of only one bar prevails for the fusion of the nuclei of deuterium and tritium, - Specification of a plasma vessel in which a temperature of more than 400 million degrees and a pressure of ten bar prevails for the fusion of the nuclei of deuterium,

[0068] - Specification of charged particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2, which move at speeds of preferably more than 1,000 km / s on the surface of a virtual sphere and therefore satisfy the conditions for the spin of a fermion,

[0069] - Specification of a double helix as a space-time loop that satisfies the conditions of special relativity,

[0070] - Unification of the spherical model for fermions with an orbital model of a double helix formed by concentric layers,

[0071] - Specification of a ring oscillation of the plasma with two periods,

[0072] - Specification of a quantum-mechanically effective induction system for the permanent magnetic confinement of a plasma volume in a plasma vessel,

[0073] - Specification of projections on the inner shell of the plasma vessel, which are designed as electromagnets with a matrix circuit to bring the plasma briefly into contact with the plasma vessel in order to enable conductive and convective heat transfer from the plasma to the plasma vessel,

[0074] - Proposal for nuclear fusion exclusively with the nuclei of deuterium,

[0075] The architecture of the arches for ring vibrations

[0076] The central magnetic field line, formed by four equal semicircular arcs around the central center, acts as a guideline for the formation of spherical ring oscillations. Both the central magnetic field line and the decentralized magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with a uniform radius. The decentralized magnetic field lines have decentralized centers of the transformation sphere. During the particles' orbit in the individual concentric layers of the plasma volume, the decentralized centers are arranged on a virtual circular path around the central center of the central magnetic field line.The symmetry condition of equal path lengths for particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 is fulfilled with a uniform distribution of the magnetic field caused by the Helmholtz coils in the two halves of the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field formed by a multilayer double helix, which are mirror-symmetrically opposite to each other at at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation.While the symmetrical force distribution applies to the central magnetic field line without further ado, the decentralized magnetic field lines in the individual layers of the plasma volume must each come together in sets of congruent curves with non-coplanar connecting and apex points in order to wind around the central magnetic field line with equal path lengths in both halves of the double helix, so that the symmetry condition of equal path lengths in the mirror-image opposite halves of the magnetic field formed by a double helix also applies to the decentralized magnetic field lines.According to the principle that equal forces exert analogous effects in a mirror-symmetric reference system, it can be shown that with a family of congruent curves on the surface of a group of spheres with a uniform radius, the symmetry condition of equal path lengths in both halves of the double helix can be satisfied, so that the charged particles orbit the center of the fusion reactor in a harmonic ring oscillation. The structure of the magnetic field shows a layered structure in which the central magnetic field line consists of four equal semicircular arcs, which are surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers for the arrangement of the decentralized magnetic field lines. The decentralized magnetic field lines in the individual layers of the plasma volume each have four elliptical arcs corresponding to the Jacobian functions between the connecting points lying on a quadrilateral.Since all magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with a uniform radius, and particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 move at speeds of preferably more than 1,000 km / s on the surface of this transformation sphere, it can be concluded that the particles obey the special conditions of a fundamental fermion and therefore correspond to the formula discovered by Paul Dirac in 1928. Dirac's formula thus also enables mathematical proof of the inevitable kinematics of fermions for the special case presented here of a double helix with a multi-layered magnetic field. In 1928, Paul Dirac also predicted the existence of a positron, as an antagonist of the electron in the realm of so-called antimatter. As early as 1932, Charles D. Anderson was able to experimentally prove the existence of this particle, which is a fermion.The gamma radiation within the plasma volume, which is invisible to the human eye, can be interpreted as a result of a destructive interaction between electrons and positrons.

[0077] The magnetic field of the fusion reactor

[0078] The magnetic field of the fusion reactor is stronger on the inner side, facing the central core of the fusion reactor, than on the opposite outer side. Electrons and ions are accelerated by the magnetic field in the direction of plasma flow. As the electrons and ions move around the central core of the fusion reactor, they induce an electric field acting perpendicular to the magnetic field, in which the Lorentz force accelerates the particles perpendicular to the direction of plasma flow.

[0079] The electrons and ions, limited in their freedom of movement, are forced to follow the magnetic field lines along helical lines. The sign of the respective charge determines whether these helical lines are left- or right-handed, with the radius of gyration of an ion being larger than that of an electron and dependent on the strength of the magnetic field as well as the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field. With a radial spacing—synonymous and synonymous with distance—from the plasma vessel, the Helmholtz coils are arranged concentrically and perpendicular to the central magnetic field line and follow the course of the double helix at regular intervals.In the mirror-image halves of the double helix, the Helmholtz coils create a magnetic field of equal strength, forcing the decentralized magnetic field lines in the individual layers of the plasma volume to wind around the central magnetic field line as a family of congruent curves with analogous vertices and connecting points in winding endless loops. As a result, the orbits of particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 are of equal length in both halves of the endless loops and in the individual layers of the plasma volume. The central magnetic field line is surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers for the arrangement of the decentralized magnetic field lines, each layer having four elliptical arcs.After the plasma is ignited, electrons and nuclei of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen separate from each other, starting from the central magnetic field line. Within the double helix, the Lorentz force exerted by the Helmholtz coils and the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles determine both the magnetodynamic flow direction and the orientation of the angular momentum axes and planes of the particles. Since the two periods of a ring oscillation can be divided into two mirror-image halves of the double helix by a zero line between a first and a third and / or between a second and a fourth connecting point of the central magnetic field line, the Helmholtz coils, in functional unity with the chiasm of the magnetic field lines, ensure equal path lengths for the particles in the mirror-image halves of the double helix.The ring oscillations in the individual layers of the plasma volume differ by layer-specific frequencies in a frequency band of 30-50 Hz at the outside of the plasma volume and up to several kilohertz in the area of ​​the central magnetic field line.

[0080] The fluid dynamic equilibrium of the plasma

[0081] The quantum-mechanically effective induction system is always realized when the angular momentum of particles with a quantum number of 1 / 2 reverses four times in the two periods of the ring oscillation. The mirror-symmetrically opposed halves of the double helix form two periods of a harmonic ring oscillation. At the zero line, the two periods of the ring oscillation are mirror images of each other, so that each of the magnetic field lines forms an infinite loop, or in other words, a closed loop. In the magnetic field of the double helix, particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 interact with the force generated by the Helmholtz coils, causing the Lorentz force in such a way that their angular momentum planes align perpendicularly and their angular momentum axes parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that the particles follow the direction of the magnetic flux.For permanent magnetic plasma confinement, the orbital stability of the particles is achieved with a magnetodynamic equilibrium in the mirror-symmetrically arranged halves of the double helix, in which the spin of particles with the quantum number 1 / 2 changes four times from an up spin to a down spin in each of the four semicircular arcs, whereby the angular momentum axes of the particles in the mirror-image halves of the magnetic field lines reverse four times on their respective orbits with a sum of angles of 720 degrees, and whereby the angular momentum axes of the particles rotate once around themselves in one orbit with a sum of angles of 360 degrees.

[0082] The Quantum Mechanics of Charged Particles In quantum physics, the spin properties of charged particles with a quantum number of 1 / 2, such as protons and electrons, are known with great precision. Spin is a property inextricably linked to the respective particle and cannot be modified. Although fermions defy any precise location in space and time, the existence of an axis of angular momentum and a plane perpendicular to it is generally accepted, as is the fact that the particles have mass and are therefore subject to Newtonian mechanics. The invention utilizes these quantum mechanical properties of electrons and ions in a specially designed choreography—equivalent and synonymous with geometric order.A first mechanism utilizes the centrifugal force resulting from the mass of charged particles in the four magnetic field planes of the plasma volume's double helix, each offset by 90 degrees. The abrupt change in centrifugal force in the angular momentum plane defined by the four connecting points of the central magnetic field line creates a torque that leads to a twisting of the magnetic field lines. The radius of the transformation sphere acts as a lever arm around the respective centers.In a second quantum-mechanical mechanism, the gyration of the electrons and ions around the magnetic field lines in the magnetic field planes of the double helix, each of which is offset by 90 degrees from each other, reverses the direction of rotation four times in one orbit of the particles in the torque plane of the double helix defined by the connecting points of the central magnetic field line, thus giving the particles no time to develop unwanted shear forces. This quantum-mechanical effect ensures the directional stability of the particles and thus also the indefinite confinement of the plasma.

[0083] The directional stability of the particles

[0084] Between the mirror-image connection points of all magnetic field lines, the spin in each individual layer of the plasma volume changes direction four times, so that the torque of the particles cancels each other out in two periods of harmonic ring oscillations. This creates a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces within the double helix, which is split in half. The rapid change in the direction of rotation of the spin of the particles prevents the formation of gyral drift motions due to spin-induced precession, so that the particles precisely follow the magnetic field lines and return to a starting point on their respective orbits with the same spin state. The orbital stability of the particles is crucial for permanent plasma confinement.It is proposed to use the fourfold reversal of the rotation direction of particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 between two periods of ring oscillations to establish orbital stability. In contrast to a ring-shaped plasma, in which the particles are given ample time to develop gyral drift motions in order to leave the track defined by the magnetic field lines, the solution utilizes the gyroscopic effect of the particles to establish their orbital stability. Within the helical magnetic field created by the Helmholtz coils, the particles behave as quantum objects like spinning tops, reversing their rotation direction four times within two periods of ring oscillations on their orbital paths, each formed by four arcs.Thus, the opposing angular momenta of the particles in both halves of the double helix balance each other out, eliminating any disturbances in the layered structure of the magnetic field, and meeting the energy confinement time requirements according to the Lawson criterion with a comparatively narrow cross-section of the plasma volume. At orbital frequencies of 50 to several kilohertz, the particles are given no time to deviate from the path defined by the magnetic field lines due to gyral drift. Therefore, the double helix of the magnetic field functions as a quantum-mechanically effective induction system for creating permanent plasma confinement in the plasma vessel of a fusion reactor.

[0085] The plasma vessel of the fusion reactor

[0086] The respective size of the plasma vessel can be defined by specifying the radius of the central magnetic field line around the center of the fusion reactor, as well as by specifying an outer and an inner radius of the plasma vessel. A multitude of magnetic field lines defines the orbit and the magnetic-dynamic flow direction of the plasma volume, which orbits the center of the fusion reactor at a constant radial distance from the center and at a distance from the concave inner shell of the plasma vessel. In a preferred embodiment, the central magnetic field line of the plasma volume is always the same distance from the center and can therefore lie as an endless loop on the surface of a virtual sphere. The cross-section of the plasma vessel can be either circular or oval. In the fusion reactor, the plasma vessel has a circular cross-section and can withstand an internal pressure greater than ten bar.This allows the deuterium nuclei to fuse together as heavy hydrogen ions at a temperature of 400 million degrees Celsius, eliminating the need for radioactive tritium. The Helmholtz coils are arranged at a radial distance from the plasma vessel and perpendicular to a circular tangent to the inner and outer circumference of the plasma vessel. With a magnetically induced distance from the inner shell, the plasma volume follows the respective cross-section of the plasma chamber on its orbit.

[0087] The heat transfer system of the fusion reactor

[0088] In a first embodiment of the heat transfer system, heat is transferred from the plasma volume, whose surface is several tens of thousands of degrees Celsius, to the plasma vessel exclusively by thermal radiation using the neutrons released during fusion. As neutral particles, these neutrons move independently of the magnetic field and hit an inner shell of the plasma vessel at high speed, releasing heat into the plasma vessel either through absorption or multiple reflections from the inner shell. In the preferred deuterium-tritium fusion, the tritium required for fusion is bred from lithium on the inner shell. In a second embodiment of the heat transfer system, a magnet system is provided that enables heat to be transferred from the plasma to the plasma vessel by thermal radiation, convection, and heat conduction.This magnet system comprises a plurality of electromagnets, each arranged between the coils, each with paired poles. On the inner shell of the plasma vessel, the poles are each aligned perpendicular to the central magnetic field line and, by reversing the polarity using a magnetic field acting perpendicular to the plasma volume, can bring the plasma volume into brief contact with the inner shell of the plasma vessel at points separated in time and space, enabling heat transfer to the plasma vessel through convection and heat conduction. The electromagnets enclose the plasma vessel and penetrate the outer and inner shells between the coils. The poles either form a flush surface with a cladding of the inner shell made of tungsten plates, or they carry cup-shaped tungsten caps as raised projections on the inner shell.With a circuit tuned to the frequency of the ring oscillation of the plasma volume, the plasma can be set into transverse oscillations with this magnetic system, so that a temporary and locally changing proximity of the plasma volume to the inner shell of the plasma vessel enables heat transfer to the heat transfer fluid flowing in the heat transfer helix.

[0089] For the transfer of heat from the heat transfer helix to a heat transfer fluid, a two-shell finned heat transfer helix designed as an endless loop with an inner shell and an outer shell is provided, wherein a circulation system for a two-phase heat transfer fluid, e.g. water, is provided between a heat source formed by the finned heat transfer helix and a heat sink formed by a utility system. The two shells of the finned heat transfer helix are preferably connected to each other by radial flange connections in a bending, shear, and torsion-resistant manner. In the return flow from a heat sink, water or another heat transfer fluid is guided at a lower inlet of the heat transfer helix to a heat source facing the plasma volume and formed by the inner shell of the plasma vessel and leaves the heat transfer helix as pre-stressed water at an upper outlet, for exampleto form the flow of a superheated steam turbine, which acts as a heat sink. The vessel modules of the finned heat transfer helix feature vapor- and watertight openings for an injection system designed to continuously replenish the fusion reactor's fuel, formed from deuterium and tritium, and also serve to heat the plasma through the injection of neutral particles. The inner and outer shells, together with the longitudinal ribs of the heat transfer helix, transfer the heat radiated from the heat source—the plasma volume—to the plasma vessel to the heat transfer fluid. The longitudinal ribs between the inner and outer shells of the plasma vessel can be designed to be twisted, so that the heat transfer fluid is guided in a spiral from the lower inlet to the upper outlet, and the largest possible surface area of ​​the heat transfer helix is ​​available for the convective transfer of heat from the fusion process to the heat transfer fluid.There is no gap between the heat-dissipating inner shell of the heat transfer helix and the heat-absorbing heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer helix, so the temperature gradient between the surface temperature of the plasma vessel and the temperature of the cooling water depends directly on the thermal conductivity A [W / (m K)] and the thickness of the inner shell of the plasma vessel. The enlarged surface area of ​​the heat transfer helix on the inside promotes heat transfer to the water. Vessel modules, which can be constructed identically and stiffened by the longitudinal ribs, can be connected with bolted or welded flange connections to ensure flexural, shear, and torsion resistance, as well as pressure and vapor tightness.For power generation on a power plant scale, the heat sink consists of a steam turbine and a cooling tower, while for district heating in an urban district, the superheated steam is condensed in heating coils so that the heat generated by nuclear fusion can be fed directly into a district heating network. Steel alloys characterized by their lack of magnetizability, high strength, and resistance to corrosion, and especially to seawater, are known as submarine steel and are therefore a suitable material for the manufacture of the double-shell plasma vessel. The comparatively low thermal conductivity of only 15 [W / (m K)] of austenitic steel can be significantly improved by alloying it with aluminum. The alloying of iron, chromium, and aluminum as an electrothermal alloy increases the temperature coefficient and thus reduces the thermal resistance of the steel alloy.

[0090] The heating system for the plasma volume

[0091] The concerted interaction of the following subsystems of the fusion reactor is advantageous for heating the plasma and maintaining the high temperature required for nuclear fusion. First and foremost are the Helmholtz coils, whose magnetic field causes magnetic compression, increasing the pressure and temperature in the plasma volume. The plasma vessel, which is preferably circular in cross-section, can withstand this pressure particularly well with its double-shell structure, so that the plasma is compressed toward the central magnetic field line. This plasma compression reduces the distance between the positively charged ions of the deuterium and tritium nuclei and thus helps overcome the electrical repulsion between the nuclei, the so-called Coulomb barrier.The ions follow the magnetic field lines formed by endless loops, following the magnetodynamic flow direction of the plasma, and are preferably accelerated to a speed of at least 1,000 km / s. However, the associated temperature increase is not sufficient to generate the temperature required for plasma ignition, preferably at least 100 million degrees Celsius, within the plasma volume. A number of different microwave tubes form an external heating system for the fusion reactor, with the microwave tubes contributing a heating output of preferably 10 to 20 megawatts, and radio wave tubes contributing a further 4 to 8 megawatts to the heating output, thus further increasing the gas temperature.The lion's share of the heat output is provided by the neutral particle injection system, which, depending on the size of the fusion reactor, contributes twenty to forty megawatts of heat output required to reach the ignition temperature. Furthermore, a continuous supply of neutral particles provides the fuel for an unlimited chain reaction. Alternatively or in addition to the embodiment shown in the figures, a plurality of microwave tubes, whose longitudinal central axes are aligned between the Helmholtz coils and the center of the fusion reactor, can be arranged between an outer space framework of a support system formed by a double helix. The term "oscillator" refers to a gyrotron for radio waves in the frequency range of 140 GHz, as well as a klystron, which refers to an electron tube in high-frequency technology.These oscillators, collectively referred to as microwave tubes, transmit high-frequency electromagnetic waves generated outside the plasma vessel, each through a window in the double-shell plasma vessel, to the electrically charged particles of the plasma. The collision of the different particles increases the temperature in the plasma volume, regardless of whether the energy is initially transferred to the positively or negatively charged particles of the plasma. The heating system of the fusion reactor comprises a plurality of microwave tubes forming a tubular support profile with a center-facing beam.

[0092] They have a longitudinal central axis and can be connected in redundant numbers between the Helmholtz coils to a module of the plasma vessel. The tubular support profile is firmly anchored in the double-shell plasma vessel and has a silicone-oil-cooled insulating glass window at its end facing the plasma volume, allowing the electromagnetic energy of the microwaves to be directly transferred to the plasma volume enclosed in the plasma vessel and to be heated. With the arrangement centered on the center of the fusion reactor, a plurality of microwave tubes can be connected to the plasma vessel to accelerate the heating of the plasma until the ignition temperature is reached by alternating operation of the microwave tubes. The cooling system for the superconductivity of the Helmholtz coils

[0093] Two to six superconducting Helmholtz coils are arranged perpendicularly and concentrically to the central magnetic field line at regular intervals and assigned to the individual vessel modules. The spacing of the coils is defined by a regular subdivision of the central magnetic field line, as well as by radii and corresponding installation angles relative to the center of the fusion reactor. Niobium-titanium conductors are cooled with liquid helium to a temperature of approximately 4 K. At this low temperature, the conductors are superconducting, allowing direct current at 130 kilovolts to flow through the coils with virtually no resistance.The coils are surrounded on all sides by a cryostat and insulated from the outer shell of the plasma vessel by a high vacuum, allowing the immediate spatial proximity of temperatures close to absolute zero on the coil side and temperatures of 100-400 million degrees Celsius within the plasma enclosed in the plasma vessel.

[0094] The support system of the fusion reactor

[0095] The self-supporting support system of the fusion reactor utilizes the load-bearing capacity of the individual system components, such as the double-shell heat transfer helix of the plasma vessel as a ring girder, and the load-bearing capacity of the microwave tube support profiles, which are radially aligned towards the center of the fusion reactor, as compression and tension rods for a space frame. The loads are concentrated on a central hollow sphere node and central supports and can be transferred via a machine foundation into a load-bearing subsoil. The concept of an elemental construction system for the assembly of the fusion reactor corresponds to a double helix (not shown in detail), in which the double-shell plasma vessel is connected to an outer and an inner grid shell via the support profiles of the microwave tubes. The plasma vessel formed by the double helix acts as a ring girder and forms the center of a multi-layer space frame.The outer grid shell serves as an assembly frame for modular components of the Helmholtz coil cooling system. The modularity of the structure is advantageous for worldwide assembly and rapid commissioning of corresponding fusion power plants at suitable locations. Industrial prefabrication with standardized nodes between the prefabricated elements and assemblies facilitates the construction and assembly of the proposed system.

[0096] Injection and extraction at the fusion reactor

[0097] The injection of atoms or molecules into an already heated, magnetically confined plasma is called neutral injection. Within the plasma, the atoms are ionized as they follow the magnetic field lines generated by the Helmholtz coils on the endless loops. Because the ionized atoms and molecules constantly collide with the positively and negatively charged particles already present in the plasma, the plasma heats up further, allowing the nuclear fusion chain reaction to continue as long as there are enough collision partners in the plasma. An elegant feature of this injection process is that the neutral particles contain deuterium and, preferably, tritium atoms, which, on the one hand, heat the plasma through their ionization and, on the other hand, as positively charged ions, supply the fuel for nuclear fusion at precisely the right time.In an injection process, so-called pellets containing a deep-frozen mixture of deuterium and preferably also tritium are injected into the plasma vessel during nuclear fusion at a speed of preferably 1,000 km / s or more. The pellets have a mass of only 1 mg and are accelerated preferably using a centrifuge or a gas cannon to preferably at least 1,000 km / s. Since each of the four components of the fusion reactor can be connected to an injection system, the spatial distribution and respective density of the plasma can be well controlled and regulated with this process via the speed and location of the injection. The helium formed in the fusion of the deuterium and tritium nuclei is extracted at the lower end of the plasma vessel and collected in an external gas container.

[0098] The construction system and applications for the fusion reactor

[0099] For the serial production and construction of the fusion reactor, a scalable construction system is proposed. It consists of identical vessel segments for the plasma vessel, a modular cooling system for the Helmholtz coils, a heating system for the plasma consisting of microwave tubes, a heat transfer system for transferring heat from the plasma to a useful system, a support system for the plasma vessel, and an injection system for deuterium as fuel for nuclear fusion. The diameter of the plasma vessel can preferably be a minimum of 0.6 m to several meters, so that the fusion reactor, including its energy supply system and a conversion system formed by a turbine, can be stationed both terrestrially and orbitally, and can also be designed as a propulsion unit for a vehicle, in particular for a watercraft.

[0100] With the quantum mechanically effective induction system, a fluid dynamic equilibrium can be established within the magnetic field of a fusion reactor, so that atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium collide at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius at a speed of preferably more than 1,000 km / s, and with a constant supply of fuel, can fuse to helium in a self-sustaining chain reaction and preferably without time limit or at least with a time duration sufficient to generate thermal energy, whereby a million times more thermal energy is released than in an exothermic chemical reaction.

[0101] Further advantageous embodiments and properties of the invention emerge from the figures.

[0102] They show:

[0103] Fig. 1 above the fusion reactor in a perspective view, in the middle the plasma volume in cross-section and a ring oscillation with two periods in development, below a top view of the plasma volume with representation of the zero line for the ring oscillations in top view,

[0104] Fig. 2 shows the plasma volume of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1, above with a first possibility of arranging the zero line between two mirror-symmetric halves of the plasma volume, below with a second possibility of arranging the zero line between two mirror-symmetric halves of the plasma volume, each in a sectional perspective,

[0105] Fig. 3 the plasma volume of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-2, above with five exemplary magnetic field lines in schematic cross-section, below two periods of the ring oscillations with five exemplary magnetic field lines in perspective view,

[0106] Fig. 4 shows the ring oscillations of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-3, on the right with four exemplary layers of the plasma volume in schematic cross-section, on the left four layer-specific periods of the ring oscillations in development, Fig. 5 above the plasma volume according to Fig. 1-4 with representation of an exemplary decentralized magnetic field line on the outer surface in perspective, below the fusion reactor with representation of the individual components and systems in the perspective cut-out representation,

[0107] Fig. 6 shows an exemplary vessel module of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-5 in a perspective overview section,

[0108] Fig. 7 the heat transfer helix of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-6, top and bottom each in a sectional view,

[0109] Fig. 8 shows the plasma volume of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-7, above with representation of electrons and ions in a schematic section and below with five exemplary magnetic field lines in perspective view,

[0110] Fig. 9 the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-8 with representation of twisted decentralized magnetic field lines of the plasma volume in a sectional perspective,

[0111] Fig. 10 above explains the spherical model of the double helix in the overview isometry and below in the schematic cross-section, with representation of the respective equal radii of virtual spheres for the arrangement of the magnetic field lines in the schematic sectional view,

[0112] Fig. 11 above explains the twisting of the magnetic field lines of the plasma volume using four exemplary magnetic field lines on the outer surface in an isometric overview and below in a schematic cross-section,

[0113] Fig. 12 shows the angular momentum plane of the double helix according to Fig. 11 with representation of the four exemplary magnetic field lines on the outer surface of the plasma volume in a schematic plan view and four cross sections each at the four connection points,

[0114] Fig. 13 shows a magnet system of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1 - Fig. 12, which is designed to bring the plasma volume into contact with the inner shell of the plasma vessel in a temporary and localized manner - above in a perspective overview and below in a sectional perspective of the plasma vessel,

[0115] Fig. 14 (top) shows the radius of the central magnetic field line of the plasma volume decreasing from left to right to illustrate the scalability of the fusion reactor. The bottom shows the plasma volume with the angular momentum plane in an isometric view. Detailed figure description

[0116] Fig. 1 above shows the fusion reactor 1 for a stationary magnetic confinement of a plasma volume 2 with a magnetic field formed by a double helix 3 with magnetic field lines m1-mn, and with a plasma vessel 20 formed by a heat carrier helix 21 for receiving the plasma volume 2 arranged around the central magnetic field line m1, with a heating system 4 for the plasma volume 2, with a cooling system 5 for a plurality of Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn, which are arranged transversely to the magnetodynamic flow direction F of the plasma volume 2, with a heat transfer system 6 for the transfer of heat from a heat source 60 to a heat sink, with a support system 7 for the plasma vessel 20, and with an injection system 8 for the supply of deuterium and tritium as fuel for nuclear fusion. In the middle left, the layer structure of plasma volume 2 is shown in a schematic cross-section with five exemplary layers L1-L5.In the center right, the development of a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T' of the central magnetic field line m1 in the hot center of the plasma volume 2 is shown. The ring oscillation has an elongation E, an amplitude A and a frequency f1 in the frequency band of several kilohertz on the time axis t, which also forms the zero line 0 of the ring oscillation. The top view below shows the chiasmus X of the magnetic field lines m1 with radius r1 around the central center point M1 in the hot center of the plasma volume 2, and the chiasmus X of a magnetic field line m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, which is arranged with radius r1 around the decentralized or - equivalently - eccentric center point M5. The zero line 0 of the ring oscillations runs between the connecting points J1 and J3 of the central magnetic field line m1 , which is constructed from four semicircular arcs B1-B4 and is arranged with a radius r1 around the center M1 of the fusion reactor 1.On the outside of the plasma volume 2, the magnetic field line m5, which is decentralized or - equivalently - eccentric with respect to the central magnetic field line m1, is shown as an example from a family of congruent spatial and elliptical arcs B'. As a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T', the magnetic field line m5 orbits the center M1 of the fusion reactor 1 on an orbital path U1 and changes at the connection points J1-J4 from the outside to the inside of the plasma volume 2 and vice versa, so that in both halves of the spherical ring oscillations the same path lengths g,g' result for the nuclei of deuterium and tritium and for free electrons, whereby the angular momentum axis a of the charged particles (+,-) with the spin quantum number 1 / 2 shown in Fig. 8 is aligned parallel to the exemplary magnetic field lines m1,m5 and with a fourfold reversal of the direction of rotation of the particles, as shown in Fig.8-12, a fluid dynamic equilibrium state of the forces in plasma volume 2 can be established, which enables trajectory stability for the particles (+,-). The system shown in Fig.The heat transfer system 6 shown in more detail in Figures 5-7 has a circuit for a preferably water-based and preferably two-phase heat transfer fluid 22, which is introduced in the return flow from a heat sink at a lower inlet 61 of the heat transfer helix 21 as condensate enriched with fresh water into the finned heat transfer helix 21 arranged between the inner and outer shells 23, 24 of the plasma vessel 20 and leaves the heat transfer helix 21 again at an upper outlet 62 in the forward flow to a heat sink formed by a steam turbine with a cooling tower, wherein the water continuously dissipates the heat radiated from the plasma volume 2 as a heat source 60 onto the inner shell 23 of the plasma vessel 2 and supplies it to a utility system as a heat sink, so that condensed water in a circuit at the lower inlet 61 again to the finned heat transfer helix that completely surrounds the plasma volume 2 as a heat source 60. 21 flows.

[0117] Instead of the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn shown here, the magnetic field of the double helix 3 can also be generated by spiral coils that surround the plasma vessel 20 as a loop or spirally following the plasma vessel 20.

[0118] Fig. 2 shows, in two perspectives, two alternative positions for zero lines 0,0' within a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T', which each divide the plasma volume 2 into two halves arranged in mirror images of each other. The top shows the zero line 0 between the connecting points J1 and J3 of the central magnetic field line m1, while the bottom shows the zero line 0' between the connecting points J2 and J4. The central magnetic field line m1 is arranged with the radius r1 around the center M of the fusion reactor 1 and is divided into equal path lengths g,g' for the particles (+,-) by means of the four vertices V1-V4 and the four connecting points J1-J4. The formation of two zero lines 0,0' would mean a shift of the zero crossings of the two periods of a ring oscillation by half a period length each, so that with two zero lines 0,0' and a four-divided plasma volume 2, phase-shifted ring oscillations can be represented.Fig. 3 (top) shows the plasma volume 2 according to Fig. 1-2 with four exemplary decentralized magnetic field lines m5 and the central magnetic field line m1 in a schematic cross-section, and below, in a perspective view with the four exemplary magnetic field lines m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2. The zero line 0 separates the two periods T, T of the electrically charged particles (+,-) guided along the magnetic field lines m5. Each of the four magnetic field lines m5 shown has an endless loop or closed loop and, with mirror-symmetrically opposite halves, fulfills the symmetry condition of equal path lengths g, g' in both halves of the double helix 3.Between the connection points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4 of the magnetic field formed by four semicircular arcs B1-B4, the spin s,s' regularly changes from an up-spin (s) to a down-spin (s'), so that in a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T', the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles (+,-) reverses four times, and the particles (+,-) change from the outside to the inside of the plasma volume 2 on the magnetic field lines m5 at the connection points J1-J4. This rapid change in the direction of rotation establishes the directional stability of the particles (+,-) and, with a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces in both orbital halves of the double helix 3, creates a possibility for permanent plasma confinement. As shown in Fig.As shown in Figure 8, the angular momentum axis a of the particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 is arranged parallel to the magnetic field lines m1-mn, and rotates once around itself in one orbit of the particles (+,-), whereby the spin s, s', as shown in the developed view in Figure 4, changes four times from an up-spin (s) to a down-spin (s'), so that the electrons and the ionized nuclei of deuterium and tritium, as shown by the example of the magnetic field lines m5, orbit the center M1 of the fusion reactor 1 on the orbit U5 in a ring oscillation with two periods T, T', in order to assume the same spin state again at the starting point of the ring oscillation. As shown in Figures 11 and 12, electrons and ions follow the magnetic field lines m1-mn and are subject to a centrifugal force Z in the plasma volume 2 due to their respective mass.Therefore, the fourfold alternation of the magnetic field planes I - 1 V of 90 degrees each in the torque plane ß' with a mechanically effective torque R with the lever arm r1 around the respective center point M1-Mn of the magnetic field lines m1-mn causes the twisting of the magnetic field lines m1-mn in the flow direction F of the plasma volume 2. The example of the four magnetic field lines m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2 clearly shows the effect of the Lorentz force, which is evenly distributed over both halves of the double helix 3 and causes equal path lengths g,g' within the two periods T,T of the ring oscillation. At the vertices V1-V4, the ring oscillations reach their maximum elongation E5 and, as shown in Fig. 4 using exemplary layers L2-L4 of the plasma volume 2, fulfill the symmetry condition of equal path lengths g,g' in both halves of the endless loops.

[0119] Fig. 4 shows the spherically guided ring oscillations of the ions and electrons in the layers L2-L5 of an exemplary plasma volume 2 of the fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. 1-14, in the right-hand column as a cross-section of the layers L2-L5 with the radius r2, and in the left-hand rows as developed views with the periods T,T' along a zero line 0 of the ring oscillations. The top row shows a ring oscillation with two periods T,T at the outer layer L5 of the plasma volume 2. The second row shows three periods T,T' in the layer L4, while the layer L3 shows four periods T,T and the layer L2 five periods T,T of the ring oscillations.In lines two and four, one period T is missing for a complete orbit of the ions and electrons, which always require two periods T,T within one orbit, each with a fourfold reversal of the direction of rotation of the spin s,s', in order to return to the connection point J1 of one orbit with a sum of angles of 720 degrees in the same spin state. As shown in lines one and two, the frequency and number of periods T,T' increase in a series of even numbers with increasing proximity to the central magnetic field line m1 in the center of the plasma volume 2. A harmonic ring oscillation is characterized by four connection points J1-J4, which, as shown in Fig. 11-12, each lie in an angular momentum plane ß'. The developed views show the same path lengths g,g' for ions and electrons on the magnetic field lines m1-m5 in the two periods T,T of one orbit, with the spin s,s', as shown in Fig.11-12, changes four times from an up-spin s to a down-spin s' within two periods T,T'. The vertically listed reference symbols indicate an equal elongation E, amplitude A and wavelength A for the ring oscillations in the individual layers L2-L5 of the plasma volume 2. As shown in Fig. 10, the diameter r2 of the plasma volume 2 defines a space for the arrangement of the centers M1-Mn of the respective transformation sphere in the layers L2-Ln of the plasma volume 2, which changes in each layer L1-Ln. All magnetic field lines m1-m5 have the same length in the developed view and lie on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with the radius r1, so that the presented orbital model of a double helix fulfills the mathematical and geometric rules that apply to particles with the spin quantum number 1 / 2.The zero line 0 can also be perceived as a time axis t, on which the pulse of time is characterized by an even number of ring oscillations. In the case of the fusion reactor 1 shown in Fig. 1 - Fig. 14, with the ring oscillation frequency f2-f5 increasing from the outside to the inside, the charged particles are not given time to deviate from their orbits determined by the magnetic field lines m1-mn, for example, due to their gyroscopic effect and drift motion.

[0120] Fig. 5 shows the fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. 1 , at the top with a representation of the central magnetic field line m1 and an exemplary magnetic field line m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2. Two zero lines 0,0', at each of which two periods T,T' can optionally be connected to form a ring oscillation, also represent a possible phase shift of the ring oscillations in the concentric layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume 2, each by half a period length. As shown in Fig. 2, a zero line 0,0' of the ring oscillations can be formed either between the connection points J1 and J3 or between the connection points J2 and J4. The central magnetic field line m1 is made up of four semicircular arcs B1-B4, which are each joined to form an endless loop at connection points J1-J4. Each of the four semicircular arcs B1-B4 has vertices V1-V4.Both the connection points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4 lie on a radius r1 of the central magnetic field line m1 around the center point M1 of the fusion reactor 1. The cutaway perspective below shows the plasma vessel 20, constructed from sixteen vessel modules C1-C16, surrounded by thirty-two Helmholtz coils Q1-Q32, each radially aligned with the center point M1 of the fusion reactor 1. The cut into the double-shell plasma vessel 20 shows the inner shell 23 and the outer shell 24 of a heat transfer helix 21, through which a heat transfer fluid 22 flows. The heat transfer helix 21 is part of a heat transfer system 6 with a lower inlet 61 and an upper outlet 62 for the heat transfer fluid 22.As a component of the support system 7, sixteen microwave tubes 40 are connected to a support profile 41 with the central hollow sphere node 71 with the heat transfer helix 21 and form an inherently stable space framework 70, which is connected to the floor slab of a reactor building (not shown in detail) by supports 72.

[0121] Fig. 6 shows a section of one of the sixteen vessel modules C1-C16 according to Fig. 1, with passage openings for the heat transfer fluid 22 flowing between the inner and outer shells 23, 24 and with screwed flange connections 26 for the heat transfer helix 21. Associated with the vessel module C1 are two Helmholtz coils Q1-Q2, spaced apart by a longitudinal distance d", which are cooled to a temperature of approximately 4 K by a liquid helium cooling system 5 to enable superconductivity. The vessel module C1 is connected to a microwave tube

[0122] 40 is connected to the hollow node 71 arranged around the central center point M. The microwave tube 40 has a support profile 41 made of steel with a longitudinal center axis q and forms a lattice bar within the spatial framework 70, which is formed by the heat transfer helix 21, the microwave tubes 40 and the hollow node 71. The orbit U1 of the plasma volume 2, which is arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line m1 with the radius r1 around the center point M1, is defined by the radius r1 of the central magnetic field line m1. The cross-section through the vessel module C1 shows the two-shell, finned heat transfer helix 21, which forms a working space for the heat transfer fluid 22. As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig.As shown in Figure 5, the heat transfer fluid 22 enters the heat transfer helix 21 as cool water, returning from a heat sink, at the lower inlet 61 in the flow direction to the heat source 60 formed by the inner shell 23, and exits the heat transfer helix 21 again at the upper outlet 62 in the flow direction 61 to the heat sink. The inner and outer shells 23, 24 of the heat transfer helix 21, which are interconnected by longitudinal ribs 25, absorb the thermal radiation emitted by the heat source 60—the plasma volume 2. The heat transfer fluid 22 transports the heat absorbed by convection and heat conduction from the heat source 60 to a heat sink. With intertwined longitudinal ribs 25, it is possible to involve both the inner shell 23 and the outer shell 24 of the finned heat transfer helix 21 in the heat transfer to the two-phase heat transfer fluid 22, which is preferably formed by water. Fig.Figure 7 shows a plasma vessel 20 whose vessel modules C1-Cn are interconnected by bolted flange connections 26. The top view shows the joint point of the flange connection 26, depicting a heat transfer system 6 with elongated holes for conducting the heat transfer fluid 22. A sealing ring 27 ensures a heat-resistant, vapor-resistant, and water-resistant seal between the individual vessel modules C1-Cn. The thickness of a plurality of layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume 2 decreases with increasing proximity to the central magnetic field line m1, which can be explained by the increase in pressure and temperature in the plasma volume 2. The schematic cross-section shows a radial distance d' of the heat transfer helix 21 from the superconducting Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn, which are insulated from the heat transfer helix 21 by a vacuum N.The schematic cross-section also shows a microwave tube 40, whose longitudinal center axis q is radially aligned with the central magnetic field line m1 of the plasma volume 2 and which has a support profile 41 and a window 42 to the plasma volume 2. A further breakthrough through the heat transfer helix 21 relates to the injection system 8 in a schematic representation. The magnetic field line m1 lies exactly in the center of the circular plasma vessel 20; however, since the magnetic field caused by the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn is stronger on the side of the plasma volume 2 facing the central center point M1 shown in Fig. 6 than on the outer side facing away from the center point M1, the layer thickness in the individual layers L1-Ln and the distance d of the plasma volume 2 to the inner shell 23 on the side of the plasma volume 20 facing the central center point M1 are each smaller than on the outer side facing away from the center point M1.

[0123] Fig. 8 above shows a section of the magnetic field of the double helix 3 showing the flow direction F of the plasma volume 2. The diagram shows charged particles (+,-) which, due to their freedom of movement being restricted by the magnetic field of the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 5, move away from the magnetic field lines m1-m5 on helical lines with different radii of gyration r7 and with a different direction of rotation. The radius of gyration r7 depends on the mass of the particles and the strength of the magnetic field and is larger in the case of an ion than in the case of an electron. Below, the plasma volume 2 is shown with the central magnetic field line m1 shown in dashed lines and the four exemplary decentralized magnetic field lines m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2. The area covered by the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 5The magnetic field generated by the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn shown in Fig. 5 and the chiasmus X of the magnetic field lines m1-mn cause the particles (+,-) in both halves of the double helix 3, which are mirror images of each other at the zero line 0, to travel the same path lengths g,g' in the flow direction F of the plasma volume 2 in their respective layers. As shown in Fig. 7, the radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 and the radius of gyration r7 of the particles determine the number of magnetic field lines m1-mn and the layer thickness in the tubular helical layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume 2. As a representative of all electrons and ions on all magnetic field lines m1-mn, a charged particle (+,-) is shown as an example on the magnetic field line m1. The particle, be it an electron (-) or a much larger, positively charged nucleus (+) of deuterium or tritium, has the spin quantum number 1 / 2 and possesses an angular momentum axis a with an angular momentum plane ß.Due to the Lorentz force, the angular momentum plane ß of the particle on the illustrated orbits U1, U5 is aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field lines m1-mn and, as shown in Fig. 9, traverses four semicircular arcs B1-B4, within which the angular momentum of the particles reverses four times, as shown in Fig. 11-12 with the angular momentum plane ß'. Between the connecting points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4, the torque of the particles (+,-) in the angular momentum plane ß' regularly reverses, so that with the two periods T, T' of the spherical ring oscillation, which are mirror images of each other at the zero line 0, a fluid dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces in the plasma volume 2 is established.Thus, each orbit U1-Un of a particle satisfies the laws of spin formulated by Paul Dirac in his famous equation, which must be fulfilled in order for a particle to return to its starting point in the same spin state in one orbit.

[0124] While the electron shell of an atom can be described by a spherical surface, the helical tubular surfaces presented in Fig. 1-7 are analogously compatible with the probability of an electron in the electron shell, which has been thoroughly investigated in the case of an atom.

[0125] Fig. 9 shows the plasma volume 2 of the fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. 1-8, in which the central magnetic field line m1 has four semicircular arcs B1-B4 with radius r1, while the decentralized magnetic field line m2-mn, the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, has a family of twisted, elliptical arcs B'1-B'4, which are of equal length in the two halves of the double helix 3. Since the magnetic field is of equal magnitude in the mirror-image opposite halves of the double helix 3, and since, as shown in Figs. 11 and 12, a torque R resulting from the mass of the particles (+,-) is used to twist the magnetic field lines m1-mn, the twisting of the magnetic field lines m1-mn occurs automatically without any further action, so that a magnetodynamic equilibrium of the plasma volume 2 with the flow direction F can be established in both halves of the double helix 3. Four connection points J1-J4 are located as shown in Fig.11 and 12 are shown in a common angular momentum plane ß' and divide the magnetic field line m1 into four equal arcs (B1-B4), whereby the decentralized magnetic field lines m2-mn are also divided by analogous connection points into four equally long spatial and elliptical arcs B'1-B'4, in which the spin s,s' changes from an up-spin s to a down-spin s'. This results in a fourfold reversal of the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles (+,-), which is used to maintain their orbital stability. With this quantum-mechanically effective induction system for the spherical magnetic field of a fusion reactor 1, the formation of gas-dynamic irregularities in the layer structure of the plasma volume 2, which, with undesirable heat transport through shear forces Y perpendicular to the magnetic flux direction F, shortens the energy confinement time, can be prevented. Therefore, it does not appear necessary to increase the volume of the plasma volume 2 in the interest of better thermal insulation.With a plasma vessel with a diameter of just forty or thirty centimeters, a plasma can be ignited and the fusion process can be initiated as a chain reaction.

[0126] Fig. 10 shows, with reference to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, the geometric order of the magnetic field formed by a double helix 3, showing the five representative magnetic field lines m1, m5, each lying on a virtual sphere with radius r1. While the central magnetic field line m1 is arranged with radius r1 around the central center point M1, four representative decentralized magnetic field lines m5 are arranged on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, each with radius r1 around four decentralized centers M5. The magnetic field line m1 is divided by the connecting points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4 into eight equal sections and into four equal semicircular arcs B1-B4. The decentralized magnetic field lines m2-mn are divided by analogous connecting points and vertices into four spatial and elliptical arcs B'1-B'4, which lie on the surface of a virtual sphere with radius r1.This applies both to the four decentralized magnetic field lines m2-m5 shown on the outside of plasma volume 2 and to the decentralized magnetic field lines m2-mn shown in Fig. 7, arranged concentrically around the magnetic field line m1 in the individual layers L1-Ln of plasma volume 2. A virtual sphere with radius r2 of plasma volume 2 is arranged concentrically to the central center point M1 of the central magnetic field line m1, with the decentralized magnetic field lines m5 arranged on the surface of virtual spheres with radius r1 and arranged within a virtual sphere around the central center point M1. The so-called Poincare group, which combines the Lorentz transformation as well as translational and rotational motions, creates the mathematical prerequisites for explaining the spin properties of particles (+,-) with the quantum number 1 / 2.The magnetic field of the double helix 3, which is arranged in concentric shells, is therefore consistent with the precisely studied rules of motion and regulations of fundamental fermions, which have been very precisely investigated and described using the example of a sphere.

[0127] Thus, it can be shown that the orbital shell model of the double helix 3 presented here is also compatible with the rules applicable to fermions.

[0128] Fig. 11 shows, by way of example, four decentralized magnetic field lines m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2 of the fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. 1-10. To illustrate the twisting of the magnetic field lines m5, a section of the essentially round plasma volume 2 is shown with a quadrangular cross-section. The four connecting points J1-J4 of the central magnetic field line m1, shown in dashed lines in Fig. 12, define an angular momentum plane ß' around the central center point M1. Electrons and ions move in the plasma along the magnetic field lines m1-mn, driven by the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Since the Lorentz force accelerates electrons and ions to a speed of 1.000 km / s and the charged particles have a mass, a torque R acts at each of the four connecting points V1-V4 of the central magnetic field line m1 shown in dashed lines in Fig. 12 in the torque plane ß' so that the magnetic field lines m1-mn twist without any further action due to the centrifugal force Z acting on ions and electrons. As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 5, the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn are arranged more densely on the inside of the plasma volume 2 facing the center M1 than on the outside so that the layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume exhibit a slight asymmetry. According to Newton's third law, the magnetic field generated by the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn with the Lorenz force acting in the flow direction F of the plasma stream induces an electric vortex field acting perpendicular to the Lorenz force, which causes a gyration of the particles (+,-) around the magnetic field lines m1-mn.The following applies: the stronger the magnetic field, the larger the radius of gyration r7 of the electrons and ions shown in Fig. 8. In conventional fusion reactors, this gyration of the particles (+,-) destroys the layered structure of the plasma volume 2, so that previous fusion experiments have only had a relatively short runtime. The shear forces Y resulting from the gyration of the particles (+,-) and acting perpendicular to the flow direction of the plasma are represented by the black arrows. It can be seen that in the common angular momentum plane ß' of the particles (+,-), both the centrifugal force Z and the transverse force Y with a torque R four times the torque R cause the twisting of the respective magnetic field lines. The plasma volume 2 therefore organizes itself, without the need for additional coils, in such a way that all magnetic field lines m1-mn have the same length and lie on the surface of a transformation sphere with radius r1.

[0129] Fig. 12 shows the angular momentum plane ß' according to Fig. 11 in a top view showing the fourfold torque R, which is effective at the connection points J1-J4 as shown in Fig. 11 for electrons and ions in the flow direction F of the plasma and leads to the twisting of the four exemplary magnetic field lines m5. It is therefore the centrifugal forces Z acting in the plasma volume 2 and the shear forces Y that cause a self-organized twisting of the decentralized magnetic field lines m2-mn. The orbital stability of electrons and ions is achieved by a four-fold change of the spin s,s' of the particles (+,-) from an up-spin s to a down-spin s', which begins at the connection points J1-J4 in each case. This is achieved by the fact that the direction of rotation of the particles (+,-) changes four times in one orbit and thus the particles are not given time to follow the forces Y,Z acting perpendicular to the flow direction F of the plasma.

[0130] Fig. 13 shows the fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. 1-12, which has a magnet system 9 formed by a plurality of electromagnets arranged between the coils Q1-Qn, each with paired poles P1-Pn. On the inner shell 23 of the plasma vessel 20, the poles P1-Pn lie opposite one another and are each aligned perpendicular to the inner shell 23 with the central magnetic field line m1. The magnet system 9 is designed to generate a transverse oscillation by reversing the polarity of the poles P1-Pn in the plasma volume 2 by means of a switching device (not shown in detail) for direct current. This transverse oscillation brings the plasma volume 2 into brief contact with the inner shell 23 of the plasma vessel 20 at points transverse to the spherical magnetic field of the coils Q1-Qn at a distance from one another in time and space. This enables heat transfer from the plasma volume 2 to the plasma vessel 20 by convection and heat conduction.The electromagnets 9 encircle the plasma vessel 20 and penetrate the outer and inner shells 24, 23, respectively, between the coils Q1-Qn. The inner shell 23 is lined with tungsten plates, which have tungsten caps in the area of ​​the poles P1-Pn.

[0131] Fig. 14 shows the scalability of the fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. 1-13. Unlike in Tokamak-type fusion reactors, where the radius r1 must be increased to extend the energy confinement time, the diagram above shows the plasma volume 2 of a fusion reactor 1 according to the invention with a radius r1 of the central magnetic field line m1 around the center point M1 decreasing from left to right. Below, the plasma volume 2 of the fusion reactor 1 is depicted as an isometric double helix 3 with the angular momentum plane ß' spanned by the four connecting points J1-J4.The space occupied by the plasma volume 2 of the double helix 3 is inscribed in a cube whose edge length decreases according to the order shown above: The edge length would be 22.0 meters in the case of a fusion reactor, where the radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 is about 2.0 meters and is therefore comparable to the Iter experiment; 12.0 meters in the case of a fusion reactor, where the radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 is about 1.2 meters and is therefore comparable to the Jet experiment; 6.0 meters in the case of a fusion reactor, where the radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 is about 0.60 meters and is therefore comparable to the Asdex-U experiment; and 3.0 meters in the case of a fusion reactor, where the radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 is about 0.3 meters and is therefore comparable to the Compass-D experiment. With the permanent confinement of the plasma volume 2 according to the invention, the radius r2 is at least only fifteen centimeters.This would make energy from nuclear fusion available for a variety of tasks. A first obvious application would be the integration of the fusion reactor into a container ship. This visionary concept envisions generating the electrical energy required to ignite the plasma in stationary power plants and transmitting it to the respective vehicle via electrical cables with detachable connections. Within the vehicle itself, the plasma is kept ablaze by a continuous supply of deuterium and tritium, the fuel of the fusion process, which proceeds as a chain reaction. This massive energy surplus allows the energy for the superconducting coils, the coil cooling system, and the plasma heating system to be generated on board. The fusion product, helium, is extracted from the plasma vessel and collected in tanks. As a sought-after exhaust gas from nuclear fusion, it represents a valuable raw material in its own right.

[0132] Naturally, various variations and modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.

[0133] Reference symbols overview

Claims

Patent claims 1. A fusion reactor (1) comprising a plasma vessel (20), coils (Q1-Qn), a cooling system (5), a heating system (4), a heat transfer system (6), a support system (7), and an injection system (8). The plasma vessel (20) is provided around a central center point (M), defines a plasma volume (2), and is surrounded by the coils (Q1-Qn). The coils (Q1-Qn) comprise Helmholtz coils or spiral coils and are designed to form a magnetic field with magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) in the plasma volume (2). The magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) comprise a central magnetic field line (m1). The coils (Q1-Qn) are each arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line (m1).which central magnetic field line (m1) lies in a closed loop of four equal semicircular arcs (B1-B4) with four vertices (V1-V4) and four connecting points (J1-J4) lying in one plane on a virtual first sphere with a first radius (r1) around the central center point (M1), which cooling system (5) is provided for cooling the coils (Q1-Qn), which heating system (4) is provided for heating a plasma in the plasma vessel (20), which heat transfer system (6) is provided for transferring heat from the fusion process to a useful system, which injection system (8) is provided for injecting a fuel into the plasma vessel (20), and which support system (7) is designed to support the plasma vessel (20).

2. Fusion reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , which is designed to use a fuel which - Deuterium, or - containing deuterium and tritium, into the plasma vessel.

3. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the plasma vessel (20) is circular or oval in cross-section.

4. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the plasma vessel (20) has an inner shell (23) and an outer shell (24), wherein between the inner shell (23) and the outer shell (24) a ribbed heat transfer helix (21) is formed, which has an inlet (61) and an outlet (62) and forms a working space for a heat transfer fluid (22).

5. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 4, which comprises a steam turbine, which steam turbine is fluidly connected to the outlet (62) and to the inlet (61) in order to form a circuit for the heat transfer fluid (22).

6. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the plasma vessel (20) has a low point at its lower inlet (61) and a high point at its upper outlet (62), wherein the inner shell (23) of the plasma vessel (20) carries a cladding of tungsten plates and slag from the fusion process and from the abrasion of the tungsten cladding collects at the low point of the plasma vessel (20).

7. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the plasma vessel (20) is formed from vessel modules (C1-Cn), which vessel modules (C1-Cn) are preferably connected to one another by radial flange connections (26) in a bending, shear and torsion-resistant manner and are connected to one another in a pressure- and vapor-tight manner by a sealing ring (27).

8. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 7, wherein the vessel modules (C1-Cn) have openings for the injection system (8) to enable injection of fuel into the vessel modules (C1-Cn) through the openings.

9. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 7 or 8, which has a plurality of identical vessel modules (C1-Cn).

10. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the heating system (4) comprises a plurality of microwave tubes (40), which microwave tubes (40) have a window (42), wherein the window (42) of the microwave tubes (40) each opens a connection to the plasma volume (2) enclosed in the plasma vessel (20) and to be heated.

11. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 10, in which the microwave tubes (40) form a support profile (41), and in which the support profiles (41) are aligned as lattice rods on the central center point of the fusion reactor (1) and are connected on the one hand to the plasma vessel (20) and on the other hand to a hollow sphere node (71) arranged concentrically to a central center point (M1), so that a spatial framework (70) centered on the central center point (M1) is formed.

12. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the coils (Q1-Qn) are surrounded on all sides by the cooling system (5) and are insulated from the plasma vessel (20) by a vacuum (N).

13. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the central magnetic field line (m1) is surrounded by decentralized magnetic field lines (m2-mn), which decentralized magnetic field lines (m2-mn) are each arranged on an associated tubular surface of a double helix (3), which tubular surfaces are arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line (m1) and surround it in a plurality of layers (L1-Ln), wherein the magnetic field produced by the coils (Q1-Qn) in functional unity with the Lorentz force acting transversely to the magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) and a chiasmus (X) of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) at at least one zero line (0, 0') between two periods (T, T') of a ring oscillation force equal path lengths (g, g') for particles (+, -) with the spin quantum number 1 / 2, and wherein the particles at least partly move along the magnetic field lines.

14. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 13, wherein the decentralized magnetic field lines (m2-mn) are each located on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with the first radius (r1), wherein the transformation spheres have decentralized centers (M2-Mn) relative to the central center point (M1), which are arranged during a circulation of the particles (+,-) in the individual concentric layers (L1-Ln) of the plasma volume (2) on a virtual sphere around the central center point (M1) of the central magnetic field line (m1), the radius of which corresponds to a second radius (r2) of the plasma volume (2), and the coils (Q1-Qn) in the mirror-image opposite halves of the double helix (3) with a respective equally strong magnetic field cause a respective equally large Lorentz force, and the decentralized magnetic field lines (m2-mn) in the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the plasma volume (2) as a group of congruent Curves with analogous connecting and vertex points wind in winding closed loops around the central magnetic field line (m1), whereby each individual decentralized magnetic field line (m2-mn) has four spatially extending elliptical arcs (B'1-B'4) and the two mirror-image halves opposite each other in the orbits (U2-Un) of the particles (+,-) around the decentralized centers (M2-Mn) are each of equal length.

15. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 13 or 14, which is designed, after ignition of the plasma, to determine the magnetodynamic flow direction (F), the orientation of the angular momentum axis (α) of the particles (+,-) and the orientation of the angular momentum plane (β) of the particles (+,-) by the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) generated by the coils (Q1-Qn) using the Lorentz force and the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles (+,-) of the plasma, wherein both periods (T,T') of a ring oscillation are divisible by a zero line (0,0') into two mirror-inverted halves, which zero line (0,0') is provided between two of the connection points (J1, J3; J2, J4), and wherein the ring oscillations in the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the plasma volume (2) each differ by layer-specific frequencies (f2-fn).

16. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 15, in which the decentralized magnetic field lines (m2-mn) have four spatially extending elliptical arcs (B'1-B'4), and in which the coils (Q1-Qn) in functional unity with the chiasmus (X) of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) cause equal path lengths (g, g') for charged particles (+,-) in the mirror-image opposite halves, wherein particles (+,-) with the spin quantum number 1 / 2 interact with the force caused by the coils (Q1-Qn) within the magnetic field in such a way that their angular momentum planes (ß) are oriented perpendicularly and their angular momentum axes (α) parallel to the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) and the particles (+,-) follow the magnetic flux direction (F) and the spin (s,s') of particles (+,-) with the quantum number 1 / 2 in each of the four equal arcs (B1-B4) of the central magnetic field line (m1) or in each of the four spatially extending elliptical arcs (B'1 - B'4) of the decentralized magnetic field lines (m2-mn) changes once from an up-spin to a down-spin, whereby the angular momentum axis (a) simultaneously rotates once around itself in one orbit of the particles with a sum of angles of 360 degrees, so that with a magnetodynamic equilibrium in the mirror-image of each other, opposite halves the orbital stability of the particles (+,-) can be established.

17. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 15 or 16, in which the magnetic field line (m1) around the central point (M1) forms a guideline for the formation of spherical ring oscillations, wherein the angular momentum axes (a) of the particles (+,-) rotate once around themselves with a sum of angles of 360 degrees and with the four-fold reversal of the spin rotation direction of the particles (+,-) between opposite connection points (J1-J4) of the central magnetic field line (m1), the tracking accuracy of the particles (+,-) is ensured by the torque of the particles canceling each other out between the two periods of the ring oscillation in the two mirror-image opposite halves of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn), so that a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces is brought about, wherein the change in the direction of rotation prevents the formation of gyral drift movements due to a precession of the particles (+,-) caused by the spin (s,s').-) is prevented and the particles (+,-) exactly follow the magnetic field lines (m2-mn) and return with the same spin state to a starting point on the respective orbit (U1-Un).

18. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the four semicircular arcs (B1-B4) of the central magnetic field line (m1) arranged with the first radius (r1) around the central center point (M1) span four magnetic field planes (l-IV) which are each offset by 90 degrees from one another and which, with the connecting points (J1-J4) of the central magnetic field line (m1) lying in one plane, define a common torque plane (ß') for the magnetic field lines (m1-mn).

19. Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 18, which is designed so that electrons and ions follow the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) and are subjected to a centrifugal force (Z) in the plasma volume (2) due to their respective mass, wherein with the fourfold change of the magnetic field planes (l-IV) of 90 degrees each in the torque plane (ß') a mechanically effective torque (R) with the lever arm (r1) around the respective center point (M1-Mn) of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) causes the twisting of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) in the flow direction (F) of the plasma volume (2).

20. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed to accelerate electrons and ions by the Lorentz force transversely to the magnetic field lines, whereby the electrons or ions are therefore forced to move away from the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) by spiraling around the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) on spiral paths with a radius of gyration (r7) and thereby following the magnetic flux direction (F) of the plasma volume (2), whereby the magnetic field is stronger on the side of the double helix (3) facing the central center point (M1) of the central magnetic field line (m1) than on the opposite outer side, and whereby in the magnetic field planes (I - 1V) of the double helix (3), each offset by 90 degrees from one another, the spin (s, s') of the electrons or ions (+, -) changes four times from an up spin (s) to a down spin (s').so that in the torque plane (ß') of the double helix (3) defined by the connection points (J1-J4), the tracking of the electrons or ions (+,-) is made possible by a quantum-mechanically effective mechanism in that the intrinsic angular momentum of the electrons (-) or ions (+) is reversed four times.

21. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which has a magnet system (9) which is formed by a plurality of electromagnets, each arranged between the coils (Q1-Qn), with poles (P1-Pn) facing the plasma volume (2) on the inner shell (23) of the plasma vessel (20), and the poles (P1-Pn) are aligned perpendicular to the inner shell (23) on the central magnetic field line (m1), in order to bring the plasma volume (2) into brief contact with the inner shell (23) at poles (P1-Pn) activated separately from one another in time and space by reversing the polarity of the electromagnets of the magnet system (9) by means of a circuit, so that heat is transferred to the plasma vessel (20) by convection and heat conduction.

22. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the poles (P1-Pn) of the magnet system (9) and the inner shell (23) of the plasma vessel (20) carry a cladding of tungsten elements, wherein the poles (P1-Pn) are either designed as projections protruding from the inner shell (23) and carry cup-shaped pole caps made of tungsten or are designed flush with the inner shell (23).

23. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) are designed to guide electrons and ions (+,-) and the electrons (-) and ions (+) each have an angular momentum axis (a) arranged parallel to the magnetic field lines (m1, m2-mn) and an angular momentum plane (ß) arranged perpendicular thereto, the angular momentum planes (ß) of the electrons (-) and ions (+) lying in a common angular momentum plane (ß') at the connection points (J1-J4).

24. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the plasma vessel (20) is circular in cross-section and is designed to withstand an internal pressure of ten bar in order to enable fusion of the nuclei of deuterium at a temperature of 400 million degrees.

25. Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the neutrons released in the fusion collide with the inner shell (23) of the plasma vessel (20) or are reflected several times at the inner shell (23), the neutrons transferring radiant heat from the plasma volume (2) to the heat transfer helix (21).

26. Vehicle which is designed as a land vehicle, a watercraft, an aircraft or a spacecraft and has a fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims.

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