Composition for increasing a cognitive skill

Abstract

The present invention relates to a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, the composition containing: lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidines; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides and bacosides; and d) preferably a masticatory substance.

Description

[0001]New PCT patent application based on EP 23184321.0 SFN Holding AG Vossius Ref.: AF3881 PCT BS Composition for enhancing cognitive ability The present invention relates to a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing mass. The description cites a variety of documents, including patent applications, patents and instruction manuals from various manufacturers. The disclosure content of each of these documents, although not considered relevant for the patentability of the present invention, is hereby incorporated into the disclosure content of the application.In particular, all documents referenced in these documents are incorporated into the disclosure of the application to the same extent as if each of these documents had been specifically incorporated into the disclosure of the present application by reference. The enhancement of cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") has received considerable attention in recent years. Studies show that the use of substances to (hopefully) enhance mental performance is widespread, particularly in performance-oriented professions and among students. However, study results on the effects of various herbal dietary supplements on mental performance are contradictory.These substances include: Ginkgo biloba, ginseng root (Panax ginseng), Rhodiola rosea, sunflower lecithin, grape seed flour with oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), Brahmi leaves (Bacopa monnieri), and omega-3 fatty acids. In most studies, these substances were administered orally and are therefore subject to digestion and a first-pass effect. In contrast, preparations exist for several other substances (e.g., nicotine, nitroglycerin) that are absorbed through the oral mucosa and thus have a faster effect and are not subject to a first-pass effect. Furthermore, only individual substances were generally tested, whereas, due to the different mechanisms of action of the individual substances, a synergistic effect of certain combinations of individual substances is possible. Thus, there is still a high demand for substances, and especially combinations of several individual substances, that can enhance cognitive abilities.This need is addressed by the present invention. The invention relates, inter alia, to the following embodiments: 1. Chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing base. 2. Composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the composition additionally contains a substance from the group of flavonoids. 3. Composition according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the composition contains 500 mg - 1500 mg of lecithin. 4. Composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the glycosides are derived from Rhodiola rosea. 5. Composition according to any one of embodiments 2 to 4, wherein the flavonoids are derived from Ginkgo biloba. 6. Composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the ginsenosides are derived from Panax ginseng. 7.Composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the bacosides originate from Bacopa monnieri. 8. Composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the oligomeric procyanidins originate from grape seed flour. 9. Composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the composition contains: a) 30 to 100 mg Rhodiola rosea powder; b) optionally 40 to 160 mg Ginkgo biloba powder; c) 50 to 200 mg Panax ginseng powder; d) 100 to 300 mg grape seed flour; and / or e) 50 to 200 mg Bacopa monnieri powder. 10. Composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the composition additionally comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). 11. Composition according to embodiment 10, wherein the PUFA originate from camelina oil. 12. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the composition additionally comprises xylitol. 13. The composition according to embodiment 12, wherein the composition comprises 1000 to 2000 mg of xylitol.14. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the composition additionally comprises a flavoring agent, wherein the flavoring agent is preferably peppermint oil. 15. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the composition comprises 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil. 16. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the composition additionally comprises a substance that improves the passage through the blood-brain barrier for at least one of the ingredients. 17. The composition according to embodiment 16, wherein the substance comprises nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles. 18. Use of the composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17 for enhancing at least one cognitive ability, preferably for enhancing concentration. 19.Use according to embodiment 18, wherein the cognitive ability is selected from the group consisting of: memory, reaction speed, simultaneous perception, and stress processing. 20. Use according to embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the composition is chewed for at least a period of time resulting in an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein. 21. Use according to embodiment 20, wherein the composition is chewed for at least 3 minutes. 22. Use according to any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the use comprises repeated application within 28 days. 23. Use according to embodiment 22, wherein the composition is applied daily. 24. Use according to embodiment 23, wherein the composition is applied at least 3 times daily. 25.A packaging system for a chewing gum-based composition, comprising: a) a package capable of containing one or more chewing gum-based compositions; b) at least one chewing gum-based composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17; and c) optionally instructions for using the chewing gum-based composition according to any one of embodiments 18 to 24. Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a composition comprising a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides, or at least one substance from the group consisting of glycosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least two substances from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides.According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one glucoside each, and d) at least one ginsenoside each. The ingredients of the composition provide for an increase in cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") in an individual to whom the composition is administered. Accordingly, the composition can be referred to as or used for "a composition for increasing a cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") in an individual." The formulation of the composition is not limited, and in principle, any formulation that leads to an increase in cognitive ability in an individual to whom the composition is administered is suitable. The composition is preferably a composition that can be administered orally or nasally.The composition is preferably provided as a dosage unit. Suitable formulations for oral administration include, among others, liquid, capsule, tablet (particularly lozenge or chewable tablet), snus, powder, jelly, dragée, wine gum or gummy bears, granules, compressed tablets or pastilles, chewing gum, chewing bags, and candy (particularly lozenges or chewable candy). The composition, which can be administered orally, is preferably not swallowed or swallowed later, but rather is intended to remain in the oral cavity, where the contents and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention are released and can then reach the bloodstream via the oral mucosa and the brain. Thus, rapid absorption of the contents and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention takes place, reaching the bloodstream and subsequently the brain without passing through the intestinal wall and liver.For this purpose, the composition can, for example, be placed under the tongue (sublingual) or in the cheek or lip pocket (buccal, between the cheek and gums) or - as will be explained further below - chewed. For buccal administration, for example, a strip can be placed laterally under the upper lip. For oral administration, it is possible for the composition to dissolve in the mouth and thus release the ingredients and active ingredients (e.g. candy or snus) or for the composition to release the ingredients and active ingredients from itself in dissolved form in the mouth and then the reservoir is spat out again (e.g. chewing gum or chewing bag), whereby the chewing gum can alternatively also be swallowed. For nasal administration, a formulation of the ingredients and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention as a spray or drops is particularly suitable.The composition is sprayed or dripped into the nose, and the active ingredients are then absorbed through the nasal mucosa (nasally), thus reaching the bloodstream and subsequently the brain without passing through the intestinal wall and liver. The active ingredients can be contained in a releasable form (e.g., homogeneously distributed throughout) and / or the active ingredients can form a filling or reservoir within the composition so that they can be released after ingestion by the individual. Lecithins (or, more precisely, chemically modified triglycerides) cause the conversion of choline to acetylcholine in the brain and nerves, the most important neurotransmitter in the transmission of stimuli. Lecithin is now an important component of many foods and is also used in medicine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.Many studies have demonstrated the potential positive influence on brain performance and the safe classification of this phosphatidylcholine. (6,7) Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, also called oligomeric procyanidins and abbreviated as OPC or PCO (oligomeric proanthocyanidins), are naturally occurring substances in plants that belong to the group of flavonoids and are classified as polyphenols. OPCs are mostly dimers or trimers of oligomeric catechins and exert an antioxidant protective effect against the effects of free radicals. OPCs are found in most plants and have therefore always been a component of the human diet. OPCs are found primarily in grape seeds (grape seed flour), the skin and leaves of red grapes, the red skins of peanuts, coconuts, apples, and the bark of the maritime pine (Pinus maritima). The skins and kernels, as well as the kernels, contain particularly high amounts of OPCs.Oligomeric proanthocyanidins are also found in high concentrations in red wine, but significantly less in white wine. The main effect of OPCs or their metabolites is their antioxidant activity. The most potent OPC antioxidant described to date is 18.4 times as potent as vitamin C and 50 times as potent as vitamin E. OPCs may act as catalysts that can enhance the beneficial effects of vitamins A, C, and E. They also cross the blood-brain barrier and may thus potentially protect brain tissue from oxidative stress. Glucosides are a group of organic substances in which an alcohol or phenol (R-OH) is bound to glucose via a glycosidic bond. They are therefore a subgroup of glycosides. Glucosides split off glucose upon hydrolysis. Examples of glucosides include amygdalin and sucrose. Some industrially important sugar surfactants – such as alkyl polyglycosides – are glucosides.Ginsenosides are the active ingredients in ginseng and belong to the group of substances known as saponins. Saponins are secondary plant substances whose name is derived from the Latin word "sapo" (soap). Ginsenosides are found primarily in the small tributary and hairy roots. Ginsenosides are said to have a variety of effects. For example, ginsenosides encourage brain cells to absorb more sugar and can thus help with better concentration and complex thinking. Bacosides are a group of different chemical substances that belong to the saponins or triterpene saponins. They are characterized, among other things, by the fact that they have more than 30 carbon atoms. They are divided into bacoside A and bacoside B, which, however, should not be understood as individual compounds, but rather as a mixture of substances. Bacoside A consists of the individual components bacoside A3, bacoside II, bacopasaponin C, and an isomeric compound of bacopasaponin C.Bacoside A has antioxidant and anxiolytic properties and improves memory performance. Bacosides are primarily found in Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), which is used in Ayurvedic medicine. The at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides is preferably at least two substances or all three substances. The at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides is preferably glucosides and ginsenosides. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises glycosides, which preferably originate from Rhodiola rosea; and / or ginsenosides, which preferably originate from Panax ginseng; and / or bacosides, which preferably originate from Bacopa monnieri; and / or oligomeric procyanidins, which preferably originate from grape seed flour.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises glycosides, preferably derived from Rhodiola rosea; and ginsenosides, preferably derived from Panax ginseng; and oligomeric procyanidins, preferably derived from grape seed flour. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises glycosides, preferably derived from Rhodiola rosea; and ginsenosides, preferably derived from Panax ginseng; and oligomeric procyanidins, preferably derived from grape seed flour, and lecithin. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises Rhodiola rosea powder; Panax ginseng; and grape seed flour. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises Rhodiola rosea powder; Panax ginseng; lecithin; and grape seed flour.The data in the examples below demonstrate that a composition containing the active ingredients of the composition of the first aspect (which, according to the examples, takes the form of a chewing gum-based composition) can significantly enhance cognitive abilities. In particular, the composition was able to achieve the following in the test subjects: increased intelligence = problem-solving capacity; enhanced verbal and visual memory; increased perceptual accuracy; increased simultaneous capacity = multitasking ability; faster reaction time; increased resilience; improved accuracy; lower error rate; enhanced working memory; and greater consistency of reaction time.The composition of the ingredients and active ingredients of the composition is surprisingly selected such that a considerable increase in cognitive abilities was achieved, which far exceeds the known effect of the individual ingredients and active ingredients and which was not to be expected. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition is a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the chewing gum-based composition additionally contains a chewing base. Accordingly, the present invention also relates in particular to a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing base. A chewable composition refers to any composition that can be chewed.Preferred examples are a chewable tablet, chewable dragee, chewable strip, wine gum or gummy bear, chewing gum, and chewable candy. The chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, is used according to the invention as an oral delivery system to administer the ingredients contained therein: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides. For this purpose, the aforementioned ingredients are preferably present in a chewing base. The chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, allows the release of the ingredient from the chewing base over time while the chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, is chewed or chewed.The effect of saliva on the chewable composition, preferably a gum-based composition, further facilitates the release of the ingredients, as well as their subsequent absorption through the mucous membranes lining the mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus. Chewable compositions, preferably gum-based compositions, are also used in the prior art to release desired ingredients. A well-known example is nicotine chewing gum. Accordingly, chewing bases are known from the prior art that are suitable for extracting the ingredients a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides and releasing them after oral administration. Natural or synthetic chewing bases generally consist of a number of different components. Elastomers provide elasticity and can be made from natural latexes or synthetic rubbers.Various plasticizers, fillers, and texturizers, oils, emulsifiers, and antioxidants are added to a synthetic polymer matrix. Rubber provides elasticity and can be made from natural latex or synthetic rubber. Resins can provide strong bonding, e.g., glycerol esters of rubber, terpene resins, or polyvinyl acetate. Waxes serve as plasticizers and include paraffin or microcrystalline wax. Fats act as plasticizers and are mainly derived from hydrogenated vegetable oils. Emulsifiers contribute to hydration; the most common are lecithin or glycerol monostearate. Bulking agents add texture and are most commonly used in the form of calcium carbonate or talc. Natural milk juices approved for use in gum base include those of the sapotes, dogbane, mulberry, and spurge plants. Sapotes include the muscari tree, from which chicle is obtained, and the balata tree.Chewing gum is also produced from its latex, called balata. Furthermore, the latex of dogbane plants, such as the jelutong of Dyera costulata or the leche caspi of Couma macrocarpa, is used. The latex of the mulberry family and the spurge family also serve as raw materials for chewing gum. These include chilte, the latex of Cnidoscolus elasticus, and the natural rubber of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). Since natural products are not available in sufficient quantities, synthetic chewing gums, such as synthetic thermoplastics, are also used. Specific examples are artificial polymers such as polyvinyl ethers (e.g., polyvinyl acetate) and polyisobutenes (e.g., butyl rubber). The chewing gum-based composition is preferably a chewing gum. The chewing gum-based composition is preferably a chewable dosage unit. The chewable dosage unit is preferably a chewing gum.In the chewing gum-based composition, the ingredients can be contained in the chewing gum itself in a releasable form and / or the chewing gum-based composition can be filled with the ingredients so that they can be released upon chewing. Fillings are particularly suitable for (additional) ingredients that cannot be incorporated into the chewing gum itself, or can only be incorporated with difficulty. As discussed above, the ingredients and active substances of the composition according to the invention surprisingly bring about a considerable improvement in cognitive abilities. This considerable improvement can be achieved according to the invention, in particular, by formulating it as a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition. This formulation guarantees rapid efficacy and avoids a first-pass effect (i.e., the conversion of a drug during its first passage through the liver).Furthermore, this formulation ensures that the ingredients and active substances of the inventive composition reach the brain quickly and effectively, so that the significant improvement in cognitive abilities can be achieved quickly and highly efficiently. Chewing the composition stimulates the angular vein to pump blood to the brain (see Imfeld (1999), Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 10(3):405-419; Rajesh et al. (2012), Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2(6):90-95; Jayaprakash et al. (2015), Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 8(October Spl Edition):91-97; and Iwanaga et al. (2022), PLoS One, 17(10): e027612). After the contents and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention have been released in the mouth and have reached the angular vein via the oral mucosa, they are pumped directly into the brain via the angular vein.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains a substance from the group of flavonoids. Flavonoids are a group of water-soluble plant pigments and play an important role in the metabolism of many plants. Along with phenolic acids, they belong to the polyphenols. According to the German Society for the Digestive Health (DGE), there are over 6,500 different flavonoids. Most flavonoids are bound to glucose or rhamnose—hence they are called glycosides. Only flavanols and proanthocyanidins are not bound to sugar molecules (=aglycones). Flavonoids are found in many plant foods, such as lemons, nopal (prickly pear cactus) (Opuntia), grapes, tea, and cocoa-containing chocolate (in this case: epicatechin). Some flavonoids have a vasoconstricting effect, others act against inflammation and histamine, or have antiviral and antispasmodic effects. Some flavonoids, such as quercetin, are good antioxidants.Numerous studies confirm a correlation between the intake of flavonoids and a reduced risk of various diseases, such as cancer or cardiovascular disease. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin. The 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin are more preferably 600 mg–1400 mg, 700 mg–1300 mg, 800 mg–1200 mg, or 900 mg–1100 mg, and about 1000 mg. The 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin are more preferably 500 mg to 1000 mg. The 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin are preferably 500 mg or 1000 mg. The 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin are preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains 10%-30% lecithin, preferably 15%-25% lecithin, more preferably approximately 20% lecithin. The lecithin is preferably sunflower lecithin. The chewing gum-based composition according to Example 2 below contains 1000 mg sunflower lecithin.The term "approximately" always means more preferably ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, and ±1%. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition contains the glycosides derived from Rhodiola rosea. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains the glycosides derived from Rhodiola rosea. The root drug Rhodiola rosea (roseroot) is primarily used to combat mental fatigue and is also a means of enhancing brain performance. In particular, it facilitates the transport of signaling substances in the brain. The possible inhibition of monoamine oxidase leads to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier for various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. To date, there are no entries regarding known interactions or serious side effects.(4,5) According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 30 mg to 100 mg, more preferably 30 mg to 80 mg, even more preferably 30 mg to 70 mg of Rhodiola rosea powder; preferably per dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 2% Rhodiola rosea powder. The 1% to 2% Rhodiola rosea powder preferably relates to one dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains the flavonoids derived from Ginkgo biloba. The Ginkgo biloba plant, originally native to China, has been used as a phytopharmaceutical for centuries. The effect and constituents of this highly potent plant have been very precisely researched today.Due to the broad spectrum of effects of its constituents, which primarily contain flavonoglycosides and terpene lactones, and thus lead to the reduction of oxidative stress and the elimination of free radicals, Ginkgo biloba is the most commonly used nootropic. The focus here is particularly on the cellular protective effect due to the supporting function of mitochondria, which are required for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Many pharmaceutical specialties, including the special extract EGb 761®, have been developed using special extraction processes to eliminate cytotoxic and mutagenic ingredients (ginkgolic acids). In summary, Ginkgo biloba is the most researched nootropic and is considered very safe. (1,2) According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains ginsenosides derived from Panax ginseng.Panax ginseng (ginseng root), which also has Asian origins, is frequently used in phytopharmaceutical formulations due to its broad spectrum of activity. The ginsenosides it contains, in particular, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, it is primarily used to treat the onset of fatigue and weakness, or to treat a decline in brain performance and concentration. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the potential of ginseng. Ginseng root is also considered safe. (3) According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 50 mg to 200 mg, more preferably 50 mg to 100 mg, of Panax ginseng; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 3% Panax ginseng. The 1% to 3% Panax ginseng preferably refers to a dosage unit.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains bacosides derived from Bacopa monnieri. The tropical plant Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi leaves) has been used as a concentrating agent in Indian natural medicine for over 3,000 years. Due to its potent cerebral effects, this plant is becoming increasingly attractive on the pharmaceutical market. Its mode of action has been researched in numerous studies, but many more clinical trials are needed to make therapeutic and medical statements. In summary, the leaves of the Brahmi plant have enormous potential, and numerous applications are under development. (9) According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains oligomeric procyanidins derived from grape seed flour.According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 100 to 300 mg, more preferably 100 mg to 250 mg of grape seed flour; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 10%, preferably 4% to 6%, more preferably 5% grape seed flour. The % grape seed flour preferably relates to a dosage unit. The grape seed flour obtained from grapes is often used as an antioxidant due to the high content of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC). They also act as radical scavengers to prevent the formation of free radicals and subsequently oxidative stress. (8) According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains: a) 30 to 100 mg Rhodiola rosea powder; b) optionally 40 to 160 mg Ginkgo biloba powder; c) 50 to 200 mg Panax ginseng powder; d) 100 to 300 mg grape seed flour; and / or e) 50 to 200 mg Bacopa monnieri powder.The 30 to 100 mg of Rhodiola rosea powder are more preferably 40 to 90 mg, 50 to 80 mg, 60 to 70 mg, and about 66.6 mg. The 40 to 160 mg of Ginkgo biloba powder are more preferably 50 to 150 mg, 60 to 140 mg, 70 to 150 mg, and about 80 mg. The term "optionally" in connection with the Ginkgo biloba powder specifies that the Ginkgo biloba powder is an optional ingredient; see also the table in Examples 2 and 6. The 50 to 200 mg of Panax ginseng powder are more preferably 60 to 190 mg, 70 to 150 mg, 80 to 130 mg, 90 to 110 mg, and about 100 mg. The 100 to 300 mg of grape seed flour are more preferably 150 to 290 mg, 230 to 290 mg, 250 to 270 mg, and about 233.3 mg. The 50 to 200 mg of Bacopa monnieri powder are more preferably 60 to 190 mg, 70 to 150 mg, 80 to 130 mg, 90 to 110 mg, and about 100 mg. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition contains per dosage unit: Ingredients [mg]. [%]Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot) 30-100 1-2 Panax ginseng 50-200 preferably 1-3, preferably 2- 50-100 2.5 Grape seed flour 100-300 1-10, preferably 5 Sunflower lecithin 500-1500 preferably 500- 10-30, preferably 20 1000 Atherolum menthae piperita 0-40 1-2 (peppermint oil) Xylitol 0-600, preferably 0-3 00 0-15Vitamin B6 0-0.5 0-0.01 Vitamin B12 0-0.0013 0-<0.01 Gum mass 0-3000, preferably 0-80, preferably 30- 500-3000 80, more preferably 50-70 The chewing gum-based composition according to Examples 2 and 6 below contains the most preferred of the above amounts. The above-mentioned plant powders as well as grape seed flour are commercially available, for example as food supplements. The manufacturers from whom the plant powders and grape seed flour were used for Examples 2 and 6 can be found in the table in Examples 2 and 6. Furthermore, powders can also be produced independently from plant material. For this purpose, plant parts (leaves, stems, flowers, roots, etc.) or whole plants are dried, for example in the air, in a drying cabinet or with a supply of warm air. The dried plant parts or plants can then be ground into a powder, for example in a mill or mortar.Optionally, the dried plant material and / or powder can be extracted with a solvent such as water, ethanol, or chloroform and then dried again to a powder. For example, ginseng powder can be produced as follows: (1) drying the ginseng root, (2) grinding the dried ginseng root, (2) extracting the active ingredients with ethanol concentration by evaporating the extractant, (3) if necessary, sterilization, (4) if necessary, homogenization with excipients, (5) drying process, (6) grinding the resulting powder (if necessary first coarsely, then finely). Grape seed flour (also grape seed powder) is a dark brown flour obtained from the seeds (kernels) of grapes. To produce grape seed flour, the grape seeds are extracted from the press residue, the pomace, after the pressing process for winemaking. A "de-stemming machine" (rotary sieve) separates the seeds from the berry skin.The loose seeds are then dried using warm air and cleaned with an air sifter or grain winch to leave only the pure seeds. The seeds are then dried again. The dried seeds are then cold-pressed to extract grape seed oil. After pressing, the press cake remains, which is crushed using a conveyor screw, processed into granules by a roller mill, and finally finely ground into grape seed flour in a grain mill or cyclone mill. The heat generated is 40 to 50°C, although this temperature is only reached for a few seconds. This gentle production process preserves the nutritionally valuable ingredients of the grape seed flour. Extraction with solvents such as water, ethanol, or chloroform can also produce plant or grape seed extract from the plant material or grape seeds.Such extracts are also commercially available, for example as dietary supplements. The extracts can be used as an alternative to or in addition to the powders / flour. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In contrast to saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the carbon chain. Those with only one double bond are referred to as monounsaturated. If the fatty acid has two or more double bonds, it is called a polyunsaturated fatty acid. The best known and preferred representatives of polyunsaturated fats are omega-3 fatty acids and / or omega-6 fatty acids. They differ in the position in the chemical structure of the last double bonds between carbon atoms.Omega-3 fatty acids have this double bond in the third-to-last position, while omega-6 fatty acids have it in the sixth-to-last position. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains the PUFAs that come from camelina oil. Compared to various other native oils, camelina oil has a particularly high proportion of monounsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (28-42%) and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (60.5%). Due to these ingredients, camelina oil is ideally suited to supplying the brain with sufficient fatty acids that can achieve optimal brain performance. Furthermore, results have been obtained for positive cardiovascular protective effects. This oil is considered one of the healthiest oils. (10,11) The camelina oil is preferably used in an amount of 50 to 500 mg, preferably 100 to 250 and most preferably about 166.6 mg.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises xylitol. Xylitol ((2R,3r,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol) is a sweetener also known as xylitol or pentanepentol. The substance occurs naturally in many fruits, berries, and vegetables. Since xylitol was originally obtained from birch bark, it is also called birch sugar. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 1000 to 2000 mg of xylitol. The 1000 to 2000 mg of xylitol are more often than not 1200 to 1900 mg, 1300 to 1800 mg, 1500 to 1700 mg, and about 1600 mg. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 100 to 2000 mg, preferably 100 to 1000 mg, more preferably 100 to 600 mg, more preferably 200 mg to 400 mg, even more preferably about 300 mg of xylitol; preferably based on a dosage unit.According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 20%, preferably 5% to 15% xylitol. The % xylitol preferably relates to one dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), preferably wherein the PUFA originate from camelina oil; and / or wherein the composition additionally comprises xylitol. The chewing gum-based composition according to examples 2 and 6 below contains the most preferred of the above amounts. As an alternative to xylitol, stevia can also be used, e.g. in the form of stevia powder. Stevia is or preferably comprises one or more rebaudiosides and most preferably rebaudioside-A. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises a flavoring, wherein the flavoring is preferably peppermint oil.Chewing gum-based compositions such as chewing gum are available in a wide variety of flavors on the market, such as peppermint, various fruit flavors, cinnamon, or cola. Peppermint has the largest market share and is therefore also the preferred flavor of the composition according to the invention. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil. The 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil is more preferably 60 to 100 mg, 70 to 90 mg, and about 80 mg. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 20 to 120 mg of peppermint oil. The 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil is even more preferably 30 to 100 mg, even more preferably 40 to 80 mg; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 2% peppermint oil. The % peppermint oil preferably refers to a dosage unit.According to another preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains at least one vitamin, preferably from the group of B vitamins, more preferably vitamin B6 and / or vitamin B12, even more preferably vitamins B6 and B12. The vitamins are preferably dosed according to the guidelines of the German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung eV) and are at or below the maximum doses specified therein. Preferably, 0.25 mg to 0.5 mg of vitamin B6 and / or 0.65 µg to 1.3 µg of vitamin B12 are contained in one dosage unit. Preferably, the dosage unit containing 0.25 mg of vitamin B6 and / or 0.65 µg of vitamin B12 is administered up to 6 times daily. Preferably, the dosage unit containing 0.5 mg of vitamin B6 and / or 1.3 µg of vitamin B12 is administered up to 3 times daily. The chewing gum-based composition according to examples 2 and 6 below contains the most preferred of the above amounts.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises a substance that improves the passage through the blood-brain barrier for at least one of the ingredients. In order for the at least one ingredient to pass from the blood to the brain, it must pass across the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier, also known as the blood-brain barrier, or blood-brain barrier, is the selective physiological barrier between the fluid spaces of the bloodstream and the central nervous system. Numerous approaches to overcoming the blood-brain barrier are known (see, for example, Pharmazeutische Zeitung, "Blut-Hirn-Schränke Wie Arzneistoffe die Barriere erreichen", issue 28 / 2018). According to a further preferred embodiment, the substance comprises nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles. One pharmaceutical approach to overcome the blood-brain barrier is the use of nanotechnological formulations, such as nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles.In numerous preclinical studies, nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles have been shown to be suitable for transporting drugs and other substances across the blood-brain barrier. The nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles act as carrier systems for the substances. Nanoliposomes are submicron bilayer lipid vesicles for the encapsulation and delivery of at least one bioactive agent (Motafari, Methods Mol Biol. 2010;605:29-50). Lipopeptide micelles are lipopeptides in micelle form and are also suitable for the encapsulation and delivery of at least one bioactive agent. According to the invention, the at least one bioactive agent is at least one substance from a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides.In a second aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the composition of the first aspect of the invention for enhancing at least one cognitive ability, preferably for enhancing concentration. According to the second aspect, the composition is preferably administered orally to an individual, who is preferably a human, and chewed. Cognition is mental perception. Human cognitive abilities describe their ability to perceive and process signals from the environment. The word 'cognitive' is derived from the Latin 'cognoscere,' which translates as 'to recognize.' Cognition occurs always and everywhere. It is what makes the environment a part of human life and is, in a sense, the interface between the environment and the brain. In the current state of research, cognitive abilities are increasingly being differentiated from intellectual abilities.For example, cognitive abilities include the ability to learn and the ability to think abstractly. Cognitive abilities include, among others, and preferably, attention, memory, learning, creativity, planning, orientation, imagination, and / or willpower. The enhancement of at least one cognitive ability can be determined by numerous measurable parameters. Preferred measurable parameters from which to choose are intelligence, verbal and / or visual memory; perceptual accuracy; simultaneous capacity = multitasking ability; reaction time; resilience; accuracy; error rate; working memory; and reaction time. Based on all of these measurable parameters, the exemplary embodiments demonstrate an enhancement of at least one cognitive ability through the composition according to the invention. It should be understood that the above use is general and also preferably a non-medical use.The use is therefore preferably in individuals (particularly humans) who do not have pathologically impaired cognitive abilities. Here, the composition is used to enhance at least one (normally developed) cognitive ability, preferably to increase concentration. According to a preferred embodiment, the cognitive ability is selected from the group consisting of: memory, reaction speed, simultaneous perception, and stress management. These cognitive abilities in particular play a role in school, studies, work, and sports and are therefore cognitive abilities that can enhance an individual's performance. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition is chewed for at least a period of time that leads to an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein.Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a measure of the blood supply to the brain over a specific period of time. The angular vein is a blood vessel in the head. It is a branch of the facial vein. The angular vein runs in the nasal corner of the eyelid, lateral to the artery of the same name, and can be seen through the skin in thin-skinned people. The angular vein forms an anastomosis with the superior ophthalmic vein, which drains, among other things, into the cavernous sinus. Thus, the angular vein forms a direct connection between the facial veins and the brain. Scientific studies using memory and concentration tests have shown that chewing gum promotes blood flow to the brain and thus brain performance. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition is chewed for at least 3 minutes.The at least 3 minutes are preferably at least 5 minutes, more preferably at least 7 minutes, and most preferably about 10 minutes. These times ensure, on the one hand, an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein and, on the other hand, are sufficient for the ingredients from the composition of the first aspect of the invention to be released and absorbed into the blood through the mucous membrane. According to a preferred embodiment, the use comprises the repeated application of the composition of the first aspect of the invention within 28 days. The 28 days correspond to the application period of the embodiments. Also described herein is an application of the composition of the first aspect of the invention comprising 7 days, 14 days, or 21 days. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition is applied daily.According to an even more preferred embodiment, the composition is applied at least 3 times daily, preferably several times daily. According to an even more preferred embodiment, the composition is applied 3 to 6 times daily. Daily application, and in particular at least 3 times daily, ensures that the ingredients of the composition of the first aspect of the invention can continuously enhance cognitive abilities during the treatment period, so that a significant improvement in cognitive abilities occurs by the end of the treatment period at the latest.In a third aspect, the present invention relates to a packaging system for a chewing gum-based composition, comprising: a) a package capable of containing one or more compositions of the first aspect of the invention; b) at least one composition of the first aspect of the invention; and c) optionally instructions for using the composition of the first aspect of the invention. Packages capable of containing one or more compositions of the first aspect of the invention are already known and include, for example, boxes made of plastic or paper, blisters, or outer packaging made of film and / or paper. For this purpose, the composition of the first aspect of the invention can be in the form of chewing gum strips, chewing gum tabs, or even chewing gum dragees. The instructions for using the composition of the first aspect preferably state the dosage (e.g.daily or 3x daily or 6x daily), the application period (e.g. 28 days) and / or the chewing time (e.g. 3 or 10 min). Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including the definitions, shall prevail. It is to be understood that the definitions and embodiments of the invention described above in connection with the first aspect of the present invention also apply, where possible, to the second, third, fourth and each further aspect of the present invention.With regard to the embodiments described in this description, in particular in the claims, it is intended that any embodiment mentioned in a dependent claim can be combined with any embodiment of any (independent or dependent) claim on which that dependent claim depends. For example, in the case of an independent claim 1 specifying 3 alternatives A, B and C, a dependent claim 2 specifying 3 alternatives D, E and F, and a claim 3 dependent on claims 1 and 2 specifying 3 alternatives G, H and I, it is to be understood that the description clearly discloses embodiments corresponding to the combinations A, D, G; A, D, H; A, D, I; A, E, G; A, E, H; A, E, I; A, F, G; A, F, H; A, F, I; B, D, G; B, D, H; B, D, I; B, E, G; B, E, H; B, E, I; B, F, G; B, F, H; B, F, I; C, D, G; C, D, H; C, D, I; C, E, G; C, E, H; C, E, I; C, F, G; C, F, H; C, F, I, unless expressly stated otherwise.This also applies to the combination of different alternatives recited in different subclaims. Similarly, and also in cases where no alternatives are recited in independent and / or dependent claims, any combination of subject-matter covered by those claims is deemed to be expressly disclosed if dependent claims refer to a plurality of preceding claims. For example, in the case of an independent claim 1, a dependent claim 2 referring back to claim 1, and a dependent claim 3 referring back to both claim 2 and claim 1, the combination of the subject-matter of claims 3 and 1 is just as clearly and unambiguously disclosed as the combination of the subject-matter of claims 3, 2, and 1.If there is a further dependent claim 4 relating to any of claims 1 to 3, it follows that the combination of the subject-matter of claims 4 and 1, claims 4, 2 and 1, claims 4, 3 and 1, and claims 4, 3, 2 and 1 is clearly and unambiguously disclosed. The invention is described herein by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings and for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention.The figures show: Figure 1: Basic perceptual accuracy T1-T2 in Study 1 Figure 2: Simultaneous perceptual accuracy T1-T2 in Study 1 Figure 3: Block span (working memory) T1-T2 in Study 1 Figure 4: Percentile ranks for verbal memory T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 5: Percentile ranks for simultaneous capacity T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 6: Percentile ranks for multiple demands T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 7: Percentile ranks for short-term memory correct retrieval T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 8: Percentile ranks for simultaneous capacity perceptual accuracy T1-T2 in Study 2 The examples explain the invention. Example 1 - Study design Studies 1 and 2 With 60 (Study 1) and 60 (Study 2).The cognitive performance of 120 healthy volunteers (Study 2) was assessed on day 1 with regard to verbal and nonverbal memory, reaction speed, numerical span, and multitasking ability using validated tests of the Vienna Test System. Subsequently, half of the volunteers received a piece of chewing gum according to Example 2 (verum) daily for 28 days, which they were to chew for 10 minutes. The other half received a piece of chewing gum without the aforementioned substances (a placebo consisting of corn starch, xylitol, and spices). The volunteers and the investigator were blinded to the distribution. 5 On day 28, the cognitive performance test was repeated, and changes between days 1 and 28 were compared between the two groups (verum vs. placebo). In addition, stress management was examined by measuring heart rate variability (ECG for 6 minutes each).0 The test subjects (between 18 and 50 years of age) were informed in writing about the type of measures taken. Any subjective side effects were documented. The test subjects can stop taking the medication at any time. For fundamental reasons, only test subjects who are not taking any medication will be included. Women of childbearing age underwent a pregnancy test and in the case of a positive result, they were not included in the study. Example 2 - Composition of the study chewing gum (verum) Preparation Ingredients Dosage per Substance / drug Available freely on the market Manufacturer Category Chewing gum available Rhodiola rosea Glycosides 66.6 mg Yes, health food stores, BULK POWDERS NEM * Powdered, (Rhodium) (Salidroside, pharmacies 100% Rhodiola rosea, Rosavin, and much more.) 3% Salidroside content Ginkgo Biloba ** Flavonoids, 80 mg Yes, health food stores, Terra Elements, NEM * Powdered Ginkgolic acids, pharmacies Indigo-Herbs leaf powder, ginkgolides <42°C dried and gently ground, 100% Ginkgo Biloba powder, organic quality Panax ginseng ginsenosides 100 mg Yes, health food stores, ALSIGINSENG NEM * Powdered, pharmacies 100% Ginseng, organic quality Grape seed flour oligomers 233.3 mg Yes, food - Food Powdered Procyanidins retail, e.g. (polyphenols) drugstore Camelina oil ** PUFA's 166.6 mg Yes, food - Oil Mill Raab Food Liquid, retail, e.g. organic quality HOFER (sunflower) Lecithins 1000 mg Yes, food - IVOVITAL Food / Pilverized, lecithin (phosphatidyl retail, e.g. animal feed, 100% choline, and much more.) Drugstore Pet food Sunflower lecithin Brahmi Bacoside 100 mg Yes, health food stores, Terra Elements NEM * Powdered, pharmacy dried and ground at low temperatures, 100% Brahmi powder, organic quality Chicle 60% resin, 2800 mg Yes, as imported AB Natural Base SA Food Powder or solid polyterpenes CV Mass (block), heating the latex juice and cooling with cold air Atherolum - 1-2 drops≙ Yes, health food stores, MANSKE Food and Pharmacies Obtained by steam distillation, liquid, organic quality (peppermint oil) Menthae piperita approx. 80 mg Xylitol - 1600 mg Yes, food retailer, e.g. “Happy Harvest” HOFER Own brand food Powdered * NEM = Food supplement ** Optional ingredient 5 Example 3 – Results of Study 1 Table 1: Improvement of the measured parameters on day 28 (T2) compared to day 1 (T1). 10 Figures 1 to 3 also show an increase in basal perceptual accuracy, simultaneous perceptual accuracy, and block span (working memory) T1-T2 for the study chewing gum (verum). Example 4 – Results of Study 2 15 Table 2: Improvement in the percentile ranks of the measured parameters on day 28 (T2) compared to day 1 (T1). Figures 5 to 8 also show an improvement in the percentile ranks for verbal memory, simultaneous capacity, and multiple demands T1-T2 for the study chewing gum (verum). Example 5 – Discussion In Studies 1 and 2, it was shown that the study chewing gum (verum) improved the cognitive abilities of the test subjects after consumption over 28 days. In particular, the following improvements in cognitive abilities were achieved: Example 6 – Other compositions and dosages of the chewing gum Ingredients Dosage per chewing gum Example 6.1 Example 6.1 Example 6.2 Example 6.2 [%] [%] Rhodiola rosea (roseroot) 33.3 mg 1.4 66.6 mg 1.5 Panax ginseng 50 mg 2.0 100 mg 2.2 Grape seed flour 116.6 mg 4.8 233.3 mg 5.1 Sunflower lecithin 500 mg 20.5 1000 mg 21.8 Atherolum menthae piperita 40 mg (1 1.6 80 mg (1-2 drops) 1.7 (peppermint oil) (optional ingredient) Xylitol (optional ingredient) 300 mg 12.3 300 mg 6.5 Vitamin B6 0.25 mg 0.01 0.5 mg 0.01 Vitamin B12 0.65 µg <0.01 1.3 µg <0.01 Gum mass approx. 1400 mg approx. 57.4 approx. 2800 mg approx. 61.1 Total mass approx. 2.4 g approx. 4.3 g Preferred number of chewing gums to be taken per day: 6 6 3 3 References 1. Søholm B. Clinical improvement of memory and other cognitive functions by Ginkgo biloba: review of relevant literature. Adv Ther. 1998 Jan-Feb; 15 (1): 54-65. 2. Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK. Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 Nov; 27 (6): 527-33. 3. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. Ginseng: potential for the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood.Pharmacol Biochem Behav.2003 Jun;75(3):687-700. 4. Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev.2014 Dec;72(12):790-802. 5. Walker TB, Robergs RA. Does Rhodiola rosea possess ergogenic properties? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.2006 Jun;16(3):305-15. 6. Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001015. 7. Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Choline-containing phospholipids: relevance to brain functional pathways. Clin Chem Lab Med.2013 Mar 1;51(3):513-21. 8. Carlson S, Peng N, Prasain JK, Wyss JM..Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. Gend Med.2008;5 Suppl A:S76-90. 9. Kongkeaw C, Dilokthornsakul P, Thanarangsarit P, Limpeanchob N, Norman Scholfield C. Meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. J Ethnopharmacol.2014;151(1):528-35. 10. Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Yao JK, Conklin SM, Manuck SB. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and optimization of cognitive performance. Mil Med.2014 Nov;179(11 Suppl):95-105. 11. Luchtman DW, Song C. Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from childhood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology.2013 Jan;64:550-65. 12. Lalouschek, W. 2015. Burnout: Basics, somatic and vegetative diagnostics, monitoring. Austrian Journal of Medical Reporting, 1, 3-11.

Claims

New PCT patent application based on EP 23184321.0 SFN Holding AG Vossius Ref.: AF3881 PCT BS Claims 1. Chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing mass.

2. Composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition additionally contains a substance from the group of flavonoids.

3. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition contains 500 mg - 1500 mg lecithin, wherein the composition preferably contains 500 mg - 1000 mg lecithin.

4. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the glucosides originate from Rhodiola rosea.

5. The composition according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the flavonoids are derived from Ginkgo biloba.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the ginsenosides are derived from Panax ginseng. 7.A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the bacosides are derived from Bacopa monnieri.

8. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the oligomeric procyanidins are derived from grape seed flour.

9. Composition according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the composition contains: a) 30 to 100 mg Rhodiola rosea powder; b) optionally 40 to 160 mg Ginkgo biloba powder; c) 50 to 200 mg Panax ginseng powder; d) 100 to 300 mg grape seed flour; and / or e) optionally 50 to 200 mg Bacopa monnieri powder.

10. Composition according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composition additionally comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), preferably wherein the PUFA originate from camelina oil.

11. Composition according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the composition additionally comprises xylitol.

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the composition comprises 100 to 2000 mg of xylitol, preferably 100 to 1000 mg of xylitol, more preferably 100 to 500 mg of xylitol.

13. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the composition additionally comprises a flavoring agent, wherein the flavoring agent is preferably peppermint oil. 14.The composition of claim 13, wherein the composition comprises 40 mg to 120 mg of peppermint oil, preferably 40 mg to 100 mg of peppermint oil, more preferably 40 mg to 80 mg of peppermint oil.

15. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the composition additionally comprises a substance that enhances passage through the blood-brain barrier for at least one of the ingredients.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the substance comprises nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles.

17. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the composition is formulated as a dosage unit.

18. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 to 17 for enhancing at least one cognitive ability, preferably for enhancing concentration.

19. The use of claim 18, wherein the cognitive ability is selected from the group consisting of: memory, reaction speed, simultaneous perception, and stress processing.

20. The use of claim 18 or 19, wherein the composition is chewed for at least a period of time resulting in an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein.

21. The use of claim 20, wherein the composition is chewed for at least 3 minutes.

22. The use of any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the use comprises repeated application within 28 days. 23.Use according to any one of claims 18 to 22, wherein the composition is applied daily, preferably wherein the composition is applied at least 3 times daily, more preferably the composition is applied 3-6 times daily.

24. A packaging system for a chewing gum-based composition, comprising: a) a package capable of containing one or more chewing gum-based compositions; b) at least one chewing gum-based composition according to any one of claims 1 to 17; and c) optionally, instructions for use of the chewing gum-based composition according to any one of claims 18 to 23.

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