Door locking device comprising a notched shaft

Abstract

The invention relates to a door locking device (1) for holding a door closed, the device comprising a shaft (3) that has a first end (4) that is intended to rest on the ground and a lever system (6) that is movable in translation with respect to the shaft, the lever system comprising a tongue (7) that is intended to be positioned under the door and a handle (8) provided with a trigger (9) connected to an actuating device (10) for moving the lever system relative to the shaft, the lever system comprising locking means (11) for locking it with respect to the shaft and holding the door closed. According to the invention, the shaft (3) comprises multiple notches (2) forming a detent (16), in the locking position, the movement element (12) being intended to bear against one of the notches (2).

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a door locking device intended to keep a door closed.

[0002] When an individual attempts to force a door lock or break it down using a significant push (or force), the door usually eventually gives way and opens.

[0003] The locking device allows you to secure a door, whether or not it has a lock, to prevent any type of intrusion. The locking device provides additional protection by holding the door firmly in place, preventing it from being subjected to any pressure. The locking device creates leverage between the door and the floor to keep it stationary.

[0004] The locking device is particularly useful during an attack in a school, for example, where not all doors have locks, or the locks are weak. Once the children are gathered in a classroom, the locking device must allow the door to be secured quickly.

[0005] There are locking devices such as the one described in document FR3118983, comprising a shaft with one end designed to rest on the ground and a lever system that moves in translation relative to the shaft. The lever system includes a tab designed to be positioned under the door and a handle with a trigger connected to an actuating device to move the lever system relative to the shaft.

[0006] The actuation device includes a displacement element held on the axis by a spring and which is pivotable about the axis between a rest position in which the displacement element is substantially perpendicular to the axis so as to allow free translation of the lever system about the axis and a locking position in which the displacement element is inclined not perpendicular to the axis to move the lever system about the axis.

[0007] The locking position is achieved by actuating the trigger, which causes the trigger to interact with the moving element, tilting it at an angle to the axis and locking it in place. Prolonged trigger activation causes the lever system to translate relative to the axis, thus locking the door.

[0008] The lever system also includes locking means to lock it relative to the axis and keep the door closed.

[0009] However, locking the doors with these prior art locking devices is not always effective because the moving element sometimes slips along the axis instead of being locked onto it. This problem occurs particularly when a greasy substance, such as oil, is present on the axis. This slippage results in a loss of time.

[0010] The aim of the invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art by proposing a locking device comprising a moving element which does not slip along the axis, even in the presence of oil, thus allowing doors to be locked more effectively and more quickly than those of the prior art.

[0011] To this end, the invention relates, in its broadest sense, to a door locking device intended to keep a door closed, comprising an axis having a first end intended to rest on the ground and a lever system movable in translation relative to the axis.

[0012] The lever system includes a tab intended to be positioned under the door and a handle equipped with a trigger connected to an actuating device to move the lever system relative to the axis towards a direction of door locking.

[0013] The actuation device includes a displacement element held on the axis by return means. The displacement element is pivotable about the axis between a rest position in which it is substantially perpendicular to the axis so as to allow free translation of the lever system about the axis and a locking position in which the displacement element is inclined not perpendicular to the axis to move the lever system about the axis.

[0014] The locking position is achieved by actuating the trigger, which causes one end of the trigger to pivot towards the moving element and applies pressure to an edge of the moving element, tilting it at an angle to the axis and locking it in place. Prolonged trigger actuation translates the lever system relative to the axis towards the direction in which the door is locked, by pushing the first end of the trigger against the moving element.

[0015] The lever system includes locking means to lock it relative to the axis and keep the door closed.

[0016] According to the invention, the shaft comprises several notches forming a serration. In the locked position, the moving element is intended to bear against one of the notches to prevent the moving element from retracting in a direction opposite to the locking direction.

[0017] The invention thus provides a locking device comprising a toothed shaft that is more effective than those of the prior art. The moving element does not slip along the shaft during the locking of a door, even in the presence of oil, and does so more quickly.

[0018] The notches effectively provide a non-smooth blocking surface on which the moving element is more effectively blocked.

[0019] According to one variant, the notching is oriented in the opposite direction to the handle.

[0020] According to another variant, the notching is oriented towards the handle.

[0021] According to another variant, the notching extends over 20% to 60% of the shaft length.

[0022] According to another variant, the notching includes a central area positioned between half and three-quarters of the length of the shaft, from the first end of the shaft.

[0023] This arrangement optimizes the position of the notches in the most useful area to minimize manufacturing costs. The notches on the lower part of the shaft are not used.

[0024] In another variant, the shaft has a second end opposite the first end. The serrations are closer to the second end than to the first end of the shaft.

[0025] According to another variant, each notch has a depth of between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.

[0026] According to another variant, each notch has a width between 1 mm and 3 mm.

[0027] The notches are advantageously small so that they are not felt when the door is locked. The notches must not impede the moving element, create excessive vibration when the moving element moves from one notch to another, or increase the effort required to move the shaft.

[0028] The size of the notches is not too small to allow the moving element to be hooked onto the notches.

[0029] According to another variant, each notch comprises a first bearing face and a second bearing face forming a tooth angle between 70° and 95°.

[0030] According to another variant, an angle is formed between an unnotched face of the axis, adjacent to the first bearing face of the notch, and the first bearing face of the notch. The angle is between 60° and 80°.

[0031] The following are examples of embodiments of the present invention, by way of non-limiting illustration, with reference to the accompanying figures in which: [ Fig.1 ] schematically illustrates a profile view of the interior of a door locking device at rest, according to the invention; [ Fig. 2 ] schematically illustrates a profile view of an axis of the door locking device of the [ Fig.1] ; ] Fig.3 ] schematically illustrates a detailed view of a planned notch on the shaft; Fig. 4 ] schematically illustrates a view of a door locking device comprising a magnetic plate supported by a metal bracket.

[0032] There [ Fig.1 ] illustrates a door locking device 1 intended to keep a door closed, in the rest position.

[0033] The door locking device 1 includes an axis 3 having a first end 4 intended to rest on the floor 5 and a lever system 6 movable in translation relative to the axis 3.

[0034] The lever system 6 includes a tab 7 intended to be positioned under the door and a handle 8 equipped with a trigger 9 connected to an actuation device 10 to move the lever system 6 relative to the axis 3 towards a blocking direction B of the door.

[0035] The actuation device 10 includes a displacement element 12 held on the axis 3 by return means 13 and which is pivotable with respect to the axis 3 between a rest position in which the displacement element 12 is substantially perpendicular to the axis 3 so as to allow free translation of the lever system 6 on the axis 3 and a blocking position in which the displacement element 12 is inclined not perpendicular with respect to the axis 3 to move the lever system 6 with respect to the axis 3.

[0036] The locking position is obtained by actuating the trigger 9 causing a first end 14 of the trigger 9 to pivot towards the displacement element 12 and pressure on an edge 39 of the displacement element 12 to tilt it not perpendicular to the axis 3 and lock it on the axis 3.

[0037] A prolonged actuation of the trigger 9 causes the lever system 6 to translate relative to the axis 3 towards the blocking direction B of the door by the push of the first end 14 of the trigger 9 on the displacement element 12.

[0038] The lever system 6 also includes locking means 11 intended to lock it relative to the axis 3 to keep the door closed.

[0039] The lever system 6 includes a structure 24 with an internal housing 25 through which the axis 3 passes and in which are housed the displacement element 12, the return means 13 and the locking means 11 which are also through which the axis 3 passes.

[0040] The return means 13 include a compression spring 15 positioned around the axis 3. The return means 13 advantageously include a single compression spring 15.

[0041] The displacement element 12 has an opening in which the shaft 3 slides. The displacement element 12 is held around the shaft 3 between a first and a second turn of the compression spring 15 (not shown for simplicity of the [ Fig.1 ]).

[0042] The first turn is in contact with a first face 45 of the displacement element 12 and the second turn is in contact with a second face 46 of the displacement element 12.

[0043] The displacement element 12 is positioned in the middle of the compression spring 15. The displacement element 12 can also be offset from the middle of the compression spring 15.

[0044] The displacement element 12 has a substantially flat shape. Its opening is delimited by a rim which engages with the axis 3 when the trigger 9 is activated.

[0045] Alternatively, the return means 13 may comprise two springs, a first compression spring and a second compression spring positioned around axis 3 (not shown). The displacement element 12 is held around axis 3 between the first and second compression springs.

[0046] Axis 3 has a longitudinal rectangular cross-section. Other cross-sections are possible, such as square, circular, or hexagonal sections.

[0047] Axis 3 includes at least one protrusion 41 on one of its faces and forming a stop for structure 24.

[0048] The locking means 11 include a lever 18 and a locking element 17 having an opening in which the shaft 3 slides. The locking element 17 is held around the shaft 3 between the compression spring 15 and the lever 18 and more precisely between a first end 47 of the compression spring 15 and the lever 18. The compression spring 15 includes a second end 48 bearing on a lower structural element 49 of the structure 24.

[0049] The locking element 17 is pivotable about the axis 3 between a locking position in which it is inclined not perpendicular to the axis 3 to block the translation of the lever system 6 when the actuating device 10 is not actuated and an unlocking position when the locking element 17 is substantially perpendicular to the axis 3 so as to allow free translation of the lever system 6 towards the blocking direction B of the door when the actuating device 10 is actuated.

[0050] The locking element 17 has a substantially flat shape. Its opening is delimited by a rim which engages with the axis 3 to lock it when the trigger 9 is not activated.

[0051] The displacement element 12 and the blocking element 17 operate antagonistically. When one is engaged with axis 3, the other is released from axis 3.

[0052] The lever 18 comprises a first end 19 intended to engage with an edge 21 of the locking element 17 to keep it pivoted and locked relative to the axis 3 and a second end 20 opposite to the first end 19. The movement of the second end 20 towards the trigger 9 and therefore in a direction opposite to the locking direction B of the door, causes the lever 18 to disengage from the edge 21, and then the locking element 17 to pivot into the unlocked position.

[0053] The locking element 17 is no longer engaged with the axis 3. The moving element 12 is engaged with the axis 3. The lever system 6 can then slide along the axis 3 in a direction opposite to the door's locking direction B towards the first end 4 of the axis 3, allowing the tab 7 to be withdrawn from the underside of the door, which is thus unlocked. The door locking device 1 can then be removed.

[0054] The lever 18 comprises a first curved portion 27 bearing against an upper structural element 29 of the structure 24 and a second curved portion 28 bearing against the edge 21 of the locking element 17 to hold it pivoted. The first 27 and the second curved portion 28 are positioned inside the internal housing 25. The second end of the lever 20 is positioned outside the internal housing 25.

[0055] Preferably, the handle 8 includes a fixed gripping portion 23. The trigger 9 includes a lug 26 positioned opposite the gripping portion 23. Pivoting the trigger 9 towards a locked position and towards the gripping portion 23 causes the lug 26 to push against the second end of the lever 20. The first end of the lever 19 then exerts pressure on the edge 21 of the locking element 17 to keep it pivoted not perpendicular to the axis 3 and to lock the lever system 6 relative to the axis 3.

[0056] The door locking device 1 includes a locking element 30, as illustrated in the [ Fig. 4 ], allowing the trigger 9 to be held in a locked position.

[0057] The locking element 30 is preferably a pin 30, as illustrated in the [ Fig. 4], comprising a rod 40 inserted into a first orifice 31 provided in a first lateral wall 33 of the structure 24 of the lever system 6 and into a second orifice 32 provided on a second lateral wall 34 of the structure 24 of the lever system 6. The rod 40 passes transversely through the internal housing 25 and comes to rest against the first end 14 of the trigger 9 to block its pivoting.

[0058] The first end 4 of the axis 3 includes a foot 42 equipped with an anti-slip means 43 comprising at least one spike 44 intended to grip the ground 5.

[0059] Preferably, foot 42 includes four 44 points.

[0060] The points 44 can be cylinders comprising a conical or pyramidal head 51 directed towards the ground 5 or be nails, for example.

[0061] The spikes 44 are designed to grip the floor 5 to prevent the foot 42 from slipping. The spikes 44 are particularly effective when the floor 5 is made of wood or polymer.

[0062] The foot 42 has a flat shape parallel to the ground 5 when placed on it. The anti-slip device 43 includes a soft pad 50 positioned under the foot 42 to make contact with the ground 5 and improve grip.

[0063] The soft skate 50 can be made of foam and composed of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPMD), for example. The soft skate 50 is preferably made of polyurethane.

[0064] The head 51 of the spikes 44 is housed in the soft pad 50.

[0065] When the door stopper 1 is not in use and there is no pressure on the foot 42, the head 51 of the spikes 44 remains lodged in the soft skate 50. Thus, children can handle the door stopper 1 without being injured by the spikes 44.

[0066] In contrast, when the door blocking device 1 is used to block a door, pressure is exerted on the soft pad 50 which crushes and pushes the heads 51 out of the spikes so that the heads 51 come into contact with the ground 5.

[0067] Alternatively (not shown), the foot 42 of axis 3 includes cylindrical polyurethane support elements resting on the ground to prevent the foot 42 from slipping. The foot 42 may have four support elements, for example.

[0068] The axle 3 includes a second end 35 with an opening 36 for receiving a half-ring, for example, to limit the movement of the lever system 6 along the door locking direction B. In the lowered position of the foot 42, the half-ring abuts against a portion 56 extending from the gripping part 23.

[0069] This provides a simple solution to prevent axis 3 from protruding from the internal housing 25 of the lever system 6

[0070] As illustrated on the [ Fig.1 ], the first end 14 of the trigger 9 is extended by a curved element 37 like a hook, allowing to improve the grip on the moving element 12.

[0071] The structure 24 forms a rigid frame, preferably made of metal, comprising the upper structural element 29, the lower structural element 49, a rear structural element 53 and a front structural element 54.

[0072] The internal housing 25 is closed by the first side wall 33 and the second side wall 34.

[0073] The trigger 9 is movable in rotation about an axis 52 disposed in the rear structural element 53 of the structure 24. The trigger 9 can pivot through an angle of 37°, for example, between its rest position and its locking position.

[0074] The gripping part 23 is connected to the tongue 7 by a structural element 55 parallel to the axis 3, the gripping part 23 and the tongue 7 being perpendicular to the structural element 55.

[0075] The gripping part 23 and the structural element 55 are fixed to the structure 24.

[0076] According to the invention, the shaft 3 comprises several notches 2 (or teeth) forming a notch 16 on the shaft 3 and therefore a notched shaft, as illustrated in the Figures 1 And 2 .

[0077] The displacement element 12 is intended to bear against one of the notches 2 when it is in its locking position to prevent the displacement element 12 from moving back in a direction opposite to the locking direction B.

[0078] Each notch 2 comprises a first bearing face 60 and a second bearing face 61 forming a non-zero tooth angle A, as illustrated on the [ Fig.3 The first bearing face 60 is oriented towards the foot 42 or the first end 4 of the axis 3. The second bearing face 61 is oriented towards the second end 35 of the axis 3.

[0079] Preferably, the tooth angle A is between 70° and 95°. The tooth angle A could be 85°, for example.

[0080] An angle C is formed between a non-notched face 62 of the axis 3, adjacent to the first bearing face 60 of the notch 2, and the second bearing face 61 of the notch 2. The angle C is between 60° and 80°. The angle C is 69°, for example.

[0081] In the example of figures 1 to 4 The notch 16 is oriented in the opposite direction to the handle 8. The axis 3 includes a first locking face 57 which is oriented in the opposite direction to the handle 8, i.e. opposite the trigger 9 and the edge 39 of the movement element 12. The first locking face 57 is oriented towards the structural element 55. The notch 16 is positioned on a part of the first locking face 57 or along the entire length of the first locking face 57.

[0082] When the handle 8 is operated and the moving element 12 is in the locking position, i.e. inclined not perpendicular to the axis 3 to move the lever system 6 relative to the axis 3, the first face 45 of the moving element 12 comes into contact with the first bearing face 60 of the notch 2. When the door locking device 1 is positioned vertically on the floor, the first bearing face 60 of the notch 2 corresponds to a top face.

[0083] The displacement element 12 is thus blocked by the first bearing face 60 of the notch 2 and cannot slide along the axis 3. The lever system 6 is moved along the axis 3 safely, without risk of slippage.

[0084] In an alternative (not shown), the notch 16 is oriented towards the handle 8. The axis 3 includes a second locking face 58 which is oriented towards the handle 8, i.e. towards the trigger 9 and the edge 39 of the movement element 12. The second locking face 58 is opposite to the first locking face 57 of the axis 3.

[0085] According to this variant, when the moving element 12 is in the locking position, i.e. inclined not perpendicular to the axis 3 to move the lever system 6 relative to the axis 3, the second face 46 of the moving element 12 comes to rest against the second bearing face 61 of the notch 2. When the door locking device 1 is positioned vertically on the ground, the second bearing face 61 of the notch 2 corresponds to a lower face.

[0086] The displacement element 12 is thus blocked by the second support face 61 of the notch 2 and cannot slide along the axis 3. The lever system 6 is moved along the axis 3 without risk of slippage.

[0087] According to another variant (not shown), the axis 3 includes two opposing notches 16, the first of which is a notch 16 positioned on the first locking face 57 and the second notch 16 positioned on the second locking face 58.

[0088] According to this variant, when the displacement element 12 is in the locking position, i.e. inclined not perpendicular to the axis 3 to move the lever system 6 relative to the axis 3, the first face 45 of the displacement element 12 comes to rest against the first bearing face 60 of the notch 2 located on the first locking face 57. In parallel, the second face 46 of the displacement element 12 comes to rest against the second bearing face 61 of the notch 2 located on the second locking face 58.

[0089] The displacement element 12 is thus doubly blocked by the first support face 60 and the second support face 61 of the notch 2 and cannot slide along the axis 3. The lever system 6 is moved along the axis 3 even more securely, without risk of slippage.

[0090] Regardless of the embodiment, to move the axis 3, the displacement element 12 cooperates either solely with the notch 16 or with the notch 16 and a portion of the axis 3 that is not notched (smooth).

[0091] The compression spring 15 surrounds the notch(s) 16.

[0092] In the example of figures 1 to 4 The axis 3 has a rectangular cross-section. The first locking face 57 and the second locking face 58 are positioned on the narrower sides of the axis 3.

[0093] Axis 3 has a width between 3 mm and 10 mm. The width of axis 3 is 5 mm, for example.

[0094] The notching 16 extends over 20% to 60% of the length of the axis 3, that is to say the length between the first end 4 and the second end 35 of the axis 3.

[0095] The notch 16 can extend along axis 3 for a length corresponding to approximately 36% of the length of axis 3, for example.

[0096] As an alternative (not shown), the notch 16 can extend almost along the entire length of the axis 3.

[0097] Thus, the notching 16 allows for better locking for the movement element 12 but also for the locking element 17 of the locking means 11.

[0098] The locking element 17 includes a lower bearing surface which is oriented towards the displacement element 12. The lower bearing surface is locked against the second bearing face 61 of the notch 2 by the lever 18 when the lever 18 is in the locking position.

[0099] The 16-tooth notch can include between 5 and 60 notches, for example. In the example of the figures 1 to 4 , the 16 notching includes 41 notches 2.

[0100] According to one variant, the notching 16 includes a central area 59 which is positioned between half and three-quarters of the length of the axis 3, from the first end 4 of the axis 3.

[0101] The notch 16 is closer to the second end 35 than to the first end 4 of the axis 3. In other words, the axis 3 has more notches 2 on the side of the second end 35 than on the first end 4.

[0102] Each notch 2 has a depth p between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. The depth p is 1 mm in the example of figures 1 to 4 .

[0103] Each notch 2 has a width 1 between 1 mm and 3 mm. The width 1 is 2 mm in the example of figures 1 to 4 .

[0104] These dimensions are given for an axis 3 with a length of approximately 225 cm.

[0105] There [ Fig. 4] illustrates a variant in which the door locking device 1 includes a magnetic plate 63 fixed to an external wall 64 of the door locking device 1.

[0106] The magnetic plate 63 is intended to be attached to a metal plate 65 provided on a support 66 attached to a wall, for example.

[0107] Thus, the bracket 66 and the door locking device 1 can be advantageously positioned near a door. In the event of an attack, the door locking device 1 is quickly and easily accessible for use in blocking the door.

[0108] The metal plate 65 has an L-shaped cross-section and includes a support wall 67 on which rests a lower wall 68 of the door locking device 1.

[0109] The support wall 67 may include an opening for the passage of the tongue 7 of the lever system 6 and the shaft 3.

[0110] The bracket 66 includes fixing holes 69 for fixing it to the wall.

[0111] The metal plate 65 is fixed to the support 66 by means of spacers 70.

[0112] Alternatively, the magnetic plate 63 can be fixed to the support 66. The outer wall 64 of the door locking device 1 being metallic, it catches on the magnetic plate 63.

[0113] The structural element 55 of the lever system 6 includes a front face intended to bear against a vertical face of the door when the door blocking device 1 blocks the door. The front face extends vertically when the door blocking device 1 is placed on the floor and blocks the door.

[0114] According to one variant, the front face of the structural element 55 is covered at least partially with a layer of rubber.

[0115] The tongue 7 comprises an upper face designed to bear against an underside of the door positioned below the door when the door stopper 1 blocks the door. The upper face extends horizontally when the door stopper 1 is placed on the floor and blocks the door.

[0116] According to another variant, the upper face of the tongue 7 is also covered at least partially with a layer of rubber.

[0117] Alternatively, only the upper surface of the tongue 7 includes a layer of rubber.

[0118] The rubber layer can be made of polyurethane, for example. The rubber layer can be between 0.3 cm and 1 cm thick, for example.

[0119] The rubber layer(s) prevent the lever system 6 and / or the tongue 7 from slipping along the door when the door is blocked by the door locking device 1. The rubber layer(s) have an anti-slip function.

Claims

1. Door locking device (1) designed to keep a door closed, comprising a shaft (3) having a first end (4) designed to rest on the floor and a lever system (6) capable of translational movement relative to the shaft (3), the lever system (6) comprising a tongue (7) designed to be positioned under the door (2) and a handle (8) fitted with a trigger (9) connected to an actuating device (10) for moving the lever system (6) relative to the shaft (3) towards a door (2) locking direction (B), the actuating device (10) comprising a displacement element (12) held on the axis (3) by return means (13), the displacement element (12) being pivotable relative to the shaft (3) between a rest position in which it is substantially perpendicular to the shaft (3) so as to allow free translation of the lever system (6) on the shaft (3) and a locking position in which the displacement element (12) is inclined at an angle to the axis (3) to move the lever system (6) relative to the axis (3), the locking position being achieved by actuating the trigger (9), causing a first end (14) of the trigger (9) towards the displacement element (12) and pressure applied to an edge (39) of the displacement element (12) to tilt it away from the perpendicular to the axis (3) and lock it onto the axis (3), prolonged actuation of the trigger (9) causing the lever system (6) to move relative to the axis (3) in the direction of locking (B) of the door (2) by the thrust of the first end (14) of the trigger (9) on the displacement element (12), the lever system (6) comprising locking means (11) for locking it relative to the shaft (3) and keeping the door (2) closed, characterised in that the axis (3) comprises a plurality of notches (2) forming a toothed track (16), the displacement element (12) being designed to rest on one of the notches (2) when the displacement element (12) is in the locking position.

2. Door locking device (1) as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the toothed track (16) face away from the handle (8).

3. Door locking device (1) according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterised in that the toothed track (16) faces the handle (8).

4. Door locking device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the toothed track (16) extends over 20% to 60% of the length of the shaft (3).

5. Door locking device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the toothed track (16) comprises a central region (59) situated between half and three-quarters of the length of the axis (3), measured from the first end (4) of the axis (3).

6. Door locking device (1) as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that the axis (3) comprises a second end (35) opposite the first end (4), the toothed track (16) being closer to the second end (35) than to the first end (4) of the shaft (3).

7. Door locking device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that each notch (2) has a depth p of between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.

8. Door locking device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that each notch (2) has a width l between 1 mm and 3 mm.

9. Door locking device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that each notch (2) comprises a first bearing face (60) and a second bearing face (61) forming a tooth angle A between 70° and 95°.

10. Door locking device (1) according to claim 9, characterized in that an angle C is formed between a non-notched face (62) of the axis (3), adjacent to the first bearing face (60) of the notch (2), and the first bearing face (60) of the notch (2), the angle C being between 60° and 80°.

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