Bio-based composite as water vapour barrier on paper

Abstract

The application relates to a coated paper, comprising a base paper and at least one coating colour layer applied indirectly or directly on the base paper, wherein the coating colour layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one natural resin; wherein the permeability of the coated paper for at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper. The application also relates to the coating colour used to produce the coated paper, to the production method and to a packaging produced therewith.

Description

[0001]BIO-BASED COMPOSITES AS WATER VAPOR BARRIER ON PAPER FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to coated papers with a high barrier performance against gases and moisture for use as packaging material BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Packaging accounts for a large proportion of global plastic waste pollution, which is why the search for alternatives made of biodegradable materials is being driven forward. Food packaging is particularly challenging because it requires good barrier performance against oxygen, water vapor, and microorganisms. Packaging materials for food are often made of plastics, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP), as these not only have good barrier properties but also are lightweight and have high mechanical stability.Paper-based packaging materials offer many advantages over plastic materials, such as renewability, recyclability, and compostability. However, their application is limited due to their often poor barrier properties and high sensitivity to moisture. To improve barrier properties, the paper-based packaging material can be laminated with aluminum or petroleum-based polymers such as PE, EVOH, and PVC derivatives. However, these coatings complicate waste sorting and thus recycling and reduce compostability. Therefore, the use of barrier layers based on natural, bio-based polymers or replacing the conventional metal or plastic-based layer is highly desirable from an ecological perspective. Examples of natural polymers that have been tested for packaging applications include chitosan, hemicelluloses, microfibrillated cellulose, and starch.However, many natural polymers are hydrophilic, and films made from these materials are often hygroscopic, leading to a partial loss of their barrier properties at high humidity. JP 2006096981 A describes a coating liquid for a substrate such as film, sheet, paper, fabric, or nonwoven fabric that imparts moisture resistance to the substrate. The main components of the coating liquid are shellac and paraffin wax. To achieve the desired moisture resistance, the applied layer must be heat-treated at a temperature of at least 90°C for at least 5 seconds. The water vapor permeability should be less than 50 g / (m²). 2d). However, the papers coated in this way are poorly biodegradable. WO 2020 / 152292A1 describes a barrier paper for use as food packaging. The barrier papers consist of a paper substrate with a mass fraction of cellulose fibers of greater than or equal to 90% and a barrier layer arranged on the front and / or back of the paper substrate. The barrier layer contains a polymeric stabilizer such as polyvinyl alcohol or starch and at least one wax such as beeswax and / or at least one vegetable oil such as olive, soy, or rapeseed oil. The barrier paper is intended to achieve a water vapor permeability according to DIN 53122-1 of less than or equal to 150 g / (m 2d) can be achieved. However, evidence of such values ​​is lacking. WO 2020 / 011824 A1 describes a packaging system consisting of a first paper layer with particulate activated carbon, a first barrier layer arranged on the paper layer consisting of a binder and a pigment, and a second barrier layer arranged on the first barrier layer, comprising an acrylate copolymer and a wax. The barrier paper is intended to achieve a water vapor permeability according to DIN 53122-1 at a climate of 23 °C and 85% of less than or equal to 125 g / (m 2d) can be achieved. However, evidence of such values ​​is also lacking here. US 9,902815 B2 and the scientific publication Hult et al. 2013, published by the same authors, describe processes for the esterification of lignin with fatty acids, in particular esterifying lignin with a mixture of tall oil and fatty acids. The main components of this mixture are unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, which were reacted with the lignin to varying degrees of esterification. DE 102017108577 A1 relates to coatings comprising at least one polymer and at least one crystallizable material, as well as processes for their production. The polymer should have a viscosity of at most 10 at the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. 12mPa s. This gives layers that are superhydrophobic and regenerable. However, these layers have only very low gas barrier properties. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based, inter alia, on the surprising discovery that the combination of at least one natural wax or one carboxylic acid component and at least one natural resin results in a coating layer with a high barrier effect against gases and moisture, which is nevertheless biodegradable. A coated paper according to the invention produced with this coating layer has a sufficient barrier effect for use in the food industry and is nevertheless biodegradable and recyclable. The coating layer according to the invention can have a binary composition, but also a ternary composition of natural resin, natural waxes and carboxylic acid components.The ternary composition can, among other things, lead to an even higher barrier effect and also impart further properties to the coated paper, such as increased grease resistance. Accordingly, according to a first aspect, the present invention relates to a coated paper comprising a base paper and at least one coating layer applied directly or indirectly to the base paper, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one natural resin; wherein the permeability of the coated paper to at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper.Furthermore, comparable properties with regard to the barrier effects for gases and moisture could surprisingly also be achieved for a coated paper without the natural resin, if the natural wax or the carboxylic acid component is applied to the base paper as a coating layer together with at least one film former, in particular a cellulose derivative. According to a second aspect, the invention therefore relates to a coated paper comprising a base paper and at least one coating layer applied directly or indirectly to the base paper, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one film former, in particular a cellulose derivative; wherein the permeability of the coated paper to at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper.The barrier effect and biodegradability according to the invention are achieved with the binary or tertiary coating slips comprising the components described above and a suitable solvent. Consequently, according to a third aspect, the invention relates to a coating slip for coating paper, comprising the components defined according to the first or second aspect and a solvent selected from water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate; the solvent is preferably water. The barrier effect of the coating slip layer in the coated paper, which is essential here, is achieved in particular with the process used according to the invention for producing the coated paper.Accordingly, according to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing a coated paper with a base paper and a coating layer, comprising the steps: a) producing a coating layer by mixing the individual components; b) providing a base paper; c) applying the coating layer to the base paper, preferably by means of a curtain or doctor blade process; and d) curing the coating layer to form the coating layer. According to a fifth aspect, the invention relates to packaging comprising the coated paper according to the first or second aspect. FIGURES Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the measurement results of the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) measurements of shellac produced according to the invention with binary coating layers of candelilla wax with a constant application weight and a varying ratio of shellac to candelilla wax from Example 3.1. Fig.2 shows a diagram of the measurement results of the WVTR measurements of shellac produced according to the invention with binary coating layers of candelilla wax with a constant ratio of shellac to candelilla wax and a varying application weight from Example 3.1. Fig. 3 shows a diagram of the results of the WVTR measurements over the storage time from Example 3. The papers with the coating consisting of 80% candelilla wax dispersion and 20% shellac were tested after 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 days of storage. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions In the context of the present invention and in accordance with the general understanding in the field of paper technology, the term “coating color” refers to coating materials containing or consisting of binders, additives and optionally pigments orMatrix pigments that are applied ("coated") to the paper surface using special coating devices for surface finishing or modification of a base paper. Papers produced in this way are referred to as "coated papers." For the purposes of the present invention, "coated paper" is understood to mean a base paper comprising one or more layers applied by coating, i.e., coating color layers. Suitable layers of such a coated paper substrate include functional layers and structure-forming layers (such as leveling layers for smoothing the surface). According to the invention, the term "coating color" is used as a generic term for all spreadable coating compositions, preparations, and / or solutions in the paper industry for treating, modifying, or finishing a paper surface.The term "coating color" refers to the coating color applied to the base paper and cured. "Paper" is a flat material consisting essentially of fibers of plant origin and formed by dewatering a fiber suspension on a screen. The resulting fiber fleece is compacted and dried. For the purposes of this invention, the flat materials "cardboard" and "paperboard," which are produced in the same way, are also subsumed under the term "paper." A distinction is made between paper, cardboard, and paperboard only based on their basis weight, with cardboard having a square meter weight of more than 600 g / m. 2 cardboard has a square meter weight of greater than 150 and less than or equal to 600 g / m 2 and paper has a square meter weight of less than or equal to 150 g / m 2The “water vapor transmission rate,” abbreviated to “WVTR,” is a measurement of the permeability of water vapor through materials. To determine the WVTR, the amount of water that evaporates through an area of ​​one square meter in 24 hours is measured. The WVTR is expressed as evaporated water in grams per square meter and day. Unless otherwise stated, the WVTR is determined according to the invention under tropical conditions (38°C, 90% RH) in accordance with DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The term “water vapor permeability” is used synonymously with WVTR. According to the invention, surfaces with contact angles of 145° or more with respect to water, preferably of 150° or more with respect to water, are referred to as “superhydrophobic.”At such high contact angles, typically only about 2 to 3% of the water droplet surface is in contact with the superhydrophobic surface, meaning the surface has extremely low wettability. Furthermore, superhydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a roll-off angle of less than 10°. The "contact angle" of a liquid droplet on a surface is defined as the angle formed by the intersection line between the base of the droplet and the surface with the horizontal. It is measured in degrees and depends on various factors, such as the surface tension of the liquid and the properties of the surface. The "roll-off angle" is defined as the angle of inclination of a surface at which a droplet rolls off it. It is generally used to characterize superhydrophobic surfaces with a very high contact angle, where the droplet is approximately spherical.At smaller contact angles, a drop can still move from the surface, but is usually first deformed and then glides over the surface. At a rolling angle of 180°, the water drop does not roll off, but adheres to the coating layer, even if the drop hangs downwards. Coated paper and coating color According to the first aspect, the present invention relates to a coated paper comprising a base paper and at least one coating layer applied directly or indirectly to the base paper, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one natural resin; wherein the permeability of the coated paper for at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper.According to one embodiment of the coated paper, the permeability of the coated paper for at least one gas, for the same total application amount, is lower than the permeability of a coated paper with the same base paper and one coating layer made of the natural resin and one coating layer made of a natural wax and / or a carboxylic acid component. Due to this effect, the coating layer according to the invention is also referred to as a “barrier layer.” By means of the coating layer, the permeability of the coated paper for at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper. This gas can be oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), water vapor or mixtures thereof, for example air. In particular, the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is reduced.It is assumed that the combination with at least one natural resin limits the crystallization of the natural waxes and carboxylic acid components on the surface. This results in improved water vapor barriers, since crystalline structures lead to superhydrophobic properties through the formation of structures on the surface, but do not create a homogeneous, closed coating, which is required to prevent water vapor molecules from permeating. The surface of the coating layer is therefore not superhydrophobic. The coating layer has a contact angle of no more than 150° with water. The contact angle can be, for example, 80°, 85°, 90°, 95°, 100°, 105°, 110°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130°, 135°, 140°, or 145°. Even surfaces above 145° are still considered superhydrophobic. Consequently, the contact angle is preferably not more than 145°.According to one embodiment, the contact angle is no more than 130°. According to another embodiment, the contact angle is no more than 115°. Furthermore, the coating layer preferably has a roll-off angle of more than 10° relative to a water droplet with a volume of 4 µL. The roll angle can be, for example, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, 85°, 90°, 95°, 100°, 105°, 110°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130°, 135°, 140°, 145°, 150°, 155°, 160°, 165°, 170°, 175°, 180°. According to one embodiment, the roll angle is more than 20°. According to one embodiment, the roll angle is more than 40°. According to one embodiment, the roll angle is more than 60°. The use of the aforementioned bio-based raw materials will reduce plastic pollution in the environment by using raw materials with improved recyclability and biodegradability.Furthermore, as shown in the examples, the use of natural resin allows for a reduction in the amount of stabilizer used, which is often poorly biodegradable. With the coating layer according to the invention, a coated paper with high barrier performance, in particular a very low WVTR, can be achieved. According to one embodiment, the WVTR is 10 ± 1 g m² at a coating weight per unit area. -2 not more than 50 g m -2 d -1 The WVTR of the coated paper according to the invention can be, for example, 50 gm -2 d -1 , 48 g·m -2 d -1 , 46 g·m -2 d -1 , 44 g·m -2 d -1 , 42 g·m -2 d -1 , 40 g·m -2 d -1 , 38 gm 2 d -1 , 36 g·m -2 d -1 , 34 g·m -2 d -1 , 32 g·m -2 d -1 , 30 g·m -2 d -1 , 28 g·m -2 d-1 , 26 gm 2 d -1 , 24 g·m -2 d -1 , 22 g·m -2 d -1 , 20 g·m -2 d -1 , 18 g·m -2 d -1 , 16 g·m -2 d -1 , 14 gm -2 d -1 , 12 g·m -2 d -1 , 10 g·m -2 d -1 , 8 g·m -2 d -1 , 6 g·m -2 d -1 , 4 g·m -2 d -1 , 2 g·m -2 d -1 , 1 g·m -2 d -1 By selecting suitable coating components and adjusting the crystallinity, a WVTR of not more than 20 g·m -2 d -1 , or even not more than 10 g·m -2 d -1The natural resin is preferably an organic, chemically / thermally crosslinkable matrix. According to one embodiment, the natural resin is selected from shellac, turpentine, balsam, gum lac, rosin, sandarac, mastic, conifer resin, dammar, gum arabic, and elemi. The natural resin is preferably shellac. Shellac is a resinous substance obtained from the excretions of the lac insect Kerria lacca (plant aphids, family Kerridae) after it feeds on certain plants. It consists mainly (65–75%) of free and esterified aliphatic and aromatic polyhydroxy acids. The main building blocks are aleuritic acid (up to 32%) and shellolic acid. Based on these main components, it is calculated that three to four molecules are linked to each other (trimers and tetramers). Since the monomers contain several hydroxyl and carboxyl groups,Three-dimensional networks can form – as is common in thermosets. Other components include dyes (4–8%), bittering agents, and some wax (shellac wax; reddish-brown, brittle, very hard, ceryl ignocerate, ceryl cerotinate, and wax alcohols). Shellac is biodegradable. Turpentine is, strictly speaking, a volatile oil. It is obtained by distilling resin from conifers, mostly pines. Turpentine consists mainly of terpenes such as α-pinene and β-pinene. It is used as a solvent and in the production of paints and varnishes. Balsam is an aromatic resin, often mixed with essential oils. It is obtained directly from tree trunks or branches through incisions or natural secretion. The chemical composition varies but often contains essential oils and resin acids. Balsam is used particularly in perfumery, medicine, and cosmetics. Gum lac is a resin,which is obtained from various species of lacquer trees by tapping the bark. It is used in the production of varnishes and paints, as well as in the printing industry, and consists of complex ester and polyphenol compounds. Rosin is a resin that is produced as a by-product of turpentine production, particularly during the distillation of turpentine oil from conifer resin. It consists mainly of resin acids such as abietic acid and is used in electronics for soldering, in the music industry for string instruments, and in chemistry as an adhesive or binder. Sandarac is a resin obtained from various species of cypress trees, particularly by tapping the bark. It is used in the production of varnishes and as incense. Chemically, sandarac consists mainly of terpenoids. Mastic is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus), particularly by tapping.Chemically, mastic consists of a mixture of resin acids, essential oils, and resin alcohols. It is used in the food industry as a natural additive and in cosmetics. Conifer resin is a general term for resins produced by coniferous trees such as pines, spruces, and firs. It contains terpenes, resin acids, and sometimes essential oils. Conifer resins are used in the production of turpentine, varnishes, and as adhesives. Dammar is a resin obtained from various tropical tree species, particularly by tapping the bark. Chemically, dammar consists of a mixture of terpenes and resin acids. It is used in varnishes and as an adhesive. Gum arabic is a resin obtained from various species of acacia trees, particularly by tapping the bark. Chemically, it is a complex polysaccharide.which may also contain proteins. It is used as a thickener in the food industry and as a binder in the printing industry. Elemi is a resin obtained from tropical trees of the Canarium genus. Chemically, it consists of a mixture of terpenes, resin acids, and essential oils. Elemi is used in the perfume and cosmetic industries. Despite their different chemical compositions, these resins share physicochemical properties with shellac and can be used as binders, adhesives, or coatings in the same way as shellac. Carboxylic acid components that can be used according to the invention include, for example, fatty acids, fatty acid amides, fatty acid esters, salts of fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acid amides, hydroxy fatty acid esters, salts of hydroxy fatty acids, or dicarboxylic acids, as well as their dicarboxylic acid esters.Dicarboxylic acid amides or salts of dicarboxylic acids. Examples of dicarboxylic acids that can be used according to the invention are tetradecanedioic acid, hexadecanedioic acid, octadecanedioic acid, icosanedioic acid, or docosanedioic acid. The carboxylic acid component can be a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 12 to 40 carbon atoms. Examples of saturated fatty acids are lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, montanic acid, melissic acid, lacceric acid, and geddic acid. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaroleic acid, petroselinic acid, oleic acid (OA), elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, gadoleic acid, gondoic acid, cetoleic acid, erucic acid, and nervonic acid. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA), calendulaic acid, punicic acid, alpha-eleostearic acid, beta-eleostearic acid, stearidonic acid, arachidonic acid,Eicosapentaenoic acid (timnodonic acid, EPA), docosadienoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid (adrenic acid, ADA), docosapentaenoic acid, (clupa(no)donic acid), (DPA-3) docosahexaenoic acid (cervonic acid, clupanodonic acid, DHA), and tetracosahexaenoic acid (nisic acid). According to one embodiment, the fatty acid used as the carboxylic acid component has 16 to 18 carbon atoms and 0 or 1 carbon-carbon double bond. According to one embodiment, the fatty acid is selected from margaric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and γ-linolinic acid. According to one embodiment, the carboxylic acid component is stearic acid or its amide or salt. Fatty acid salts according to the invention are chromium(III) chloride complexes with fatty acids, as well as aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts. Preferred fatty acid salts are monovalent salts of sodium,Potassium or ammonium ions. According to one embodiment, it is a fatty acid mixture. According to one embodiment, the fatty acid mixture is a mixture of stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and / or linolenic acid. Further examples of fatty acid mixtures are a mixture of stearic acid and palmitic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid, a mixture of stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. A preferred mixture is a mixture of stearic acid and palmitic acid. Suitable waxes according to the invention include carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax,China wax and Japan wax are suitable. The wax is preferably carnauba wax or candelilla wax. According to one embodiment, the polymeric stabilizer is a crosslinked or non-crosslinked stabilizer. The polymeric stabilizer prevents the agglomeration of finely dispersed coating components. The stabilizer can also act as a binder when used in larger amounts. The polymeric stabilizer can be selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, starch, carboxyl group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, a combination of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, silanol group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, diacetone-modified polyvinyl alcohol, modified polyethylene glycol, unmodified polyethylene glycol, α-isodecyl-cj-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), styrene-butadiene latex, styrene-acrylate polymers, acrylic copolymers, carboxyl group-modified polyvinyl alcohol,Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, a combination of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, silanol-modified polyvinyl alcohol, diacetone-modified polyvinyl alcohol, modified polyethylene glycol, unmodified polyethylene glycol, α-isodecyl-cj-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), styrene-butadiene latex, styrene-acrylate polymers, acrylic copolymers, and mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment, the polymeric stabilizer is polyvinyl alcohol. Polyvinyl alcohol is commercially available with various degrees of hydrolysis and viscosities. Polyvinyl alcohols with a viscosity of 2-10 mPas (measured as a 4% aqueous solution at 20°C DIN 53015 / JIS K 6) and a degree of hydrolysis of >80 mol% are preferred. Commercially available examples are KURARAY POVAL, ® 6-88 and KURARAY POVAL ®6-98. According to one embodiment, the coating layer comprises a carboxylic acid component, a natural resin, and optionally a polymeric stabilizer. In this composition, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range from 15 to 85 wt.%. For example, the carboxylic acid component can have a proportion of 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 75 wt.%, 80 wt.%, or 85 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range from 25 to 75 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range from 30 to 75 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range from 40 to 65 wt.%.In the binary composition of the coating layer consisting of carboxylic acid component, natural resin, and optionally polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range of 10 to 70 wt.%. For example, the natural resin can have a proportion of 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, or 70 wt. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 20 to 60 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 25 to 55 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 30 to 50 wt.%.In the composition of the coating layer consisting of carboxylic acid component, natural resin, and polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer can be below 30 wt.%. For example, the polymeric stabilizer can have a proportion of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 24 wt.%, 26 wt.%, or 28 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 1 to 15 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 2 to 10 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the binary coating layer comprises a natural wax, a natural resin, and optionally a polymeric stabilizer. In this composition, the proportion of the natural wax, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range of 15 to 95 wt.%. For example, the carboxylic acid component can have a proportion of 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 75 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 85 wt.%, 90 wt.%, or 95 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the natural wax is in the range of 30 to 95 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range of 40 to 90 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 50 to 85 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 60 to 80 wt.% In the composition of the coating layer consisting of natural wax, natural resin and optionally polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range from 5 to 70 wt.%. For example, the natural resin can have a proportion of 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.% or 70 wt.% According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 5 to 60 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 10 to 40 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 20 to 40 wt.%. In the coating layer composition of natural wax, natural resin, and polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be below 30 wt.%. For example, the polymeric stabilizer can have a proportion of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 24 wt.%, 26 wt.%, or 28 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 1 to 15 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 2 to 10 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the coating layer comprises at least one film former. The film former is in particular a cellulose derivative. The cellulose derivative can be selected from methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), methylethylcellulose (MEC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethylmethylcellulose (HEMC). According to one embodiment, the coating layer comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten film formers. According to one embodiment, the coating layer comprises the film formers methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the film formers, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 0.2 to 5.0 wt.%.For example, the film formers can have a proportion of 0.2 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 2.4 wt.%, 2.8 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%, 3.4 wt.%, 3.8 wt.%, 4.0 wt.%, 4.4 wt.%, 4.8 wt.%, 5.0 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of film formers, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 0.3 to 2.0 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of film formers, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 0.3 to 1.0 wt.%. With the film formers according to the invention, surprisingly comparable properties with regard to the barrier effects for gases and moisture could be achieved for a coated paper even without the natural resin.According to a second aspect, the invention therefore relates to a coated paper comprising a base paper and at least one coating layer applied directly or indirectly to the base paper, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one film former, in particular a cellulose derivative; wherein the permeability of the coated paper for at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper. The film former is thus used instead of the natural resin. Apart from that, the coating layer of the coated paper according to the second aspect has the same features as the coating layer of the coated paper according to the first aspect, unless defined otherwise.According to one embodiment, the coating layer comprises a carboxylic acid component, at least two film formers, in particular cellulose derivatives, and at least one polymeric stabilizer. In this composition, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range from 75 to 98 wt.%. For example, the carboxylic acid component can have a proportion of 75 wt.%, 76 wt.%, 77 wt.%, 78 wt.%, 79 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 81 wt.%, 83 wt.%, 84 wt.%, 85 wt.%, 86 wt.%, 87 wt.%, 88 wt.%, 89 wt.%, 90 wt.%, 91 wt.%, 93 wt.%, 94 wt.%, 95 wt.%, 96 wt.%, 97 wt.%, or 98 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range from 85 to 92 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range of 87 to 90 wt.%. According to another embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range of 40 to 65 wt.%.In the composition of the coating layer consisting of carboxylic acid component, two film formers and optionally polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of film formers based on the total mass of the coating layer can be in the range from 0.2 to 5.0 wt.%. For example, the film formers can have a proportion of 0.2 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 2.4 wt.%, 2.8 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%, 3.4 wt.%, 3.8 wt.%, 4.0 wt.%, 4.4 wt.%, 4.8 wt.%, 5.0 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of film formers based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range from 0.3 to 2.0 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of film formers based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 0.3 to 1.0 wt.%.In the coating layer composition of carboxylic acid component, natural resin, and polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer can be below 30 wt.%. For example, the polymeric stabilizer can have a proportion of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 24 wt.%, 26 wt.%, or 28 wt.%. Compared to barrier layers with natural resin, it is advantageous if the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer is somewhat higher. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 5 to 15 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 7 to 13 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the coated paper according to the first aspect is a ternary coating layer, i.e. a coating layer comprising at least two natural waxes or at least one natural wax and one saturated fatty acid and at least one natural resin. In the ternary systems according to the invention, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer can be further reduced. Furthermore, directly paintable layers can be produced. By varying the composition of the coating layer, it is possible to trade depending on the availability of the individual components while maintaining a constant barrier performance (WVTR). Finally, the ternary coating layers also exhibit grease resistance.According to one embodiment of the coated paper according to the first aspect, the coating layer comprises two natural waxes, a natural resin, and optionally a polymeric stabilizer. In this composition, the proportion of natural waxes, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range from 10 to 80 wt.%. For example, the carboxylic acid component can have a proportion of 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 75 wt.%, or 80 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 15 to 60 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 25 to 55 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 35 to 55 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range of 40 to 50 wt.%.In the composition of the coating layer consisting of two natural waxes, natural resin, and optionally a polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range of 20 to 90 wt.%. For example, the natural resin can have a proportion of 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 75 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 85 wt.%, or 90 wt. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 30 to 85 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 40 to 70 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 45 to 60 wt.%.In the coating layer composition of two natural waxes, natural resin, and polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer can be below 30 wt.%. For example, the polymeric stabilizer can have a proportion of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 24 wt.%, 26 wt.%, or 28 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 1 to 15 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range of 2 to 10 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the ternary coating layer comprises a carboxylic acid component, a natural wax, a natural resin and optionally a polymeric stabilizer. In this composition, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component based on the total mass of the coating layer can preferably be in the range of 5 to 85 wt.%. For example, the carboxylic acid component can have a proportion of 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 75 wt.%, 80 wt.% or 85 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range of 55 to 75 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range of 15 to 70 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range from 25 to 65 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the carboxylic acid component is in the range from 30 to 40 wt.%. In this composition, the proportion of natural wax, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range from 15 to 95 wt.%. For example, the carboxylic acid component can have a proportion of 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 75 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 85 wt.%, 90 wt.% or 95 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 30 to 95 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 40 to 90 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range of 50 to 85 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural wax is in the range from 60 to 80 wt.%. In the composition of the coating layer consisting of carboxylic acid component, natural wax, natural resin, and optionally polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be in the range from 5 to 70 wt.%. For example, the natural resin can have a proportion of 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 65 wt.%, or 70 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 20 to 60 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 25 to 55 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range of 30 to 50 wt.%. In the coating layer composition of carboxylic acid component, natural wax, natural resin, and polymeric stabilizer, the proportion of polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, can be below 30 wt.%. For example, the polymeric stabilizer can have a proportion of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 24 wt.%, 26 wt.%, or 28 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%.According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 1 to 15 wt.%. According to one embodiment, the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 2 to 10 wt.%. The coating layer in the coated paper can have a basis weight in the range from 2 to 30 g m². -2 For example, the basis weight can be 2 g·m -2 , 4 g·m -2 , 5 g·m -2 , 6 g·m -2 , 8 g·m -2 , 10 g·m -2 , 12 g·m -2 , 14 g·m -2 , 15 g·m -2 , 16 g·m -2 , 18 g·m -2 , 20 g·m -2 , 22 g·m -2 , 24 g·m -2 , 25 g·m -2 , 26 g·m -2 , 28 g·m -2 or 30 g m -2 According to one embodiment, the coating layer has a basis weight in the range of 2 to 30 g·m -2. According to one embodiment, the coating layer has a basis weight in the range of 5 to 20 g·m -2 According to one embodiment, the coating layer has a basis weight in the range 8 to 15 g·m -2Due to the materials present in the coating layer, the coated paper is biodegradable according to the first or second aspect. "Biodegradability" describes the ability of organic chemicals to be broken down biologically, i.e. by living organisms or their enzymes. Ideally, this chemical metabolism proceeds completely up to mineralization, but can also stop in the case of transformation products that are stable against degradation. The OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, which are also used in the context of chemical approval, are generally accepted. The tests in OECD test series 301 (A-F) demonstrate rapid and complete biological degradation (ready biodegradability) under aerobic conditions. Different test methods are available for highly or poorly soluble as well as for volatile substances.“Biodegradable” or “biodegradable” within the meaning of the present invention refers to papers which have a biodegradability of at least 40% as measured according to OECD 301 F or of at least 20% as measured according to OECD 302 C (MITI-II test) and thus have inherent or fundamental degradability. This corresponds to the limit value for OECD 302 C according to the “Revised Introduction to the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Section 3, Part 1, dated 23 March 2006”. From a limit value of at least 60% as measured according to OECD 301 F, papers are also referred to herein as rapidly biodegradable. According to one embodiment of the coated paper according to the first or second aspect, the coated paper has ready biodegradability according to OECD 301. Furthermore, the coated paper according to the first or second aspect is recyclable.Paper recycling is the dismantling and processing of waste paper, used cardboard, and board in paper industry plants with the aim of producing new paper, cardboard, and board from them. On a small scale, the recycled waste paper is first converted into waste paper pulp, which is only later used to produce new paper. Ink removal, or deinking (from the English "ink" = "printing ink"), is the key process in paper recycling for removing the printing ink from printed waste paper. Recyclability can be assessed, for example, using INGEDE Method 11. The coated paper according to the invention achieves a deinkability score of over 50 using INGEDE Method 11. Preferably, the deinkability score is over 70.With the components of the barrier layer used according to the first or second aspect, the coated paper can be approved for direct or indirect food contact. In particular, it is suitable for approval in accordance with the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority. In principle, all types of paper can be used as base paper for the coated paper according to the first or second aspect, i.e., both paperboard and cardboard or normal paper. Papers made from hardwood and softwood pulp are preferred. For food packaging, papers with a low basis weight are often in demand because of their flexibility and material-saving properties. Especially with such papers, the coating layer according to the invention leads to a significant increase in barrier performance. According to one embodiment of the coated paper according to the first or second aspect, the base paper has a basis weight of less than 150 g m². -2. The basis weight can be, for example, 150 g·m -2 , 145 g·m -2 , 140 g·m -2 , 135 g·m -2 , 130 g·m -2 , 125 g·m -2 , 120 g·m -2 , 115 g·m -2 , 110 g·m -2 , 105 g·m -2 , 100 g·m -2 , 95 g·m -2 , 90 g ·m -2 , 85 g·m -2 , 80 g·m -2 , 75 g·m -2 , 70 g·m -2 , 65 g·m -2 , 60 g·m -2 , 55 g·m -2 , 50 g·m -2 , 45 g·m -2 , 40 g·m -2 , 35 g·m -2 or 30 g m -2 . According to one embodiment, the basis weight is below 100 g·m -2 . According to one embodiment, the basis weight is below 80 g·m -2 . According to one embodiment, the basis weight is in the range of 50 to 80 g·m -2The coated paper according to the first or second aspect can contain further layers in addition to the barrier layer. According to one embodiment, the coated paper contains a further layer selected from a coating color, an ink, a sealing medium, and an adhesive. The further layer can be arranged on the barrier layer, between the base paper and the barrier layer, or on the side of the base paper opposite the semi-crystalline coating color layer. The barrier layer can therefore be applied directly to the base paper. In this case, the barrier layer is in direct contact with the base paper. Indirect application means that one or more layers are located between the coating color and the base paper.Further layers can, in particular, further reduce the permeability of the coated paper for at least one gas compared to the base paper or form barriers for liquids or viscous substances such as fats, oils, hydrocarbons. A further layer can, in particular: a) comprise at least one hydrophobic polymer, e.g. based on a polyacrylate, a styrene / butadiene copolymer and / or a polyolefin b) comprise at least one hydrophilic polymer, e.g. based on a polyvinyl alcohol c) comprise at least one inorganic pigment, e.g. a platelet-shaped pigment, e.g.a layered silicate such as kaolin, d) comprise at least one inorganic pigment and a binder, e) comprise amorphous and crystalline regions, f) contain or consist of substances selected from the group consisting of lipophilic substances, paraffins, in particular hard paraffins, waxes, in particular microcrystalline waxes, waxes based on vegetable oils or fats, waxes based on animal oils or fats, vegetable waxes, animal waxes, low molecular weight polyolefins, polyterpenes and mixtures thereof, g) reduce or prevent the transfer of substances, in particular hydrophobic substances, e.g. of substances according to point e above, for example to prevent or reduce the transfer of substances from underlying layers to a food, in particular a fatty food, h) at least one metal, e.g. aluminum, gold, and / or a metal oxide, e.g.Aluminum oxide, comprise or consist of, in particular be a metallized layer, i) be at least heat- or cold-sealable, j) comprise at least one adhesive, k) comprise or consist of at least one thermoplastic material, in particular as a heat-sealable material. The base paper of the coated paper according to the first or second aspect can be a base paper coated on one or both sides or an uncoated base paper. In the case of coated base paper, the surface is finished with a binder-containing coating color. The material used for the binder application is a coating color, the main component of which can be starch, starch derivatives, chalk, kaolin, casein or plastic dispersion. This gives the base paper a more closed, smoother and more stable surface. However, uncoated base paper can also be surface-treated and contain up to 5 g / m² of pigments.For use as packaging in the food industry, the paper requires a certain tear strength or breaking strength. According to one embodiment, the coated paper has a width-related breaking strength in the fiber direction in the range of 3.0 to 6.0 kN m. -1 The width-related breaking force in the fiber direction can, for example, be 3.0 kN·m -1 , 3.2 kN·m -1 , 3.4 kN m -1 , 3.5 kN·m -1 , 3.6 kN·m -1 , 3.8 kN·m- 1 , 4.0 kN·m -1 , 4.2 kN·m -1 , 4.4 kN·m -1 , 4.5 kN·m -1 , 4.6 kN·m -1 , 4.8 kN·m -1 , 5.0 kN·m -1 , 5.2 kN·m -1 , 5.4 kN·m -1 , 5.5 kN·m -1 , 5.6 kN·m -1 , 5.8 kN m -1 , 6.0 kN·m -1 According to one embodiment, the broad-based breaking strength in the fiber direction is in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 kN m -1According to one embodiment, the broad-based breaking strength in the fiber direction is in the range of 4.0 to 5.0 kN m -1 The barrier effect of the coating layer according to the invention is achieved with a coating layer defined according to the first aspect. Consequently, according to a third aspect, the invention relates to a coating for coating paper, comprising the components defined according to the first or second aspect and a solvent. The solvent is selected in particular from water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. The solvent is preferably water. Various production processes are suitable for producing the coated paper according to the invention. The barrier effect of the coating layer in the coated paper, which is essential here, is achieved in particular with the process for producing the coated paper shown in the examples. Consequently, according to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing a coated paper with a base paper and a coating layer, comprising the steps: a) producing a coating according to the third aspect by mixing the individual components; b) providing a base paper; c) applying the coating layer to the base paper, and d) curing the coating layer to form the barrier effect of the coating layer. According to one embodiment, the coating layer is applied to the base paper, preferably by means of a curtain or doctor blade process.The process according to the invention can be used to influence the properties of the coating layer. Furthermore, the curing temperature, curing time, and curing pressure influence homogeneity and barrier effect. According to one embodiment of the process, the curing temperature is in the range from 20 to 300°C. The curing temperature can be 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, 190°C, 200°C, 220°C, 240°C, 260°C, 280°C, or 300°C. According to one embodiment of the method, the curing temperature is in the range of 100 to 140°C. According to one embodiment of the method, the curing temperature is in the range of 110 to 130°C. According to one embodiment of the method, the curing time is in the range of 10 s to 15 min.The curing time can be, for example, 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 40 s, 50 s, 60 s, 70 s, 80 s, 90 s, 100 s, 110 s, 120 s, 150 s, 3 min, 4 min, 5 min, 6 min, 7 min, 8 min, 9 min, 10 min, 11 min, 12 min, 13 min, 14 min, 15 min. According to one embodiment of the method, the curing time is in the range of 1 to 3 min. According to one embodiment of the method, the curing pressure is in the range of 0.2 bar to 3 bar. According to one embodiment of the method, the curing pressure is in the range of 0.9 bar to 1.1 bar. According to a fifth aspect, the invention relates to packaging comprising the coated paper according to the first or second aspect. This can, for example, be packaging for use for food, as an insert for electronic components such as silica packets, for medical products such as rapid tests, or for washing and cleaning agents, particularly in powder or tablet form. Furthermore, it can be packaging for dried food, cold-sold food that requires further preparation, packaging containing food in portion sizes for more than one person, or packaging with food in portion sizes for one person where more than one unit is sold. Possible packaging options include, for example, stand-up pouch packaging, tubular bag packaging, or packaging paper. According to one embodiment, the packaging is tubular bag packaging.EXAMPLES Example 1 – Raw materials and production of coating colours and barrier papers Carrier material In all examples, the carrier material used was Clay Coated Kraft (CCK) paper, i.e. paper coated with clay (coating weight: 5 g / m. 2 ) made from hardwood and softwood pulp with a total basis weight of 63 g / m 2used. Preparation of the raw materials: All waxes and carboxylic acid derivatives were used as aqueous dispersions, which were stabilized by the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (approx. 10 wt.%; viscosity: 6-9 mPas; 4% aqueous solution; degree of hydrolysis: 86.7-88.7 mol%). The dry solids contents (DV) of the dispersion were adjusted by the addition of water as follows: candelilla wax (44%), carnauba wax (40%), stearic acid (25%), palmitic acid (25%), stearic acid amide (25%). Shellac (Swanlac® ASL 10, dewaxed and decolorized) was dissolved in ammoniacal water (DV = 25%). Methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were used as solids. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 was used without prior treatment. Production of the coating colors: The solids content of the coating colors ranges between 23% and 40%, depending on the system. No additional water was added after mixing the component dispersions.The coating colors were sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 80 µm and degassed using a Hauschild SpeedMixer for 4 minutes at 30 mbar and 800 rpm. Coating of the base papers: The coating color (3-5 mL for DIN A4 application) was applied to the CCK-coated side of the base papers (DIN A3) at room temperature using a film applicator with metering bars (Erichsen). The metering bar was selected to achieve the desired application weight of 10 g / m². The specified basis weight refers to the dried layer. After application, the papers were directly attached to a standard cardboard sheet with magnets (to prevent curling) and dried in a convection oven (Memmert; setting: 50% flap, 50% fan) at a temperature of 110 °C until the barrier film was fully formed.Example 2 - Barrier effect of comparative coating colors with one component First, coating colors made from the individual components carboxylic acid component (fatty acid and its derivatives), wax and natural resin (shellac) were tested for their water vapor barrier effect. For this purpose, coating colors with the following compositions were produced as described in Example 1: ^ Shellac dissolved in ethanol (25 wt.%) ^ Shellac dissolved in glacial acetic acid (25 wt.%) ^ Shellac dissolved in 5 wt.% ammonium bicarbonate solution (25 wt.%), ^ Candellila wax dispersion (26 wt.%) ^ Carnauba wax dispersion (26 wt.%) ^ Palmitic acid dispersion (25 wt.%) ^ Stearic acid dispersion (25 wt.%) ^ Stearic acid amide dispersion (25 wt.%) To produce coated papers, the coating colors were applied to the precoated base paper as described in Example 1. The application weight was 10 g / m² in each case. The drying time was approximately 1-1.5 minutes at a temperature of approximately 110 °C.The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90% RH) according to DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The results of this measurement are presented in Table 1. Table 1: WVTR of comparison barrier paper coating layers made from individual components. Barrier paper with a shellac coating alone, with WVTR values ​​of over 200 g / m²d, exhibits only a low water vapor barrier effect. The WVTR of barrier papers with layers of natural waxes and fatty acids / fatty acid derivatives, in contrast, is significantly lower. However, particularly with coatings containing fatty acids, inhomogeneous film formation occurs, resulting in fluctuations in the WVTR across the surface of the barrier paper. Example 3 – Characterization of Binary Coating Colors According to the Invention 3.1 Binary Coating Color Made of Shellac and Candelilla Wax 3.1.1. Application by Doctor Blade In this series of experiments, binary coating colors made of shellac and candelilla wax were tested for their water vapor barrier effect. For this purpose, coating colors with different proportions of shellac and candelilla wax as well as PVA (6-9 mPas (4% aqueous solution; degree of hydrolysis: 86.7-88.7 mol%) were prepared according to the description in Example 1.The compositions had a ratio of candelilla wax dispersion to shellac of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20 and 100:0. To produce coated papers, the coating colors were applied to the base paper as described in Example 1. The application weight was 10 g / m². In addition, the composition with a ratio of candelilla wax dispersion to shellac of 20:80 was applied at different application weights ranging from 5 to 30 g / m². In the examples, drying took place at a constant temperature between 90 - 120 °C for a defined time. The drying time was chosen to be as short as possible, i.e. until the film is fully formed (visually recognizable by a homogeneous gloss), without further tempering. Tempering is the uniform heating of a material below its melting temperature over an extended period of time (a few minutes to several hours).Prolonged drying results in impregnation, which negatively impacts the barrier effect of the coated papers. In this case, the drying time was approximately 1-1.5 minutes at a temperature of approximately 110 °C. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined using the cup method under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90% RH) according to DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The results are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The results are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The mixture of shellac and the wax dispersions improves the film formation and drying properties when the coating color is applied to the carrier paper. In addition, the binary coating layers at a coating weight of 10 g / m² exhibited an improved WVTR compared to the individual component layers.By varying the proportions of shellac and wax, a minimum WVTR was determined at a ratio of shellac to candelilla wax of 1:4 (20:80). Mixing the wax dispersion with shellac also reduces the amount of process-related PVA. The application weight also had a significant influence on the WVTR. This was achieved when the application weight was reduced to 5 g / m. 2the WVTR rose from about 40 g / m²d to over 80 g / m²d. By increasing the application weight, however, it was possible to achieve WVTR values ​​of almost 0 g / m²d. The minimum WVTR was at application weights of about 15 g / m². 3.1.2. Application by Curtain Coating By adding process additives known to those skilled in the art (e.g. thickeners and surfactants), a coating color according to the invention consisting of 80% candelilla wax dispersion and 20% shellac solution could be applied and dried using the curtain coating process at a coating system operating speed of at least 200 m / min. The papers obtained have a WVTR of 27.4 ± 2.0 g / m²d. 3.1.3. Storage stability The coated papers produced according to 3.1.2 with a coating layer consisting of candelilla wax dispersion and shellac were tested for storage stability.The papers were tested for their water vapor barrier properties after 10, 75, 100, 150, and 200 days of storage at 23°C and 50% relative humidity. The results are shown in Figure 3. 3.2 Binary coating color made from shellac and stearic acid In this series of tests, binary coating colors made from shellac and stearic acid were investigated for their water vapor barrier properties. For this purpose, coating colors with different proportions of shellac and stearic acid were prepared as described in Example 1. The exact compositions can be found in Table 2. To produce coated papers, the coating colors were applied to the base paper as described in Example 1. The application weight was 10 g / m². The drying time in each case was approximately 2-2.5 minutes at a temperature of approximately 90°C. The WVTR was determined under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90 % RH) according to DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96).The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2: WVTR of inventive binary barrier papers. During the production of binary coating layers made of shellac and stearic acid, improved film formation and drying properties were observed compared to the individual component layers. Furthermore, the binary coating layers, at a coating weight of 10 g / m², exhibited an improved WVTR compared to the individual component layers. It is assumed that the addition of shellac limits the crystallization of stearic acid on the surface, thereby improving the water vapor barrier and the homogeneity of the coatings. By varying the proportions of shellac and stearic acid dispersion, a minimum WVTR was determined at a ratio of shellac to stearic acid of approximately 1:3 (25:75). Furthermore, by mixing stearic acid with shellac, the proportion of process-related PVA can be reduced.3 Binary coating composition made from shellac and stearic acid amide. In this series of experiments, binary coating compositions made from shellac and stearic acid amide were investigated for their water vapor barrier properties. Coating compositions containing different proportions of shellac and stearic acid amide, as well as PVA (6-9 mPas in a 4% aqueous solution; degree of hydrolysis: 86.7-88.7 mol%), were prepared as described in Example 1. The compositions had a shellac to stearic acid amide dispersion ratio of 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, and 0:100. To produce coated papers, the coating compositions were applied to base paper as described in Example 1. The coating weight was 10 g / m². In addition, the composition was applied with a shellac to stearic acid amide dispersion ratio of 50:50 at different application weights ranging from 1 to 20 g / m².In the examples, drying was carried out at a constant temperature of 130 °C for a defined time. The drying time was chosen as short as possible, i.e., until the film is fully formed (visually recognizable by a homogeneous gloss), without further annealing. Longer drying results in impregnation, which negatively impacts the barrier effect of the coated papers. In this case, the drying time was approximately 2–3 minutes at a temperature of approximately 130 °C. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined using the cup method under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90% RH) according to DIN 53122 1 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The results are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3: WVTR of barrier papers according to the invention with binary coating of shellac and stearic acid amide dispersion in different ratios at a coating weight of 10 g / m². By mixing shellac with the stearic acid amide dispersion, the film formation and drying properties when the coating color is applied to the carrier paper are improved. Furthermore, the binary coating layers exhibited an improved WVTR at a coating weight of 10 g / m² compared to the individual component layers. For the WVTR, a minimum WVTR was determined at a ratio of 1:1 (50:50) by varying the proportions of shellac and stearic acid amide. By mixing the stearic acid amide dispersion with shellac, the proportion of process-related PVA can also be reduced. Table 4: WVTR of inventive barrier papers with a binary coating of 50% shellac and 50% stearic acid amide dispersion as a function of the coating weight. The application weight has a significant influence on the WVTR. When the application was reduced to below 7 g / m², the WVTR increased from approximately 55 g / m²d to over 90 g / m²d. When the application weight was increased, however, it was possible to achieve WVTR values ​​of below 40 g / m²d. Here, the application weight was approximately 20 g / m². Example 4 - Characterization of ternary coating colors according to the invention 4.1 Ternary system of candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and shellac In this series of tests, ternary coating colors made of candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and shellac were investigated for their water vapor barrier effect. For this purpose, coating colors with different proportions of candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and shellac, as well as PVA (6-9 mPas 4% aqueous solution; degree of hydrolysis: 86.7-88.7 mol%) were prepared as described in Example 1. The ratios of the components in the compositions can be found in Table 3.To produce coated papers, the coating colors were applied to the base paper as described in Example 1. The coating weight was 10 g / m². The drying time was approximately 1-2 minutes at a temperature of approximately 110 °C. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90% RH) according to DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The results are presented in Table 5. Table 5: WVTR of inventive ternary barrier papers. Barrier papers with ternary layers of shellac, candelilla wax, and carnauba wax also achieve very low WVTR values ​​of less than 20 g / m²d at a coating weight of 10 g / m². In addition, these ternary layers can achieve grease resistance according to the palm kernel fat test (EN ISO 53116). 4.2 Ternary system of candelilla wax, stearic acid, and shellac In this series of tests, ternary coating colors made of candelilla wax, stearic acid, and shellac were tested for their water vapor barrier effect. For this purpose, coating colors with different proportions of candelilla wax, stearic acid, and shellac were produced as described in Example 1. The ratios of the components in the compositions can be found in Tables 4 and 5. To produce coated papers, the coating colors were applied to the base paper as described in Example 1. The coating weight was constant at 10 g / m².The drying time was approximately 1-2 minutes at a temperature of approximately 120 °C. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90% RH) according to DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The results are presented in Tables 6 and 7. Table 6: WVTR of inventive ternary barrier papers with high shellac concentration. Table 7: WVTR of inventive ternary barrier papers with low shellac concentration Barrier papers with ternary layers of shellac, candelilla wax, and stearic acid also achieve very low WVTR values ​​of less than 20 g / m²d at a coating weight of 10 g / m². In addition, some layer compositions, particularly those with a high proportion of shellac and / or stearic acid, result in good coatability of the coating layer with water-based barriers, such as oxygen barriers or sealing media. Although shellac as a single component has a poor water vapor barrier with high WVTR values, WVTR values ​​of less than 20 g / m²d were achieved in the ternary system even with a proportion of 50% shellac. Example 5: Characterization of coating colors according to the invention with film formers 5.1 Variation of the film former composition In this series of experiments, the influence of film formers on the water vapor barrier effect of stearic acid coating colors was investigated.For this purpose, coating colours with the basic composition shown in Table 8 were prepared according to the description in Example 1: Table 8: Basic composition. The MC and HPMC used differ as follows: HPMC1: Viscosity (2% aq.) 3 mPas; DS = 1.9; MS = 0.23 HPMC2: Viscosity (2% aq.) 50 mPas; DS = 1.9; MS = 0.23 HPMC3: Viscosity (2% aq.) 50 mPas; DS = 1.8; MS = 0.13 MC1: Viscosity (2% aq.) 4 mPas; DS = 1.8 MC2: Viscosity (2% aq.) 25 mPas; DS = 1.8 MC3: Viscosity (2% aq.) 400 mPas; DS = 1.8 To produce coated papers, the coating colors were applied to the base paper as described in Example 1. The application weight was 10 g / m². The drying time was approximately 1-1.5 minutes at a temperature of approximately 110 °C. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined under tropical conditions (38 °C, 90% RH) according to DIN 531221 / DIN 53122 A (rel.: ISO 2528:1995, ASTM E 96). The results are presented in Table 9. It was shown that the WVTR of the barrier papers decreases with increasing viscosity of the MC and HPMC used. 5.2 Variation of the fatty acid component The experiment corresponds to that described in 5.1. Instead of stearic acid, palmitic acid or mixtures of the two fatty acids are used. Table 10: Coating compositions With regard to further advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention, reference is made to the general part of the description and the appended claims to avoid repetition. Finally, it should be expressly noted that the exemplary embodiments of the products according to the invention described above serve merely to explain the claimed teaching and do not limit it.

Claims

Claims 1. Coated paper comprising a base paper and at least one coating layer applied directly or indirectly to the base paper, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one natural resin selected from the group consisting of shellac, turpentine, balsam, gum lac, rosin, sandarac, mastic, conifer resin, dammar, gum arabic, and elemi; wherein the permeability of the coated paper for at least one component is reduced compared to the base paper. 2.Coated paper comprising a base paper and at least one coating layer applied directly or indirectly to the base paper, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least one natural wax and / or at least one carboxylic acid component and b) at least one cellulose derivative as a film former; wherein the permeability of the coated paper to at least one gas is reduced compared to the base paper.

3. Coated paper according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the coating layer additionally comprises a polymeric stabilizer.

4. Coated paper according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the permeability of the coated paper to at least one gas is lower than the permeability of a coated paper with the same base paper and each having a coating layer made of the natural wax or the saturated fatty acid and a coating layer made of the natural resin. 5.Coated paper according to any one of the preceding claims, having a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of not more than 50 g·m. -2 d -1 , preferably not more than 20 g m -2 d -1 measured at 38 °C and over 90 % humidity and at a coating weight of 10 ± 1 g·m -26. Coated paper according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the carboxylic acid component is selected from fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids or dicarboxylic acids or their esters, amides or salts.

7. Coated paper according to claim 6, wherein the fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having 12 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably fatty acids having 16 to 18 carbon atoms and 0 or 1 double bond, particularly preferably selected from palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, in particular the carboxylic acid component is stearic acid or its amide.

8. Coated paper according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the natural wax is selected from carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax, China wax and Japan wax.

9. Coated paper according to one of claims 2 to 8, wherein the polymeric stabilizer is a crosslinked or uncrosslinked stabilizer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, starch,carboxyl group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, a combination of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, silanol group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, diacetone-modified polyvinyl alcohol, modified polyethylene glycol, unmodified polyethylene glycol, α-isodecyl- cj-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), styrene-butadiene latex, styrene-acrylate polymers, acrylic copolymers, carboxyl group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, a combination of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, silanol group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, diacetone-modified polyvinyl alcohol, modified polyethylene glycol, unmodified polyethylene glycol, α-isodecyl- cj-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), styrene-butadiene latex, styrene-acrylate polymers, acrylic copolymers and mixtures thereof and mixtures thereof., 10. Coated paper according to one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the coating layer comprises a carboxylic acid component, a natural resin, and optionally a polymeric stabilizer, wherein: a) the proportion of the carboxylic acid component, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 25 to 75 wt.%, preferably in the range from 30 to 75 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 40 to 65 wt.%; b) the proportion of the natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 20 to 60 wt.%, preferably in the range from 25 to 55 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 30 to 50 wt.%; and / or b) the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is below 20 wt.%, preferably in the range from 1 to 15 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 10 wt.%.Coated paper according to one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the coating layer comprises a natural wax, a natural resin, and optionally a polymeric stabilizer, wherein: a) the proportion of natural wax, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 40 to 95 wt.%, preferably in the range from 60 to 90 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 50 to 85 wt.%, very particularly preferably in the range from 60 to 80 wt.%; b) the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 5 to 60 wt.%, preferably in the range from 10 to 40 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 20 to 40 wt.%; and / or b) the proportion of polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is below 20 wt.%, preferably in the range from 1 to 15 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 10 wt.%. 12.Coated paper according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the coating layer comprises at least one cellulose derivative as film former, selected from methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), methylethylcellulose (MEC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxymethylcellulose (HMC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethylmethylcellulose (HEMC), wherein the coating layer preferably comprises two cellulose derivatives as film formers, wherein the film formers are MC and CMC.

13. Coated paper according to claim 12, wherein the coating layer comprises a carboxylic acid component, two cellulose derivatives as film formers and at least one polymeric stabilizer, wherein: a) the proportion of carboxylic acid component based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range from 75 to 98 wt.%, preferably in the range from 80 to 95 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 85 to 92 wt.%, very particularly preferably in the range from 87 to 90 wt.%; b) the proportion of film formers based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range from 0.2 to 5.0 wt.%, preferably in the range from 0.3 to 2.0 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 to 1.0 wt.%; very particularly preferably in the range of and / or b) the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%, preferably in the range of 5 to 15 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range of 7 to 13 wt.%. 14.Coated paper according to one of claims 1 and 3 to 9, wherein the coating layer comprises a) at least two natural waxes or one natural wax and at least one saturated fatty acid and b) at least one natural resin.

15. Coated paper according to claim 14, wherein the coating layer comprises two natural waxes, a natural resin and optionally a polymeric stabilizer, wherein: a) the proportion of natural waxes, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 15 to 60 wt.%, preferably in the range from 25 to 55 wt.%, more preferably in the range from 35 to 55 wt.%, most preferably in the range from 40 to 50 wt.%; b) the proportion of natural resin, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 30 to 85 wt.%, preferably in the range from 40 to 70 wt.%, more preferably in the range from 45 to 60 wt.-%; and / or b) the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer based on the total mass of the coating layer is below 20 wt.%, preferably in the range from 1 to 15 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 10 wt.%.

16. Coated paper according to claim 15, comprising a natural wax, a carboxylic acid component, a natural resin and optionally a polymeric stabilizer, wherein: a) the proportion of the natural wax, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 2 to 70 wt.%, preferably in the range from 5 to 35 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 5 to 25 wt.%, very particularly preferably in the range from 7 to 20 wt.%; b) the proportion of the carboxylic acid component, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is in the range from 5 to 75 wt.%, preferably in the range from 15 to 70 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 25 to 65 wt.%, very particularly preferably in the range from 30 to 40 wt.%; and / or c) the proportion of natural resin based on the total mass of the coating layer is in the range from 5 to 65 wt.%, preferably in the range from 7 to 60 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 8 to 55 wt.-%; and / or d) the proportion of the polymeric stabilizer, based on the total mass of the coating layer, is below 20 wt.%, preferably in the range from 1 to 15 wt.%, particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 10 wt.%.

17. Coated paper according to one of the preceding claims, with a basis weight of the coating layer in the range from 2 to 30 g m. -2 , preferably in the range of 5 to 20 g·m -2 especially in the range of 8 to 15 g·m -218. Coated paper according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the coated paper has at least one of the following features: ^ the coated paper is biodegradable, in particular it has ready biodegradability according to OECD 301; ^ the coated paper is recyclable; and ^ the coated paper can be approved for direct or indirect food contact, in particular according to the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority.

19. Coating color for coating papers, comprising the components defined according to one of claims 1 to 16 and a solvent selected from water, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ethanol, wherein the solvent is preferably water.

20. A process for producing a coated paper with a base paper and a coating layer, comprising the steps: a) producing a coating layer according to claim 19 by melt dispersion, high pressure dispersion, or spray drying and subsequent mechanical dispersion of the components; b) providing a base paper; c) applying the coating layer to the base paper, preferably by means of a curtain or doctor blade process; and d) curing the coating layer to form the coating layer.

21. Packaging comprising the coated paper according to one of claims 1 to 18.

22. Packaging according to claim 21, for use for foodstuffs, as an insert for electronic components such as silica packets, for medical products such as rapid tests, for washing and cleaning agents, in particular in powder or tablet form.

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