Construction, and method for producing same

Abstract

The invention relates to a construction, in particular a wall construction, floor construction, ceiling construction and / or roof construction of a building, said construction consisting of: at least two shells that are spaced apart from one another; and an intermediate space which is substantially empty except for structural member components and / or technical components, is filled at least in sections with sound insulation material, vibration insulation material and / or thermal insulation material, is delimited by the shells, and enclosed between said shells. The construction comprises a component framework that includes at least one formwork which partially or completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, at least one formwork defining an outer surface of the component framework.

Description

[0001] Construction and method of manufacturing the same

[0002] Description

[0003] Technical area

[0004] The invention relates to a structure, in particular a wall, floor, ceiling, and / or roof structure of a building, comprising at least two spaced-apart shells and a space defined and enclosed between them, which, with the exception of supporting structure and / or technical components, is essentially empty or at least partially fillable with sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material. The structure comprises a component framework that includes at least one formwork that partially or completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, wherein at least one formwork defines an outer surface of the component framework.

[0005] State of the art

[0006] Current commercial practice provides thermal comfort at the expense of sustainability and energy efficiency. A building is designed to achieve the greatest possible thermal decoupling through increased thermal insulation. However, this approach is counterproductive in terms of a building's overall annual energy footprint and leaves room temperature control to inefficient heating and cooling systems.

[0007] Currently, the thermal function of a building is divided into two independent tasks. This consists, on the one hand, of achieving the greatest possible thermal decoupling between the interior and the building's surroundings through thermal insulation (passive system), and, on the other hand, of independently conditioning the interior temperature through heating, cooling, and ventilation systems (HVAC, active system). However, increased decoupling between the indoor and outdoor climate does not automatically lead to more energy-efficient buildings. Experience with highly thermally insulated buildings has shown that, with high internal heat loads, these can have a negative impact on the overall annual energy balance. The high degree of decoupling leads to an above-average cooling demand and a lower heating demand.However, depending on the system used, cooling buildings requires a higher use of primary energy compared to heating, which leads to inefficiency in most building categories. The two main problems are: Firstly, during prolonged periods of good weather, highly insulated building envelopes begin to have a counterproductive effect due to the effects of thermal radiation. Due to the high degree of insulation, the heat absorbed into the building envelope can no longer be dissipated; it remains trapped within it and the building interior. This results in a steady increase in the surface temperature in the interior spaces, which must be compensated for with conventional room cooling systems. Secondly, the high proportion of glass in today's building envelopes increases the effect of heat input into the building interior due to the wavelength difference between radiated and reflected thermal radiation (greenhouse effect).In order to maintain thermal comfort, these negative effects must be compensated by an active cooling system, which sometimes drastically increases energy consumption.

[0008] With regard to the thermal sensation of users or residents, current solutions deliver sobering results. The thermal sensation of mammals, especially humans, is primarily mediated by the exchange of thermal radiation with the environment. Indoors, the surface temperature of the surfaces surrounding us (walls, floors, ceilings, windows, etc.) is the primary source of our thermal sensation, whereas the air temperature is only secondary. Due to our evolutionary origins, our physical and psychological well-being is highly linked to the thermal texture of the surfaces surrounding us. Due to human physiology, it is therefore more efficient and economical to control surface temperatures in indoor spaces than to condition the air temperature. On the one hand, surface heating systems such as radiators, underfloor heating, heat lamps, and ceiling cooling panels take this fact into account.On the other hand, the cooling function is primarily performed by comfort ventilation systems, which can only influence the air temperature. They are therefore highly energy-inefficient in providing thermal comfort. Furthermore, existing radiant cooling systems do not yet provide a solution to the dew point problem – they can therefore only cool down to slightly above the dew point temperature to prevent condensation of air humidity on the surfaces. This poses a major challenge, especially in climates with high humidity.

[0009] Another serious disadvantage of existing heating and cooling systems is the fact that in most climate zones, there is a pronounced asymmetry between heating and cooling requirements. The systems currently on the market are essentially oriented towards the local, primary heat demand (heating or cooling) and are either completely unable or only very limited in their ability to meet the opposite heat demand (heating or cooling). This further contributes to the energy inefficiency of existing heating and cooling systems.

[0010] Conventionally, the challenges of building physics are met with a decoupling philosophy. This involves isolating the physical influences from the building's environment as much as possible, and separately conditioning the indoor climate via central systems. This is demonstrated by research trends. See, for example, Jelle et al., "THE PATH TO THE HIGH-PERFORMANCE THERMAL BUILDING INSULATION MATERIALS AND SOLUTIONS OF TOMORROW," Journal of Building Physics 34 (2) 99, (2010). In addition to conventional insulation materials such as rock wool, glass wool, fiber, and foam, systems with evacuated layers, so-called "evacuated layers," are increasingly being used.

[0011] Vacuum insulation is used. These are characterized by high thermal insulation performance with a thin layer. However, all of these systems are static and lose their insulating effect over time due to evaporation, moisture ingress, damage to the cladding, and material decomposition. This leads to a steady increase in a building's heating and cooling requirements. Furthermore, conventional thermal insulation performs poorly in terms of embodied energy and CO2 emission potential. The production of conventional thermal insulation is resource- and energy-intensive. Added to this is the volume-intensive transport and the high proportion of manual labor required during installation.

[0012] If one considers, for example, the development of heating and cooling requirements in office buildings over the past 40 years, it becomes clear that there is considerable energy-saving potential with a thermally active building envelope. See, for example, Gasser et al., BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. FACTOR 10, Construction + Architecture 4 / 5 (2005). Current construction practice reveals a deep-seated problem. There is an increasing conflict of objectives: good thermal insulation is desired in winter to prevent thermal transmission losses, while this is counterproductive in summer. Static thermal insulation cannot meet these two requirements simultaneously. The associated thermal disadvantages must be compensated for by the heating and cooling systems available today, which is reflected in a massive increase in energy consumption.

[0013] The following trends can be identified with regard to the thermal function of a building. Basically, all supply systems attempt to reduce heating and cooling energy requirements. Approaches for building envelopes with variable heat transfer exist. See, for example, US 3,968,831, DE 3,625,454, WO 200,161,118, WO 2,010,122,353, WO 2,011,146,025, WO 2,011,107,731, CH 703,760, DE 102,008,009,553, DE 10,006,878. On the one hand, there are systems with variable heat transfer, which are usually implemented with structural measures (variable awnings and canopies, polarized window glass, variable ventilation ducts within the structure, Trombe Walls). On the other hand, a variety of construction solutions exist that incorporate, for example, phase change materials (PCMs). Furthermore, systems, primarily in panel construction, have been proposed that incorporate a cavity for the evacuation of the contained air, thus allowing the insulation effect to be varied.However, the technical effort and associated installation costs required to implement such solutions are currently disproportionate to the potential energy savings. By symmetrically combining a building's heating and cooling functions with a thermally active system, both heating and cooling energy requirements could be substantially reduced compared to the current situation. See e.g. Loonen et al, EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF CLIMATE ADAPTIVE BUILDING SHELLS, in Proceedings of Building Simulation (2011), Caponetto et al, ACTIVE BUILDING ENVELOPES, in Proceedings of PLEA (2013), Ibanez-Puy et al, THEORETICAL DESIGN OF AN ACTIVE FAQADE SYSTEM WITH PELTIER CELLS, in Proceedings of ICAE (2014), Luo et al, ACTIVE BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS TOWARD RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 104 (2019).

[0014] Even though sustainability and energy efficiency criteria have now found their way into the planning of both new buildings and renovations, the energy cost savings associated with existing solutions are too small to offset the additional costs of production and installation. It is therefore clear that sustainability and energy efficiency in the construction industry, without funding instruments or increased regulatory pressure, can only be achieved with a novel construction technology that enables substantial cost savings already during the construction phase. With regard to the construction methods widely used today, massive cost savings would be possible by reducing the high proportion of manual labor coupled with a substantial increase in the degree of digitalization. This can best be achieved with a two-stage process of prefabrication and final assembly.This approach is widespread in modular construction, where the size and weight of the modules are optimized for workflow, transport, and final assembly. However, the degree of automation can be significantly increased if the module size is reduced to the point where it allows full machine compatibility in prefabrication and final assembly is compatible with a high degree of automation (construction robotics, additive manufacturing, drone assembly, etc.). See, for example, Rogeau et al., AN INTEGRATED DESIGN TOOL FOR TIMBER PLATE STRUCTURES TO GENERATE JOINTS GEOMETRY, FABRICATION TOOLPATH, AND ROBOT TRAJECTORIES, in Automation in Construction 130 (2021).

[0015] The modular framework approach to construction can eliminate many of the problems and disadvantages mentioned above. Proposals exist, but they are primarily focused on the static-structural function of a building. Solutions that also incorporate the thermal function, however, still require a static approach to thermal insulation. See, for example, US 4,075,808, US 4,478,021, US 5,566,521, US 5,921,046, US 5,964,067, US 6,298,632, US 6,474,033, US 6,993,878, US 7,096,636, US 8,240,108, US 10,273,684, US 10,787,810, US 11,391,041.

[0016] We are currently not aware of any design or construction method that addresses the challenges mentioned above and solves them in a cost-effective manner.

[0017] Description of the invention

[0018] The invention is based on the object of providing a structure that can be constructed using a cost-effective construction method and preferably also offers different design options with regard to the supply and removal of heat. Furthermore, a method for producing such a structure is also to be provided.

[0019] This object is achieved by a construction according to the features of claim 1 and by a method according to the features of claim 11. Numerous further advantageous embodiments are specified in the subclaims.

[0020] Such an advantageous aspect can, in certain embodiments, also consist in specifying an improved construction and / or an improved method for controlling the supply and removal of heat through the structure or for controlling thermal radiation and the temperature inside and / or outside a building. This is achieved in particular by decentralizing the heating and cooling function by means of miniaturized heating and cooling units distributed over the entire surface of the structure and positioned at suitable locations. The invention further aims to specify a construction or a method in which the construction costs of buildings can be massively reduced through digitalization of the manufacturing process, thus improving sustainability and energy efficiency in the construction sector.

[0021] In a preferred aspect of the invention, the structure comprises a component framework that constitutes the basic structure of a building, and a building material that is installed in a loose, flowable, or liquid state into specially provided cavities within the component framework. The structure can comprise building or supply technology elements that perform the thermal insulation as well as the heating and cooling function of the building, in particular also by means of thermal radiation. Furthermore, in a specific embodiment, the invention comprises a method for controlling thermal radiation and the temperature in the interior and / or exterior of a building. Finally, the invention comprises a method for producing the structure, which is divided into a prefabrication step with subsequent pre- and / or final assembly.

[0022] The construction, in particular a wall, floor, ceiling and / or roof construction and / or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or any structure, comprises in its general embodiment a component framework which comprises and constitutes at least two shells spaced apart from one another, which delimit and enclose between them a space which is essentially empty with the exception of load-bearing and / or technical components or which can be filled at least in sections with sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials. The construction advantageously comprises a prefabricated component framework which, for example,is constructed using timber or drywall construction and whose at least two spaced-apart shells are filled, if necessary, during pre- and / or final assembly with a loose, flowable or liquid building material which either remains loose or flowable shortly after installation or subsequently solidifies and hardens after a certain period of time.

[0023] One possible embodiment of the structure comprises technical components such as building or supply technology elements, which in particular consist of or comprise heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, distributed as required across the entire building or structure surface, positioned at suitable locations, and integrated into the structure. The at least two spaced-apart shells provide the system with heat capacity due to their materialization and serve as heating and / or cooling surfaces. In turn, they can act as evaporators and / or condensers of the heating and / or cooling circuits. The building or supply technology also consists of photovoltaic (PV) and / or battery storage elements as well as commercially available components for controlling them.The miniaturized heating and / or cooling units can be combined directly with a PV and / or battery storage unit and operated directly using renewable energy. The general embodiment of the method for controlling the thermal function of a building or structure consists, on the one hand, in the process-engineering control of heat transport by supplying and removing heat into and out of the structure, which compensates for thermal transmission losses and regulates the thermal state of the structure. On the other hand, the control method carries out fine control of the surface temperatures of the structure and thus establishes thermal comfort. The thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior of the building or structure is provided and controlled by means of active component temperature control. The interaction of the processed thermal radiation with the interior air determines the interior air temperature, i.e.i.e., by controlling thermal radiation, the air temperature is also indirectly controlled.

[0024] The general design of the construction manufacturing process comprises several process steps. Components, building elements, building modules, or modular building blocks are mass-produced and assembled, preferably automated, step by step or incrementally and additively during pre- and / or final assembly, thus creating the building or structure. The first step of the manufacturing process consists of a mechanical prefabrication step, which processes the raw materials as automatically as possible and pre-assembles the technical components. The individual components are then assembled, preferably automated, into a component, building element, building module, or modular building block. The final step in the manufacturing process consists of the pre- and / or final assembly of the components, building elements, building modules, or modular building blocks.These are assembled in a step-by-step, incremental, and additive process, preferably automated, and, if necessary, simultaneously filled, partially or completely, with a loose, flowable, or liquid building material, also preferably automated. The final assembly of the building or structure is completed, if necessary, with the installation of the miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, if these have not already been installed during prefabrication.

[0025] The invention seeks to address the challenges of building physics through a control and management philosophy. The intention is, for example, not to decouple the physical influences of the building's environment from the indoor climate, but rather to actively integrate them into the structural system, utilize them, and control them in a controlled manner in order to reduce the building's energy consumption.

[0026] The field of application of the invention encompasses structures that place increased demands on structural statics and / or structural dynamics and / or have to cope with a demanding thermal balance. On the one hand, these are immobile structures, buildings, towers, bridges or facilities in any climate zone. On the other hand, the field of application also encompasses mobile structures such as all types of vehicles or means of transport (cars, trucks, mobile homes, coaches, trains, ships, aircraft) or mobile buildings and facilities. Furthermore, the invention can also be used for extraterrestrial structures (space travel) such as space transport systems, orbital habitats (space stations) or surface habitats (lunar or planetary bases). A special field of application for additional embodiments of the invention are heating and / or cooling applications using thermal radiation in outdoor areas, such as cantilevered canopies or free-standing structures such as bus shelters in public transport.Furthermore, an additional embodiment of the invention is used for all types of cooling by means of thermal radiation, such as cooling of pharmaceutical products or battery units for electrical grid systems in closed or open cold rooms.

[0027] A fundamental innovation of the invention lies in a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions over the entire life cycle of a building or structure while maintaining cost efficiency at all stages (planning, construction, prefabrication, final assembly, operation, and demolition). In an additional embodiment of the invention, it begins with the approach of reducing a building's thermal insulation and compensating for the resulting thermal transmission losses with a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit powered by renewable energy. This corresponds to a system of active thermal insulation while simultaneously providing thermal comfort through active component temperature control. Energy efficiency is achieved through a high degree of decentralization of the heating and / or cooling function and its configuration based on human physiology.Heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary media, or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, are distributed across the entire building or structural surface as needed, positioned at appropriate locations, and integrated into the structure. These circuits exclusively utilize the building's thermal environment as a heating and / or cooling source. This means that the thermal balance of a building or any structure can be managed directly within the structure. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of the structure are achieved primarily through its materialization and a high degree of automation in mechanical prefabrication and automated pre- and / or final assembly.An independent aspect of the invention lies in the heating and / or cooling application by means of thermal radiation both inside and outside a building or structure, which can be manufactured using a cost-effective manufacturing process.

[0028] The individual components of the invention in detail

[0029] The construction

[0030] The construction advantageously fulfills several objectives simultaneously in its device aspect. In addition to the conventional structural function and protection against weather and climate, the construction should advantageously integrate, on the one hand, sound, vibration, or thermal insulation (in its device aspect) and, on the other hand, active heat transport (implemented as a process aspect) by means of heat supply and removal for thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses. Furthermore, in an independent aspect of the invention, the construction can create thermal comfort within a building or between rooms, which is also achieved through the interaction of its device aspect and its process aspect by means of thermal radiation. This achieves a variable degree of thermal decoupling between individual rooms, as well as between the interior and the building environment.

[0031] To perform its function in an energy-efficient manner, the structure (in its structural aspect) should incorporate thermal capacity as well as design-related sound, vibration, and heat transmission dampeners. This is most easily achieved with a multi-shell construction, such as a general composite construction (e.g., wood-wood composite), a hybrid construction, or a wood-concrete composite construction. The shell, which contains thermal capacity, is structurally separated from the shell, which dampens sound, vibration, or heat transmission. This multi-shell construction has the additional advantage of providing good moisture resistance.The structural challenge resulting from multi-shell construction is to ensure the structural connection between the at least two spaced-apart shells of the structure and to ensure structural-dynamic spacing. To meet the above-mentioned requirements in a cost-effective construction method, a multi-shell composite construction is proposed. This is realized by a component framework that at least partially or completely forms the at least two spaced-apart shells and a space delimited by and enclosed between them, forming the basic structure of the building or structure.In its general embodiment, the structural framework comprises, on the one hand, formwork which at least partially or completely forms at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another by at least partially or completely delimiting said shell on its side facing one and / or other space outside the structure with respect to the cross-section of the structure.During the pre- and / or final assembly of the building or structure, at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, at least partially or completely delimited by the formwork, is filled, if necessary, at least partially or completely with a loose, flowable or liquid building material. Shortly after installation in the formwork, this material either remains loose or flowable as the forming formwork / casting mold and / or, if necessary, an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, or after a certain time subsequently solidifies and hardens, thus reaching its full strength and providing heat capacity to the system through its materialization. In this sense, the formwork as forming formwork / casting mold can also be referred to as lost formwork.On the other hand, the component framework comprises and constitutes spaces delimited and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells, which, by means of spacers, statically and dynamically space the at least two spaced-apart shells of the structure from one another and act as sound, vibration and heat transmission brakes. The component framework can take on different designs for the respective components such as wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling and / or roof components and / or components for cantilevered structures such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building. In its general design, the component framework consists of load-bearing components and / or sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material such as, for example,Formwork and spacers which constitute the basic structure of the component and at least partially or completely form the at least two spaced-apart shells with the space delimited by them and enclosed between them.

[0032] Furthermore, the component framework in its general form also includes connections, transitions and terminations for corners, T-shapes and edges such as wall - wall, floor - wall, wall - ceiling, initial and final components such as wall, floor, ceiling or roof parts as well as for windows, doors or general openings in the structure.

[0033] Construction and shells: The general embodiment of the construction, in particular a wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling and / or roof construction and / or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure comprises a component framework which comprises and constitutes at least two shells spaced apart from one another, which delimit and enclose between them a space which is essentially empty with the exception of load-bearing and / or technical components or which can be filled at least in sections with sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials.The at least two spaced-apart shells comprise a shell facing the exterior of the building or structure and a shell facing the interior of the building or structure and / or, specifically in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, a shell facing one interior space and a shell facing the other interior space and / or generally with respect to the cross-section of the structure, a shell facing one space outside the structure and a shell facing the other space outside the structure.

[0034] The structure can generally consist of a component framework of a preferred embodiment, which comprises and constitutes the at least two spaced-apart shells with the space delimited and enclosed between them, and a building material which is incorporated in loose, flowable, or liquid form into the at least two spaced-apart shells, which are at least partially or completely delimited by the formwork, during pre- and / or final assembly. The component framework can be manufactured using steel, wood, drywall, and / or mixed construction methods and / or an additive process (3D printing), from plastic injection molding, or from pressed materials. By means of spaced-apart formwork, it forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, at least partially or completely, and the space delimited and enclosed between them.The formwork at least partially or completely delimits at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells on at least one side facing the exterior or interior of the building or structure and / or, specifically in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, a side facing one or the other interior space and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure, a side facing one or the other space outside the structure and, in this respect, also defines an external surface of the component framework. Furthermore, at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells can comprise structural components, anchoring rods or spacers - we call them shell spacers - which are anchored at least in the formwork, in other structural components and / or in the shell material and space them statically and dynamically.The shell spacers can consist of sleeves, solid or hollow bars, dowels, bolts, profile bars, or commercially available fastening materials, as well as various thicknesses and strengths. They can be made of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass), or a combination and / or composite of the above. Shell spacers manufactured using 3D printing, plastic injection molding, or molded materials are particularly noteworthy.

[0035] The anchoring of the shell spacers in the formwork and / or other structural components that at least partially or completely delimit the at least two spaced-apart shells can be carried out by a screw, press, and / or glue connection, in particular by means of drilling, threading, dovetail, groove, or notch connections, general milling or recessing, or with commercially available fastening means. In addition, the shell spacers can be anchored in the formwork that at least partially or completely delimit the at least two spaced-apart shells using special fastening means, such as pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting, and / or screw sleeves and / or screw-in nuts and / or sleeves with an external and / or internal thread.The material and dimensioning of the shell spacers, as well as their number and arrangement, are determined in particular by the formwork pressure of the loose, flowable, or liquid building material resulting during pre- and / or final assembly. The shell spacers can be arranged vertically or inclined, at an angle of 90° or not equal to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the gap. The inclination can assume any orientation, such as uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral, or circular with different hole circle diameters in uniform or opposite alignment, or with any regular or irregular symmetries and / or alignments.

[0036] The at least two shells spaced apart from each other, at least partially or completely limited and / or bordered by the formwork arranged parallel to the building or structure surface, or in particular by formwork arranged parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling or roof surface, are, if required, during the pre- and / or final assembly of the building or structure, at least partially or completely filled with a loose, flowable or liquid building material, we call it the shell building material, which shortly after installation in the formwork serves as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, an additional and / or independent,temporary formwork / casting mold either remains loose or flowable or after a certain period of time subsequently solidifies and hardens, thus reaching its full strength. Accordingly, the shell material at least partially or completely fills the at least two spaced-apart shells and borders at least partially or completely on the formwork. The shell material can be concrete or a concrete-like material. On the other hand, it can also consist of a powder, pellets, dust, sand or other loose, flowable or liquid materials, as well as materials that are in different physical states of aggregation, which shortly after installation in the formwork as the shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, an additional and / or independent,temporary formwork / casting mold may either remain loose or flowable or solidify and harden after a certain period of time. In addition, the shell material may consist of a loose, flowable, or liquid material, which generally has an increased heat capacity and, shortly after installation in the formwork, as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, either remains loose or flowable or solidifies and hardens after a certain period of time. The formwork arranged in the component framework, in its general embodiment, is located between the shell material and the space delimited and enclosed by the at least two spaced-apart shells and optionally additionally forms the exterior and / or interior closure of the building or structure and / or, specifically, in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure,the closure with respect to one and / or other interior space and / or more generally with respect to the cross-section of the structure, the closure with respect to one and / or other space outside the structure, i.e. they are located between the exterior of the building or structure and on the side of the shell material of the shell facing the exterior, facing the exterior, and / or between the interior of the building or structure and on the side of the shell material of the shell facing the interior, facing the interior, and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure,they are located between one interior space and on the side of the shell material of the shell facing one interior space, facing the one interior space, and / or between the other interior space and on the side of the shell material of the shell facing the other interior space, facing the other interior space, and / or generally with respect to the cross-section of the structure, they are located between one space outside the structure and on the side of the shell material of the shell facing one space outside the structure, facing the one space outside the structure, and / or between the other space outside the structure and on the side of the shell material of the shell facing the other space outside the structure, facing the other space outside the structure.

[0037] The formwork, which is part of the structural components of the structure, is generally designed to directly adjoin the shell material on one side and comprises panels, sheets, metal sheets, textiles, nonwovens, or foils of varying thicknesses and strengths. It can be made of materials such as wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass), or a combination and / or composite of the aforementioned. Formwork manufactured using an additive process (3D printing), from plastic injection molding, or from pressed materials deserves special mention. Depending on the material and strength, the formwork, in addition to shaping the shell material, can assume at least part of the structural static-dynamic load within the structure.With suitable materialization, a mechanical, chemical or mechano-chemical bond between the formwork and the shell material can be achieved and exploited for the structural statics and dynamics. At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells is sealed by means of at least one formwork, at least from the exterior or interior of the building or structure or from the space delimited and enclosed between them, and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, at least from one interior or other interior space or from the space delimited and enclosed between them, and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure, at least from one or other space outside the structure or from the space delimited and enclosed between them, by means of at least one formwork.The formwork can be integrated into the structure in a uniform or different design.

[0038] Formwork and materialization: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in making the formwork from a porous, open-pore material and / or from a sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material.In addition, these formworks can also comprise a waterproofing layer and / or a closed-pore layer and / or a combination and / or a composite of different materials of the formwork materialization, which serves to seal against the exterior and / or interior of the building or structure and / or against the space delimited and enclosed between them and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, against one interior and / or other interior space and / or against the space delimited and enclosed between them and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure, against one and / or other space outside the structure and / or against the space delimited and enclosed between them.Furthermore, the formwork, consisting of a porous, open-pore material and / or a sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material, can be at least partially or completely filled, filled, or offset with a shell construction material. Additionally, with this extended embodiment, recesses or holes can be made in the formwork to improve the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation properties of the structure.

[0039] Shells and reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the structure consists in that at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells comprises at least one load-bearing component, designed as at least one reinforcement, which in turn imparts additional strength to the shell material. This can consist of metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and / or a combination and / or a composite of the aforementioned and can be in the form of rods, bars, grids, nets, textiles, nonwovens or fibers. Special mention should be made of reinforcement made from 3D printing, plastic injection molding or pressed materials. The function of the at least one reinforcement within the structure lies, on the one hand, in its static-dynamic function.On the other hand, it can also support, promote and accelerate the heat propagation within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells.

[0040] Shells and technical components: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in integrating technical components such as building or supply technology elements and / or measurement and / or control technology elements into the same,which are located at least in one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them and / or on the side of the shell facing the outside and / or inside that faces the outside and / or inside area and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, on the side of a shell facing one and / or other interior space of the structure that faces one and / or other interior space of the structure and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure, on the side of the shell facing one and / or other space outside the structure that faces one and / or other space outside the structure and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them,At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells can thus take over and perform further functions of the structure.

[0041] Shells and formwork: A special embodiment of the structure, in particular a wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling, and / or roof structure and / or a cantilevered structure such as canopies, balconies, or fire walls of a building or structure, consists in constructing at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells of the structure without the shell material in its fixture aspect. This eliminates the fixture function of the formwork, which in this case functions as a shaping formwork / casting mold, particularly as permanent formwork.The construction is therefore expanded in its device aspect in that the shell building material together with the formwork delimiting at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells on its side facing the outside and / or inside of the construction and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure on the side facing one and / or the other interior space of the construction and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the construction on the side facing one and / or the other space outside the construction is replaced within the component framework with a single formwork, which is constituted in particular as a simple formwork or as a blind formwork. This single formwork, which is also part of the.

[0042] Structural components of the structure can also include panels, boards, sheets, textiles, fleeces, or films of various thicknesses or strengths, made from wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass), or a combination and / or composite of the above. Special mention should be made of individual formwork, which in this case is also manufactured using an additive process (3D printing), from plastic injection molding, or from pressed materials. Depending on the material and strength, this individual formwork, in addition to its general structural function, can also assume at least part of the static-dynamic load within the structure.

[0043] Accordingly, in a general embodiment, the construction comprises at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells in its device aspect, together with possible additional structural components and / or sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials, either at least partially or completely made of the shell material together with at least one formwork directly adjacent to the shell material on at least one side (in this case, one can also speak of a permanent formwork) or of a single formwork (in this case, one can also speak of a blind or a single formwork).

[0044] A special embodiment of the construction accordingly comprises at least two spaced-apart shells, wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells is constructed by means of a single formwork, which defines and encloses an intermediate space that is essentially empty, with the exception of structural and / or technical components, or that can be filled or filled at least partially with sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material. The at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, constructed as a single formwork integrated into the component framework,borders on both sides on the spaces delimited and enclosed by the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or it forms the external and / or internal closure of the structure and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, the closure with respect to one and / or the other interior space and / or generally, with regard to the cross-section of the structure, the closure with respect to one and / or the other space outside the structure, i.e. it borders on one side on the space delimited and enclosed by the at least two spaced-apart shells and is located on the side of the space facing the outside, delimited and enclosed by the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or on the side of the space facing the inside,by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, is located on the side of the intermediate space facing one interior space, bounded by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, and / or on the side of the intermediate space facing the other interior space, bounded by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the construction, is located on the side of the intermediate space facing one space outside the construction, facing the one space outside the construction,The space defined by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, and / or on the side facing the other space outside the structure of the space defined by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. The individual formwork can be integrated into the structure in a uniform or different design.

[0045] Formwork and materialization: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in making the materialization of the individual formwork from a porous, open-pore material and / or from a sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material. In addition, this individual formwork can also comprise a sealing layer and / or a closed-pore layer and / or a combination and / or a composite of different materials of the formwork materialization, which serves to seal against the exterior and interior of the building or structure and / or against the space delimited and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, at least against one interior space and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure, at least against one space outside the structure.Furthermore, the individual formwork, consisting of a porous, open-pore material and / or a sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material, can be at least partially or completely filled, filled, or offset with a shell construction material. Additionally, with this extended embodiment, recesses or holes can be made in the individual formwork to improve the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation properties of the structure.

[0046] Structure and space: In a general embodiment of the structure, the space delimited and enclosed by the at least two spaced-apart shells, with the exception of structural and / or technical components, is essentially empty or at least partially fillable or filled with sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material, and, like at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, is at least partially or completely formed and constituted by the structural framework of the structure, using formwork. The function of the space is, on the one hand, to reduce sound, vibration, or heat transmission through the structure by having reduced sound, vibration, or thermal conductivity.In addition, the application and design of the space defined by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them allows for a reduction in the dead load of the structure while maintaining or increasing the structural load and simultaneously reducing the material requirements (shell material). The design of the space defined by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them aims to reduce the thermal conductivity with respect to solid-state heat conduction, air heat conduction, or thermal radiation, in addition to reducing sound or vibration propagation within the structure.On the other hand, at least one structural component arranged in the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them is responsible for statically and dynamically spacing the at least two spaced-apart shells that delimit said space. This can be achieved with structural components arranged in the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, such as anchoring rods or spacers - we call them space spacers - that are perpendicular to the surface delimiting the space of a shell adjacent to the space and that form point-like contacts with the at least two spaced-apart shells. Their material should give them high strength while maintaining minimal thermal conductivity.The spacer bars can consist of sleeves, solid or hollow bars, dowels, bolts, profile bars, or commercially available fastening materials, as well as various thicknesses and strengths. They can be made of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass), or a combination and / or composite of the above. Of particular note are spacer bars made from 3D printing, plastic injection molding, or molded materials.

[0047] In a general embodiment of the intermediate space delimited by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells, the anchoring of the intermediate space spacers in at least one formwork adjacent to the intermediate space and / or other structural components can be carried out by a screw, press, and / or glue connection, in particular by means of drilling, threading, dovetail, groove, or notch connections, general milling or countersinking, or with commercially available fastening means. In addition, the intermediate space spacers can be anchored in at least one formwork adjacent to the intermediate space using special fastening means, such as pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting, and / or screw sleeves and / or screw-in nuts and / or sleeves with an external and / or internal thread.On the one hand, the gap spacer can be anchored in at least one formwork adjacent to the gap without penetrating the formwork. On the other hand, the gap spacer can at least partially penetrate at least one formwork adjacent to the gap. The gap spacer can also reach up to the boundary surface of the at least one formwork penetrated by it, or it projects into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the gap and can thus be additionally anchored with the help of the shell material and / or other structural components. This can be achieved, for example, with grooves, notches or milled recesses etc. in the end area of ​​the gap spacer and / or which mechanically connect it to the shell material after loose, flowable or liquid installation and subsequent solidification of the shell material.

[0048] If the spacer and / or shell spacer is additionally made of a porous, open-pore material, there is a possibility that during the installation process of the loose, liquid, or flowable shell material, it will penetrate into the pores of the spacer material in the area of ​​at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. Upon subsequent solidification, it will provide additional mechanical anchoring of the spacer material in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. With suitable materialization, in addition to this mechanical anchoring, a chemical or chemical-mechanical bond can be achieved between the spacer and / or shell spacer and the shell material, which further increases the strength of the anchoring and can be utilized for structural statics and dynamics.

[0049] If the spacer is made of wood and / or wood-like materials, if it extends beyond at least one formwork into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space, and if a shell material is installed at least partially or completely in a liquid state, an additional effect for connecting, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring the spacer in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells can be exploited. During installation, the shell material penetrates the wood pores of the wooden spacer in the area inside the shell with the liquid shell material, causing it to swell. This increases the volume of the wooden spacer in the area inside the shell.Since additional liquid shell material can penetrate the wood pores in the end face of the spacer, the wooden spacer swells more at its end than at its shaft. This creates a conical increase in volume of the spacer, with the cone expanding towards the end of the spacer. The subsequent solidification and curing of the shell material leaves a conically swollen wooden spacer in the area within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, which thus undergoes a connection, fastening, sealing, and / or anchoring in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. This expanded embodiment, combined with concrete as the shell material, represents an expanded application of the so-called wood-concrete composite (HBV).In order to prevent a possible bursting of the shell construction material by an intermediate spacer (or possibly a shell spacer) made of wood and / or wood-like materials after its installation and subsequent consolidation, suitable precautions can be taken, such as prior moistening, prior impregnation, prior installation of a shell or the prior creation of bores, grooves or slots in the end area of ​​an intermediate spacer with subsequent filling of the bore, groove or slot with an elastic material.

[0050] An extended embodiment of the intermediate space and / or shell spacer is that the intermediate space spacer extends into at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and adjoining the intermediate space, partially or completely penetrates this and is used to anchor the formwork arranged on the side of the shell adjoining the intermediate space facing away from the intermediate space and / or other structural components and / or that the shell spacer extends into at least one of the intermediate spaces delimited by at least two shells spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, partially or completely penetrates this and is used to anchor the formwork arranged on the side of the intermediate space adjoining the shell facing away from the intermediate space and / or other structural components

[0051] Structural components are used. The shell and / or spacer supports can be integrated into the structure in a uniform or different design. Furthermore, the design of the shell spacer can be freely interchanged and combined with the design of the spacer support, and vice versa.

[0052] As with the at least two spaced-apart shells, the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them is preferably sealed by means of the formwork adjacent to it from the outside and inside of the building or structure and from the at least two spaced-apart, adjacent shells and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure from the interior spaces of the structure and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure from the spaces outside the structure.

[0053] Intermediate space without formwork: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in the structural design of the component framework, which forms and constitutes at least two spaced-apart shells and a space defined by and enclosed between them, which is essentially empty (except for structural and / or technical components) or can be filled at least partially with sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material, with the exception of the at least two spaced-apart shells, without the at least one formwork adjacent to the space defined by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells. In this case, the structural design function of that at least one formwork becomes superfluous.The design is therefore expanded in its structural aspect in such a way that the at least one formwork adjacent to the gap defined by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them is eliminated without replacement within the structural framework. In this case, the gap spacer extends at least to the surface of a shell adjacent to the gap that defines the gap, or it projects into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the gap, and can thus be anchored using the shell material and / or other structural components.If the gap spacer is made of wood, extends beyond at least the surface of a shell bordering the gap into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells bordering the gap, and a shell building material in a liquid state is at least partially or completely installed, the swelling effect and the formation of a cone during the installation process of the loose, liquid or flowable shell building material can also be utilized, as described above.An extended embodiment of the intermediate space and / or shell spacer is that the intermediate space spacer projects into at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and adjoining the intermediate space, partially or completely penetrates this and is used to anchor the shell adjacent to the intermediate space on the side facing away from the intermediate space and / or other structural components and / or that the shell spacer projects into at least one of the intermediate spaces delimited by at least two shells spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, partially or completely penetrates this and is used to anchor the shell arranged on the side facing away from the shell of the intermediate space adjoining the shell and / or other structural components.Like the at least two spaced-apart shells, the space defined and enclosed by the at least two spaced-apart shells is sealed by the adjacent shells from the exterior and interior of the building or structure, as well as from the at least two spaced-apart, adjacent shells and / or, in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, from the interior spaces and / or, generally with respect to the cross-section of the structure, from the spaces outside the structure. This expanded embodiment, combined with concrete as the shell material, represents an expanded application of the so-called wood-concrete composite (HBV).

[0054] Intermediate space and technical components: An extended embodiment of the structure involves integrating technical components such as building or utility technology elements and / or measurement and / or control technology elements into the structure. These components are located within the intermediate space defined by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells. The intermediate space can thus assume and perform additional functions of the structure.

[0055] Spacers and inclined arrangement: An extended embodiment of the design consists in arranging the spacer bars in the space defined by and enclosed between at least two spaced-apart shells not perpendicular to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space, but rather at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space. The advantage of this arrangement is that it not only allows structural forces to be dissipated perpendicular to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space, but also, by means of an inclined spacer bar, allows sliding, transverse and / or shear forces to be absorbed and dissipated parallel to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space.In addition to the angle of inclination, the orientation of the inclination of the spacer bars can also be arranged as desired, such as uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral, or circular with different hole circle diameters in uniform or opposite alignment, or with any regular or irregular symmetries and / or alignments. In contrast to spacer bars arranged perpendicular to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the gap, their inclined arrangement enables increased anchoring and spacing in a direction perpendicular to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the gap.

[0056] Spacers and 45° arrangement: A special design embodiment involves arranging the spacer in the space defined by and enclosed between at least two spaced-apart shells at an angle of 45° to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space. The advantage of this special arrangement is, on the one hand, that it can absorb and dissipate structural forces perpendicular to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space, as well as sliding, transverse, and / or shear forces parallel to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the space. This can be advantageous for both static and dynamic structural loads (variable live loads, variable wind and snow loads, earthquakes).On the other hand, this special arrangement of the spacer bars results in reduced sound, vibration, or heat transmission through the structure compared to spacers arranged perpendicular to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space, because the spacer bars inclined at a 45° angle are longer by a factor of A / 2, and thus the sound, vibration, or solid-state heat conduction occurs over a distance that is a factor of A / 2 longer. In addition to the angle of inclination, the orientation of the inclination of the spacer bars can also be arranged as described above.On the one hand, the inclination of the spacer at a 45° angle to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the gap optimizes the function of reduced sound, vibration, or heat conduction with the structural static-dynamic function of the spacer. On the other hand, the inclination of the spacer at a 45° angle to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space that defines the gap also simplifies and optimizes mechanical prefabrication because the leg distances of the resulting isosceles triangle are equal.

[0057] Spacers and multitude: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in executing and arranging the space spacers arranged perpendicular to the surface delimiting the space of a shell adjacent to the space in the space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, instead of a few, increasingly dimensioned space spacers, the same in a multitude, with fine dimensioning and distributed over the entire surface of the shell adjacent to the space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them.The advantage of this design is that it allows the distribution of structural forces across the multitude of spacer bars distributed over the entire surface of the shell bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. With regard to the structural function of the spacer bars, a statistical threshold can be reached, beyond which the strength of a single spacer bar in combination with the multitude of spacer bars distributed over the entire surface of the shell bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them only contributes statistically to the structural strength, i.e. the structural function of a single spacer bar, for example, drops.If a gap is lost due to material inhomogeneities, defects, or breakage, it is absorbed and compensated for by the remaining spacer bars. In addition, this design transforms the structural forces from purely point forces to surface forces, which can prove advantageous in the dimensioning and material selection of the structure. A further advantageous effect of this design is that the formwork adjacent to the gap on at least one side is stiffened and stabilized across its entire surface.

[0058] Spacers, multitude and oblique arrangement: A special embodiment of the construction consists in arranging the multitude of space spacers, which are designed and arranged with fine dimensions and distributed over the entire surface of the shell bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, in the space bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, not perpendicular to the surface of a shell bordering the space bordering the space, but obliquely, at an angle not equal to 90°, which includes the special case of an angle of 45°.This not only creates the advantages outlined above, but also additional advantages regarding structural statics and dynamics based on their now inclined orientation relative to the surface of a shell adjacent to the space. This special design and arrangement of the space spacers allows structural forces to be absorbed and dissipated from any direction.Not only are the structural forces converted from point to surface forces, but structural forces perpendicular to the surface of a shell bordering the gap, as well as sliding, transverse and / or shear forces parallel to the surface of a shell bordering the gap, can be absorbed and dissipated to the same extent, which can be advantageous for both static and dynamic structural loads (variable live loads, variable wind and snow loads, earthquakes). The advantages regarding the aspects outlined above regarding statistical thresholds and sound, vibration or solid-state heat conduction are further enhanced with this special design. In addition to the angle of the inclination, the orientation of the inclination of the gap spacers can also be arranged as desired, for example:uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral or circular with different bolt circle diameters in uniform or opposite alignment or with any regular or irregular symmetries and / or alignments.

[0059] Spacers and length: An extended design embodiment involves designing the ends of the spacers of different lengths in the space defined by and enclosed between at least two spaced-apart shells, provided they penetrate at least one of the at least one shell adjacent to the space and extend into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. This design embodiment has the advantage of reducing the effect of any fracture surface between the ends of the spacers and the cured shell material.

[0060] Spacers and reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in anchoring and fastening at least one reinforcement in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells at at least one end of the spacer, if said reinforcement penetrates at least one of the at least one shell surface adjacent to the space and protrudes into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. This embodiment of the construction has the advantage that the force effect of the at least one reinforcement can be transferred directly to the spacers. In addition, the at least one reinforcement stabilizes the area of ​​the ends of the spacer within the at least two spaced-apart shells, which can also be advantageous in terms of structural statics and dynamics.The at least one reinforcement can be attached using conventional fastening technology, or the end of the spacer can have a recess, a rebate, a groove, or the like, by means of which the at least one reinforcement can be attached to the end of the spacer. In addition, technical components such as building, supply, measurement, and / or control technology elements can also be anchored and attached to at least one end of the spacer using this embodiment.

[0061] Intermediate space and insulation material: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in filling or equipping the intermediate space, which is delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, at least in sections with porous, open-pore material, with sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material and / or a material for absorbing moisture.In addition, this porous, open-pore material, this sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material and / or a material for absorbing moisture can also comprise a waterproofing layer and / or a closed-pore layer and / or a combination and / or a composite of different materials of the materialization of the formwork, which serves to seal against the outside and inside of the building or structure and / or against the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, at least against one interior space and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure, at least against one space outside the structure.In addition, the porous, open-pore material, the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material and / or the moisture absorption material may be at least partially or completely filled, filled or offset with a shell building material.

[0062] Intermediate space and thermal radiation: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in filling or equipping the intermediate space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, at least in sections, with a suitable material for absorbing or reflecting thermal radiation.

[0063] Structure and beams or pillars: A special embodiment of the structure, in particular a wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling and / or roof structure and / or a cantilevered structure such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure, consists in integrating a structural reinforcement into the structure, which is designed as reinforcement to absorb vertical structural loads. The component framework comprises a beam or pillar, which has at least two spaced-apart bar profiles, we call them the beam or pillar bar profiles, which delimit and enclose a space between them that is essentially empty with the exception of shell, structural and / or technical components or that can be filled at least in sections with sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material, we call this the beam or pillar space.Since the beam or pillar is integrated into the structural component, the beam or pillar bar profiles can also incorporate the function of formwork or be supplemented with such within the structural component. The adjacent beam or pillar bar profiles and / or formwork thus seal off the space between the beam or pillar from the exterior and interior of the building or structure, as well as from the at least two spaced-apart, adjacent shells, and / or, in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, from the interior spaces and from the at least two spaced-apart, adjacent shells, and / or generally, with regard to the cross-section of the structure, from the spaces outside the structure and from the at least two spaced-apart, adjacent shells.

[0064] The space between the beams or pillars comprises anchoring bars or spacers, we call them beam or pillar spacers, which statically and dynamically space the at least two spaced-apart beam or pillar bar profiles and are arranged vertically or obliquely, at an angle to the surface of a beam and / or pillar bar profile, equal to or not equal to 90°, whereby the oblique position can take on any orientation, such as uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral or circular with different bolt circle diameters in uniform or opposite alignment or with any regular or irregular symmetries and / or alignments. In addition, the beam or pillar spacers can be arranged in the space created by the at least two spaced-apart beams or pillar bar profiles.The beam or pillar spacers, as described above, can be designed and arranged in a plurality of finely dimensioned spaces distributed over the entire beam or pillar profile surface, delimited and enclosed between the beam or pillar profiles. The design and material of the beam or pillar spacers and the beam or pillar profiles can be designed in the same way as the design and material of the spacer.

[0065] The anchoring of the beam or pillar spacers in at least the beam or pillar bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pillar space and / or other load-bearing structure components can be carried out by a screw, press and / or glue connection, in particular by means of drilling, threading, dovetail, groove or notch connections, general milling or recessing, or with commercially available fastening means. In addition, the beam or pillar spacers can be anchored in at least the beam or pillar bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pillar space using special fastening means, such as press, drilling, threading, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeves and / or screw-in nuts and / or sleeves with an external and / or internal thread. On the one hand, the beam or pillar spacer can be anchored in this way without penetrating the beam or pillar bar profiles.On the other hand, the beam or pillar spacer can at least partially penetrate at least one of the two beam or pillar bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pillar spacer. The beam or pillar spacer can also reach up to the boundary surface of the beam or pillar bar profile it penetrates, or it projects into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the beam or pillar spacer and can therefore be additionally anchored with the help of the shell material and / or other load-bearing structure components. This can be achieved, for example, with grooves, notches or milled recesses etc. in the end area of ​​the beam or pillar spacer, which mechanically connects the shell material to the latter after loose, flowable or liquid installation and subsequent solidification. If the beam or pillar spacerIf the pier spacer is also made of a porous, open-pore material, there is a possibility that during the installation of the loose, liquid or flowable shell material it will penetrate into the pores of the spacer material in the area of ​​at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the beam or pier space, and when it subsequently solidifies, it will become additionally mechanically anchored in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart beam or pier bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pier space. With suitable materialization, in addition to this mechanical anchoring, a chemical bond can be achieved between the beam or pier spacer and the shell material, which further increases the strength of the anchorage and can be utilized for the statics and dynamics of the structure. If the beam or pierIf the pillar spacer is made of wood, the swelling effect during the installation process of the loose, liquid, or flowable formwork material, as described above, can also be utilized. This expanded version, combined with concrete as the formwork material, represents an expanded application of the so-called wood-concrete composite (HBV).

[0066] The general, extended and specific embodiments of the structure and the spacer described above also apply to the beam or pillar spacer. The beam or pillar can either be fully integrated into the component framework or integrated protrudingly on at least one side of the structure in terms of its cross-section. In addition to the embodiments described above with regard to the at least one reinforcement integrated in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, the beam or pillar can comprise additional embodiments of the reinforcement such as reinforcing rods, prestressing cables, tension rods, etc., which are not only located within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, but extend longitudinally and / or transversely to the beam or pillar over the entire length of the beam or pillar and are also located within the beam or pillar.can be arranged in the space between the pillars.

[0067] Construction and building module: A special embodiment of the construction, in particular a wall, floor, support, pillar, ceiling and / or roof construction and / or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure consists in implementing the component framework, which comprises and constitutes the at least two spaced-apart shells together with the space delimited and enclosed between them, in the form of a construction module, i.e. the general embodiment of the construction module corresponds to the component framework of the modular construction as described above. The construction modules can consist of individual components such as wall, floor, support, pillar, ceiling or roof parts, a combination thereof or of entire components such as entire walls, floors, supports, pillars, ceilings or roofs or of entire room modules or parts thereof.The advantage of modular construction is well known.

[0068] The individual building modules or, where applicable, their formwork must be sealed from the outside and inside and / or, in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, from the interior spaces and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure from the spaces outside the structure, as well as from one another and from each other. This can be achieved using commercially available sealing measures and sealing devices or with the special measure described below for sealing the individual building modules or, where applicable, their formwork from one another. The direction in which the building modules are assembled during pre- and / or final assembly determines the design of the connection and sealing points between the individual building modules, in particular, where applicable, the formwork from one another. On the one hand, the sealing of the building modules or,On the one hand, the sliding distance, i.e. the distance between the two connecting and sealing points when joining the building modules or, if applicable, their formwork, during pre- and / or final assembly, must be kept as small as possible, as this can otherwise lead to assembly problems. The size and weight of the building modules, as well as their geometric shape, are determined primarily by optimizing prefabrication (handling), transport (volume, weight), and pre- and / or final assembly (handling). The building module size can range from the size of individual rooms down to the size of a brick.

[0069] The shape and edges of the building modules can comprise a variety of geometric shapes, whereby the design of the sealing points between the individual, adjacent building modules or, if present, their formwork, their ability to cover an area, as well as the resulting sliding distance are decisive for the design. The size scale and the geometric shape of the building modules, in addition to the aforementioned criteria, are mainly determined by new methods of mechanical prefabrication and automated pre- and / or final assembly of the building modules, in particular the increased proportion of digitalization and automation. An additional and essential criterion of the building module size with regard to the present invention is the formwork pressure triggered by the loose, flowable or liquid formwork material during at least partial or complete installation during pre- and / or final assembly, i.e.The strength of the formwork is determined by the fluid pressure (gravity pressure) acting on the formwork and the installation method. To provide additional strength to the shell construction material, at least one reinforcement can be installed within the at least two spaced-apart shells of the building module, as described above. If the formwork is made of wood or a similarly porous, open-pore material, in addition to the sealing described below, the swelling effect upon contact with the shell construction material can be used to seal the sealing points between the individual, adjacent building modules or, if present, their formwork. This expanded embodiment, combined with concrete as the shell construction material, represents an expanded application of the so-called wood-concrete composite (HBV).Construction module and reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists of the integration of at least one reinforcement as described above within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, which provides additional strength to the shell material. In addition, the at least one reinforcement can extend beyond the edge of the construction modules and into at least one adjacent construction module, which in turn has suitable recesses. This increases the structural strength and supports heat dissipation within the at least two spaced-apart shells between adjacent construction modules.In order to achieve further structural strength, the at least one reinforcement can be connected between adjacent building modules by means of a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click or bolt connection) so that the resulting structural loads can be fully transferred from one building module to its adjacent building module.

[0070] Construction module and connection: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in designing it with a connection and sealing method that is specific to its device aspect. The formwork has a mutually overlapping fold, which fastens and seals the adjacent construction modules or their formwork against each other during the pre- and / or final assembly of the building or structure. The connection and sealing points can be designed using a mutually overlapping fold and a rectangular cross-section, or using an inclined overlap surface (sheet tongue and groove joint), or as a tongue and groove connection. The advantage of a fold with an inclined overlap surface is that it reduces the sliding distance to a minimum. In order to increase the efficiency of machine prefabrication and automated pre- and / or final assembly of the construction modules ortheir formwork, the fold within a building module can be arranged alternately with respect to the assembly direction, e.g. in the case of vertical assembly direction of the building modules, the fold in the upper half of the building module can be cut out from the side facing the outside and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, opposite the side facing one interior space and / or generally with respect to the cross-section of the construction opposite the side facing a space outside the structure, whereas in the lower half of the building module it is cut out from the side facing the inside and / or in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, opposite the side facing the other interior space and / or generally with respect to the cross-section of the construction opposite the side facing the other space outside the structure or vice versa.In addition, the design of the fold can be machine-compatible for processing with rotary tools.

[0071] Construction module, connection and click system: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in designing it with a connection and sealing point that is determined by its device aspect. In addition to a mutually overlapping fold in a rectangular shape or by means of an inclined overlapping surface (sheet tongue and groove seam), the formwork comprises a click system. The overlapping surface of the formwork of one construction module has a material elevation in the form of a knob, edge and / or hook, while the mutually corresponding overlapping surface of the formwork of the adjacent construction module has a material depression in the form of a groove, fold and / or hook at the same point, so that when the adjacent construction modules orThe formwork, the raised material portion of one overlapping surface, and the lower material portion of the corresponding adjacent overlapping surface click into each other, thus connecting and securing them. The advantage of this click system is that it allows adjacent building modules or their formwork to be additionally secured to each other during pre- and / or final assembly.

[0072] Construction module and geometric shape: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in designing its shape and / or border with a special geometric shape that can cover a flat or curved surface. The border and / or boundary surface of the construction module or, if present, a formwork parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling, or roof surface is designed as a regular polygon (triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, etc.) or an irregular polygon, which is used either upright or horizontally with regard to prefabrication and / or final assembly. This embodiment can be advantageous with regard to improved handling of the construction module or, if present, its formwork with regard to prefabrication and / or pre- and / or final assembly and / or have improved sealing and / or a reduced sliding distance.In addition, the border and / or boundary surface can be designed parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling or roof surface of a building module with mutually telescoping and interlocking corner and / or round profiles (45) so that, in the finally assembled state, for example, tensile forces from adjacent building modules can also be diverted. In order to be able to create rectangular boundary surfaces in relation to other building systems such as windows, doors, balconies, etc. or building closures such as reveals, corners, edges or in relation to other building modules, building modules with additional geometric shapes are required. In connection with the present invention, the geometric shape of the hexagon is particularly suitable as the border and / or boundary surface of a building module orif present, a formwork parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling or roof surface, in the case of its horizontal arrangement the resulting sliding distance of the connecting and / or sealing surface of the formwork is minimal.

[0073] Construction module and composite geometric shape: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in its shape and / or border with an additional, special geometric shape that can cover a flat or curved surface. The border and / or boundary surface of the construction module or, if present, a formwork parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling, or roof surface consists of any composite geometric shapes. This embodiment can be advantageous with regard to improved handling of the construction module or, if present, its formwork with regard to prefabrication and / or pre- and / or final assembly and / or have an improved connection and / or sealing and / or a reduced sliding distance.

[0074] Construction module and hexagonal shape: A special design of the construction module consists in its shape and / or border with an additional, special geometric shape that can cover a flat or curved surface. The border and / or boundary surface of the construction module, or formwork if present, consists of a limited number of assembled hexagons parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling, or roof surface. If the design of a construction module consists of three, four, five, or more assembled hexagons, the combination of these construction modules has the property of being able to absorb and dissipate tensile structural forces in the final assembled state simply due to its geometry. In addition, this design results in surface effects with regard to the structural statics and dynamics.Furthermore, this design eliminates any continuous joints within the structure, which could potentially arise during pre- and / or final assembly. In the context of the present invention, special mention should be made of the modular form, assembled from four horizontally arranged, alternating hexagons, as the boundary surface of the building module or, if present, a formwork parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling, or roof surface.

[0075] Modular building block: A special embodiment of the building module consists in expanding its shape and / or border so that the building module, or the formwork if present, encompasses a specific size range. The border and / or boundary surface of the building module, designed with a simple or complex geometric shape, or the formwork if present, extends parallel to a wall, floor, ceiling, or roof surface within a size range of one square meter. This embodiment of the building module, which we call the modular building block, can be advantageous with regard to improved handling during prefabrication and / or pre- and / or final assembly.Of particular note is the advantage of this design of the construction module as a modular building block, particularly in wall constructions, which consists in the fact that during the gradual, partial or complete installation of the loose, flowable or liquid formwork material during pre- and / or final assembly, the formwork pressure only increases gradually or incrementally, per module building block height, and thus the total formwork pressure can be reduced in advance.

[0076] Construction module and beam or pillar: A special embodiment of the construction module consists in implementing the beam or pillar described above, which is integrated into the structural component framework, in the form of a construction module, i.e. such a beam or pillar construction module corresponds to the beam or pillar in modular construction described above. In particular, the beam or pillar integrated into the structural component framework is formed from individual beam or pillar construction modules that are arranged in a row and connected to one another. In addition to the mutual connection and sealing point of the formwork, if present, the beam or pillar bar profiles integrated into the beam or pillar construction module comprise connecting devices on their front side which connect adjacent beam or pillar construction modules to one another under tension and compression.These can be implemented by means of a screw, press and / or slide connection, in particular by means of drilling, threading, dovetail, groove or notch connections, general milling or recessing or with commercially available fastening means and / or by means of special fastening means such as pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeves and / or screw-in nuts and / or sleeves with an external and / or internal thread. In addition to the above-described at least one reinforcement within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, the beam or pillar construction module comprises an additional embodiment of the reinforcement, such as a bar reinforcement, which is connected to one another within the fully assembled beam or pillar by means of a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click or bolt connection) and penetrates and stiffens the beam or pillar along its entire length.For this purpose, the beam or pier construction modules have corresponding holes or recesses. The bar reinforcement can also consist of at least one tension rod or prestressing cable inserted from one end of the fully assembled beam or pier, or of at least two tension rods or prestressing cables inserted from both ends of the fully assembled beam or pier. These are then connected within the beam or pier using a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click, or bolt connection) and anchored in the beam or pier bar profiles using a tension anchorage. The beam or pier can be prestressed and / or cambered.

[0077] Beam or pillar construction module and connection: A special design of the beam or pillar construction module involves designing it with a special sliding connection between the beam or pillar bar profiles. The beam or pillar bar profiles of adjacent beam or pillar construction modules have corner and / or round profiles on their front sides that slide into one another and interlock, connecting the beam or pillar construction modules to one another in their longitudinal direction under tension and compression. The sliding direction of the mutually interlocking corner and / or round profiles during their assembly corresponds to the vertical assembly direction of the adjacent beam or pillar construction modules that are pushed into one another. In order to ensure that the mutual sliding connection of the beam or pillar bar profiles is achieved when the bar reinforcement is arranged at an angle (i.e. when the bar reinforcement direction is not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam or pillar modules).To ensure that the beam or pillar bar profiles (which are designed as pillar bar profiles) are not pushed apart in the sliding direction, the mutually interlocking corner and / or round profiles must include a sliding stop or sliding limiter in their device aspect, which absorbs the obliquely acting forces of the bar reinforcement. The sliding stop or sliding limiter can be designed by means of a conically tapered shape of the corner and / or round profiles or by means of a mutually adjacent rebate incorporated into the end face of the beam or pillar bar profiles in addition to the corner and / or round profiles.

[0078] The direction of the inclination of the bar reinforcement determines, in its procedural aspect, the order in which the beam or pier construction modules are lined up and connected to one another. If the bar reinforcement is designed as a tension bar, the sliding stop or the sliding limiter of the sliding connection of the beam or pier bar profiles of the beam or pier construction module in the middle of the beam or pier acts on both end faces of the beam or pier bar profiles in such a way that the adjacent beam or pier construction modules attached on either side of the middle beam or pier construction module only slide together in the sliding direction until the beam or pier bar profile axes are aligned, and the sliding stop or sliding limiter prevents further sliding in the sliding direction. The sliding stops or sliding limits of the further attached beam or pier construction modules act in the same way.If the bar reinforcement is designed as a compression bar, the sliding stop or sliding limitation works in reverse. Additionally, the border and / or boundary surface can extend parallel to the floor, beam, pillar, ceiling, roof, or structural surface of the beam or pillar construction module, or if present, the formwork and / or beam or pillar bar profiles, within a size scale of one square meter. In this case, we speak of a beam or pillar module building block. The special sliding connection between the beam or pillar bar profiles can also be used, as described above.

[0079] Construction and aerospace: The construction embodiments described above can also include extraterrestrial applications. The structural static and dynamic challenges here primarily arise from the significant pressure difference between the interior and the building's surroundings. The additional structural forces arising from this are primarily tensile forces, which can, however, be managed with the construction embodiments described above. In addition to the precautions described above for sealing the structure from the exterior and interior areas and / or, in the case of interior spaces of a building or structure, from the interior spaces and / or generally with regard to the cross-section of the structure from the spaces outside the structure, surface sealing across the entire interior surface of the structure is required.This can consist of a film, a thin coating or a thin covering made of plastic or metal and is applied or mounted over the entire surface of the shell facing the interior. This type of surface waterproofing allows any damage or leaks to be repaired from the inside of the structure. To ensure that every single point on the interior surface of the structure is accessible for the possible repair of a leak in the surface waterproofing, the room-in-room concept is a suitable design for the construction. In this case, the part of the structure that separates the interior from the building's surroundings is built around the structure of the building's interior, without any connection to it, with the exception of the floor or in the case of penetrations.

[0080] Notes on the materialization of the wooden structural framework for extraterrestrial applications. Wood is already used in space travel (satellites). The experience gained in this field will pave the way for more extensive, extraterrestrial applications of wood. The good strength-to-weight-to-volume ratio, in combination with a shell construction material as described above and its reinforcement, as well as its ease of processing, make wood an interesting building material for extraterrestrial applications. The strength of wood remains constant over large temperature and pressure ranges. On the one hand, there is the possibility that a certain amount of residual moisture at low temperatures and low pressures (vacuum) may further increase the strength of wood. On the other hand, the bursting of any closed-pore wood cells at low pressures statistically occurs at the weakest point within a wood pore, i.e.within the surface and not at a web of the wood pore, which has formed in the contact area with more than one adjacent, neighbouring wood pore. This possible impairment of the strength of wood at low pressures can, statistically speaking, presumably be neglected. The possible material decomposition due to the additional exposure to intense solar, and cosmic radiation as well as the erosive contact with free molecules determines the design of the component framework in the form of a building module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar building module and / or a beam or pillar modular building block as a wooden component in conjunction with the design of the preferably present shell material, which can additionally assume a shielding function.

[0081] The above-described design of the connection, sealing, and / or anchoring using mutually expanding timber components, as well as the angled arrangement of the gap and / or beam or pillar spacers, allows for glue-free connections, sealing, and / or anchoring, which is a decisive advantage for extraterrestrial applications. In addition, the statistical approach to structural statics and dynamics, for example, isA large number of finely dimensioned and distributed over the entire surface of the shell bordering the space enclosed by at least two spaced-apart shells are of decisive advantage not only for terrestrial but also, in particular, for extraterrestrial applications, since the structure-specific force distributions can thus also be treated statistically and converted from point to surface forces.

[0082] All of the above-described general, extended and specific embodiments of the construction, the component framework, the construction module, the modular building block, the beam, the pillar, the beam or pillar construction module and / or the beam or pillar module building block can be combined in their embodiment with and among each other, if appropriate in the context of the present invention.

[0083] The technical components of the construction

[0084] The combination and integration of technical components with and in the various embodiments of the structure can, in a preferred embodiment, form a thermally active structure in its device aspect. The technical components consist, on the one hand, of a.) building or supply technology elements, which, with the aid of a control method and suitable heat transfer media such as a coolant and / or a secondary medium, manage the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the structure. This is achieved via heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with a secondary medium, or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, integrated directly into the structure.The immediate building environment serves as a calorific heat bath (as a heat and / or cold source), which, via refrigerant-air and / or plate heat exchangers, provides the required thermal energy for the heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, and thus for the thermal balance of the building or structure. The function of the heat processed and transported via the building or supply technology elements is i. to actively compensate for thermal transmission losses due to the reduced thermal insulation of the structure in its device aspect and ii. to process the heating and / or cooling function via component temperature control using thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior of the building or structure, thus ensuring thermal comfort for the users and / or residents.

[0085] The surface of the structure facing the interior serves as a heat radiation surface for heating and / or cooling applications using heat radiation in the interior of the building or structure, and the surface of the structure facing the exterior serves as a heat radiation surface for heating and / or cooling applications using heat radiation in the exterior of the building or structure. The two heat requirements i.) and ii.) described above have the special property with regard to the present invention that they do not occur in a point-like manner, but rather as area effects. It is therefore the task of building or supply technology to process the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the structure in the form of building-physical area effects.This is achieved with a maximum degree of decentralization of the heating and cooling function, which is carried out by means of heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium, or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, distributed as required over the entire building or structure surface, positioned at suitable locations and integrated into the structure. These include miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, which acquire the required heat directly from the calorific environment of the building or structure and / or the construction itself, using refrigerant-air and / or plate heat exchangers, transport it across it and distribute it within the structure via pipes integrated therein. Since the decentralization of the heating and cooling function, i.e.Since there are limits to the miniaturization of the heating and cooling units, the preferred shell material and its thermal capacity ensure the remaining and thus uniform distribution of heat within the structure. To achieve a high degree of decentralization, including with regard to the energy supply of the miniaturized heating and cooling units, these can be combined directly with equally miniaturized PV panels and battery storage units.

[0086] On the other hand, the technical components integrated into the structure comprise b.) measuring and / or control technology elements which carry out the execution of the thermal function of the structure in its process aspect, as specified by a control method provided according to a further independent aspect of the invention. They record measured variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity and physical measured variables of thermal radiation at all designated locations, in particular in the exterior and / or interior of the building or structure, on the exterior and / or interior surfaces of the structure and / or within the structure, and process them in the form of signals as input information of a thermally relevant state variable for the control method. In particular, the physical variables of thermal radiation can, for example,obtained by measuring the difference between the local surface temperature of the structure and the local air temperature in the vicinity of the structure. Furthermore, the measurement and / or control technology elements process, transmit, and regulate the control commands specified by the control process and passed on to the respective devices and units of the building or utility technology, and provide feedback on the system status to the control system.

[0087] Construction and building or utility technology: A possible, optional embodiment of the construction, as well as the general embodiment of the building or utility technology, consists of the combination and integration of its elements and components in their device aspect into the construction. The building or utility technology elements, in their device aspect, include in particular all types of lines, pipes and / or hoses, as well as valves, containers, pumps, compressors, filters, dryers, Schrader valves, sight glasses, capillaries and / or all types of heat exchangers and conventional components of refrigeration and / or heat pump technology. They are designed and configured for the transport and / or storage of a fluid consisting of air, an air mixture, a gas, a gas mixture, a liquid or a mixture of liquids and / or all types of refrigerants.The fluid can be in a constant state / phase within the building or utility technology components, or it can change its state / phase due to the effects of specially designed components, in particular due to the thermal effects of compressors and / or evaporators / condensers. The building or utility technology elements seal the transport and storage of the fluid in their device and / or process aspect from the exterior and interior of the building or structure, from at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, and from the space delimited and enclosed between them.

[0088] Structure and heating and cooling unit: A possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists of closed, two-phase fluid circuits integrated into the structure. These circuits are designed and configured as heating and / or cooling circuits. They ensure the controlled supply and removal of heat into and out of the structure via their fluid lines and with the help of miniaturized heating and / or cooling units. The heat amounts related to the phase transitions of evaporation and liquefaction of a fluid, in this case a refrigerant, are utilized for the heat balance of the structure.On the one hand, they are designed and configured as conventional cooling or refrigeration circuits, whereby in this case the miniaturized cooling unit, consisting of a compressor, the condenser as a refrigerant-air heat exchanger and other conventional components of a refrigeration circuit, is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area. The evaporator in this case consists of a fluid line section of the refrigeration circuit, which is arranged within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells. This cooling circuit is located within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them and in the immediate outside area of ​​the side of the shell of the structure facing the outside area.On the other hand, the closed fluid circuits can be designed and configured as conventional heating or heat pump circuits, in which case the miniaturized heating unit, consisting of a compressor, the evaporator as a refrigerant-air heat exchanger, and other conventional components of a heat pump circuit, is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area. In this case, the condenser consists of a fluid line section of the heat pump circuit, which is arranged within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells. This heating circuit is located within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them, and in the immediate outside area of ​​the side of the shell of the structure facing the outside area.

[0089] Construction and plate heat exchanger: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in implementing closed, two-phase fluid circuits integrated into the construction, which are designed and configured as heating and / or cooling circuits and which, via their fluid lines and with the help of the miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, ensure the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the construction with at least one plate heat exchanger for a secondary heat transport medium such as water, glycol or a mixture thereof. The plate heat exchanger generally takes on the function of the evaporator and / or condenser within the heating and / or cooling circuit. The plate heat exchanger can be integrated into the heating and / or cooling circuit via the fluid lines of the secondary heat transport medium for heating and / or cooling applications inside the building or structure, such asComponent, wall, floor, ceiling heating and / or cooling systems and / or be configured via the fluid lines of the secondary heat transport medium for the supply and removal of heat from the calorific environment of the building or the structure and / or the construction itself, such as geothermal energy, brine, etc. It can be positioned and arranged partially or completely on the side of the shell facing the outside area, within one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another, within the space delimited by them and enclosed between them, or on the side of the shell facing the inside area.

[0090] The heating and / or cooling circuits and / or secondary medium circuits integrated into the structure or their miniaturised heating and / or cooling units can be used for heating and / or cooling applications by means of thermal radiation both inside and outside the building or structure.

[0091] Construction and PV: A possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology comprises, in its device aspect, photovoltaic panels and / or photovoltaic systems together with their control elements as well as components for the transport and storage of electrical power (batteries, capacitors or a combination thereof), overpressure / underpressure (pressure storage vessels), moisture (porous, open-pore material), heat (materials with high heat capacity, latent heat storage and phase change materials PCM) and / or storage media for at least one aggregate state of the fluid, in particular a refrigerant.

[0092] Construction and condensate: A possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists of building or supply technology integrated into the construction.

[0093] Supply technology elements designed to collect and control the condensate that accumulates as humidity on the cooling surfaces at temperatures below the dew point of the ambient air. These can be made of porous, open-pore materials in the form of panels, plates, and / or fleeces, and / or specially designed and configured fluid or liquid lines, capillary tubes, and optionally in combination with condensate transport devices such as pumps.

[0094] Structure and fluid lines: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in routing and installing the fluid lines of the heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium, or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, from the side of the shell facing the outside area to suitable locations within the structure. At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or in the space delimited and enclosed between them comprises, at least in sections, fluid lines. These lines are installed using loops arranged in a predetermined geometry, for example, in a meandering pattern, or another suitable line geometry, e.g., adapted to the space.If the fluid lines are arranged at least partially in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, they are at least partially embedded in the shell material and are in direct contact with it, i.e., they are directly adjacent to the shell material or are provided with suitable thermally conductive materials, which in turn are in direct contact with the shell material. The fluid lines can consist of conventional and / or commercially available line profiles and materials, or they can be manufactured using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and / or die casting, or pressing or punching, and can consist of specially suitable materials.The fluid lines seal the transport and storage of the fluid in their device and process aspect at least from the exterior and interior of the building or structure, from at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and from the space delimited by them and enclosed between them.

[0095] Construction and extended fluid line: A possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists of fluid lines for the heating and / or cooling circuits and / or the circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, which are made of porous, open-pore materials, in extreme cases also of wood, and are located at least partially within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or within the space delimited by them and enclosed between them. They are connected and sealed and are in fluid contact with the fluid lines of the heating and / or cooling circuit and / or the circuit with secondary medium orTheir miniaturized heating and / or cooling units and can be made of special pipe profiles and materials and / or they can be manufactured by additive manufacturing (3D printing), by injection and / or die casting, or by pressing or stamping and made of specially suitable materials. In terms of their device and process aspects, the fluid lines seal the transport and storage of the fluid at least from the exterior and interior of the building or structure, from at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, and from the space delimited and enclosed between them.

[0096] Heating and cooling unit and piping layout: One possible, optional design for building or supply technology involves implementing the individual heating and / or cooling circuits with multiple refrigerant injections. On the one hand, the refrigeration circuit, as a cooling circuit, has several evaporator components such as evaporators, partial evaporators, plate heat exchangers, and / or several fluid line sections of uniform or varying lengths that act as evaporators. On the other hand, the heat pump circuit, as a heating circuit, has several condenser components such as condensers, partial condensers, plate heat exchangers, and / or several line sections of uniform or varying lengths that act as condensers.The refrigerant is injected into multiple fluid line sections and / or multiple evaporators and / or condensers using conventional injection valves, expansion valves, capillary tubes, capillary tube distributors, and / or multiple injection distribution devices. The evaporator and / or condenser performance can be determined either by controllable injection valves, expansion valves, by varying the lengths of the capillary tubes, and / or by variable compressor performance. To increase the uniform heat transfer in the evaporator and / or condenser components from the refrigerant to the ambient medium with respect to its surface area effect, the routing of the fluid lines in the flow direction can include elevations (line dents) and / or depressions (line pockets), so that the flow of the refrigerant is either promoted or retarded.The multiple injection of the refrigerant can also be used to arrange the individual evaporator and / or condenser components at different locations within the structure within a single heating and / or cooling circuit. In particular, the individual evaporator and / or condenser components can be positioned and arranged within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or within the space defined by and enclosed between them.

[0097] Design and heating and cooling unit: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in supplementing the individual heating and / or cooling circuits with a 4-way valve or a circuit of valves with a 4-way function. On the one hand, the configuration of a heating circuit can be converted into a configuration that includes both a heating circuit and a cooling circuit. On the other hand, the configuration of a cooling circuit can be converted into a configuration that includes both a cooling circuit and a heating circuit. In particular, with this expanded embodiment of the building or supply technology, a closed, two-phase fluid circuit can be designed and configured together with a corresponding thermal unit that includes both the heating and cooling functions.In the case of this extended embodiment, the devices for injecting the refrigerant in the heating and / or cooling circuit are adapted accordingly to the 4-way function.

[0098] Compressor circuits: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology involves arranging the individual compressors of a heating and / or cooling circuit using a circuit of at least two compressors. The at least two compressors can be connected in parallel, which corresponds to an increase in the overall heating and / or cooling capacity of the heating and / or cooling circuit. Or the at least two compressors can be connected in series, which corresponds to an expansion of the thermal operating range of the heating and / or cooling circuit. In the case of the embodiment with at least three compressors, a combination of parallel and serial connection of the individual compressors can also be used.

[0099] HK unit and heat radiation surface: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology is to supplement the refrigerant-air heat exchanger in its device aspect with heat radiation surfaces so that additional heat energy conveyed by heat radiation can be exchanged via the immediate building environment as a calorific heat bath (as a heat and / or cold source) and utilized for the heat balance of the building or structure.

[0100] Heating and cooling unit and outdoor application: A possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in at least one closed, two-phase fluid circuit integrated into the structure, which is designed and configured as a heating and / or cooling circuit and / or as a circuit with a secondary medium and, via its fluid lines and with the aid of a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit, ensures the controlled supply and removal of heat into and out of the structure for heating and / or cooling applications by means of thermal radiation in the exterior of the building or structure or as a standalone, miniaturized heating and / or cooling system for heating and / or cooling applications by means of thermal radiation in the exterior. At least one surface of the structure facing the exterior serves, in particular a wall, floor, support, pillar, ceiling and / or roof structure and / or a cantilevered structure such asCanopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure, at least in sections as a heat radiation surface for heating and / or cooling by means of heat radiation in the exterior of the building or structure. In its general embodiment, the construction acts as a thermal separation surface between the calorific environment of the building or structure, which serves as a heat and / or cooling source for the refrigerant-air and / or plate heat exchanger of the heating and / or cooling circuit, and the environment of the building or structure, which is heated and / or cooled by means of heat radiation. In particular, the building or structure canSupply technology can be configured such that the structure does not serve as a thermal separation surface as described above, but that both the heat radiation surface for the heating and / or cooling application by means of heat radiation in the outdoor area and the calorific environment, which serves as a heat and / or cold source for the refrigerant-air and / or plate heat exchanger of the heating and / or cooling circuit, are located on the same side of the structure facing the outdoor area. This embodiment can be used in particular, for example, to actively melt snow on roofs or generally to influence and change the thermal image on the side of the structure facing the calorific environment of the building or structure.

[0101] HK unit and IR panel: A possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in at least one closed, two-phase fluid circuit, which is designed and configured as a heating and / or cooling circuit and / or as a circuit with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, with a separate heat radiation panel, which is at least partially or completely integrated into the structure on the side facing the interior and / or exterior and / or is located outside the structure on the side of the shell facing the interior and / or on the side of the shell facing the exterior.The heat radiation panel takes over the function of the evaporator and / or the condenser within the heating and / or cooling circuit via fluid lines of the heating and / or cooling circuit that are integrated and / or embedded in the same and / or the heat radiation panel is flowed through by means of fluid lines that are integrated and / or embedded in the same with a secondary medium that is supplied via a plate heat exchanger through the heating and / or cooling circuit with controlled supply and removal of heat.The heat radiation panel is designed and configured in its device aspect as a heat radiation surface and can be in the form of plates, sheets, pressed materials, sheets, textiles, nonwovens, or films, and their materialization can include metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, stone, glass) and / or a combination and / or a composite of the aforementioned or other materials in sheet form. Special mention should be made of porous, open-pore materials with good thermal conductivity, such as a nonwoven or Alusion, which can be used as an embodiment for the heat radiation panel. In this case, the evaporator and / or condenser consist of a fluid line section which is embedded in the porous, open-pore material and is in direct contact with it, i.e.It is directly adjacent to the porous, open-pore material or it is provided with suitable thermally conductive materials, which in turn are in direct contact with the porous, open-pore material and / or are permeated by a secondary medium via fluid lines integrated and / or embedded in the material. This secondary medium is supplied via a plate heat exchanger through the heating and / or cooling circuit with controlled heat supply and removal. The radiant heat panel can be used for heating and / or cooling applications using radiant heat both inside and outside the building or structure, or as a standalone heating and / or cooling system for heating and / or cooling applications using radiant heat outdoors.

[0102] Construction and capillaries: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in designing the construction with integrated and embedded fluid lines and / or capillary tubes, which have the task of discharging the condensate water that occurs in the cooling load case, which occurs in the form of condensed air humidity on the cooling surface of the construction at temperatures below the dew point temperature, and of conducting it across the construction to a surface facing the outside area, so that when it exits the fluid lines and / or the capillary tube it can evaporate into one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or into the space enclosed between them and / or into the calorific environment of the building or structure.The embodiment consists in guiding and arranging the fluid lines and / or capillary tubes from the side of the shell facing the interior region transversely through the structure to suitable locations on the side of a suitable one of the at least two spaced-apart shells facing the exterior region and / or on the side of the shell of the structure facing the exterior region. The fluid lines and / or the capillary tubes traverse, at least in sections, at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them in a direction perpendicular to or inclined to the surface of the side of the shell facing the exterior region.They terminate shortly before or at the level of the outside-facing surface of a suitable one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the outside-facing surface of the outside-facing shell of the structure, or they protrude appropriately therefrom and terminate within one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and / or in the outside area of ​​the building or structure.

[0103] The fluid lines and / or capillary tubes can be made of commercially available line profiles and materials, such as plastic, metal, or glass, or they can be manufactured using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and / or die casting, or pressing or punching, and made of specially designed materials. Additionally, the design of the fluid lines and / or capillary tubes can be combined with porous, open-pore materials, such as nonwovens, which collect the condensate that forms on the cooling surface and transport it to the capillary tubes for further drainage. The direct drainage of the condensate that forms on the cooling surface of the structure via a surface facing the outside, inside and / or outside the structure, has a very important thermal advantage.The heat energy of the condensation heat of the resulting condensate, which the cooling unit must provide in addition to its cooling capacity, is extracted again as evaporation heat during evaporation inside and / or on the outside of the building or structure. With conventional condensate removal systems, this heat energy of the condensation heat is irretrievably lost and cannot be used for the heat balance of the structure, which contributes significantly to the inefficiency of conventional cooling systems. The above-described design of the fluid lines and / or the capillary tubes can also be used for cooling applications using thermal radiation outdoors. In addition, the above-described design of the capillary tubes can also be used in conjunction with the above-described thermal radiation panels.

[0104] Heating and cooling unit and building module / modular building block: One possible, optional embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in integrating the heating and / or cooling circuits and / or the circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units with the fluid lines, the PV panels, the battery storage units, the fluid lines and / or the capillary tubes as well as other components of the building or supply technology as such directly into the component framework in the form of an individual or entire component or a building module, a modular building block, a support or pillar module and / or a support or pillar module building block. The embodiments of the building or supply technology and the embodiments of the construction described above refer to the component framework in the form of an individual or entire component or a building module, a modular building block, a support or pillar module and / or aPillar module and / or a support or pillar module component. In addition, the building or supply technology can be expanded such that the multiple injection of the refrigerant and the associated design embodiments also encompass several individual or entire components or building modules, module components, support or pillar modules and / or support or pillar module components. The refrigerant is injected at least once per individual or entire component or building module, module component, support or pillar module and / or support or

[0105] pillar module building block. In addition, the distribution devices of the multiple injection can be designed and configured such that several individual or entire components or building modules, module building blocks, support or pillar modules and / or support or pillar module building blocks are combined in a single heating and / or cooling circuit and / or a circuit with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, in particular in such a way that the fluid lines and / or miniaturized heating and / or cooling units integrated in an individual or entire component or building module, module building block, support or pillar module and / or support or pillar module building block are connected to the fluid lines and / or miniaturized heating and / or cooling units and / or the circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units of at least one adjacent individual or entire component or building module, module building block, support orPillar module and / or support or pillar module component are connected and sealed and are in fluid contact.

[0106] Construction and measurement and / or control technology: The general design of the measurement and / or control technology, as far as the device aspect is concerned, consists of the combination and integration of its elements and components into the construction.These include in particular all types of electrical cables as well as sensor means, probes, actuator means, servo motors, measuring devices, general hardware and / or general input means for recording or entering construction-specific values ​​or thermally relevant state variables, in particular measured or estimated outside and / or inside temperatures, outside and / or inside surface temperatures, temperatures at any location within the structure, sunlight intensity, physical quantity of thermal radiation in the outside and / or inside area, humidity contents and / or physical quantities of sound and / or vibration propagation, which serve the control method as input and / or output means and are operatively connected thereto.

[0107] Technical components and building module / modular building block: A possible, optional

[0108] The embodiment of the measurement and / or control technology elements consists in integrating them as such directly into the component framework in the form of an individual or entire component or a construction module, a modular component, a support or pillar module, and / or a support or pillar module component. The above-described embodiments of the measurement and / or control technology elements and the above-described embodiments of the design refer to the component framework in the form of an individual or entire component or a construction module, a modular component, a support or pillar module, and / or a support or pillar module component.

[0109] Technical components and space travel: One possible, optional embodiment of technical components such as building or supply technology elements and / or measurement and / or control technology elements is to design them for heating and / or cooling applications using thermal radiation for extraterrestrial applications. Of particular note here is that the condenser and / or evaporator of the heating and / or cooling circuit and / or the circuit with secondary medium orwhose miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, which are positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area, are designed and configured as a refrigerant heat exchanger which absorbs or releases the required thermal energy for the heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium and thus for the thermal balance of the building or structure by means of heat exchange with the calorific heat bath (as a heat and / or cold source) in the immediate vicinity of the building or structure and / or by means of thermal radiation.

[0110] All of the above-described possible, optional embodiments of the technical components of the construction, such as building or supply technology elements and / or measurement and / or control technology elements, can be combined with and among each other in their device aspect, but also with regard to the various process aspects, if appropriate in the context of the present invention.

[0111] The control procedure

[0112] The combination and integration of a control method with and in the various embodiments of the structure and the technical components forms a thermally active structure in its device and process aspects. The control method comprises both i.) the process-based control of the thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses due to the reduced thermal insulation of the structure in its device aspect and ii.) the process-based control of thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior of the building or structure. This is achieved by integrating both the building or supply technology components and the measurement and / or control technology components in their process aspects into the various embodiments of the structure using the control method.The control process reads, compares, calculates and / or processes input information from values ​​or input information of a thermally relevant state variable, converts these into rule-based control commands and forwards them by means of control technology to the building or supply technology elements, which in turn trigger the thermal effects by means of the technical components.

[0113] The input information may include real-time signals, measured variables, and / or internally or externally processed information on a value, in particular a design-specific value or input information on a thermally relevant state variable. In addition, the input information may include stored information or thermally relevant information from publicly accessible sources that is thermally relevant to the thermal balance of the building or structure, as well as information in the form of forecasts and predictions that is thermally relevant to the thermal balance of the building or structure.Examples of this are: construction-specific values ​​or thermally relevant state variables, in particular measured or estimated outside and / or inside temperatures, outside and / or inside surface temperatures, temperatures at any location within the structure, sunlight intensity, physical quantities of thermal radiation in the outside and / or inside area, moisture contents and / or physical quantities of sound and / or vibration propagation as well as general information on weather and climate, information on the building environment such as physical conditions, geographical and climatic location, orientation of the building or structure as well as information on development, vegetation and general topological conditions on the outside of the building or structure.Further examples include information on building use, layouts and arrangements of interior spaces such as room and floor layouts, as well as specific physical or psychological needs of users and / or residents.

[0114] The control process is based on software (electronic data processing) that electronically reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the input information, converts it into suitable data formats, and generates rule-based control commands that are read, interpreted, and converted into thermal effects by the building or utility technology elements using control technology. The process-based control of thermal radiation inside and / or outside the building or structure corresponds to the process-based control of the physical quantities of thermal radiation, which, on the one hand, consist of its intensity and, on the other hand, its temperature in relation to the wavelength and frequency of the thermal radiation.In its general embodiment, the control method influences the heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, which are distributed as required across the entire building or structure surface and integrated into the construction. It is possible to design the control method in different ways. On the one hand, the control method can be designed centrally, i.e. implemented using a central control unit which centrally reads in, compares, calculates, prepares and processes the required input information and then controls the individual heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, either individually or in groups, using centrally generated, rule-based control commands.On the other hand, the control process can be designed in a decentralized manner and consist of several independent control processes, i.e. be implemented by means of decentralized control units, in which each individual control unit reads in, compares, calculates, prepares and processes the required input information and then controls the individual heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, either individually or in groups, using decentrally generated, rule-based control commands. The decentralized control units can be assigned directly to individual heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, or to individual measuring and / or control elements or elements grouped together in groups, or they can also operate by means of an independent assignment.

[0115] In addition to reading, comparing, calculating, and / or processing the input information described above, the control process, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, utilizes occurring, estimated, or calculated building physics effects on the thermal balance of the building or structure that result from the device aspect of the construction. These can manifest themselves, for example, as phase shifts, gradients of temperature, pressure, humidity, sound and / or vibration intensities, or heat and moisture transmission, or can generally be summarized as time-varying building physics variables.Furthermore, the control process, in addition to thermal effects induced by control technology to execute the heating and / or cooling function via thermal radiation, induces general building physics effects that spread and manifest themselves depending on the device aspect of the construction to control the thermal balance of the building or structure. This is generally achieved by filling, transporting, compressing, liquefying, evaporating, circulating, or emptying a fluid such as a refrigerant or a secondary medium within the designated building or service technology elements.

[0116] A general embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, for i.) the process-based control of the thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses due to the reduced thermal insulation of the structure, further consists in slowing or compensating for the local heat flow due to the transmission losses with a local heat flow that is independently prepared and supplied by supplying and removing heat through a corresponding heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with a secondary medium or its miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit. The process-based control of the compensation of the transmission losses can consist of a control sequence as follows.The control process reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the actual value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is available as input information in the form of a measured value, with the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is available as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the difference between the actual value and the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses exceeds a predefined range, the control process triggers a rule-based control command that switches the heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with secondary medium orwhose miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit, responsible for the corresponding point within the structure, is put into operation and maintained until the actual value and the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses are again within the predefined range. Based on stored, estimated, or calculated values, the required heat flow can be provided and implemented with a constant output of the corresponding heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with a secondary medium or its miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit, or at time intervals with a variable output of the corresponding heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with a secondary medium or its miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit.

[0117] A general embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, for ii.) the procedural control of thermal radiation inside and / or outside the building or structure can further consist of a control sequence that maintains and keeps constant the physical quantities of thermal radiation inside and / or outside the building or structure within a predefined physical range. The control method reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the actual value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a stored, estimated, or calculated value.If the difference between the actual value and the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation exceeds a predefined range, the control method triggers a rule-based control command which starts up the heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with a secondary medium or its miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit, responsible for the corresponding location inside and / or outside the building or structure, and keeps it in operation until the actual value and the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation return to the predefined range. In this case, based on input information previously entered by the user and / or occupant regarding their preferences for the indoor and / or outdoor climate, the required amount of thermal energy can be generated within a short period of time at high output of the corresponding heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with a secondary medium orits miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit or over a longer period of time with low power of the corresponding heating and / or cooling circuit and / or circuit with secondary medium or its miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit.

[0118] The two general control sequences described above for i.) the procedural control of the thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses due to the reduced thermal insulation of the structure, and for ii.) the procedural control of thermal radiation inside and / or outside the building or structure, can be expanded and extended in various ways. Furthermore, they can be implemented either independently of one another or in a coupled manner. Furthermore, all conventional and commercially available embodiments of the control sequences can be applied within the control method described here.

[0119] Extended control method: A possible, optional embodiment of the control method, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in utilizing the building physics effects manifested or induced by the control method due to the device aspect of the construction within or in the immediate interior and / or exterior of the building or structure, for the heat balance within the building or structure, or for the heating and / or cooling application by means of thermal radiation within the building or structure. The control method reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the input information based on the building physics effects and translates them into rule-based control commands, which are read, interpreted, and converted into thermal effects by the building or service technology elements using control technology.

[0120] Control method and characteristic map: One possible, optional embodiment of the control method, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in extending it with a previously defined, designed, and programmed, one- or multi-dimensional characteristic map. The control method reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the input information specified by the characteristic map into rule-based control commands, which are read, interpreted, and converted into thermal effects by the building or utility technology elements using control technology.

[0121] Control method and outdoor area: One possible, optional embodiment of the control method, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, consists of the process-based control of thermal radiation in the outdoor area of ​​the building or structure. This embodiment of the control method can be used, in particular, to provide and control heating and / or cooling applications using thermal radiation in the outdoor area of ​​the building or structure. The control method reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the input information specified by the physical quantities of thermal radiation in the outdoor area of ​​the building or structure into rule-based control commands. These commands are then read, interpreted, and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology.

[0122] Intelligent control system: One possible, optional embodiment of the control method, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, is to implement it as an intelligent measuring and / or control system. The software of the intelligent measuring and / or control system reads, compares, calculates, processes and / or creates additional input information in the form of specially executed model calculations and / or comparison tasks. Furthermore, the software of the intelligent measuring and / or control system can be equipped with and / or networked with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, in particular with algorithms for statistical learning. The control method reads, compares, calculates and / or processes the input information specified by the intelligent measuring and / or control system into rule-based control commands that are then transmitted by the building orSupply technology elements are read, interpreted and converted into thermal effects using control technology. The following embodiment can be considered as an example of an intelligent control system that is designed in a decentralized manner. Each individual heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary medium or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, which are distributed as required across the entire building or structure surface and integrated into the construction, is assigned a decentralized control unit. This decentralized control unit has its own independently acting decentralized control process implemented and has measuring and / or control technology elements that are distributed as required across the entire building or structure surface and integrated into the construction, and whose input information can also be shared with other decentralized control units.In addition, any control information from other external heating and / or cooling circuits and / or circuits with secondary media, or their miniaturized heating and / or cooling units, or their measurement and / or control elements located in the same building or structure, or in other buildings or structures in the immediate vicinity, or other buildings or structures, e.g., those in the same climate zone, is transmitted to the decentralized control unit. The decentralized control process executes artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, in particular algorithms for statistical learning, and can learn from its own current or stored input information and / or from external, current or stored input information.In addition, the decentralized control system can continuously improve its own control algorithm and compare it with the current thermal condition of the building or structure. From this, it can calculate, estimate, or derive trends regarding the thermal condition of a building or structure. Furthermore, the individual, decentralized control units can exchange their created and learned input information, as well as information from the rule-based control commands generated from it, and provide them with additional, nested learning functions. Control methods and embodiments: A possible, optional embodiment of the control method, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, consists of i.) the process-engineering control of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, or ii.) to apply the procedural control of the physical quantity of thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior areas to all of the above-described embodiments and device aspects of both the design and the technical components for heating and / or cooling applications using thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior areas of the building or structure. The control method reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the input information specified by the physical quantities of the heat flow, the transmission losses, and / or by the physical quantities of thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior areas of the building or structure into rule-based control commands, which are read, interpreted, and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology.

[0123] Control method and space travel: One possible, optional embodiment of the control method, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, involves extending the above-described embodiments of the control method for heating and / or cooling applications using thermal radiation for extraterrestrial applications. The control method reads, compares, calculates, and / or processes the input information specified by the physical quantities of the heat flow, the transmission losses, and / or the physical quantities of thermal radiation inside and / or outside the building or structure into rule-based control commands. These commands are then read, interpreted, and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology.

[0124] All of the above-described possible, optional embodiments of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, can be combined with and among each other in their method aspect, if appropriate in the context of the present invention.

[0125] The manufacturing process

[0126] The process for manufacturing the structure encompasses several aspects. Firstly, the component framework must be fabricated and constructed in its multi-shell design. Secondly, the two or more spaced-apart shells provided for this purpose must be filled, if necessary, at least partially or completely with the loose, flowable, or liquid shell material during pre- and / or final assembly. In addition, a variety of technical components are integrated and assembled in all process steps. There are various options for manufacturing the structure. In principle, the structure can be constructed conventionally using standard means and procedures in construction practice.In this process, the raw materials, delivered directly to the construction site in their raw state or with a low degree of prefabrication, are processed into the building structure with a high degree of manual labor and using conventional construction tools. The structural framework, which comprises and constitutes the at least two spaced-apart shells and the space defined and enclosed between them, is constructed floor by floor and, if necessary, with simultaneous, at least partial or complete incorporation of the shell building material into the at least two spaced-apart shells provided for this purpose. However, this conventional approach to constructing the structure would destroy its added value during its manufacture, since many of the components that characterize the present invention would have to be assembled in laborious, detailed work, which would be associated with poor cost-effectiveness.

[0127] Another method for constructing the structure is modular construction. In this method, the structural framework of individual components such as wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling, or roof sections, cantilevered components, a combination of these, or entire components such as entire walls, floors, beams, pillars, ceilings, or roofs, or entire room modules, is prefabricated in one piece and subsequently assembled into the building structure using pre- and / or final assembly. Finally, if necessary, it is at least partially or completely filled with the shell material. The size of these components and their geometric shape are primarily determined by optimizing prefabrication (handling), transport (volume, weight), and pre- and / or final assembly (handling), and ranges in size from several meters.Even though this manufacturing method already combines advantages in terms of cost-efficiency, it nevertheless has two fundamental disadvantages in the context of the present invention, to name just the two most important. The first disadvantage relates to dimensional accuracy during construction. In order for the components already prefabricated with good dimensional accuracy to achieve a satisfactory fit during their pre- and / or final assembly, the previously constructed building foundation and its specifically designed forms for modular construction must already have a high level of dimensional accuracy, which experience has shown is rarely satisfactory. The second disadvantage arises if a shell construction material is also to be used. In this case, formwork pressure is created when the shell construction material is installed during the pre- and / or final assembly of the structure.Since the module size of the prefabricated components ranges in size from several meters and is usually designed at a floor height of several meters, the installation of the shell building material in the formwork provided for it and / or, if necessary, additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting molds can result in increased formwork pressure, which must be absorbed by additional structural measures, such as a large number of integrated shell spacers. Conventionally, when installing a building material similar to the shell building material, specially designed temporary formwork / casting molds in a solid construction are used, which are dismantled again after the installation. However, since the present invention partially or completely uses formwork which, for example,If permanent formwork is designed as a formwork / casting mold, the corresponding component would have to be laboriously equipped with a large number of shell spacers. This would, however, negate the cost-effective advantage of the present invention.

[0128] In order to avoid the disadvantages described above and to realize the added value of the present invention, in particular its cost-effectiveness in construction and operation, in a preferred embodiment the size of the components should be in the range of approximately one meter. This circumstance is expressed in relation to the size scale of the components with the designation of the modular building block. The manufacturing process of the structure, carried out using modular building blocks, leads to a gradual or incremental increase in formwork pressure within the formwork integrated into the component framework when they are additively assembled during pre- and / or final assembly using the shell building material as required. This formwork pressure is designed, for example, as permanent formwork as a shaping formwork / casting mold.This enables a simplified and leaner design of the component framework, especially the shell spacers, which increases the cost-effectiveness of the manufacturing process. If the component framework or parts thereof are constructed in the form of at least two spaced-apart shells of the structure without the shell construction material, i.e., using only a single formwork, the second disadvantage described above is eliminated, so that conventional modular construction can also be considered for the production of the structure.

[0129] Due to the aspects described above, a multi-stage process for manufacturing the structure is therefore preferred, which can be summarized as prefabrication followed by pre- and / or final assembly. In a first step, the raw materials are prepared and processed with the highest possible degree of automation, and the first technical components are pre-assembled. In a second process step, also with the highest possible degree of automation, the pre-processed raw materials are assembled into a component, a construction module, or a modular building block, with additional technical components also being assembled.The manufacturing process for the structure is continued and / or completed with the pre- and / or final assembly of the components, construction modules, or modular building blocks, and, if necessary, with the simultaneous, at least partial or complete installation of the shell material and subsequent pre- and / or final assembly of the remaining technical components. The individual process steps and possible extensions to them with regard to modular construction, and specifically with regard to the modular building block, are described below, which have different effects on the design of the manufacturing process for the structure.

[0130] Prefabrication: Prefabrication is the first process step in the manufacture of the structure in its fixture aspect. The prefabrication steps include the processing of the raw materials, the preparation of the technical components, and the subsequent pre-assembly of the processed raw materials and the prepared technical components into a component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module, and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a component.

[0131] Formwork processing: One embodiment of the method for processing the starting materials for the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials, such as the formwork, consists in a shaping processing step with regard to their border and / or geometric shape. This comprises trimming and / or cutting to length the said starting materials, which are in the form of plates, panels, pressed materials, sheets, textiles, nonwovens or films and whose materialization includes wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and / or a combination and / or a composite of the aforementioned, by means of partially, predominantly or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics). A further processing step of the starting materials for the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials, such asFormwork involves the creation of circular material cutouts such as holes, threads, and / or millings, and / or the creation of profile-shaped material cutouts such as grooves, notches, rectangular or angled rebates, dovetail or double rebates, and / or general millings using partially, predominantly, or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics). This processing method primarily applies to raw materials that are in flat form.

[0132] Formwork manufacturing: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for manufacturing and processing the starting materials for structural components and / or sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as formwork, involves an extended manufacturing process. This process includes the shaping and processing of the formwork using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and / or die casting, or pressing or punching. This processing process refers to extended shapes of starting materials.

[0133] Processing of spacers: The general embodiment of the method for processing the starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as the shell, gap, beam, and / or pillar spacers and / or the beam or pillar bar profiles, consists of a shaping processing step with regard to their border and / or geometric shape. This comprises trimming and / or cutting to length the said starting materials, which are in the form of sleeves, solid or hollow bars, dowels, bolts, and profile bars, and whose materialization includes wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass), and / or a combination and / or composite of the aforementioned, by means of partially, predominantly, or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics).A further processing step for the starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as the shell, spacer, beam, and / or pier spacers and / or the beam or pier bar profiles, consists of the creation of circular material removals such as holes, threads, and / or millings and / or the creation of profile-shaped material removals such as threads, grooves, notches, rectangular or angled rebates, dovetail or double rebates, and / or general millings using partially, predominantly, or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics). This processing method primarily applies to starting materials in the form of bars.Manufacturing spacers: An extended embodiment of the method for manufacturing and processing the starting materials for structural components and / or sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as shell, gap, beam, and / or pillar spacers and / or beam or pillar bar profiles, consists of an extended manufacturing process. This process comprises the shaping and processing of the shell, gap, beam, and / or pillar spacers and / or beam or pillar bar profiles using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and / or die casting, or pressing or punching. This processing method refers to extended forms of starting materials.

[0134] Reinforcement processing: One embodiment of the method for processing the starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials such as the reinforcement consists in a shaping processing step with regard to their border and / or geometric shape. This comprises trimming and / or cutting to length the said starting materials, which are in the form of rods, bars, grids, nets, textiles, fleeces or fibers and whose materialization includes metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and / or a combination and / or a composite of the aforementioned, by means of partially, predominantly or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics). A further processing step of the starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials such asfor the reinforcement consists in the creation of circular material removals such as holes, threads and / or millings and / or the creation of profile-shaped material removals such as threads, grooves, notches, rectangular or inclined rebates, dovetail or double rebates and / or general millings by means of partially, predominantly or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics).

[0135] Reinforcement manufacturing: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for manufacturing and processing the starting materials for structural components and / or sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as reinforcement, involves an extended manufacturing process. This process includes the shaping and processing of the reinforcement using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and / or die casting, or compression or punching. This processing process refers to extended shapes of starting materials.

[0136] Reconditioning technical components: One embodiment of the process for reconditioning technical components involves a shaping step relating to their outline and / or geometric shape. This includes trimming, cutting to length, and / or bending technical components such as fluid lines, pipes, hoses, capillaries, cables, and / or sealing materials using partially, predominantly, or exclusively automated material processing (CNC machining and robotics). A further processing step involves reconditioning and adapting technical components such as valves, containers, pumps, compressors, filters, dryers, sight glasses, capillaries, and / or all types of heat exchangers, conventional components of refrigeration and / or heat pump technology, and prefabricated building orSupply technology elements such as condensing units, plate heat exchangers, thermal radiation panels, PV and / or battery storage units or general measurement and / or control technology elements (hardware).

[0137] Pre-assembly of component scaffolding: An embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the component scaffolding in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a carrier or

[0138] The assembly of a pier construction module and / or a beam or pier module building block as a pre-assembled component consists of a shaping assembly step with regard to its border and / or geometric shape. This generally includes the gradual, partial or complete joining, fastening and sealing of the processed starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials, such as the shell, gap, beam and / or pier spacers with the formwork, and / or the beam or pier bar profiles and any reinforcement with, against and among each other by means of manual work, automated material assembly (assembly machines and robotics) or a combination thereof with the means of anchoring and sealing described above. Optionally,

[0139] Structural components such as shell, gap, beam and / or pillar spacers are shot into the formwork and / or the beam or pillar bar profiles. Technical components are then mounted in and / or onto the existing structural scaffolding in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component and / or on its outer and / or inner closure. The pre-assembly of the structural scaffolding, which is as automated as possible, in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component includes shaping and / or mutually sealing assembly steps for all of the above-described embodiments of the construction, in particular that of a raw, partial or entire structural scaffolding, in its device aspect.

[0140] If the shell and / or gap spacers are designed to be inclined, i.e. at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a shell bordering the gap that delimits the gap, and / or if the beam and / or pillar spacers are designed to be inclined, i.e. at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a beam bar profile, an extended design of the same can be used to optimise pre-assembly, which is as automated as possible. The ends of the shell, gap, beam and / or pillar spacers are designed to be at an angle other than the angle of the inclination of the shell, gap, beam and / or pillar spacers. This enables improved sliding and assembly behaviour when installing the shell and / or gap spacers in the formwork and / or the beam and / or pillar spacers in the beams orPillar bar profiles. Pre-assembly fastening: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for pre-assembling the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and / or a support or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists in the use and / or application of a special sealing, anchoring or fastening technology for the individual processed starting materials of the load-bearing components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials to one another, if these consist of wood or other porous, open-pore materials and change their volume when exposed to or removed from moisture. The processed starting materials, such as, for example,The formwork, the beam and / or pier bar profiles, the shell, spacer, beam and / or pier spacers, and, if applicable, the reinforcement, are brought to a low moisture content in suitable equipment or rooms before assembly. Subsequently, the processed raw materials are assembled, sealed, and secured while maintaining the low or slightly higher moisture content, and formed into their final border and / or geometric shape. The pre-assembled components are then exposed to environmental conditions characterized by a higher moisture content and corresponding in magnitude to the environmental conditions of the finished building or structure.In the process, the processed raw materials absorb moisture again, swell, and secure, particularly in the contact area of ​​the mutual sealing, connection, and fastening points, thereby ensuring mutual bonding and anchoring. Since the component framework sealed, joined, and secured in this way in the form of a component or a building module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar building module, and / or a beam or pillar module building block, as a pre-assembled component, is no longer exposed to ambient conditions with deep moisture after its pre-assembly, the sealing, fastening, and anchoring of the mutual connections of the pre-assembled components remains intact. Since the mutual anchoring and fastening points of the pre-assembled components also include mutual sealing against the exterior and / or interior area, as well as between themselves and against each other, e.g.In the case of bores that penetrate a machined starting material, this embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the component framework corresponds to a special seal in its device and / or process aspect.

[0141] For all inclined designs of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials, such as inclined spacers and / or beams or pillar spacers and / or for connections of the processed raw materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials which include inclined surfaces such as dovetail joints, glue may not be required for the structural static-dynamic sealing, fastening and anchoring of the processed raw materials. However, glue can be used to prevent mutual displacement of the processed raw materials in relation to the connection and sealing point. Pre-assembly of technical components: A possible, optional embodiment of the method for pre-assembly of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam orPillar construction module and / or a support or pillar module component as a pre-assembled component consists in the particularly automated pre-assembly of technical components such as building or supply technology elements and / or measurement and / or control technology elements.

[0142] Pre-assembly assembly cage: A possible, optional embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the component scaffolding in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists in the use and / or application of an assembly cage, which serves as an assembly template for the shaping assembly step of the pre-assembly in relation to the border and / or geometric shape of the component scaffolding as a pre-assembled component in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block. In this case, individual processed starting materials of the load-bearing components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials, such asThe formwork, the beam and / or pillar bar profiles, the shell, spacer, beam and / or pillar spacers, and / or any reinforcements for the shaping assembly step are inserted into the assembly cage in order to position and secure their final position relative to the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module, and / or a beam or pillar module building block for the subsequent assembly steps. The assembly cage can consist of individual, composable parts that can be opened and closed. It can also have a clamping and / or holding device that brings the processed starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials into their final position relative to the component framework and holds them there.In one possible embodiment, for example, the formwork or the beam and / or pillar bar profiles are inserted and clamped into the assembly cage and positioned and fixed at their predefined spacing with respect to the component scaffold.

[0143] The shell and / or spacer spacers or the beam and / or pillar spacers are then inserted, fastened, anchored, and sealed from outside the assembly cage. Finally, the pre-assembled component is removed from the assembly cage and released for further processing. The assembly cage can be handled manually, but preferably automatically (assembly machines and robotics), or a combination of both. The goal of using the assembly cage, however, is to increase the level of automation in pre-assembly. In addition, the assembly cage is prepared and equipped so that technical components can be mounted in and / or onto the existing component framework as a pre-assembled component in the form of a component or construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module, and / or a beam or pillar module building block, or on its outer and / or inner closure.The assembly cage further comprises receptacles and / or holders as a mechanical link for its use in robotics and / or with assembly machines. Assembly cage and centering devices: One possible, optional embodiment of the assembly cage consists in the installation of positioning devices and / or centering devices that position and secure the machined starting materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as the formwork, the beam and / or pier bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and / or pier spacers, and / or any reinforcements, introduced for pre-assembly in their final position relative to the component framework for the subsequent assembly steps. These can consist of points, studs, grooves, rebates, or the like, which are additionally provided with fixing and / or centering edges or the like.

[0144] Assembly cage in parallel parts: A possible, optional embodiment of the assembly cage is to construct it from individual, joinable parts, we call it the partial assembly cage, which accommodate individual parts and / or sections of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component and position and fix the processed starting materials of the load-bearing components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials such as the formwork, the beam and / or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and / or pillar spacers and / or any reinforcements in their final position in relation to the component framework for the further assembly steps.This allows the shaping assembly step with respect to the border and / or geometric shape of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component to be carried out in individual and / or different steps. The plane of the division of the individual, joinable parts of the assembly cage can be parallel to the surface of a shell bordering the gap or the longitudinal plane of the beam and / or pillar bar profiles, i.e.the processed starting materials of individual ones of the at least two spaced-apart shells, individual spaces delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and / or a combination thereof can be introduced into the corresponding assembly cage parts and positioned and fixed in their final position with respect to the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and / or a support or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component for the further assembly steps.

[0145] Step-by-step assembly: A possible, optional embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the component scaffolding in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists in a step-by-step assembly of the processed starting materials using the partial assembly cage, since the embodiment of individually processed starting materials of the load-bearing components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials such as the formwork, the beam and / or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and / or pillar spacers and / or any reinforcements would hinder or make impossible a joint assembly of the same in the assembly direction. In a special embodiment, for example, the formwork and / or the beam or pillar bar profiles are first clamped and fixed in a partial assembly cage, whereupon, for example,the spacer bars and / or the beam or pillar spacers are assembled, fastened, anchored, and sealed. Each partial assembly cage can represent the assembly template for assembling a single space defined and enclosed by at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the beam or pillar space in the form of a component or a construction module or a modular building block and / or a beam or pillar.

[0146] A pier construction module or a beam or pier module component. The corresponding partial assembly cages and any other parts of the assembly cage are then assembled and secured with the machined starting materials clamped therein. After that, the shell spacers, for example, are mounted, secured, anchored, and sealed in the designated anchoring points in the formwork.

[0147] Assembly cage and modular component: One possible, optional design of the assembly cage or partial assembly cage is to optimize its design with respect to the modular component and / or the beam or pillar module. The assembly cage or partial assembly cage can accommodate almost any geometric shape of the processed raw materials and simultaneously feature end extensions required for structural connections such as doors, windows, and reveals.

[0148] Pre-assembly of component: A possible, optional embodiment of the method for manufacturing the structure consists in an extended embodiment of pre-assembly, which combines already pre-assembled components of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block to form larger components and seals them against one another, even before the final assembly of the building or structure, e.g. on the construction site. On the one hand, already pre-assembled components, construction modules, modular building blocks, beam or pillar construction modules and / or beam orPillar module building blocks can be assembled and sealed together to form individual larger components such as wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling, or roof sections, a combination of these, or entire components such as entire walls, floors, beams, pillars, ceilings, or roofs, or entire room modules or parts thereof. On the other hand, pre-assembled components or building modules consisting of individual components such as wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling, or roof sections, a combination of these, can be assembled and sealed together to form entire components, room modules, or parts thereof. The size and weight of the components and / or room modules created using the extended pre-assembly process, as well as their geometric shape, are primarily determined by optimization for their subsequent transport (volume, weight) and final assembly (handling).A special form of pre-assembly involves the pre-assembly of components, construction modules, modular building blocks, beam or pillar construction modules, and / or beam or pillar module building blocks into room modules based on the geometry of an ISO 20' or 40' overseas container. Extended pre-assembly can also include the assembly of a single beam or pillar. The corresponding beam or pillar module building blocks are assembled, sealed against each other, and then provided with a bar reinforcement penetrating the beam or pillar along its entire length. This reinforcement is connected within the fully assembled beam or pillar using a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click, or bolt connection) and can additionally prestress or heighten the beam or pillar.

[0149] Pre-assembly and shell construction material: One possible, optional embodiment of pre-assembly consists in gradually, partially, or completely encasing pre-assembled components of the structural framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module, and / or a beam or pillar module module with the shell construction material, even before the final assembly of the building or structure. On the one hand, pre-assembled components, construction modules, modular building blocks, beam or pillar construction modules, and / or beam or pillar module modules can be pre-assembled with the shell construction material gradually, partially, or completely encasing them into wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling, or roof sections, a combination thereof, or into entire components such as entire walls, floors, beams, pillars, ceilings, or roofs, or into entire room modules or parts thereof.On the other hand, pre-assembled components or building modules consisting of individual components such as wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling or roof parts, a combination of these, can be pre-assembled into raw and / or partial components, entire components, room modules or parts thereof by gradually, partially or completely installing the shell building material.

[0150] The shell construction material is installed at least gradually, partially or completely into at least one formwork as a shaping formwork / casting mold and / or, if necessary, an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold in loose, flowable or liquid form.

[0151] These components, pre-assembled with the extended pre-assembly form, can also be referred to as raw, partial, or complete components. Additional connection and sealing points may be necessary for final assembly, such as overlapping rebates with a rectangular cross-section or an inclined overlapping surface (sheet tongue and groove joint), or a tongue and groove joint. In addition, the shell spacers can generally be used only temporarily or for a limited period during the installation of the shell construction material.

[0152] The size and weight of the components, building elements, and / or room modules created using the extended pre-assembly method, as well as their geometric shape, are primarily determined by optimization for their subsequent transport (volume, weight) and final assembly (handling). A special form of pre-assembly involves the pre-assembly of components, building modules, modular components, support or pillar modules, and / or support or pillar module components with gradual, partial, or complete installation of the shell material to form room modules based on the geometry of an ISO 20' or 40' overseas container.

[0153] Final assembly: Final assembly is the concluding process step for manufacturing the structure. One form of final assembly, e.g., carried out on site, includes final assembly steps such as the gradual, incremental, and additive joining and mutual sealing of the building elements, components, construction modules, and / or the support or pillar modules to erect the building or structure, and, if necessary, the simultaneous, gradual, partial, or complete installation of the shell material and the assembly of any reinforcements. This form of final assembly can be carried out manually, by skilled workers, but preferably automated, using construction robotics and / or general assembly machines. During final assembly, the final structure of the building or structure is created in terms of its perimeter and / or geometric shape.The building or structure is constructed entirely using the existing construction, or the construction or structure is built on a previously constructed building foundation, or it is attached to existing buildings or structures and / or parts thereof (conversions, renovations). The building foundation can consist of an excavated and leveled building bed, reinforced with gravel and / or lean concrete, a fortified building foundation (concrete slab), and / or basements, ground floors, and / or floors, or any existing structures (conversions, renovations).

[0154] As already described above, the shell building material is a building material which is filled in loose, liquid or flowable form into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells which are at least partially or completely delimited by at least one formwork and which, shortly after the gradual, partial or complete installation in the formwork as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, either remains loose or flowable or, after a certain time, subsequently solidifies and hardens and thus achieves its full strength. The shell building material can, as described above, be concrete or a concrete-like building material. On the other hand, it can also be, for example,consist of a powder, pellets, dust, sand or other loose, flowable or liquid materials as well as of materials that are in different physical states of aggregation and that have the aforementioned properties of the shell building material.The gradual, partial or complete installation of the shell construction material can be carried out vertically from above into the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, into additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting molds using suitable equipment, directly in the area of ​​the upper assembly layer of the building elements, components and / or the component framework or by means of hoses or lines previously inserted into the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, additional, temporary formwork / casting molds, which bring the shell construction material directly into the lower areas of the formwork / casting molds and which are successively pulled upwards during the gradual, partial or complete installation and thus ensure a vertically uniform installation of the shell construction material. On the other hand, the shell construction material can be installed using suitable equipment such asImpact valves or similar devices are installed and pressed upwards from within the structural framework from the bottom up. However, it must be ensured that the pressure fluctuations caused by the pumping mechanism do not overstress the strength of the formwork / casting molds and their supporting structure components. To ensure flawless, step-by-step, partial, or complete installation even in slender structures, it is also possible to install the formwork material under constant, hydrostatic pressure via a so-called pressure equalization tank, which is moved vertically, e.g., with a crane, into the appropriate vertical position. The formwork material can also be sprayed on (e.g., with shotcrete).

[0155] If the component scaffolding or parts thereof consist of building elements, components, building modules and / or support or pillar construction modules measuring several meters, such as wall, floor, support, pillar, ceiling and / or roof components, a combination of these or elements such as wall, floor, support, pillar, ceiling or roof components, a combination of these or entire components such as entire walls, floors, supports, pillars, ceilings or roofs or entire room modules and / or parts thereof, their connection and sealing points or, if present, the formwork must be sealed from the outside and inside as well as from one another and from one another during the final assembly of the component scaffolding, i.e. when it is put together.As described above, this is achieved either with the sealing points already prepared during the processing of the starting materials in their device aspect at the adjacent connection and sealing points of the processed starting materials or only during final assembly with suitable sealing agents. If individual processed starting materials such as the formwork, the beam or pillar bar profiles, the shell, spacer, beam, and / or pillar spacers are made of wood or other porous, open-pore materials that swell upon contact with the shell material and thereby increase their volume, the adjacent connection and sealing points of the processed starting materials and / or the pre-assembled components can be additionally sealed against each other using this volume-increasing effect.During prefabrication, suitable joints such as the above-described overlapping folds or grooves with rectangular or angled overlapping surfaces, or groove and comb joints, were created and prepared in the processed raw materials. This embodiment of the method for sealing individual components or individual processed raw materials to one another corresponds to an embodiment of the method for special sealing in its device and / or process aspect.

[0156] Final assembly of modular components: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the structural scaffolding consists in erecting it using modular components and / or beam or pillar modules to achieve a higher degree of automation. The prefabricated modular components and / or beam or pillar modules are assembled step by step, incrementally, and additively. The sealing of the modular components and / or beam or pillar modules, or if present, the formwork, from the exterior and interior areas, as well as from each other and from one another, which, as described above, have specially provided mutual connection and sealing points such as mutually overlapping rebates with rectangular or angled overlapping surfaces or groove and comb joints, is achieved by joining them together and generally does not require any further sealing processes.The embodiment of the method for assembling the modular components and / or the support or pillar modular components can, on the one hand, comprise manual assembly by skilled workers, but preferably automated assembly by means of automated material assembly (assembly machines, construction robotics, or additive construction) and / or general assembly machines, or a combination thereof. The assembly of the modular components and / or the support or pillar modular components can be carried out using aerial vehicles, such as assembly drones. Furthermore, assembly aids such as expandable suspension devices attached to cranes can be used, which are adapted to the weight of the modular component and support its handling.

[0157] Final assembly and gripping device: A possible, optional embodiment of the method for the final assembly of the component framework in the form of building elements, components, construction modules, modular building blocks, and / or support or pillar module building blocks consists in the use and / or application of a gripping device or assembly gripper, which serves as an assembly and fastening aid for the stepwise or incremental and additive assembly of the components, components, construction modules, modular building blocks, and / or support or pillar module building blocks. The component, component, construction module, or modular building block and / or support or pillar module building block to be assembled is picked up by the gripping device and brought to its final position in relation to the current assembly position of the stepwise or incrementally and additively growing component framework.The gripping device can then support the assembly of the component, part, construction module, modular building block, and / or support or pillar module building block using a vibration and / or impact mechanism built into the gripping device, accelerate the solidification and completion of the components, parts, construction modules, modular building blocks, and / or support or pillar module building blocks, and seal them against the already assembled components, parts, construction modules, modular building blocks, and / or support or pillar module building blocks. The gripping device can consist of individual, connectable parts that can be opened and closed, and it can also have a clamping and / or holding device that supports the final assembly of the components, parts, construction modules, and / or modular building blocks. The gripping device can be handled manually, but preferably automated (assembly machines and robotics), or a combination of both.In addition, the gripper is prepared and equipped to allow technical components to be mounted in and / or onto the pre-assembled and / or fully assembled component frame or onto its outer and / or inner edges. The gripper also includes mounts and holders as a mechanical link for its use in robotics and / or with assembly machines.

[0158] Final assembly and components: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the component scaffolding consists of joining and mutually sealing the components previously created using the general, extended or special embodiments of the process for the pre-assembly of the component scaffolding. The pre-assembled components of the component scaffolding are in the form of a raw, partial or complete component scaffold, a raw, partial or complete component element, a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block or in the form of wall, floor, beam, pillar, ceiling or roof parts, a combination thereof or in the form of entire components such as entire walls, floors, beams, pillars, ceilings or roofs or entire room modules or parts thereof, e.g.on the construction site, and if necessary with simultaneous, gradual, partial or complete installation of the shell material, assembled and mutually sealed and / or assembled, connected and sealed with existing shell, partial or complete structures.

[0159] Final assembly of technical components: A final process step in the final assembly of the construction in its device aspect can consist of the final assembly of any missing technical components such as measurement and / or control technology elements (hardware) or building or supply technology elements at the locations prepared for this purpose in and / or on the construction.

[0160] Final assembly: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the structural component framework in the form of a building element, component, or construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module, and / or a beam or pillar module as a pre-assembled component consists of the final assembly of any additional construction systems such as windows, doors, facades, and / or interior closures, if these have not already been integrated and installed into the construction modules or modular building blocks during prefabrication. It is possible to consider the final assembly described above as part of the manufacturing process of the structure in its fixture aspect, or as an independent process step.

[0161] Space manufacturing process: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for manufacturing the structure in its device aspect consists of a process sequence of prefabrication with subsequent pre- and / or final assembly for extraterrestrial applications, such as for surface habitats (lunar or planetary bases) or orbital habitats (space stations). The highest precision and quality of the components must be ensured while simultaneously minimizing the complexity of the process for manufacturing the structure, against the backdrop of an optimized cost / payload / volume ratio for launch into Earth orbit and subsequent space transport. This suggests an embodiment of the process that mines or procures the aggregate for the shell construction material on site (in situ) or in the orbital vicinity of the habitat.It also follows that the prefabrication and any pre-assembly process steps must be carried out at different locations relative to the final assembly site. To achieve a realistic and feasible implementation for the construction of habitats, complex construction steps and the use of high-tech equipment must be reduced to a minimum in all non-earthbound process steps. Processing and preparation for space travel: One possible embodiment of the process for processing the raw materials of the structural components and / or the sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation materials, such as the formwork, the beams orPier bar profiles, shell, spacer, beam, and / or pier spacer elements, as well as reinforcement and preparation of technical components for extraterrestrial applications, are manufactured terrestrially using the process for processing the raw materials described above. This is because a non-terrestrial embodiment of the process cannot guarantee the required accuracy and quality, reduced complexity, and an optimized cost / payload-to-volume ratio. Special attention must be paid to the manufacture and preparation of the reinforcement. Due to the long-term effects of additional exposure to intense solar, solar, and cosmic radiation, the reinforcement components should preferably be made of a metallic compound, even if they are embedded in the protective shielding of the structure.

[0162] Space pre-assembly: In one possible embodiment of the method, the pre-assembly of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component for extraterrestrial applications is preferably carried out in a near-Earth orbital space station, a prefabrication space station, as the manufacturing site. The starting materials of the load-bearing components and / or the sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation materials such as the formwork, the beam or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and / or pillar spacers and the reinforcement are brought to space conditions such as greatly reduced pressure, low temperatures and exposure to sun, solar and cosmic radiation before the assembly step. This ensures that the required accuracy and quality of the pre-assembled components is achieved.This embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the component scaffolding in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and / or a support or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component is based on the following considerations:.

[0163] • The cost / payload / volume ratio for Earth launches into Earth orbit and onward space transport is fundamentally different. By preassembling the components in a low-Earth orbital prefabrication space station, this can be optimized for the entire transport of the components from Earth to the habitat's destination, meaning Earth launches can be carried out using densely packed raw materials.

[0164] • The environmental conditions during pre-assembly in a prefabrication space station can be controlled and / or adapted to the environmental conditions of the habitat's destination, especially when high-risk pre-assembly on site cannot guarantee this.

[0165] • Accessibility of the prefabrication space station from Earth within a reasonable time (approx. 12 hours) allows for control of the complexity of prefabrication through process adjustments, as well as maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment. • The machinery and equipment required for the construction manufacturing process can be deployed at those manufacturing locations where the cost / payload / volume ratio is optimized for their transport and the complexity of the process steps can be controlled. This means that heavy and volume-intensive machinery and equipment (CNC machining and robotics) for the complex processing of the raw materials remain Earth-bound or can, in special cases, be relocated to other locations.are operated in the prefabrication space station, whereas assembly machines for prefabrication (robotics) with a medium degree of complexity are brought to the prefabrication space station and the assembly machines for final assembly (robotics) with a low degree of complexity are brought to the habitat destination.

[0166] • If the components were preassembled on Earth, they would be subjected to greater structural stresses during launch. This is avoided with preassembly on the space station.

[0167] • The prefabrication space station can be used for other purposes, such as as a gateway, refueling or transfer station from Earth launch systems to space transportation systems.

[0168] Final assembly for space travel: In one possible embodiment of the method, the final assembly of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular component, a support or pillar construction module, and / or a support or pillar module component is carried out as a pre-assembled component for extraterrestrial applications at the habitat's destination site, in particular using the embodiments of the final assembly method described above. Their high degree of automation reduces complexity and minimizes risks while maintaining the highest quality of execution.

[0169] Final assembly and building material: A possible, optional embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the component framework in the form of a component or a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module, and / or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component for extraterrestrial applications involves implementing extended installation conditions for the shell construction material. These consist of any physical states of the shell construction material, which is brought from the loose or flowable phase to the liquid phase using suitable apparatus and equipment shortly before the gradual, partial, or complete insertion into the designated formwork as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold.Of particular note in this context is an installation method for extraterrestrial applications which involves briefly bringing the shell building material made of frozen water, water-like substances or loose or flowable particles (chippings, grains, pellets, granules or the like) into the liquid physical phase for the final, step-by-step, partial or complete installation in the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork / casting mold and, if necessary, an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, to a perfect bond with the component framework. This can be done using a filling and / or installation device which briefly and intensively heats the shell building material at its outlet (e.g. microwaves or heating rings) so that it becomes liquid for a short time and can therefore distribute evenly in the prepared shells of the component framework orif present in the formwork, spreads and distributes as shaping formwork.

[0170] Short description of the drawings

[0171] Fig. 1 is a partially sectioned, perspective view of a possible embodiment of the component framework in the form of a quadruple hexagonal module block, which comprises a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit

[0172] Fig. 2a is a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction comprising at least two spaced-apart shells and a space defined by them and enclosed between them

[0173] Fig. 2b, c, d schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two spaced-apart shells and a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention

[0174] Fig. 2e, f, g, h schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two spaced-apart shells and a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention

[0175] Fig. 3a, b, c, d schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two shells spaced apart from one another and a space defined by them and enclosed between them, which additionally comprises a heating and / or cooling circuit, according to further embodiments of the invention

[0176] Fig. 4a, b schematic cross-sectional representations of a support comprising at least two spaced-apart support bar profiles and a support space defined by them and enclosed between them, integrated into the structure according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0177] Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a sliding connection with sliding stop or sliding limitation of the beam or pillar bar profiles according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0178] Fig. 6 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a support comprising at least two spaced-apart support bar profiles and a support space defined by them and enclosed between them, integrated into the structure according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0179] Fig. 7a, b schematic representations of a heating and / or cooling circuit according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0180] Fig. 8a, b schematic representations to illustrate a method for controlling the heating and / or cooling function of a thermally active construction according to a further embodiment of the invention Fig. 9 a schematic representation to illustrate a method for producing the construction according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0181] Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a mounting cage according to another embodiment of the invention

[0182] Fig. 11a, b, c, d schematic cross-sectional views of a connection and sealing point according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0183] Fig. 12 is a schematic side view of a design detail of a connection and sealing point according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0184] Fig. 13 is a schematic side view of modular components to illustrate a manufacturing method of the construction according to another embodiment of the invention

[0185] Fig. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an anchoring of the shell and / or spacer according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0186] Fig. 15a, b schematic cross-sectional representations of at least two shells spaced apart from one another and a construction comprising a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention

[0187] Fig.16 a partially sectioned, perspective view of a component framework in the form of a multi-hexagonal building module and / or modular building block according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0188] Fig. 17a, b, c, d schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two shells spaced apart from one another and a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention, wherein the embodiments according to Fig. 17b, c, d additionally comprise a heating and / or cooling circuit and / or a circuit with secondary medium

[0189] Fig. 18a, b schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two shells spaced apart from one another and a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention, wherein the embodiments according to Fig. 18b additionally comprise a circuit with secondary medium

[0190] Fig. 19a, b, c, d, e, f schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two spaced-apart shells and a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention

[0191] Fig. 20a, b, c, d, e, f schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction comprising at least two shells spaced apart from one another and a space defined by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention Fig. 21a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k schematic representations of a longitudinal or end-side

[0192] Cross-section of building modules, modular components, building elements or

[0193] Components, in particular to illustrate a manufacturing process of

[0194] Construction according to another embodiment of the invention

[0195] Fig. 22 a perspective view of the construction in the form of lined-up components or components according to a further

[0196] Embodiment of the invention

[0197] Fig. 23a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h schematic cross-sectional representations of a connection and sealing point according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0198] Fig. 24a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i schematic cross-sectional representations of a sealing, fastening and anchoring of the shell and / or intermediate spacers according to further embodiments of the invention

[0199] Fig. 25a, b, c, d, e, f schematic cross-sectional representations of an anchoring of the shell and / or intermediate spacers to illustrate a manufacturing method of the construction according to further embodiments of the invention

[0200] Fig. 26a, b schematic representations of a rotationally symmetrical border shape of a component frame shape of a building module and / or modular building block according to a further embodiment of the invention

[0201] Fig. 27a, b, c schematic representations to illustrate a method for producing the construction according to further embodiments of the invention

[0202] Fig. 28a, b schematic representations to illustrate a process for producing the

[0203] Construction according to further embodiments of the invention

[0204] Fig. 29 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing the construction according to another embodiment of the invention

[0205] Way to implement the invention

[0206] Fig.1 shows a partially sectioned, perspective view of a component framework (12) in the form of a quadruple hexagonal modular block (52), which contains at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) which is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outer area (7) facing the outer area (7).

[0207] Fig. 2a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) containing formwork (1) which laterally delimits two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b), namely by laterally delimiting them on their side facing the exterior (7) or interior (8) area. The two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) further contain reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored in the formwork (1). Furthermore, the component framework (12) contains a plurality of intermediate spacers (4) which are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed between them.The spacer elements (4) are anchored and inclined in the formwork (1) adjacent to the space (16), forming an angle other than 90° to the surface of a shell (14a, 14b) adjacent to the space. The structure (11) also comprises a shell material (13) that fills the two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and adjoins the formwork (1).

[0208] Fig. 2b shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) containing formwork (1) that partially or completely forms the two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) by delimiting one of the two spaced-apart shells (14) on its side facing the exterior (7) or interior (8) region and towards a gap (16) enclosed by the shells (14, 15), and a formwork (1) that completely forms one of the two spaced-apart shells (15) by being constructed using a single formwork (1). One of the two spaced-apart shells (14) further contains reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) anchored in the formwork (1).The component framework (12) further comprises a plurality of spacer bars (4) arranged in the space (16) defined by and enclosed between the two spaced-apart shells (14, 15). The spacer bars (4) are anchored in the formwork (1) adjacent to the space (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface defining the space of a shell (14, 15) adjacent to the space. The structure (11) also comprises a shell building material (13), which in this case fills only one of the two spaced-apart shells (14) and adjoins the formwork (1).

[0209] Fig. 2c shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The structure (11) comprises a component framework (12) containing at least one, specifically two formworks (1), each of which completely forms the two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by being constructed using individual formworks (1). Furthermore, the component framework (12) contains a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and enclosed between them.The spacer elements (4) are anchored in the formwork (1) adjacent to the space (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a shell (15a, 15b) bordering the space. Fig. 2d shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two, specifically three, spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by and enclosed between them.The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) containing several, specifically three, formworks (1) which at least partially or completely form one of the specifically three spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) by delimiting one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14) on its side facing the outer region (7) of the structure, and at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by being constructed using a single formwork (1). One of the three spaced-apart shells (14) further contains reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored in the formwork (1).The component framework (12) further comprises shell spacers (3) or a plurality of intermediate spacers (4) which are arranged in the interspaces (16a, 16b) defined by the three spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and enclosed therebetween. The shell spacers (3) or the intermediate spacers (4) are anchored in the formwork (1) adjacent to the interspaces (16a, 16b) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface defining an interspace of a shell (14, 15a, 15b) adjacent to an interspace. The structure (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which fills one of the three spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and adjoins a formwork (1).

[0210] Fig. 2e corresponds to Fig. 2a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes an intermediate space formwork (17) which is arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them.

[0211] Fig. 2f corresponds to Fig. 2b, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes an intermediate space formwork (17) which is arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and enclosed between them.

[0212] Fig. 2g corresponds to Fig. 2c, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes an intermediate space formwork (17) arranged in the gap (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and enclosed between them. Fig. 2h corresponds to Fig.2d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14, 15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes intermediate space formwork (17) which are arranged in the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by the at least two shells (14, 15a, 15b) and enclosed between them.

[0213] Fig. 3a corresponds to Fig. 2a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by the shells and enclosed between them, the construction (11) additionally comprising a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (14b) facing the outer area (7) that faces the outer area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited by the shells and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected by means of building orSupply technology elements (20) are connected and sealed to one another and to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23), and are in fluid contact with one another and with at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23). The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (14b) facing the outer region (7) into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry adapted to the intermediate space. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (14a) facing the inner region (8) facing the inner region (8), which fleece is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact.The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (14a) facing the inner region (8) transversely through the structure (11) to a suitable point on the side of one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) of the structure (11) facing the outer region (7).

[0214] Fig. 3b corresponds to Fig. 2b, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the outer area (7) facing the outer area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact.The fluid lines (21) are arranged in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited and enclosed between them, by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry, originating from the side of the shell (15) facing the outer region (7) and facing the outer region (7). Additionally, a nonwoven fabric (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (14) facing the inner region (8) that faces the inner region (8), which nonwoven fabric is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (14) facing the inner region (8) transversely through the structure (11) to a suitable location on the side of one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) of the structure (11) facing the outer region (7).

[0215] Fig. 3c corresponds to Fig. 2c, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and contains at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) facing the outside area (7).In this case, fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact are arranged from the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) in such a way that they pass through the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them and are connected and sealed to a heat radiation panel (31) positioned on the side of the shell (15a) facing the inside area (8) and are in fluid contact with the same.Alternatively, the fluid lines (21) are connected and sealed to a plate heat exchanger (32) positioned on the side of the shell (15a) facing the inner region (8) and / or at least one external fluid supply and / or discharge line (59) and are in fluid contact therewith.

[0216] Fig. 3d corresponds to Fig. 2d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, specifically here three, spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15b) facing the outer area (7) facing the outer area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and / or the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact.The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15b) facing the outer region (7) into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and / or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited and enclosed by them by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (14) facing the inner region (8) that is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged on the side of the shell (14) facing the inner region (8) from the side of the shell facing the inner region (8).

[0217] (8) facing shell (14) transversely through the construction (11) up to a suitable point on the side facing the outer area (7) of one of the at least two, here specifically three spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) of the construction (11).

[0218] Fig. 4a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) containing at least one formwork (1) which at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) by delimiting it at least on its side facing an upper (9) or lower (10) storey. Due to gravity, the side of the shell (14b) facing the upper (9) storey does not require a delimiting formwork (1). The at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) further contain at least one reinforcement (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored at least in at least one formwork (1).The component framework (12) further includes a plurality of intermediate spacers (4) arranged in the intermediate space (16) defined by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b). The intermediate spacers (4) are anchored in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and are inclined at an angle other than 90° to the surface defining the intermediate space of a shell (14, 15) adjacent to the intermediate space.The component framework (12) additionally includes a support (18) which is fully integrated into the structure (11) and consists of at least two spaced-apart support bar profiles (6) and a support gap (19) defined by and enclosed between them. A plurality of support spacers (5) are arranged in the support gap (19), which are anchored in at least one support bar profile adjacent to the support gap and are arranged obliquely at an angle other than 90° to a surface of a support bar profile (6). The support bar profiles (6) further include at least one reinforcement (2).The construction (11) comprises, on the other hand, a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and adjoins at least one formwork (1) and, due to the force of gravity, the closure on the side facing the upper (9) storey of the upper.

[0219] (9) Storey facing shell (14b) forms or can form.

[0220] Fig. 4b corresponds to Fig. 4a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the support (18) on the side of the shell (14a) facing the lower (10) storey is integrated protruding into the component framework (12) in a shell extension (69) provided for this purpose.

[0221] Fig. 5 shows a perspective view of a front-end sliding connection of support bar profiles (6), which for this purpose have a mutually telescoping and interlocking corner and / or round profile (45) on their front side, as well as a sliding stop or sliding limiter (46). In this case, one support bar profile (6a) is inserted into the corresponding support bar profile (6b) in the sliding direction of the mutually telescoping and interlocking corner and / or round profile and pushed together, whereupon the sliding stop or sliding limiter (46) prevents further sliding in the sliding direction and pushes the support bar profiles (6a, 6b) together until their support bar profile axes are aligned.

[0222] Fig. 6 shows a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a plurality of support modules or support module building blocks (51, 53), each of which contains at least one reinforcement (2), in particular a bar reinforcement (tension rod, prestressing cable) with a specific inclination, and which, when arranged in a row and by means of mutually telescoping and interlocking corner and / or round profiles (45) with a sliding stop or a sliding limiter (46), form a support (18). The direction of the inclination of the bar reinforcement (2) determines, in terms of the method, the order in which support modules or support module building blocks (51, 53) are arranged in a row, connected to one another, and sealed. The sliding stops or the sliding limits (46) of the sliding connections (45) of the mutually corresponding support bar profiles (6) of the support modules orSupport module building blocks (51, 53) act in the middle of the support (18) on both end faces of the support bar profiles (6) in such a way that the adjacent support modules or support module building blocks (51, 53) attached on one side of the middle support module or support module building block (51, 53) only slide together in the sliding direction until the support bar profile axes are aligned, and the sliding stop or sliding limiter (46) prevents further sliding in the sliding direction. The sliding stops or sliding limits (46) of the support modules or

[0223] Carrier module components (51, 53) act in a corresponding manner.

[0224] Fig. 7a shows a schematic representation of a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the structure (11) or at least one component frame (12) in the form of a component (55), structural element (54), construction module (50), a modular component (52), a support module (51), or a support module component (53). Fluid lines (21), which act as evaporators or condensers (27), are arranged in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry.The at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the structure (11) comprises a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) which includes fluid lines (21), a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger (24), a compressor (25), a 4-way valve (26), a filter / dryer (28), and other conventional refrigeration components, wherein the refrigerant is injected at least once. Alternatively, the refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger (24) can be replaced with a plate heat exchanger (32) for supplying and removing heat from the thermal environment of the building or structure and / or construction.

[0225] Fig. 7b shows a schematic representation of a circuit with a secondary medium integrated into the structure (11) or at least one component frame (12) in the form of a component (55), building element (54), construction module (50), a modular building block (52), a support construction module (51), or a support module building block (53), which is coupled to at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) by means of a plate heat exchanger (32). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) contains fluid lines (21) which are connected to and sealed by at least one plate heat exchanger (32) and / or at least one circulation pump (57) and are in fluid contact and are arranged by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry, through which the secondary medium can flow, in particular, for the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the structure (11).The at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the structure (11) comprises a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) which includes fluid lines (21), a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger (24), a compressor (25), a 4-way valve (26), a filter / dryer (28), and other conventional refrigeration components, wherein the refrigerant is injected at least once. Alternatively, the refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger (24) can be replaced with a plate heat exchanger (32) for supplying and removing heat from the thermal environment of the building or structure and / or construction.

[0226] Fig. 8a schematically shows, in the form of a simple flowchart, as an embodiment of the control method according to the invention, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, a process for achieving a specific value for the thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses due to reduced thermal insulation of a structure (11) in its device aspect. The first method step (801) consists of reading, comparing, calculating, and / or processing the actual value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value.If the actual value is less than or equal to the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, the control method terminates the process for achieving a specific value for thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses. If the actual value is not less than or equal to the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, the second method step (802) is triggered. This consists of reading, comparing, calculating, and / or processing the actual value of the outside temperature of the structure (11) with the actual value of the inside temperature of the structure (11), which is available as input information in the form of a measured variable.If the actual value of the outside temperature of the structure (11) is equally greater than the actual value of the inside temperature of the structure (11), the control method triggers a further method step, a rule-based control command, which puts at least one heating and / or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) into operation in cooling mode. After a specific and predefined period of time, the first method step (801) begins again. If the actual value of the outside temperature of the structure (11) is disproportionately greater than the actual value of the inside temperature of the structure (11), the control method triggers a further method step, a rule-based control command, which puts at least one heating and / or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) into operation in cooling mode.the miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) is started in heating mode. After a specific and predefined period of time, the first process step (801) is subsequently resumed.

[0227] Fig. 8b schematically shows, in the form of a simple flow diagram, as an embodiment of the control method according to the invention, which can be designed either centrally or decentrally, a process for achieving a specific value of thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior of a structure (11). The first method step (803) consists of reading, comparing, calculating and / or processing the actual value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the actual value is equal to the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, the control method ends the process for achieving a specific value of thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior of a structure (11).If the actual value is unequal to the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, the second method step (804) is triggered. This consists of reading, comparing, calculating, and / or processing the actual value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the actual value is greater than the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation, the control method triggers a further method step, a rule-based control command, which puts at least one heating and / or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) into operation in cooling mode.After a specific and predefined period of time, the first method step (803) begins again. If the actual value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation is smaller than the target value, the control method triggers a further method step, a rule-based control command, which puts at least one heating and / or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) into operation in heating mode. After a specific and predefined period of time, the first method step (803) begins again.

[0228] Fig. 9 schematically shows, in the form of a simple flow diagram, a sequence for producing a structure (11) as an exemplary embodiment of the manufacturing method according to the invention. The first method step (901) consists in processing the starting materials. A subsequent, further method step (902) consists in preparing the technical components. A subsequent, further method step (903) consists in pre-assembling the processed starting materials and the prepared technical components to form a component framework (12) in the form of a modular component (52). A subsequent, further method step (904) consists in assembling the technical components. In a general embodiment of the manufacturing method, these method steps can be summarized as the prefabrication of the component framework (12) in the form of a modular component (52).Subsequently, the process steps of pre- and / or final assembly are carried out, e.g., on the construction site. The first process step (905) of pre- and / or final assembly consists of the step-by-step or incremental and additive assembly and mutual sealing of the component framework (12) in the form of modular building blocks (52). A subsequent, further process step (906) consists of the step-by-step, partial, or complete installation of a shell construction material (13). Subsequently, a further process step (907) is triggered. This consists of reading, comparing, calculating, and / or processing the actual value of the current status of pre- and / or final assembly, which is present as input information in the form of a measured variable, with the target value of the status of final assembly, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value.If the result of comparing the actual value with the target value is equal to the design value, the manufacturing process is terminated. If the result of comparing the actual value with the target value is not equal to the design value, the first process step of pre-assembly and / or final assembly is executed again.

[0229] Fig. 10 shows a perspective view of an assembly cage (47), which serves or can serve as an assembly jig for the shaping assembly step of pre-assembly with respect to the border and / or geometric shape of the component framework (12) as a pre-assembled component in the form of a modular building block (52). The assembly cage (47) has receptacles and / or holders (48) as a mechanical link for its use in robotics, as well as clamping and / or holding devices (49) that bring the processed starting materials into their final position within the building framework (12) and hold them therein.

[0230] Fig. 11a to 11d show schematic cross-sectional representations of a connection and sealing point (40) between the individual, adjacent building elements (54), components (55), building modules (50), modular building blocks (52), support building modules (51) and / or support module building blocks (53) or their formwork (1). Fig. 11a.) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection and sealing point (40), implemented by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a cross-section in rectangular shape (41). Fig. 11b.) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection and sealing point (40), implemented by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a cross-section of an inclined overlapping surface (sheet tongue and groove fold) (42). Fig. 11c.) shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a connection and sealing point (40), implemented by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a cross-section of an inclined overlapping surface, which additionally includes a click system (43). The inclined overlapping surface, e.g. of the formwork (1) of one building element (54), component (55), building module (50), modular building block (52), support building module (51) and / or support module building block (53), has a material elevation in the form of a knob, an edge and / or a hook, while the mutually corresponding, inclined overlapping surface, e.g.the formwork (1) of the adjacent building element (54), component (55), building module (50), modular building block (52), support building module (51) and / or support module building block (53) has a material recess in the form of a groove, a fold and / or a hook at the same point, so that when the adjacent building elements (54), components (55), building modules (50), modular building blocks (52), support building modules (51) and / or support module building blocks (53) or, for example, their formwork (1) are joined together, the material elevation of one inclined overlapping surface and the material recess of the mutually corresponding adjacent, inclined overlapping surface click into one another and are thus connected and fastened to one another. Fig. 11 d.) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection and sealing point (40), implemented by means of a groove and comb connection (44).

[0231] Fig. 12 shows a schematic side view of a connection and sealing point (40) between the individual, adjacent, quadruple-hexagonal modular building blocks (52) or, if present, their formwork (1). In particular, Fig. 12 shows an enlarged, schematic side view of the connection and sealing point (40), wherein the mutually overlapping fold, e.g. of the formwork (1) within a quadruple-hexagonal modular building block (52), is arranged alternately with respect to the assembly direction, i.e., the mutually overlapping fold is recessed in the upper half of the modular building block (52), e.g. from the side facing the outer region (7), whereas in the lower half of the modular building block (52), it is recessed, e.g. from the side facing the inner region (8), and is preferably designed to be machine-compatible, for machining with rotary tools.

[0232] Fig. 13 shows a schematic side view of several adjacent, quadrilateral modular blocks (52) in any number, as well as their assembly direction during pre- and / or final assembly. To erect the component framework (12), the quadrilateral modular blocks (52) are assembled vertically, from top to bottom, stepwise or incrementally, and additively, and sealed against each other.

[0233] Fig. 14 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring point, e.g. the gap spacer (4) in at least one formwork (1) and / or shell building material (13) adjacent to the gap, wherein the gap spacer (4) completely penetrates the formwork (1) and projects into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the gap. The gap spacer (4) can thus be additionally anchored with the aid of at least the shell building material (13). In particular, Fig. 14i shows an enlarged, schematic side view of the said connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring point with the shell building material (13). The gap spacer (4) is made of a porous, open-pore material.In this case, it is possible that during the installation of the shell building material (13), it penetrates into the pores of the spacer material and, upon its subsequent solidification, effects additional mechanical anchoring of the same in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. In particular, Fig. 14ii shows a further enlarged, schematic side view of the said connecting, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring point. The anchoring of the spacer (4) in the shell building material (13) is achieved by means of grooves, notches or milled recesses, etc., provided in the end region of the spacer (4), which mechanically connect the shell building material (13) to the latter after installation and subsequent solidification. In particular, Fig. 14iii shows:a further enlarged, schematic side view of the said connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring point with the shell building material (13). The spacer (4) is made of wood. In this case, there is a possibility that the shell building material (13) will penetrate into the pores of the wooden spacer material (4) during the installation process. The wooden spacer (4) will swell and increase its volume in the area inside the shell. Since additional liquid shell building material (13) can penetrate into the pores of the end face of the wooden spacer (4), it swells more at the end of the spacer than at its shaft. This results in a conical increase in volume, with the cone increasing in size towards the end of the spacer.The subsequent hardening and solidification of the shell building material (13) leaves behind a conically swollen wooden spacer (4) in the area within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells.

[0234] Fig. 15a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The structure (11) includes formwork (1) which forms the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by shaping at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) using a single formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of gap spacers (4) are arranged in the gap (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and enclosed between them, said gap spacers being anchored in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the gap (16).The structure (11) additionally comprises at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15b) facing the exterior area (7) facing the exterior area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact.The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15b) facing the outer region (7) into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry. Additionally, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (15a) facing the inner region (8) that is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (15a) facing the inner region (8) transversely through the structure (11) to a suitable point on the side of one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) of the structure (11) facing the outer region (7).Furthermore, at least one fluid line (21) is embedded in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and / or in the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein at least one shell optionally consists of a porous, open-pore material and is connected and sealed and is in fluid contact with the fluid lines (21) of the heating and / or cooling circuit (22), wherein the coolant is injected at least once.

[0235] Fig. 15b shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The structure (11) includes formwork (1) which forms the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) by shaping at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) using a single formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and enclosed between them, said spacers being anchored in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate space (16).In this embodiment of the structure (11), at least one of the at least two spaced-apart individual formworks (1) includes a sealing layer (38) arranged on its side facing the outer region (7) and / or on its side facing the inner region (8) and / or a closed-pore layer and / or a combination and / or a composite of various sealing materials of the materialization of the formworks (1), which serves to seal against the outer region (7) and / or inner region (8) and / or against the intermediate space (16) delimited by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15). Furthermore, the individual formwork (1), if it is made of a porous, open-pore material and / or a sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material, can be at least partially or completely filled, filled, or offset with a shell construction material (13).In addition, at least one intermediate space formwork (17) constructed from sound, vibration, and / or thermal insulation material or porous, open-pore material is arranged in the intermediate space (16) defined by the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and enclosed therebetween. The structure (11) additionally comprises at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the outer area (7) that faces the outer area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and / or the intermediate space (16) defined by them and enclosed therebetween contains fluid lines (21) that are connected to and sealed by at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact.The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15) facing the outer region (7) into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited and enclosed by them by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry. Additionally, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (39) facing the inner region (8) facing the inner region (8), which fleece is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (39) facing the inner region (8) facing the inner region (8) transversely through the structure (11) to a suitable location on the side of one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) of the structure (11) facing the outer region (7).Furthermore, at least one fluid line (21) is embedded in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and / or in the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein at least one shell optionally consists of a porous, open-pore material and is connected and sealed and is in fluid contact with the fluid lines (21) of the heating and / or cooling circuit (22), wherein the coolant is injected at least once.

[0236] Fig. 16 shows a partially sectioned, perspective view of a component framework (12) in the form of a multi-hexagonal assembled building module (50) and / or modular building block (52) as well as a connection and sealing point (40) with regard to the final assembly.

[0237] Fig. 17a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, here specifically three shells (14a, 14b, 15) spaced apart from one another and spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, in a frontal or longitudinal view, since this embodiment of the construction (11) is a surface system, ie there are no surface symmetry-breaking elements such as supports and / or pillars integrated into the construction (11).The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) containing a plurality of formworks (1) which at least partially form at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) by delimiting at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) at least on its side facing the exterior (7) or interior (8) region, and at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15) by being constructed using a single formwork (1). At least one of the at least two, specifically three, spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) further contains at least one reinforcement (2).The component framework (12) further comprises a plurality of intermediate spacers (4) which are arranged in the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) defined by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15). The intermediate spacers (4) are anchored in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface defining the intermediate space of a shell (14a, 14b, 15) adjacent to the intermediate space. The structure (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and at least partially adjoins at least one formwork (1).In addition, the component framework (12) includes at least one formwork (1) and / or at least one intermediate formwork (17), which is arranged in at least one intermediate space (16a, 16b) delimited by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15). Fig. 17b corresponds to Fig. 17a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two, specifically here three, spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the structure (11) additionally comprises a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the outer area (7), which is combined with a PV panel (56) for energy generation.At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and / or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact. The fluid lines (21) are arranged in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and / or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry.

[0238] Fig. 17c corresponds to Fig. 17b, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically three, spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a circuit with secondary medium which is coupled to the heating and / or cooling circuit (22) by means of a plate heat exchanger (32).At least one of the at least two shells (14a, 14b, 15) spaced apart from one another and / or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23), at least one plate heat exchanger (32) and / or at least one circulating pump (57) and are in fluid contact and are laid out by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry.

[0239] Fig. 17d corresponds to Fig. 17c, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically three, shells (14a, 14b, 15) spaced apart from one another and spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a circuit with secondary medium which, without a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) coupled thereto, by means of at least one external fluid supply and / or discharge (59).At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and / or the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected to the circuit with secondary medium, at least one plate heat exchanger (32), at least one circulating pump (57) and / or at least one external fluid supply and / or discharge line (59), sealed and in fluid contact, and are arranged by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry. Fig. 18a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, in an end or longitudinal view, since this embodiment of the structure (11) is a surface system, i.e.No surface symmetry-breaking elements, such as beams and / or pillars, are integrated into the structure (11). The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) that includes at least one formwork.

[0240] (I) which at least partially or completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) by at least partially or completely delimiting said shells at least on the side facing the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and enclosed therebetween. At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) further comprises at least one reinforcement (2). Furthermore, the component framework (12) comprises a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) which are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed therebetween.The gap spacers (4) are anchored in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the gap (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a shell (14a, 14b) adjacent to the gap, which surface delimits the gap. The structure (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and at least partially or completely adjoins at least one formwork (1). In addition, the component framework (12) contains at least one formwork (1) and / or at least one gap formwork (17) which is arranged in the gap (16) delimited by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b).

[0241] Fig. 18b corresponds to Fig. 18a, which is a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction

[0242] (II) consisting of at least two, specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a circuit with a secondary medium, which, without a heating and / or cooling circuit (22) coupled thereto, comprises at least one external fluid supply and / or discharge line (59). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and / or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to the circuit with a secondary medium, at least one plate heat exchanger (32), at least one circulating pump (57) and / or at least one external fluid supply and / or discharge line (59), and are in fluid contact, and are arranged by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry.

[0243] Fig. 19a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, in a frontal or longitudinal view, since this embodiment of the construction (11) is a surface system, ie there are no surface symmetry-breaking elements such as supports and / or pillars integrated into the construction (11).The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) which contains a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) arranged in the intermediate space (16) defined by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed therebetween. These spacers are anchored in at least one shell (14a, 14b) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and / or in further structural components and are arranged in an inclined position at an angle other than 90° to the surface defining the intermediate space of a shell (14a, 14b) adjacent to the intermediate space. At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) further contains at least one reinforcement (2).The construction (11) comprises, on the other hand, a shell building material (13) which at least partially or completely fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and at least partially or completely adjoins the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed between them.

[0244] Fig. 19b corresponds to Fig. 19a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, specifically two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes at least one, specifically two, intermediate space formworks (17) which are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them.

[0245] Fig. 19c corresponds to Fig. 19a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes at least one formwork (1) which is arranged in the space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed between them.

[0246] Fig. 19d corresponds to Fig. 19a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein at least one formwork (1) completely forms at least one of the at least spaced-apart shells (15) by being designed by means of a single formwork (1) and therefore the intermediate space spacers (4) are anchored at least in the single formwork (15).

[0247] Fig. 19e corresponds to Fig. 19d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two, spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes at least one, here specifically two intermediate space formworks (17) which are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and enclosed between them.

[0248] Fig. 19f corresponds to Fig. 19d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 15) and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally includes at least one formwork (1) which is arranged in the space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 15) and enclosed between them.

[0249] In an extended embodiment of the construction (11), all embodiments of the cross-sectional representations of the construction (11) shown in Fig. 19a - f can be combined or summarized with and / or among each other.

[0250] Fig. 20a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, in a frontal or longitudinal view, since this embodiment of the construction (11) is a surface system, ie there are no surface symmetry-breaking elements such as supports and / or pillars integrated into the construction (11).The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) which contains a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, which are anchored at least in at least one shell (14, 15) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and / or further supporting structure components and are arranged in an inclined position at an angle other than 90° to the surface delimiting the intermediate space of a shell (14, 15) adjacent to the intermediate space, and which contains at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced-apart shells (15) by being constructed by means of a single formwork (1), and therefore the intermediate space spacers (4) are anchored at least in at least one single formwork (15).At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) further comprises at least one reinforcement (2). The structure (11) also comprises a shell construction material (13) that at least partially or completely fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14) and at least partially or completely borders the intermediate space (16) defined by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15).

[0251] In addition, the component framework (12) includes at least one formwork (1) and / or at least one, specifically here two, intermediate formworks (17), which is / are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15). Fig. 20b corresponds to Fig. 20a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure (11) consisting of at least two, specifically here two spaced-apart shells (15, 14) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them.

[0252] Fig. 20c corresponds to Fig. 20a, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein at least one formwork (1) completely forms at least one of the at least spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by being designed by means of a single formwork (1) and therefore the intermediate space spacers (4) are anchored at least in at least one single formwork (15a, 15b) and wherein the construction (11) does not comprise any shell building material (13).

[0253] Fig. 20d corresponds to Fig. 19d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein at least one formwork (1) completely forms at least one of the at least spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by being designed by means of a single formwork (1) and therefore the intermediate space spacers (4) are anchored at least in at least one single formwork (15) and wherein the construction (11) does not comprise any shell building material (13).

[0254] Fig. 20e corresponds to Fig. 20d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, specifically two, shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally contains at least one, specifically two, gap formworks (17) in the gap (16) delimited by the at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them.

[0255] Fig. 20f corresponds to Fig. 20d, which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the component framework (12) additionally contains at least one formwork (1) in the space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and enclosed between them.

[0256] In an extended embodiment of the construction (11), all embodiments of the cross-sectional representations of the construction (11) shown in Fig. 20a - f can be combined or summarized with and / or among each other.

[0257] Fig. 21 a.) - k.) show in a schematic cross-sectional representation a general embodiment for the step-by-step pre- and final assembly of the construction (11), in particular a wall, floor, ceiling and / or roof construction and / or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or any structure, consisting of at least two, here specifically three shells (14a, 14b, 15) spaced apart from one another and spaces (16, 16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, in a front or longitudinal view, since this embodiment of the construction (11) is a surface system, ie no surface symmetry-breaking elements such as beams and / or pillars are integrated into the construction (11).The structure (11) comprises, on the one hand, a component framework (12) containing at least one formwork (1) which at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) by, on the one hand, delimiting at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) at least on its side facing the exterior (7) or interior (8) region, and at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15) by being constructed using a single formwork (1). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) further contains at least one reinforcement (2).The component framework (12) further comprises a plurality of intermediate spacers (4) which are arranged in the intermediate spaces (16, 16a, 16b) defined by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15). The intermediate spacers (4) are anchored in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface defining the intermediate space of a shell (14a, 14b, 15) adjacent to the intermediate space. The structure (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and at least partially adjoins at least one formwork (1).In addition, the component framework (12) includes at least one formwork (1) and / or at least one intermediate space formwork (17) which is arranged in at least one of the intermediate spaces (16, 16a, 16b) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and enclosed between them.

[0258] Optionally, the construction (11) comprises at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22), which is coupled to at least one circuit with secondary medium by means of a plate heat exchanger (32), and a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the outside area (7) and which is combined with a PV panel (56) for energy generation.The circuit with secondary medium contains, in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and / or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, fluid lines (21), which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23), at least one plate heat exchanger (32) and / or at least one circulating pump (57) and are in fluid contact and are laid out by means of loops arranged in a predetermined geometry or a predetermined line geometry.

[0259] Fig. 21 a.), b.) show in a schematic, longitudinal cross-sectional view a first method step of the pre-assembly of the construction (11) to form a component (55) and / or a raw, partial and / or complete component framework (12) by means of end-side, step-by-step or incremental and additive joining and mutual sealing of several construction modules (50) and / or several modular building blocks (52).

[0260] Fig. 21 c.) shows in a schematic, longitudinal cross-sectional view a further process step of the pre-assembly of the construction (11), as in the component framework (12) in the form of a construction module (50), a component (55), a raw, partial and / or complete component framework

[0261] Structural components such as at least one reinforcement (2) and / or technical components such as building or supply technology elements such as at least one fluid line (21), at least one plate heat exchanger (32) and / or at least one circulation pump (57) are pre-assembled.

[0262] Fig. 21 d.) shows, in a schematic, longitudinal cross-sectional view, a further method step of pre-assembling the structure (11) into a raw, partial or complete building element (54), how a shell building material (13) is at least partially installed in the component framework (12) in the form of a raw, partial or complete building module (50) and / or a component (55) or in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a), at least partially delimited by at least one formwork (1), which shell building material solidifies shortly after installation in at least one formwork (1) as a shaping formwork / casting mold and / or if necessary in an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold and thus at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a).

[0263] Fig. 21 e.) shows, in a schematic, longitudinal cross-sectional view, a further method step of the pre-assembly of the structure (11), how the component framework (12) in the form of a raw, partial or complete construction module (50), a raw, partial or complete construction element (54) and / or a component (55) is rotated, e.g., about its longitudinal axis, by 180°, so that at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a) lies on the opposite side with respect to the cross-section of the structure, or which comprises at least the partial or complete formation of at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a) with a shell building material (13) which is installed in loose, liquid or flowable form in at least one, at least partially or completely pre-assembled, additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold.which at least partially or completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a) and then includes the joining, positioning, and fixing of a pre-assembled component framework (12) in the form of a raw, partial, or complete component framework with at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a), formed by the previously assembled, additional, and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, whereupon the shell building material (13) solidifies as a shaping formwork / casting mold after the gradual, partial, or complete installation in the previously assembled, additional, and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold and thus at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a). This can be particularly important with regard to horizontal load-bearing structures such as floor, ceiling, and / or roof structures.so that the component framework (12) in the form of a construction module (50), a component (54) and / or a component (55) can absorb its own and possible payloads for the further pre- or final assembly steps of the construction (11).

[0264] Fig. 21 f.), g.) shows in a schematic, frontal cross-sectional view a further method step of the pre- and / or final assembly of the construction (11) to a raw or partial construction, how the component framework (12) in the form of at least one raw, partial or complete component (54) and / or at least one component (55) is assembled step by step or incrementally and additively and mutually sealed.

[0265] Fig. 21 h.) shows in a schematic, front-side cross-sectional view a further method step of the pre- and / or final assembly of the construction (11) as in the component framework (12) in the form of a raw or partial construction of the construction (11), a raw, partial or complete component (54) and / or a component (55) additional load-bearing components such as at least one reinforcement (2) and / or additional technical components such as building or

[0266] Supply technology elements such as at least one fluid line (21), at least one plate heat exchanger (32) and / or at least one circulation pump (57) are pre-assembled.

[0267] Fig. 21 i.) shows, in a schematic, front-side cross-sectional view, a further method step of the pre- and / or final assembly of the structure (11), how a shell building material (13) is at least partially installed in the component framework (12) in the form of a raw or partial construction of the structure (11), a raw, partial or complete component (54) and / or a component (55) or in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14b), at least partially delimited by at least one formwork (1), which shell building material solidifies shortly after installation in at least one formwork (1) as a shaping formwork / casting mold and / or if necessary in an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold and thus at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14b).

[0268] Fig. 21 j.) shows, starting from the completed process step of pre- and / or final assembly according to Fig. 21 h.), in a schematic, front-side cross-sectional view of a further method step of the pre- and / or final assembly of the structure (11), how an additional component framework (12) in the form of at least one construction module (50), at least one modular component (52) and / or at least one component (55) is joined together at the front or lengthwise, stepwise or incrementally and additively and mutually sealed and at the same time is pre- and / or finally assembled stepwise or incrementally and additively in and / or onto the existing component framework (12) in the form of a raw or partial construction of the structure (11), a raw, partial or complete component element (54) and / or a component (55), whereby the shell (14b) of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and the intermediate space (16b) of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) limited and enclosed spaces (16, 16a, 16b) of the construction (11).Alternatively, at least one building module (50), at least one modular building block (52) and / or at least one component (55) can first be joined together end-on or lengthwise, stepwise or incrementally and additively and mutually sealed, whereupon at least one raw, partial or complete building element (54) and / or one component (55) can be pre-assembled and / or finally assembled stepwise or incrementally and additively in and / or onto the existing component framework (12) in the form of a raw or partial construction of the construction (11), whereby the shell (14a, 14b) of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and the intermediate space (16b) of the intermediate spaces (16, 16a, 16b) of the construction (11) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and enclosed between them are created.

[0269] Fig. 21 k.) shows in a schematic cross-sectional representation a further, e.g. final process step of the pre- and / or final assembly of the structure (11), in a frontal or longitudinal view, since this embodiment of the structure (11) is a surface system, ie there are no surface symmetry-breaking elements such as beams and / or pillars integrated into the structure (11), as in the shell or partial construction of the structure (11) or the component framework (12) or.in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, at least partially delimited by at least one formwork (1), at least partially a shell building material (13) is installed, which solidifies shortly after installation in at least one formwork (1) as a shaping formwork / casting mold and / or if necessary in an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold and thus at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14b). Optionally, technical components such as building or supply technology elements such as e.g.at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) and at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the outside area (7) and combined with a PV panel (56) for energy generation. At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b, 15) and / or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them optionally contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact. Technical components such as measuring and / or control technology elements (33) are then mounted in and / or on the existing component framework (12).

[0270] Fig. 22 shows a partially sectioned, perspective view of a raw, partial or complete construction (11) which consists of raw, partial or complete building elements (54) and / or components (55) which are arranged side by side, joined together and sealed against one another, which in turn is optionally equipped with at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the construction (11) facing the outside area (7) and is combined with a PV panel (56) for energy generation.

[0271] Fig. 23a shows a schematic, end-side and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) of a structure (11), consisting of at least two, specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing components, such as formwork (1), intermediate space spacers (4), intermediate space formwork (17), and / or reinforcements (2), wherein the structure (11) comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b).

[0272] Fig. 23b shows a schematic, end- and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, here specifically two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing components such as, for example,Formwork (1), intermediate spacers (4), intermediate space formwork (17) and / or reinforcements (2), wherein the construction (11) comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and / or which completely fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b).

[0273] Fig. 23c shows a schematic, end and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, specifically here two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) contain at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced apart shells (15) by being constructed by means of a single formwork (1). The individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing structure components such as, for example,Formwork (1), intermediate spacers (4), intermediate space formwork (17) and / or reinforcements (2), wherein the construction (11) comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14).

[0274] Fig. 23d shows a schematic, end and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, specifically here two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) contain at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced apart shells (15) by being constructed by means of a single formwork (1). The individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing structure components such as, for example,Formwork (1), intermediate spacers (4), intermediate space formwork (17) and / or reinforcements (2), wherein the construction (11) comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially or completely fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14).

[0275] Fig. 23e shows a schematic, end and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40) such as mutually overlapping folds with a cross-section in rectangular shape (41) between individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, here specifically two shells (15, 14) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) contain at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced apart shells (15) by being constructed by means of a single formwork (1). The individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing structure components such as e.g.Formwork (1), intermediate spacer (4) and / or intermediate space formwork (17), wherein the construction (11) comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14).

[0276] Fig. 23f shows a schematic, end and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) of a construction (11), consisting of at least two, specifically here two shells (15, 14) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) contain at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced apart shells (15) by being constructed by means of a single formwork (1). The individual raw, partial or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing structure components such as, for example,Formwork (1), intermediate spacers (4), intermediate space formwork (17) and / or reinforcements (2), wherein the construction (11) comprises a shell building material (13) which at least partially fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14).

[0277] Fig. 23g shows a schematic, end-side and / or longitudinal cross-sectional view of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) of a structure (11), consisting of at least two, specifically here two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) contain at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by being constructed using a single formwork (1). The individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing components such as formwork (1), gap spacers (4), and / or gap formwork (17). Fig.23h shows a schematic, end-side and / or longitudinal cross-sectional representation of connection and sealing points (40), such as mutually overlapping folds with a rectangular cross-section (41) between individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) of a structure (11), consisting of at least two, specifically here two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) contain at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by being constructed using a single formwork (1). The individual raw, partial, or complete component frames (12) consist of load-bearing components such as formwork (1), gap spacers (4), gap formwork (17), and / or reinforcements (2).

[0278] Fig. 24 a1 .), b1 .), c1 .), d1 .), e1 .), f1 .), g1 .), h1 .) and i1 .) show schematic cross-sectional representations of a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of structural components such as shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) completely penetrates the formwork (1) and is inclined to the surface of the formwork (1), arranged at an angle other than 90°. The provision of an external thread (60) in the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4), shown in Fig. 24a1 .), b1 .), c1 .), d1 .), e1 .) and f1 .) makes it possible to mount the same in at least one formwork (1) without any feed movement, only with the screwing-in effect of the external thread (60).

[0279] Fig. 24 a2.), b2.), c2.), d2.), e2.), f2.), g2.), h2.) and i2.) show schematic cross-sectional representations of a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of structural components such as shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) does not penetrate the formwork (1) and is arranged obliquely to the surface of the formwork (1) at an angle other than 90°. The provision of an external thread (60) in the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4), shown in Fig. 24 a2.), b2.), c2.), d2.), e2.) and f2.), makes it possible to mount the same in at least one formwork (1) without any feed movement, only with the screwing-in effect of the external thread (60).

[0280] Fig. 24 a1.) shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of a structural component such as a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the latter is provided with an external thread (60) and is thus connected, fastened, sealed and / or anchored in the formwork (1). The shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) can be screwed into the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) with or without a previously drilled internal thread (61) during pre-assembly and / or final assembly. Fig. 24 a2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 a1 .) with the difference that the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole.

[0281] Fig. 24 b1 .) corresponds to Fig. 24 a1 .) wherein the structural component such as a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) is additionally provided with a thread cutting edge (62) in order to additionally create an internal thread (61) in the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) during pre- and / or final assembly. Fig. 24 b2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 b1 .) with the difference that the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole.

[0282] Fig. 24 c1 .) corresponds to Fig. 24 a1 .) wherein the structural component, such as a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4), is additionally provided with a drilling cutter (63) in order to partially or completely create a bore in the formwork (1) during pre- and / or final assembly. Fig. 24 c2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 c1 .) with the difference that the bore in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole.

[0283] As an option, the structural component such as a shell and / or spacer (3, 4) can be provided with a combined thread cutting edge (62) and a drilling edge (63) in order to partially or completely create a bore in the formwork (1) and an internal thread (61) in the formwork during pre-assembly and / or final assembly.

[0284] Fig. 24 d1.) shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the connection, fastening, sealing, and / or anchoring of a structural component such as a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the latter is provided with an external thread (60) and is thus connected, fastened, sealed, and / or anchored in the formwork (1). In addition, at least one end region of the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) is provided with a pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting, and / or screwing sleeve (64), which in turn is provided with an external thread (60). The shell and / or spacer (3, 4), provided with the pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeve (64), can be screwed into the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) with or without a previously drilled internal thread (61) during pre- and / or final assembly. Fig. 24 d2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 d1.) with the difference that the hole in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole.

[0285] Fig. 24 e1 .) corresponds to Fig. 24 d1 .) wherein the pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting and / or screwing sleeve (64) is additionally provided with a thread cutting edge (62) in order to additionally create an internal thread (61) in the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) during pre- and / or final assembly. Fig. 24 e2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 e1.) with the difference that the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole.

[0286] Fig. 24 f1 .) corresponds to Fig. 24 d1 .) whereby the pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting and / or screwing sleeve (64) is additionally provided with a drilling cutter (63) in order to partially or completely create a bore in the formwork (1) during pre- and / or final assembly. Fig. 24 f2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 f1 .) with the difference that the bore in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole. As an option, the load-bearing component such as e.g. B. a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) is provided with a pressing, drilling, threading, thread-cutting and / or screwing sleeve (64), which in turn is provided with an external thread (60), with a thread cutting edge (62) and / or with a drilling edge (63) in order to partially or completely create a bore in the formwork (1) and an internal thread (61) therein during the pre- and / or final assembly.

[0287] Fig. 24 g1.) and g2.) show schematic cross-sectional representations of the connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of a structural component such as, for example, a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the latter, provided either with or without an external thread (60), is screwed into a screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65), which in turn is connected, fastened, sealed and / or anchored in the formwork (1) by means of an external thread (60). The shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4), provided with the screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65), can be screwed into the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) with or without an internal thread (61) during pre-assembly and / or final assembly.Alternatively, the screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) can be screwed in during pre- and / or final assembly concentrically between the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4), which is already pre-assembled in the formwork (1) for this purpose, and the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1), or concentrically over the pre-assembled shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) and concentrically into the previously drilled hole in the formwork (1) from the corresponding end of the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4). The screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) can additionally absorb at least part of the structural static-dynamic load of the structure, such as compressive stresses in the formwork (1).

[0288] Fig. 24 h1 .) and h2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 g1 .) and g2.) wherein the screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) is additionally provided with material clearing and / or drilling cutters (66), which are shown in particular in the enlarged view, so that the screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) can be screwed in more easily with the same during pre- and / or final assembly.

[0289] Fig. 24 i1 .) and i2.) corresponds to Fig. 24 g1 .) and g2.) wherein the screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) is additionally provided with a thread cutting edge (62) in order to additionally partially or completely create an external and / or internal thread (60, 61) in the bore in the formwork (1) during the pre- and / or final assembly.

[0290] As an option, the structural component such as a shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) can be provided with a screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65), which in turn is provided with an external thread (60), with a thread cutting edge (62) and / or with material clearing and / or drilling edges (66) in order to partially or completely create an internal thread (61) in the formwork (1) during pre- and / or final assembly and / or to enable simplified screwing in.

[0291] Fig. 25 a1 .) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of structural components such as shell and / or intermediate spacers (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) completely penetrates the formwork (1) and is arranged obliquely to the surface of the formwork (1) at an angle other than 90°. The shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) is connected, fastened, sealed and / or anchored in the formwork (1) by means of the swelling effect caused by moisture absorption thereof and / or by the formwork (1) and / or a press and / or glue connection. Fig. 25 a2.) corresponds to Fig. 25 a1 .) with the difference that the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) does not penetrate the formwork (1) and / or the bore in the formwork (1) is designed as a blind hole.

[0292] Fig. 25 b1.) shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of structural components such as shell and / or intermediate spacers (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1), wherein the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) completely penetrates the formwork (1) and is arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of the formwork (1). The shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) is connected, fastened, sealed and / or anchored in the formwork (1) by means of a connection according to Fig. 24 a1 .), b1 .), c1 .), d1 .), e1 .), f1 .) or Fig. 25 a1 .) and is provided with at least one longitudinal bore, starting from at least one end of the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) up to approximately the middle of the connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring point within the formwork (1).Additionally, the shell and / or gap spacer (3, 4) can have at least one transverse-axis bore in this area, which in turn extends at least into the longitudinal-axis bore. For this purpose, during pre- and / or final assembly of the shell and / or gap spacer (3, 4), which is already pre-assembled in the formwork (1), glue, for example, can be pressed through the longitudinal-axis bore, which can then be approximately pressed into the shell and / or gap spacer.penetrates into the area of ​​the middle of the connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring point within the formwork (1) and is pressed further into the bore of the formwork...

Claims

Patent claims Construction (11), in particular wall, floor, ceiling and / or roof construction of a building comprising at least two shells (14, 14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and a space (16, 16a, 16b) which is delimited by them and enclosed between them, with the exception of load-bearing and / or technical components, essentially empty or at least partially fillable with sound, vibration and / or thermal insulation material, wherein the construction (11) comprises a component framework (12) which includes at least one formwork (1) which partially or completely forms at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another, wherein at least one formwork defines an outer surface of the component framework, wherein a) the component framework includes a plurality of load-bearing components such as space spacers (4),which are arranged in the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, are anchored at least in at least one shell adjacent to the space, and which statically and dynamically space the at least two spaced-apart shells delimiting the space, and / or b) wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells contains structural components, such as shell spacers (3), which are anchored at least in at least one formwork (1). Construction according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells comprises a shell building material (13), wherein the shell building material (13) at least partially or completely fills the shell (14, 14a, 14b) or adjoins at least one formwork (1). Construction according to claim 1,wherein the component framework (12) includes at least one formwork (1) which completely forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15, 15a, 15b) by being constructed by means of a single or blind formwork (1), which in particular replaces the shell building material (13) together with at least one formwork (1) which delimits at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells on its side facing one and / or another space outside the structure with respect to the cross-section of the structure. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the component framework (12) is constructed in the form of a component (55), a building element (54) and / or a building module (50), the size of which is in the range of several meters and / or a modular building block (52) whose border and / or boundary surface is parallel to a wall, floor,Ceiling or roof surface extends within a size scale in the range of one square meter., Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and / or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them comprises fluid lines (21) of at least one heating and / or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the construction and / or at least one circuit with secondary medium (58) for the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the construction, which comprises a miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area.Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and / or the intermediate space delimited and enclosed by them comprises at least one fluid line (21) which is arranged from the side of the shell facing the outside area, facing the outside area, in a line geometry adapted to the intermediate space. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the construction comprises at least one capillary tube (29) which is arranged from the side of the shell facing the inside area, facing the inside area, transversely through the construction to a suitable point on the side of a suitable one of the at least two spaced-apart shells of the construction facing the outside area, and which serves to discharge the condensate accumulating on the cooling surfaces of the construction during the cooling load case.Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one component (55), one structural element (54), one construction module (50) and / or one modular component (52) comprises fluid lines (21) and, if required, at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23), which are optionally connected and sealed to the fluid lines and / or at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit of at least one adjacent component, structural element, construction module and / or modular component and are in fluid contact.Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein sensor and / or input means (35) for detecting or inputting construction-specific values ​​or input information of a thermally relevant state variable, in particular a measured or estimated outside and / or inside temperature, outside and / or inside surface temperature, temperature at any location within the construction, sunlight intensity, physical quantity of thermal radiation in the outside and / or inside area, moisture content and / or physical quantities of sound and / or vibration propagation, are operatively connected to control means of the miniaturized heating and / or cooling units. A method for controlling, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, the thermal compensation of thermal transmission losses of the reduced thermal insulation of the construction and / or the device aspect. Thermal radiation in the interior and / or exterior of a building, in particular with a structure (11) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the structure is effected by means of at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23). Method according to claim 10, wherein at least one miniaturized heating and / or cooling unit (23) is responsive to values ​​recorded or input, in particular in the exterior and / or interior area, on the exterior and / or interior surface of the structure and / or within the structure, construction-specific values ​​or input information of a thermally relevant state variable, in particular a measured or estimated exterior and / or interior temperature, exterior and / or interior surface temperature, temperature at any location within the structure, sunlight intensity, physical quantity of the thermal radiation in the exterior and / or interior area,Moisture contents and / or physical variables of sound and / or vibration propagation, are operated in a controlled manner. Method for producing a raw, partial, or complete construction of a structure (11), in particular a structure according to one of claims 1-9, wherein the manufacturing method comprises prefabrication steps, which include the processing of the starting materials and the preparation of the technical components, as well as pre- and / or final assembly steps, which include the partial or complete, step-by-step or incremental and additive joining and mutual sealing of the processed starting materials and the prepared technical components to form a component framework (12) in the form of a component (55), a raw, partial, or complete construction module (50), and / or a modular building block (52), as well as subsequent pre- and / or final assembly steps,which comprise the gradual or incremental and additive joining and mutual sealing of the components (55), the raw, partial or complete construction modules (50) and / or the modular building blocks (52) to form a raw, partial or complete construction of a structure (11). Method according to claim 12, wherein at least one pre- and / or final assembly step for producing a raw, partial or complete construction of a structure (11), a raw, partial or complete building element (54) and / or a component (55) comprises the partial or complete filling of at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells with a shell building material (13), which is installed in loose, liquid or flowable form in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, which are at least partially or completely delimited by at least one formwork (1), and which is formed shortly after the gradual,partial or complete installation in at least one formwork (1) as a shaping formwork / casting mould and / or if necessary in an additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mould and thus at least partially or completely forming at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells or, at least the partial or complete formation of at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells with a shell building material (13) which is installed in loose, liquid or flowable form in at least one, at least partially or completely pre-assembled, additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, which at least partially or completely forms the at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and then includes the joining, positioning and fixing of a pre-assembled component framework (12) in the form of a raw, partial or complete component framework with the at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, formed by the previously assembled, additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold, whereupon the shell building material (13) after the gradual, partial or complete installation in the previously assembled,additional and / or independent, temporary formwork / casting mold is solidified as a shaping formwork / casting mold and thus at least partially forms at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one connection and sealing point (40) between individual, adjacent components (55), raw, partial, or complete building elements (54), raw, partial, or complete building modules (50), and / or modular building blocks (52), in particular at least partially their formwork (1), is designed by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a rectangular cross-section (41) or by means of an inclined overlapping surface (42) and / or by means of a tongue and groove connection (44) and optionally, in the case of a design of at least one formwork (1) made of wood,In addition, the swelling effect of the formwork material (13) upon its contact with at least one formwork (1) is used for sealing the connection and sealing points (40). Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one pre- and / or final assembly step of the partial or complete, step-by-step or incremental and additive joining and mutual sealing of the processed starting materials and the prepared technical components to form a component framework (12) in the form of a component (55), a raw, partial or complete construction module (50) and / or a modular building block (52) is carried out at least partially or completely with the aid of an assembly cage (47), which, with respect to the border and / or geometric shape of the component framework, serves as a pre-assembled component in the form of the component (55), the raw,Partial or complete construction module (50) and / or the modular building block (52) serves as an assembly jig. Method for producing a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of at least one structural component, such as shell and / or intermediate spacers (3, 4) in at least one formwork (1) of a raw, partial and / or complete component framework (12) of a structure (11), in particular a structure according to one of claims 1-9, wherein, at least one shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) completely penetrates the formwork (1), and wherein the manufacturing method comprises pre- and / or final assembly steps which comprise the insertion and fixing of the at least one shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in the at least one formwork (1), wherein this is preferably carried out as follows: i.) by inserting it into a bore previously made in the formwork (1) and by means of a glue connection or, if it and / or the formwork (1) consists of wood or other porous, open-pored materials which change their volume when moisture is introduced and removed, by means of a connection which is formed between the shell and / or intermediate spacer and the formwork (1) by means of moisture removal before it is inserted into the formwork (1) and subsequent moisture entry after it is inserted into the formwork (1), ii.) in that it is previously provided with an external thread (60) and is screwed into a bore previously made in the formwork (1), optionally with an additional internal thread previously made in the same, and by means of a threaded connection, iii.) in that it is previously provided with an external thread (60) and at least one thread cutting edge (62), and is screwed into a bore previously made in the formwork (1), optionally with an additional internal thread previously made in the same, and by means of a threaded connection, iv.) in that it is previously provided with at least one drilling edge (63) and is inserted or screwed into the formwork (1), optionally with a borehole previously made in the same and optionally with an additional internal thread previously made in the same, and by means of a glue connection, or if it and / or the formwork (1) consists of wood or other porous, open-pored materials which change their volume when moisture is introduced and removed, by means of a connection which is formed between the formwork (1) and the formwork (1) by means of moisture removal before it is introduced into the formwork (1) and subsequent moisture entry after it is introduced into the formwork (1) and / or threaded connection, v.) in that it is screwed into a bore previously made in the formwork (1) with an external thread (60) and a press, drilling, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeve (64) which is concentrically aligned and pre-assembled with an external thread (60) and is provided with a pre-assembled press, drilling, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeve (64) which is concentrically aligned and pre-assembled with an external thread (60) and is screwed into a bore previously made in the formwork (1) with an optional additional internal thread previously made in the same and is connected by means of a thread, vi.) in that it is screwed into a bore previously made in the formwork (1) with an external thread (60) and at least one thread cutting edge (62) and is provided with a pre-assembled press, drilling, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeve (64) which is concentrically aligned and pre-assembled with an external thread (60) and is connected by means of a thread, vii.) in that it is provided with an external thread (60) beforehand and with a press, drilling, thread-cutting and / or screw sleeve (64) which is concentrically aligned and pre-assembled with an external thread (60) and at least one drilling cutting edge (63). provided in the formwork (1), optionally with a bore made in advance therein and optionally with an additional internal thread made in advance therein and screwed in by means of a glue connection, or if this and / or the formwork (1) consists of wood or other porous, open-pored materials which change their volume when moisture is introduced and removed, by means of a connection which is formed between the formwork (1) and the formwork (1) by means of moisture removal before it is introduced into the formwork (1) and subsequent moisture entry after it is introduced into the formwork (1) and / or threaded connection, viii.) in that this, previously provided with a concentrically aligned and pre-assembled screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65), screwed into a previously made hole in the formwork (1) with an optional additional internal thread pre-assembled in the same, and by means of a threaded connection, ix.) in that this, previously provided with a concentrically aligned and pre-assembled screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) and at least one thread cutting edge (62), screwed into a previously made hole in the formwork (1) with an optional additional internal thread pre-assembled in the same, and by means of a threaded connection, x.) in that it is screwed into the formwork (1), previously provided with a concentrically aligned and pre-assembled screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65) and at least one drilling edge (63), optionally with a bore made beforehand in the same and optionally with an additional internal thread made beforehand, and by means of a glue connection or if this and / or the formwork (1) consists of wood or other porous, open-pored materials which change their volume when moisture is introduced and removed, by means of a connection which is formed between the formwork (1) and the formwork (1) by means of moisture removal before it is inserted into the formwork (1) and subsequent moisture entry after it is inserted into the formwork (1) and / or threaded connection and / or xi.) in that it is connected to one of the preceding pre- and / or final assembly steps i.) - iv.), is previously inserted into the formwork (1) and fixed in place and is then fastened, sealed and / or anchored by partially or completely screwing in a screw-in nut and / or sleeve with an external and / or internal thread (65), aligned concentrically between the same and the formwork (1), with optionally at least one additional thread cutting edge (62) and / or at least one material clearing and / or drilling cutting edge (66) previously attached thereto. Method for producing a connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of at least one load-bearing structure component such as, for example, shell and / or intermediate spacers (3, 4) in at least one of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 14a, 14b) of a raw, partial or complete construction of a construction (11), in particular a construction according to one of claims 1 - 9, wherein at least one shell and / or. Intermediate spacer (3, 4) completely penetrates the surface of the at least one shell bordering the intermediate space (16, 16a, 16b) and projects at least into the intermediate space, wherein the at least one shell and / or intermediate spacer is made of wood and / or wood-like materials, wherein a shell construction material (13) in a liquid state is at least partially or completely incorporated into the at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, which shell construction material penetrates into the wood pores of the shell and / or intermediate spacer (3, 4) in the region within the at least one shell and subsequently causes the shell to swell, wherein due to the penetration of the shell construction material into the wood pores on an end face of at least one shell and / or intermediate spacer end, the shell swells in the shape of a cone,wherein the cone in the area within the at least one shell enlarges towards the end of the shell and / or intermediate spacer, and wherein during the subsequent solidification and curing of the shell building material, on the one hand by penetrating the wood pores of the shell and / or intermediate spacer and / or on the other hand due to the cone formed thereby at at least one end of the shell and / or intermediate spacer, the connection, fastening, sealing and / or anchoring of the shell and / or intermediate spacer in at least one of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 14a, 14b) is effected.

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