Microbial compositions and methods

Abstract

The present disclosure provides novel compositions and methods comprising one or more microbes and uses thereof. The present disclosure further provides compositions and methods for improving soil and enhancing one or more aspects of one or more plants or plant components within the soil. The present disclosure further provides kits for use with one or more compositions and / or methods disclosed herein.

Description

Docket No. OATH-015.PCT MICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 426,025, filed November 16, 2022 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 547,326, filed November 3, 2023, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. BACKGROUND

[0002] Many microbes having beneficial effects on plant growth and properties are known; in addition these microbes may have beneficial effects on soil characteristics. Although compositions and methods utilizing such microbes have been described, there remains a need for improvement. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0003] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0005] Figure 1a shows a method of preparation of a microbial composition from individual microbial stocks.

[0006] Figure 1b shows a method of growth and treatment of a microbial stock.

[0007] Figure 1c shows a method of preparation of a microbial composition.

[0008] Figure 1d shows a method of combining one or more microbes and one or more heterologous components.

[0009] Figure 2 shows the topography of a Maximum-Likelihood phylogentic tree displaying 195 ribotype gene signatures representing the OSL probiotic culture collection.

[0010] Figure 3 shows water holding capacity of soil samples.

[0011] Figure 4 shows turf resulting from treated (right) and untreated (left) seeds.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0012] Figure 5 shows a box and whiskers chart of increased biomass in treated plants. DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Compositions and methods A. Microbes

[0013] Provided herein are compositions and methods including and / or utilizing one or more microbes, or that result from utilizing one or more microbes, in plant germination, growth, maintenance, and / or use, and other uses as described herein. The one or more microbes may be used in conjunction with any suitable plant or plants and the soil or other growth medium in which the plant or plants grow. As used herein, "microbe" or "microorganism" are used interchangeably and include the two prokaryotic domains, Bacteria and Archaea, as well as eukaryotic fungi and protists. When a specific strain, deposit, or the like, of a microbe is described, this includes progeny and / or mutants thereof. The terms “plurality of microbes,” “plurality of microorganisms,” “consortium of microbes,” “consortium of microorganisms,” are used interchangeably herein, and include groups of two or more different microbes. Unless indicated otherwise, and as used herein, the term “different microbe,” includes a microbe that is taxonomically different from another microbe, e.g., different class, order, family, genus, species, or strain. Unless indicated otherwise, and as used herein, the term “different microbes,” includes two or more microbes, each of which is taxonomically different from the other microbes, e.g., different class, order, family, genus, species, or strain.

[0014] The term "plant," as used herein, includes a whole plant, any reproductive or developmental form or stage thereof, or to a part or fragment of a plant. The term "plant" may therefore be used to encompass plant propagules, seedlings, germinants, tube stock and mature plants or any parts or fragments thereof, including but not limited to hypocotyls, leaves, branches, stems, roots, heads / kernels, crown, tissue samples, seeds, fruits, nuts, flowers or cones.

[0015] Any suitable microbe can be used, such as a bacteria, an archaea, a protozoa, an algae, a fungus, for example a mycorrhizae, a virus, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the microbe is, at some point in its lifecycle, a unicellular organism; however, the microbe can exist in a multicellular state. In preferred embodiments, the compositions and / or methods comprise one or more bacteria.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are bacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes belong to the genus of Streptomyces. The microbe can be any suitable strain of Streptomyces, including but notDocket No. OATH-015.PCT limited to Streptomyces janthinus, Steptomyces cinerochromogenes, Streptomyces chromofuscus, Streptomyces atratus, Streptomyces aurantiogriseus, Streptomyces rimosus, Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces violaceus, Streptomyces violascens, Streptomyces viridodiasticus, Streptomyces griseus. In certain embodiments, one or more microbes are of Streptomyces genus and one or more microbes are of non-Streptomyces genus. In certain embodiments, the non- Streptomyces genera are one or more of Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments, the non-Streptomyces genera are one or more of Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments, the non-Streptomyces genera are one or more of Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments, the non-Streptomyces genera are one or more of, Micrococcus, Bradyrhizobium, or Pseudomonas, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments, the non-Streptomyces genera are Bradyrhizobium, Pseudomonas, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the non- Streptomyces genus includes Bradyrhizobium. In certain embodiments, the non-Streptomyces genus includes Pseudomonas,

[0017] Certain of the microbes described in this Application were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) on November 15, 2022 and assigned the deposit numbers shown in Table 2. The deposits were made under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microbes for the Purposes of Patent Procedure.

[0018] In certain embodiments, one or more microbes comprising one or more genetic sequences for 16S rRNA(s) are used. Sequences are as shown in Table 1.

[0019] TABLE 1 SE G C G A T C C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A T C T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C G G G C G A T C C T A T C T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G G C G A T C C T A T C T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C G G G C G A T C C T A T C T G A T G T C A A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T G C A A C G T C G G G C G A T C C T A T C T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C G G G C G A T C C T A T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C G G G C G A T C C T A T C T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C G GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G A T C C T A T C T G A T G T C A A C T G C A A C G T C G G G C G A C C T C A C G G G A T C G G T A A C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T G T G G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C A A G C G T T A A T T T A A C G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G C G T T A A T T T A A C G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C A A G C G T T A A T T T A A C G A A A G T A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G A C C A G A C A A G C G T T A A T T T A A C G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C A A G C G T T A A T T T A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C A A G C G T T A A T T T A A C G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C A A G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G T T A A T T T A A C G A A A G T A G A G A C C A G A C G A G C G T T A A T T T A A T G T C G G G C G T T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G G G T G T G C C C A G C A A G A G C G G T G G C G T T C C G G G T G T G C A G A G C C T G A G C G G T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G T T C C G G G T G T G C A G A G C C T A G C G C G A G G C G T T C C G G G T G T G C A G A G C C T A G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G A G T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G A T T T C T A T A C C A T A T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G A T TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T C T A T A C C A T A T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G A T T T C T A C A C C A T A T C A T T C C G A G G C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C T G A T T T C T A T A C C A T A T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G C C A C A A G G C G G C G G T C A T T C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A G G C C C T G A T T T C T A T A C C A T A T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G A T T T C T A T A C C A T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G A T T T C T A T A C C A T A T C A T T C C G A G G C C C T G A T T T C T A T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C A T A T C A T T C G G A G G C C C T G A C T G G A T G G C A T G A T C A T T C G G A G G C C C T G A T TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G G A T G G C A G G A T C A T T C G G A G G C C C T G A T A G G G T G T A G G G G T C A T T C G G A G G C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C T G A T T G G A T G G C A G G A T C A T T C G G A G G C C C T G A T T G G A T G G C A G G A T C A T T C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A G G C C C T G A T A G G G T G T A G G G G T C A G A C G T T G G C G G G A C C A G G G T G T A G G G GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C G A G C C T A G T T A A G T G A A A G A T G G C A G G G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T T G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T T G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G A G C C T T G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T T G C G C T C G A T A T A A C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A A G C C T G A G A G C C T T G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T T G C G C T C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T T G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T A G C G C T C G A T A T A A C C G A A G C T T G A G A G C C T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G G C G A T A C C A A C C C A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G G G G T A G T A A A G G T A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C A T G G T G C G C A T A C A G C G A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A C A G T G C A G C G C G G A A A G T A C C G A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A A A G T A C C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A T A T T G T A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G A A C T G A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A C C G A A C T G A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C C C G G A C C G A A C T G A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A C C G A A C T G A G A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A C C G A A C T G A C A G T G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C C A C A T T A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C C A C A T T A A A C A G T G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A C A T T A A A C A G T G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C C A C A T T A G A C A G T G A G A C A G T G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G C G C T C C C A C A T T A A A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A C C G A A C T G A G A C A C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A C C G A A C T G A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A C C G A A C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A G A C A C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A A C A C T A C G A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C A C A T T A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C A G T G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G G C G C T C G A T A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C A G T G A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C C G T A T C C G C C G A G GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C T T G T G C A T A C A C G C G C C G T A T C C G C C G A G G C T T G T G C A T A C A C G C G C C G T A T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C C G G G G C T T G T G C A T A C A C G C G C C G T A T C C G C C G A G G C T T G T G C A T A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C C G T A T C C G C C G A G G C T T G T G C A T A C A C G C G C C G T A T C C G C C G A G G C T T G T G C ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T G T A C G C G C C G T A T C A G T C G A T G C T T G T G C A T G T A C G C G C C G T A T C A G T C G A T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C T T G T G C A T A T T T T C A G G C G C G A G A T C A A A G C G A C G C T C T A T T T T C A G G C G C G ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A T C A A A G C G A C G C T C T A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A G A G C C G A A T C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G T G C G G A T A A A G A G G A A A G A C G C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A T T T A A A G C A G A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A T T T A A A G G A G A C G C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A T T T A A A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C A G A C G C G C G T G G G A G T G C C C G G A A A T G A C C G A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C A A G A G G A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C A A G A G G A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C A G C G C T C C A A G A G G A A A C A G T G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C G G C G C T C G A C A G T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G A C A G T G C A G C G C T C C G G C G C T C G A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C A C A T T A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C A G C G A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C A G C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G A C A G T G C A G C G C C C C C A C A T T A A A C T G G G G A C A C G C G C G T T T C A G C A C A C T A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G A C T G G G G A C A C G C G C G T T T C A G C A C A C T A C G A C T G A T G A G T T G G T T A G G T G T TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G G A C T A A T T A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C C A C A T T A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C C A C A T T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C G G G A A C G G C G C T C G A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C C A C A T T A A A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A C C A A G A G G A A A C A C G C G T A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C C A C A T T ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A C A C G C G C A G T C A C C G C G G G A A C C A C A T T A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C A C A T T A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G A A C C A C A T T A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C G C G G G G A C C A C A T T A A A C A C G C G C A G T A A C C G C G G G G A C C A C A T T A A A G A G A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T A A C A C G CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q G C A G T A A C C G C G G G G A C C A C A T T A A C G C T G G G A T G T G C G A G A C C C G A A C C T C G A CDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C A T G G A A C G A A G T G C G G G C G T G T G A G A T G A C G C G C T A G G A T G T G C G A G A C C C GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q T T C T A C G T A G T C A T G G A A C A C G C G G C C G A A C T C A G C T T C T A G C G C T G G G A T G T GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C C A A T T G G C G C G A C A C G A A A T A T A A C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T G A G A GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T G A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A ADocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C T G A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T G A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G GDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q A T A C C G A A C T G A G A G A G C C G A A T C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T G A G A G A G C C G A A TDocket No. OATH-015.PCT SE Q C T G T G C G G A T A C C G A A C T G

[0020] In certain embodiments provided herein, a composition or method utilizes one or more microbes. Any suitable microbes may be used.

[0021] Table 2: ATCC deposits Designation ATCC No.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT Designation ATCC No. 11 PTA-127377Docket No. OATH-015.PCT Designation ATCC No. 44 PTA-127410r its predecessors or agents, at either 568 Duncan Farms Rd., Steele AL 35987, 4136 E Bujia Segunda, Tucson, AZ, 85718 or 505 Coastal South Blvd., La Jolla, CA.92307, since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to these deposits will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request, as well as to equivalent bodies and persons outside the United States. Upon allowance of any claims in the application, the Applicant(s) will make available to the public without restriction deposits of each of O-46 through O140 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) or other depository that conforms to the Budapest Treaty. The bacteria deposited with the ATCC will be taken from the same deposits maintained at the locations described above. Additionally, Applicant will meet all the requirements of 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample when the deposit is made.

[0023] This deposit of the aforementioned bacteria will be maintained in the ATCC or other depository that conforms to the Budapest Treaty, which are a public depositories, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it ever becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant will impose no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material; however, Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce.

[0024] In certain embodiments, one or more mycorrhiza, for example one or more mycorrhizal fungus, are used in addition to the Streptomyces bacteria. The term “mycorrhiza” or “mycorrhizal fungus or fungi,” as used herein includes a fungal cell associated with a root of a plant. The mycorrhiza can be an endomycorrhiza or an ectomycorrhiza. The mycorrhiza can be an Arbuscular endomycorrhiza, Ericoid endomycorrhiza, Arbutoid endomycorrhiza, Monotropoid endomycorrhiza, orchidaceous endomycorrhiza, or ectendomycorrhiza. In certain embodiments, the mycorrhiza comprises any one of the mycorrhiza identified in the FungalRoot database (Soudzilovskaia et al. (2020) NEW PHYTOLOGIST;Docket No. OATH-015.PCT <https: / / www.gbif.org / dataset / 744edc21-8dd2-474e-8a0b-b8c3d56a3c2d>). In certain embodiments endomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota are used. B. Compositions comprising one or more microbes 1. Microbial compositions

[0025] Provided herein are microbial compositions.

[0026] In certain embodiments provided is a composition comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, or 60 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100, preferably 2-100, more preferably 5-100, even more preferably 5-80, still more preferably 5-40, yet more preferably 10-80, still yet more preferably 10-70, even more preferably 10-60, even still more preferably 10-40, further preferably 10-30, different Streptomyces microbes. Any suitable microbe microbes, such as those described herein, may be used. In certain embodiments the composition further comprises cells of one or more non-Streptomyces microbes. Any suitable non-Streptomyces microbes, such as those described herein, may be used. In certain embodiments, two or more of the microbes are heterologous to each other. In certain embodiments, the microbes of one or more non-Streptomyces microbe comprises microbes of Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis microbe, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments the one or more microbes of non-Streptomyces microbe comprises Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis microbe, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments the one or more microbes of non-Streptomyces microbe comprises Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis microbe, or a combination therof.

[0027] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a composition comprising one or more Streptomyces microbes, wherein the one or more Streptomyces microbes comprise a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5 identical, or 100% identical, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to a nucleic acid sequence to one or more of SEQ ID NOs:68-109 and 120-196.

[0028] In certain embodiments provided is composition comprising Streptomyces spp. microbes and at least one, two, three, four, five, 6, or 7 and / or not more than one, two, three, four, five, 6, 7, or 8, preferably 2-8, more preferably 2-6, yet more preferably 3-8, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 8 additional microbes selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas spp.,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT Microvirga spp., Paenibacillus spp., Aureimonas spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., Rhodococcus spp., Amycolatopsis spp., and Lysinibacillis spp.. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbes of Pseudomonas spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Microvirga spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Micrococcus spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Paenibacillus spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Aureimonas spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Bradyrhizobium spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Rhodococcus spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Lysinibacillis spp.

[0029] In certain embodiments, provided is a composition comprising microbs of one or more Streptomyces strains and microbs of at least one non-Streptomyces species, wherein the non-Streptomyces species is a nitrogen-fixing species. In certain embodiments the nitrogen- fixing non-Streptomyces species comprise microbs of Pseudomonas spp., Microvirga spp., Bradyrhyizobium spp., Aureimonas spp., Paenibacillus spp., and / or Lysinibacillus spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of e spp . In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Microvirga spp.. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Aureimonas spp . In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Paenibacillus spp. In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Bradyrhizobium spp . In certain embodiments the composition comprises microbs of Lysinibacillis spp .

[0030] In certain embodiments provided herein is a composition comprising one or more microbes of ATCC deposits designated 1-45, deposited as ATCC Nos. PTA-127367-127413, respectively, as shown in Table 2 and / or one or more microbes of OATH-46-OATH-140.

[0031] In embodiments including one or more Streptomyces microbes, any suitable Streptomyces microbes may be used. The microbes may be of one or more Streptomyces species and / or one or more Streptomyces strains. In certain embodiments, microbes are microbes of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, or 60, for example at least 5, or at least 10, or at least 15, or at least 20, and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100, preferably 2-100, more preferably 5-100, even more preferably 5-80, still more preferably 5-40, yet more preferably 10-80, still yet more preferably 10-70, even more preferably 10-60 yet even more preferably 10-30 different Streptomyces strains. In certain embodiments, Streptomyces microbes comprise comprise microbes of one or more of Streptomyces antibioticus B, Streptomyces bacillaris,Streptomyces bikiniensis,Streptomyces cavourensis,Streptomyces fimbriatus,Streptomyces flavoviridis,Streptomyces globosus,StreptomycesDocket No. OATH-015.PCT griseoaurantiacus,Streptomyces griseofuscus,Streptomyces griseoincarnatus, Streptomyces griseoviridis A,Streptomyces labedae,Streptomyces lydicus,Streptomyces misionensis,Streptomyces nigra,Streptomyces rochei,Streptomyces sp. OATH_5,Streptomyces sp. OATH_7,Streptomyces sp. OATH_8,Streptomyces sp. OATH_9,Streptomyces sp. OATH_10,Streptomyces sp. OATH_11,Streptomyces sp. OATH_12,Streptomyces sp. OATH_13,Streptomyces sp. OATH_17,Streptomyces sp. OATH_19,Streptomyces sp. OATH_20,Streptomyces sp. OATH_22A,Streptomyces sp. OATH_22B,Streptomyces sp. OATH_23,Streptomyces sp. OATH_26,Streptomyces sp. OATH_27,Streptomyces sp. OATH_28,Streptomyces sp. OATH_30,Streptomyces sp. OATH_31,Streptomyces sp. OATH_34,Streptomyces sp. OATH_36,Streptomyces sp. OATH_37,Streptomyces sp. OATH_38,Streptomyces sp. OATH_39,Streptomyces sp. OATH_40,Streptomyces sp.sp. OATH_42,Streptomyces sp. OATH_43,Streptomyces sp. OATH_44,Streptomyces sp. OATH_46,Streptomyces sp. OATH_47,Streptomyces sp. OATH_48,Streptomyces sp. OATH_49,Streptomyces sp.OATH_52,Streptomyces sp. OATH_57,Streptomyces sp.OATH_59,Streptomyces sp. OATH_60,Streptomyces sp. sp. OATH_62,Streptomyces sp. OATH_63,Streptomyces sp. OATH_64,Streptomyces sp. OATH_65,Streptomyces sp. OATH_66,Streptomyces sp.sp. OATH_C,Streptomyces sp. OATH_D,Streptomyces sp. sp. OATH_F,Streptomyces sp. OATH_G,Streptomycessp001509795,Streptomyces sp900105755, and / or In certainembodiments, , Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more of microbes of OATH_5,Streptomyces sp. OATH_7,Streptomyces sp. OATH_8,Streptomyces sp. OATH_9,Streptomyces sp. OATH_10,Streptomyces sp. OATH_11,Streptomyces sp. OATH_12,Streptomyces sp. OATH_13,Streptomyces sp. OATH_17,Streptomyces sp. OATH_19,Streptomyces sp. OATH_20,Streptomyces sp. OATH_22A,Streptomyces sp. OATH_22B,Streptomyces sp. OATH_23,Streptomyces sp. OATH_26,Streptomyces sp. OATH_27,Streptomyces sp. OATH_28,Streptomyces sp. OATH_30,Streptomyces sp. OATH_31,Streptomyces sp. OATH_34,Streptomyces sp. OATH_36,Streptomyces sp. OATH_37,Streptomyces sp. OATH_38,Streptomyces sp. OATH_39,Streptomyces sp. OATH_40,Streptomyces sp. OATH_41,Streptomyces sp. OATH_42,Streptomyces sp. OATH_43,Streptomyces sp. OATH_44,Streptomyces sp. OATH_46,Streptomyces sp. OATH_47,Streptomyces sp. OATH_48,Streptomyces sp. OATH_49,Streptomyces sp. OATH_50,Streptomyces sp. OATH_52,Streptomyces sp. OATH_57,Streptomyces sp. OATH_58,Streptomyces sp. OATH_59,Streptomyces sp. OATH_60,Streptomyces sp.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT OATH_61,Streptomyces sp. OATH_62,Streptomyces sp. OATH_63,Streptomyces sp. OATH_64,Streptomyces sp. OATH_65,Streptomyces sp. OATH_66,Streptomyces sp. OATH_A,Streptomyces sp. OATH_B,Streptomyces sp. OATH_C,Streptomyces sp. OATH_D,Streptomyces sp. OATH_E,Streptomyces sp. OATH_F,Streptomyces sp. OATH_G. In certain embodiments, Streptomyces microbes Streptomyces strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 68-109 and 120-196.

[0032] In embodiments including one or more non-Streptomyces microbes, any suitable non- Streptomyces microbes may be used. In certain embodiments, microbes of one or more non- Streptomyces strain comprise microbes of Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis strain, or a combination therof. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes of non- Streptomyces strain comprises Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis strain, or a combination therof.

[0033] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Pseudomonas strains, any suitable strain(s) of Pseudomonas may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Pseudomonas strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Pseudomonas strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Pseudomonas strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Pseudomonas strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Pseudomonas strain, different from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Pseudomonas strain, different from the first, second, and third strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a fifth microbe of a fifth Pseudomonas strain, different from the first, second, third, and fourth strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Pseudomonas strains comprise microbes of one or more of Pseudomonas E sp003253735, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas poae Pseudomonas sp. OATH_2, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_3, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_4, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_6, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_14, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_15, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_16, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_45 Pseudomonas sp. OATH_51 Pseudomonas sp. OATH_53, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_55, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_56, Pseudomonas sp.002836515, and / or Pseudomonas straminea are used. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments, microbe or microbes of Pseudomonas strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 39-67.

[0034] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Microvirga strains, any suitable strain(s) of Microvirga may be used. In certain embodiments, the Microvirga strain comprises Microvirga sp. OATH1. In certain embodiments, microbe(s) of the Microvirga strain have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NO: 38.

[0035] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Micrococcus strains, any suitable strain(s) of Micrococcus may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Micrococcus strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Micrococcus strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Micrococcus microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Micrococcus strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Micrococcus microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Micrococcus strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, microbes of Micrococcus strains comprise microbes of Micrococcus luteus. In certain embodiments, the microbe or microbes of Micrococcus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 118-119.

[0036] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Paenibacillus strains, any suitable strain(s) of Paenibacillus may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Paenibacillus strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Paenibacillus strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Paenibacillus strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Paenibacillus strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Paenibacillus strain, different from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Paenibacillus strain, different from the first, second, andDocket No. OATH-015.PCT third strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a fifth microbe of a fifth Paenibacillus strain, different from the first, second, third, and fourth strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Paenibacillus strains comprise microbes of one or more of Paenibacillus cellulositrophicus A and / or Paenibacillus illinoisensis.. In certain embodiments, microbe or microbes of Paenibacillus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 10-17.

[0037] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Aureimonas strains, any suitable strain(s) of Aureimonas may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Aureimonas strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Aureimonas strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Aureimonas strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Aureimonas strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Aureimonas strain, different from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Aureimonas strain, different from the first, second, and third strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Aureimonas strains comprise microbes of Aureimonas A sp001425485. In certain embodiments, microbe or microbes of Aureimonas strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 18-21.

[0038] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Bradyrhizobium strains, any suitable strain(s) of Bradyrhizobium may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Bradyrhizobium strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Bradyrhizobium strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Bradyrhizobium strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Bradyrhizobium strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Bradyrhizobium strain, different from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Bradyrhizobium strain,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT different from the first, second, and third strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a fifth microbe of a fifth Bradyrhizobium strain, different from the first, second, third, and fourth strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Bradyrhizobium strains comprise microbes of one or more of Bradyrhizobium denitrificans and / or Bradyrhizobium elkanii. In certain embodiments, microbe or microbes of Bradyrhyzobium strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 22-37.

[0039] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Rhodococcus strains, any suitable strain(s) of Rhodococcus may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Rhodococcus strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Rhodococcus strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Rhodococcus strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Rhodococcus strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Rhodococcus strain, different from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Rhodococcus strain, different from the first, second, and third strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a fifth microbe of a fifth Rhodococcus strain, different from the first, second, third, and fourth strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Rhodococcus strains comprise microbes of one or more of Rhodococcus erythropoli and / or Rhodococcus qingshengii. In certain embodiments, microbe or microbes of Rhodococcus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 116-117.

[0040] In embodiments including microbes of one or more Amycolatopsis strains, any suitable strain(s) of Amycolatopsis may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Amycolatopsis strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Amycolatopsis strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a first microbe of a first Amycolatopsis strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Amycolatopsis strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Amycolatopsis strain, differentDocket No. OATH-015.PCT from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Amycolatopsis strain, different from the first, second, and third strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a first microbe of fifth Amycolatopsis strain, different from the first, second, third, and fourth strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Amycolatopsis strains comprise microbes of one or more of Amycolatopsis lurida and / or Amycolatopsis_OATH_54. In certain embodiments, microbe or microbes of Amycolatopsis strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 110-115.

[0041] In embodiments incoluding microbes of one or more Lysinibacillus strains, any suitable strain(s) of Lysinibacillus may be used. In certain embodiments, cells (microbes) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 Lysinibacillus strains and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 Lysinibacillus strains are used. In certain embodiments, one or more Lysinibacillusmicrobes comprise a first microbe of a first Lysinibacillus strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a second microbe of a second Lysinibacillus strain, different from the first strain. In certain embodiments, one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a third microbe of a third Lysinibacillus strain, different from the first and second strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a fourth microbe of a fourth Lysinibacillus strain, different from the first, second, and third strains. In certain embodiments, one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a fifth microbe of a fifth Lysinibacillus strain, different from the first, second, third, and fourth strains. In certain embodiments, microbes of Lysinibacillusstrains comprise microbes of Lysinibacillus capsici. In certain embodiments, microbe or microbes of Lysinibacillus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100%, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1-9.

[0042] In certain embodiments, compositions and / or methods include one or more microbes deposited as ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411, also referred to as one or more microbes of Designation 1-45, respectively, as shown in Table 1, and / or one or more microbes of deposits designation OATH-1 to OATH-140. Deposits may be referred to herein by ATCC number, by numerical designation (e.g., ATCC-1, corresponding to Designation 1, PTA-127367, etc). Unless indicated otherwise, a composition said to comprises an ATCC or OATH designation, includes one or more microbes of the ATCC or OATH deposit, and progeny and / or mutantsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT thereof. Any suitable combination of the one or more microbes deposited as ATCC Nos. PTA- 127367 to PTA-127411, also referred to as Designation 1-45, respectively, as shown in Table 1, may be used. In certain embodiments, the composition one or more microbes of Designation 1 (ATCC No. PTA-127367) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 2 (ATCC No. PTA- 127368) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 3 (ATCC No. PTA-127369) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 4 (ATCC No. PTA-127370) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 5 (ATCC No. PTA-127371) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 6 (ATCC No. PTA-127372) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 7 (ATCC No. PTA-127373) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 8 (ATCC No. PTA-127374) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 9 (ATCC No. PTA-127375) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 10 (ATCC No. PTA-127376) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 11 (ATCC No. PTA-127377) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 12 (ATCC No. PTA- 127378) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 13 (ATCC No. PTA-127379) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 14 (ATCC No. PTA-127380) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 15 (ATCC No. PTA-127381) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 16 (ATCC No. PTA-127382) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 17 (ATCC No. PTA- 127383) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 18 (ATCC No. PTA-127384) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 19 (ATCC No. PTA-127385) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 20 (ATCC No. PTA-127386) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 21 (ATCC No. PTA-127387) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 22 (ATCC No. PTA- 127388) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 23 (ATCC No. PTA-127389) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 24 (ATCC No. PTA-127390) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 25 (ATCC No. PTA-127391) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 26 (ATCC No. PTA-127392) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 27 (ATCC No. PTA- 127393) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 28 (ATCC No. PTA-127394) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 29 (ATCC No. PTA-127395) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 30 (ATCC No. PTA-127396) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 31 (ATCC No. PTA-127397) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 32 (ATCC No. PTA- 127398) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 33 (ATCC No. PTA-127399) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 34 (ATCC No. PTA-127400) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 35 (ATCC No. PTA-127401) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 36 (ATCC No. PTA-127402) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 37 (ATCC No. PTA- 127403) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 38 (ATCC No. PTA-127404) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 39 (ATCC No. PTA-127405) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 40 (ATCC No. PTA-127406) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 41Docket No. OATH-015.PCT (ATCC No. PTA-127407) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 42 (ATCC No. PTA- 127408) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 43 (ATCC No. PTA-127409) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 44 (ATCC No. PTA-127410) and / or one or more microbes of Designation 45 (ATCC No. PTA-127411). In certain embodiments, a composition can include one or more microbes from one or more microbes of Designation 46 (ATCC No. PTA-127412), also designated individually as O-46 to O-140 herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises one or more microbes of Designation O-46 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-47 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-48 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-49 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-50 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-51 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-52 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-53 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-54 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-55 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-56 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-57 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-58 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-59 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-60 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-61 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-62 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-63 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-64 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-65 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-66 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-67 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-68 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-69 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-70 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-71 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-72 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-73 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-74 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-75 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-76 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-77 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-78 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-79 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-80 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-81 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-82 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-83 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-84 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-85 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-86 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-87 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-88 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-89 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-90 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-91 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-92 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-93 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-94 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-95 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-96 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-97 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-98Docket No. OATH-015.PCT and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-99 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-100 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-101 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-102 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-103 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-104 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-105 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-106 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-107 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-108 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-109 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-110 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-111 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-112 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-113 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-114 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-115 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-116 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-117 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-118 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-119 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-120 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-121 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-122 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-123 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-124 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-125 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-126 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-127 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-128 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-129 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-130 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-131 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-132 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-133 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-134 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-135 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-136 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-137 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-138 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-139 and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-140. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 of one or more microbes of Designations 1-45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411) and / or not more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 of one or more microbes of Designations 1-45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411), preferably 5-45, more preferably 10-45, even more preferably 20- 45, yet more preferably 35-45. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 of one or more microbes of Designations 1-45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411) and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-46 to O-140, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0043] In certain embodiments, microbes included in a composition herein are biologically pure. As used herein, a "pure" or “biologically pure” organism or population of organisms, such as microbe or microbial population, or the like, includes a population of organisms in the absence of other species or types. A "substantially pure culture" includes a culture which contains substantially no other microbes than the desired strain or strains, e.g., other microbes may be present but not in quantities and / or forms that interfere with the intended use of the culture. A substantially pure culture includes a culture that is substantially free of other contaminants, which can include microbial contaminants as well as undesirable chemical contaminants.

[0044] In certain embodiments, microbes included in a composition herein are isolated. As used herein, "isolate," "isolated," "isolated microbe," “isolated microorganism” and like terms, include the meaning that the one or more microbes has been separated from at least one of the materials with which it is associated in a particular environment (for example soil, water, plant tissue). Thus, an "isolated microbe" does not exist in its naturally occurring environment; rather, the microbe has been removed from its natural setting and placed into a non-naturally occurring state of existence.

[0045] In certain embodiments, microbes of a composition or method are heterologous to each other, and / or heterologous to a soil, plant, plant part, seed, seedling, plant propagule, or other substance in association with the microbes; in certain embodiments at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90100, 120, or 140, preferably 2-140, more preferably 2-100, even more preferably 2-80, still more preferably 2-60, yet more preferably 2-40 for example at least 2, preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 4, even more preferably at least 5, yet more preferably at least 7, still more preferably at least 10 microbes of a composition or method are heterologous to each other, or heterologous to a soil, plant, plant part, seed, seedling, plant propagule, or other substance in association with the microbes. As used herein, the terms “heterologous,” "exogenous,” and the like, when referring to one material related to a second material, include a material that is not naturally associated with the second material. Thus, a microbe is considered heterologous to a plant or a plant part, such as a root, or a seed, or the like, if the microbe is not found in nature associated with the particular plant, plant part (e.g., root), seed, or the like, or is not found in the number indicated; in some cases, a population of microbes may contain some microbes that are heterologous to the material, and some that are not heterologous (i.e., normally found with the material) to the material. A microbe can also be heterologous to another microbe if the two are not naturally found together, or are not found in the numbers and / or ratios indicated.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0046] In certain embodiments, total colony forming units (CFUs) per gram of a microbial composition is at least 104, 105,106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, or 1014and / or not more than 105,106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, or 1016, preferably 104to 1011, more preferably 104to 109even more preferably 105to 109, yet more preferably 105to 108, still more preferably 105to 108. In certain embodiments a composition comprises at least 108CFU. In certain embodiments a composition comprises at least 109CFU. In certain embodiments a composition comprises at least 109CFU. In certain embodiments, each of the different microbes (e.g., microbes of a specific strain) is present at at least 104, 105,106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, or 1014, and / or not more than 105,107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, or 1015CFU / gm of composition, preferably 106to 1015, more preferably 107to 1014, even more preferably 107to 1013, yet more preferably 107to 1011, even yet more preferably 108to 1011CFU / gm of composition. In certain embodiments at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95%, or 100%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, even more preferably at least 30%, still more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 50% of different strains of microbes in composition are present in a ratio to each other (CFU to CFU) of 20:1 to 1:20, preferably 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably 5:1 to 1:5, even more preferably 2:1 to 1:2, yet more preferably 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, even more preferably 1.25:1 to 1:1.25. In certain embodiments at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95%, or 100%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, even more preferably at least 30%, still more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 50% of different strains of microbes in composition are present in a weight ratio to each other of 20:1 to 1:20, preferably 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably 5:1 to 1:5, even more preferably 2:1 to 1:2, yet more preferably 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, even more preferably 1.25:1 to 1:1.25. A “colony forming unit,” or “CFU,” as those terms are used herein, includes a microbial cell that is viable, that is, able to multiply via binary fission under suitable conditions. Methods for determining a number of CFUs in a sample are well-known in the art.

[0047] In certain embodiments, a composition comprises a liquid medium in which the one or more microbes, e.g., as described above, are distributed. In certain embodiments the liquid medium is heterologous to microrganisms in the composition. In certain embodiments, the liquid medium comprises an aqueous medium. In certain embodiments, the aqueous medium comprises a combination of mediums in which one or more of the one or more microbes of Designations 1- 45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411) and / or one or more microbes of Designation O-46 to O-140 has been growing.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 2. Dry compositions

[0048] In certain embodiments a composition is a dry composition. Generally, a dry composition comprises 10 wt% or less water. In certain embodiments a composition comprises less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, or 0.0001% wt% water, for example less than 0.1%, preferably less than 0.05%, more preferably less than 0.01%, even more preferably less than 0.005%, yet more preferably less than 0.001%, still more preferably less than 0.0005%. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises less than 5, such as less than 4, or less than 3, or less than 2% water. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises less than 1% water. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises less than 0.5% water.In certain such embodiments, a composition consists essentially of the one or more microbes, e.g., a composition produced from a combination of different liquid media comprising the microbes, in some cases, media in which the microbes have been grown, that is then treated to obtain the desired dryness, and which may include one or more components from the media, and / or other components, that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics the composition. 3. Particulate compositions.

[0049] In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising particles, such as particles comprising one of the microbial compositions provided herein. As used herein a “particle,” or “particles” include discrete objects larger than atoms or molecules; a particle can be large enough to be seen with the naked eye, or microscopic. “Particle size” includes size as determined by methods used in the art, in particular, sieving.

[0050] In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising a plurality of particles wherein each particle comprises a composition comprising one or more microbes. The particles of the composition may be any suitable size; in some cases particles are all within a certain size range, in other cases particles may be present in two or more populations, each of which is within a different size range. In certain embodiments the particles have a median particle size of at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 250, 370, 300, or 400 um and / or no more than 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 250, 270, 300, 400, or 500 um, for example 20- 500 um, preferably 90-270 um, more preferably 140-220 um, even more preferably 160-200 um, still more preferably 170-190 um. In certain embodiments, at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, or 100%, or 100%, for example 10-100%, preferably 20-100%, more preferably 50-100%, even more preferably 80-100%, still more preferably 90-100% of the particles have a mean particleDocket No. OATH-015.PCT size of at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 250, 370, 300, or 400 um and / or no more than 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 250, 270, 300, 400, or 500 um, for example 20-500 um, preferably 90-270 um, more preferably 140-220 um, even more preferably 160-200 um, still more preferably 170-190 um.

[0051] In certain embodiments, such as embodiments where the composition comprises at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 92, 95, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5%, or 100%, microbes (wt%), particles may have a mean or median particle size of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, or 20 um and / or not more 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, or 40 um, preferably 0.2-40 um, more preferably 0.5-20 um, even more preferably 1-20 um, still more preferably 1-15 um, yet more preferably 2-15 um, even still more preferably 2-12 um.

[0052] In certain embodiments, larger particles may be used, e.g., in compositions for aerial application and / or some delayed release compositions larger particles may be used, for example, with a mean size, or a median size, of at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or 7000 um and / or no more than 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 7000, or 10,000 um, or even larger, such as 200-10,000, preferably 500-5000, more preferably 1000-10,000 um. Such larger particulate compositions can be useful, for example to allow for release of microbes in two or more batches as the particles are subject to conditions that allow release of microbes from the surface of the particles but others are retained in the particle until the conditions occur again (e.g., rainfall, irrigation, or the like, see below). It will be understood that for any composition in which a plurality of populations of particles is used, with different particle sizes, any suitable sizes may be used for the composition.

[0053] Certain particulate compositions are dry compositions. Certain particulate compositions consist essentially of a microbial composition. Certain particulate compositions comprise a microbial composition that includes one or more agricultural adjuvants. 4. Delayed release compositions

[0054] In certain embodiments, delayed release compositions are provided. A “delayed release” composition, as that term is used herein, includes a composition that does not release at least a portion of its active ingredients, e.g., microbes, on first exposure to the environment, or to an environmental trigger in the environment in which it will be used; in certain embodiments, a delayed release composition can release a portion of its active ingredients, e.g., microbes, on first exposure, so long as an additional portion is not released, while in other embodiments none of the active ingredients, e.g., microbes, is released on first exposure. Any suitable materials andDocket No. OATH-015.PCT configuration may be used, so long as not all of the microbes are released on first exposure to the environment of use or environmental trigger. Materials useful in providing delayed release compositions are well-known in the art; while many of these are useful in pharmaceutical preparations, suitable modifications, if necessary, will be readily apparent. In general materials and / or configurations of such compositions are such that microbes are confined to the composition during normal conditions of manufacture and transport, but that release at least a portion of the microbes on exposure to one or more environmental triggers, that is, one or more conditions found in the environment of use. Any suitable trigger may be used, such as water, electromagnetic radiation (e.g., sunlight, or certain wavelengths of sunlight), temperature, or even air (e.g., if particles are relatively unexposed to air during transport and storage, for example in an airtight bag, then start to degrade on exposure to air, e.g., when placed in their environment of use), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, an environmental trigger is water, which can come from, e.g., rainfall, irrigation, or the like. In general, “exposure to” the environmental trigger or trigger includes sufficient exposure of the composition that the process that occurs to release microbes can occur.

[0055] In certain embodiments, provided is a delayed release composition comprising a plurality of particles, each of which comprises a composition comprising microbes, wherein the plurality of particles comprises a first population of particles wherein each particle of the first population comprises one or more first components configured to confine at least a portion of the microbes to the particles, and wherein the one or more first components are such that the one or more first components lose sufficient integrity upon exposure to one or more environmental triggers that at least a portion of the confined microbes are released from the particles. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a microbial composition as provided herein. In certain embodiments the first components are configured to confine at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the microbes, for example at least 60%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%. Any suitable configuration of the first components may be used. In certain embodiments the first components form a shell wherein the microbes are confined within, and / or embedded in, and / or associated with a surface of, the shell. In certain embodiments the one or more first components form a matrix in which the microbes are embedded or otherwise associated. In certain embodiments the one or more first components form a plurality of lamellae, wherein the particles are confined between, and / or embedded in, and / or associate with a surface of, the lamellae. It will be appreciated that any or all of these may be combined in particles. In certain embodiments the environmental trigger comprises water, air, temperature, electromagnetic radiation, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the environmental trigger is water, for example, water from rainfall, irrigation, orDocket No. OATH-015.PCT even humidity of the air. In certain embodiments, exposure to the trigger is sufficient to release all the microbes; in other embodiments, repeated exposures and / or duration of exposure is required. Thus, for example, a composition may be formulated so that it remains intact until a first rainfall, when most or all of the particles in the composition are exposed to water. Components and configuration can be such that all microbe are released at the first rainfall; alternatively, components and configuration can be such that repeated rainfalls, or rainfall of sufficient duration to keep exposing the compositions to water for a prolonged period, is required to release all the microbes. In certain embodiments one or more first components and / or structure of the particles are such that exposure to the trigger causes sufficient loss of integrity that at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, or 100% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 30-100% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 50-100% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments n 80-100% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 90-100% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 5-80% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 5- 60% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 5-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 10-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 5-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 10-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 5-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments 10-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments a composition further comprises a second population of particles wherein each particle of the second population comprises one or more second components configured to confine at least a portion of the microbes to the particles, and wherein the one or more second components are such that the one or more second components withstand exposure to the one or more environmental triggers that cause the first components of the first population to lose integrity, but that lose sufficient integrity upon further exposure to the one or more environmental triggers that at least a portion of the confined microbes are released from the particles of the second population. In certain embodiments an additional 5-80% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-60% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments a composition comprises a third population of particles wherein each particle of the third population comprises one or more third components configured to confine at least a portionDocket No. OATH-015.PCT of the microbes to the particles, and wherein the one or more third components are such that the one or more third components withstand exposure to the one or more environmental triggers that cause the first and second components of the first population and second populations to lose integrity, but that lose sufficient integrity upon further exposure to the one or more environmental triggers that at least a portion of the confined microbes are released from the particles of the third population. In certain embodiments an additional 5-80% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-60% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments a composition further comprises a fourth population of particles wherein each particle of the fourth population comprises one or more fourth components configured to confine at least a portion of the microbes to the particles, and wherein the one or more fourth components are such that the one or more fourth components withstand exposure to the one or more environmental triggers that cause the first, second and third components of the first population, second and third populations to lose integrity, but that lose sufficient integrity upon further exposure to the one or more environmental triggers that at least a portion of the confined microbes are released from the particles of the fourth population. In certain embodiments an additional 5-80% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-60% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-40% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-30% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 5-25% of the microbes are released. In certain embodiments an additional 10-25% of the microbes are released. 5. Compositions comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants.

[0056] Provided herein are compositions comprising microbes, such as a composition as described above, and one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants. An “agriculturally acceptable adjuvant,” as that term is used herein, includes a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic material with which the active compounds (e.g. the one or more microbes as disclosed herein) are combined, e.g., to facilitate their manufacture, storage, use, or the like, where the substance can be used under the desired conditions, e.g., conditions in which plants grow or are maintained, or are to be grown or maintained. Thus, in certain embodiments provided herein is aDocket No. OATH-015.PCT composition comprising any one of the compositions comprising one or more microbes as described above and further comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants. It will be appreciated that in certain cases, such as delayed release compositions comprising one or more components to confine microbes and to release them on exposure to one or more environmental triggers, certain of the components may already be considered as agriculturally acceptable adjuvants; in such cases, one or more additional components, also considered agriculturally acceptable adjuvants, may be used.

[0057] Any suitable adjuvant may be used. In certain embodiments at least one of the agriculturally acceptable adjuvants is heterologous to the one or more microbes of the composition. In certain embodiments the one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants comprise one or more liquid carriers, solid carriers, surfactants, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, rheology additives, structuring agents, preservatives, biocides or biostatic agents, antifreezes, crystallization inhibitors, suspending agents, dyes, anti-oxidants, foaming agents, light absorbers, light blockers, mixing auxiliaries, antifoams, complexing agents, neutralizing or pH-modifying substances and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, fragrances, wetting agents, take-up enhancers, micronutrients, plasticizers, glidants, lubricants, and dispersants.an emulsifier, a carrier, a stabilizer, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants comprise one or more surfactants. Any suitable surfactant may be used. Generally, it is desired that a surfactant facilitates dissolution of a component or formation of an emulsion with a component, and a suitable surfactant will do so, while not affecting viability of the one or more microbes, or not affect viability to a sufficient degree to interfere with the intended use of the composition. Surfactants belong to different classes such as cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, ionic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants. A surfactant can be any surfactant or a combination of two or more surfactants useful to disperse the microbes and / or other components in the composition or tank mix for application. Any suitable concentration of surfactant can be used, such as at least 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, or 15% and / or not more than 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, or 20% w / w, for example 0.5 to 20%, preferably 1 to 10%, more preferably 2 to 8%, even more preferably 3 to 8%, yet more preferably 5 to 7%. Non-ionic surfactants suitable for this invention include ethoxylated linear alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenol, alkyl EO / PO copolymer, polyalkylene glycol monobutyl ether ethoxylated fatty acids / oils, sorbitan laurate, polysorbate, sorbitan oleate, ethoxylated fatty acid alcohols, or alkyl phenols, alkanolamides or alkyloamides (such as diethanolamide, lauric acid monoisopropanolamide, and ethoxylated myristamide), xyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers (such as alkylaryl polyglycol ethers), alkylphenol / alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol ethoxylate; alcohol / alkyleneDocket No. OATH-015.PCT oxide addition products, such as tridecylalcohol ethoxylate. Anionic surfactants include alkyl-, alkylaryl- and arylsulfonates or salts thereof (such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts of lauryl sarcosinate, alkylbenzenesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates such as dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate, or C.sub.14-16 olefin sulfonates), alkyl-, alkylaryl- and arylsulfates or salts thereof (such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts of tridedeth sulfate, lauryl sulfate, decyl sulfate, and diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate) protein hydrolysates, derivatives of polycarboxylic acid (such as ammonium lauryl ether carboxylate), olefin sulfonates (such as sodium alpha olefin sulfonate), sarcosinates (such as ammonium cyclohexyl palmitoyl taurinate), succinates (such as disodium N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate), phosphorus derivatives (such as phosphoric acid esters and their equivalent salts). Cationic surfactants include alkylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride, ammonium lauryl sulfate and lauramine oxide. Further examples of surfactants include nitrogen-surfactant blends such as Prefer 28 (Cenex), Surf-N (US), Inhance (Brandt), P-28 (Wilfarm) and Patrol (Helena); esterified seed oils including Sun-It II (AmCy), MSO (UAP), Scoil (Agsco), Hasten (Wilfarm) and Mes-100 (Drexel); and organo-silicone surfactants include Silwet L77 (UAP), Silikin (Terra), Dyne-Amic (Helena), Kinetic (Helena), Sylgard 309 (Wilbur-Ellis) and Century (Precision), polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, Tween 20, Tween 80, Scattics, Alktest TW20, Canarcel, Peogabsorb 80, Triton X-100, Conco NI, Dowfax 9N, Igebapl CO, Makon, Neutronyx 600, Nonipol NO, Plytergent B, Renex 600, Solar NO, Sterox, Serfonic N, T-DET-N, Tergitol NP, Triton N, IGEPAL CA-630, Nonident P-40, Pluronic.

[0058] In certain embodiments the one or more surfactants comprise a non-ionic, cationic, or anionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the one or more surfactants comprise Tween 20 or Tween 80. In certain embodiments the one or more surfactants comprise soy lecithin or yucca powder or a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the one or more surfactants are organic. In certain embodiments the one or more surfactants are at a total concentration of at least 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 wt% and / or no more than 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 wt%, for example 0.5-10 wt%, preferably 1-3 wt%, more preferably 1.8-2.2 wt%.

[0059] In certain embodiments, a composition comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants is a solid composition. In certain embodiments, a composition comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants is a liquid composition

[0060] In certain embodiments, a composition the one or more adjuvants comprise one or more carriers. As used herein, the term “carrier” includes a substance with which the one or more microbes associate in such a way that the one or more microbes are carried with the substance;Docket No. OATH-015.PCT the association may be merely physical, e.g., a physical combination of microbes with carrier; alternatively or additionally, the association may be chemical, e.g., noncovalent, such as adsorption, or covalent. In certain embodiments in which the composition is a solid composition, one or more solid carriers may be used. Any suitable solid carrier may be used. Exemplary solid carriers include, carbohydrates including mono or disaccharides, such as glucose, mannose, lactose, sucrose; oligo or poly-saccharides such as maltodextrin or pectin, or oligo- or polysaccharides derived from one or more plant substances; talc, titanium dioxide, pyrophyllite clay, attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, silica (silicon dioxide), limestone, bentonite, calcium montmorillonite water soluble salts such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium or ammonium salts of acetate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, phosphate, or sulfate such as calcium carbonate; plant parts such as cottonseed husks, wheat flour, soybean flour, wood flour, ground walnut shells, lignin and similar substances, yeast extracts, fish meal, pumice, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the carrier comprises an alcohol and / or a saccharide, e.g., inulin, glycerol and / or a monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, or polysaccharide. In certain embodiments, the carrier comprises glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, and / or galactose. In certain embodiments, the carrier comprises glucose. In certain embodiments, the carrier is at a concentration in the composition of at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 wt% and / or no more than 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 wt%, for example 50-100 wt%, preferably 70-100 wt%, more preferably 80- 100 wt%, even more preferably 90-100 wt%, still more preferably 95-100 wt%.

[0061] In certain embodiments, a composition comprises a monosaccharide, e.g., glucose, an emulsifier (surfactant), e.g., soy lecithin, and microbes. In certain embodiments, the monosaccharide is present at at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5% and or not more than 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, or 99.9%, such as 90-99%, preferably 85-99%, more preferably 90-99%, even more preferably 90-98%, yet more preferably 90-96%, still more preferably 90-94%; In certain embodiments, the emulsifier is present at at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5% and / or not more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7%, such as 0.1-5%, preferably 0.1-4%, more preferably 0.1-3%, still more preferably 0.5-3%. In certain embodiments, the microbes are present at at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10% and / or not more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 23, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, or 15%, such as 0.1-15%, preferably 0.5-12%, more preferably 0.5-10%, still more preferably 1-12%, yet more preferably 1-10%, still yet more preferably 2-10%, even yet more preferably 4-8%.

[0062] In certain embodiments the one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants comprise one or more materials that protect the microbes from one or more aspects of an environment inDocket No. OATH-015.PCT which the microbes will be stored and / or used. In certain embodiments the one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants comprise a light absorber or light blocker, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the light absorber or light blocker protects the microbes of the composition from ultraviolet (UV) light. In certain of these embodiments, the microbes are enclosed in the material, e.g., the material forms an opaque or translucent shell. Alternatively or additionally, the material can be a UV absorber, either in a shell or as a matrix or similar in which the microbes are situated. In certain embodiments the one or more materials are such that they release some or all of the microbes upon exposure to one or more environmental triggers, such as one or more environmental triggers described herein. In certain embodiments the one or more environmental triggers comprises water.

[0063] In certain embodiments, a composition comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants is stable at temperatures between 4 ºC. and 37 ºC for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days, or 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months, or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years, for example, stable at between 4 ºC. and 37 ºC for at least one week, preferably at least one month, more preferably at least 6 months, even more preferably at least 12 months, yet more preferably at least 2 years. “Stable,” as that term is used herein in relation to a composition, includes that the composition retains sufficient viability to be used for its intended purpose.

[0064] In certain embodiments, a composition includes an antifreeze agent for cold storage, e.g., at temperature less than -5, -10, -15, -20, -25, -30, -40, -50, -60, -70, -80 ºC, for example less than -5, preferably less than -10, more preferably less than -15, even more preferably less than -20 ºC. Such an agent can be considered an “agriculturally acceptable adjuvant,” as that term is used herein, in that it maintains the one or more microbes in a form where they are viable for their intended use, though generally after steps to grow the microbes and further treat them. In certain embodiments the antifreeze agent comprises glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea, calcium chloride, sodium nitrate, magnesium chloride and ammonium sulfate. In certain embodiments the antifreeze agent comprises glycerol. In certain embodiments the glycerol is present at a concentration of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 40, or 45% and / or no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%, for example 1-50%, preferably 10-30%, more preferably 15- 25%, even more preferably 18-22% wt%. In certain of these embodiments the composition comprises microbes of only one strain.

[0065] Certain embodiments provide a plurality of particles comprising a composition comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants, as described herein, and a composition comprising microbes, such as one of the microbial compositions herein.

[0066] Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 6. Compositions comprising additional microbes.

[0067] In certain embodiments provided are methods and compositions utilizing any one of the compositions described above, and further including additional microbes. In certain embodiments provided is a composition comprising one or more microbes as described above and further comprising cells of one or more additional microbial species or strains different from those of one or more microbes of Designations 1-45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411) and / or one or more microbes of Designations O-46 to O-140. In certain embodiments the additional microbial species comprise fungi, bacteria, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the additional microbial species comprise fungi. In certain embodiments the fungi comprise mycorrhizal fungi. 7. Seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules and one or more microbes

[0068] In certain embodiments, provided are seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprising microbes, for example of one of the microbial compositions described herein, including but not limited to in sections I.B.1-6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6. A “plant propagule,” as that term is used herein, includes any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation, including but not limited to seeds, seedlings, and stem cuttings. In certain embodiments provided is a population of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprising a composition comprising a plurality of microbes, such as described above, including but not limited to in sections I.B.1-6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6, wherein at least a portion of the microbes of the composition are associated with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules. It will be appreciated that in certain cases, e.g., where a large number of different microbes are used, individual seeds, seedlings, or plant propagules may not necessarily comprise every one of the different microbes; this is acceptable so long as the overall population comprises a sufficient number of the different microbes, preferably all of them, for the microbes to operate for the desired purpose. Thus, in certain embodiments at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, or 99%, or 100%, of the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of the population, for example at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 85%, and even yet more preferably at least 90%, each has at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes of one or more microbes of Designations 1-45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA-127411) and / or one or more microbes of Designations O-46 to O-140 associated with it, for example at least 10, preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 30, even more preferably at least 40, yet more preferably at least 50%. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments the microbes are present on each seed, seedling, or other plant propagule in an average total amount of at least 10, 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, or 50,000 and / or not more than 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, or 1M CFU per seed, seedling, or other plant propagule, for example, 10-1M, preferably 100-500,000, more preferably 500-500,000, even more preferably 1000-500,000, yet more preferably 5000-500,000, yet more preferably 5000-1M. In certain embodiments the population of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprises one or more microbes of Designations 1-45 (ATCC Nos. PTA-127367 to PTA- 127411) and / or one or more microbes of Designations O-46 to O-140. In certain embodiments the microbes of the composition are disposed on surfaces, in pores, or a combination thereof, of the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules. In certain embodiments a composition comprises at least 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or 1M seeds, seedlings, other plant propagules, for example at least 1000, preferably at least 10,000, more preferably at least 100,000. In certain embodiments the composition is configured to be suitable for aerial deposition, e.g., aerial deposition of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprising microbes as described herein, so that a desired proportion of the deposited seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules are situated so that they can germinate and grow under suitable conditions. In certain embodiments a composition comprises seeds, wherein the seeds are contained in a bag or container suitable for commercial sale. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes are heterologous to the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule. In certain embodiments the seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of a particular plant or class of plants. Any suitable plant or class of plants may be used, such as any one of the plants or classes of plants of section I.B.10, below. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprise those of grass or trees. In certain embodiments the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprise grass seeds. A “grass,” as that term is used herein, includes monocotyledonous plants used for lawns, turf, or animal feed, such as pasture, fodder and rangeland grasses, and also includes monocotyledonous plants found in grasslands and in wetlands, forests, and tundra. “Grass,” as that term is used herein, does not include domesticated cereal crops. “Turf,” as that term is used herein, includes grass used for planted surfaces, such as playing surfaces, for example in fields, courses, e.g., golf courses, and pitches, for sports or other recreation. A “grassland,” includes a grass-dominated biome, such as a temperate or a tropical grassland, including but not limited to savannas, pampas, steppes, andDocket No. OATH-015.PCT prairies. In certain embodiments the grass seeds comprise turf seeds. In certain embodiments the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of trees. In certain embodiments the composition comprises tree seeds. In certain embodiments the composition comprises tree seedlings. In certain embodiments the composition comprises seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of a commercial crop. A “commercial crop,” as that term is used herein, includes a plant where the plant or one or more parts of the plant are directly or indirectly sold in a market or otherwise used in a commercial endeavor, e.g., grains (cereals), vegetables, and the like, described in more detail below. In certain cases, the commercial crop is for animal consumption, e.g., by domesticated animals, or by humans. As used herein, the term “domesticated animal” includes commercially reared avian and mammalian animals, including but not limited to poultry such as chickens, game birds, geese, turkeys and ducks, goats, sheep, alpacas, cattle, bison, horses, and pigs. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable. In certain embodiments the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. InDocket No. OATH-015.PCT certain embodiments the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber or corm vegetable. In certain embodiments the root, tuber or corm vegetable comprises carrot, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments the tree comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments the tree comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush or a shrub. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax. In certain cases the energy or raw material plant is for use in producing a biofuel. 8. Plants or plant parts and one or more microbes (optionally with soil).

[0069] In certain embodiments, provided are compositions that comprise a plant or plant part and one or more microbes of the microbial compositions described herein, including but not limited to, in sections I.B.1-6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6. The plant part may be, e.g., roots of the plant. The microbes can be disposed on or in the roots, e.g., as rhizobacteria.

[0070] In certain embodiments provided is a plant or plant part comprising one or more of the microbes of the composition of any one the microbial compositions disclosed herein, including but not limited to of sections I.B.1-6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6, disposed on or in the plant or plant part. In certain embodiments the one or more microbes are disposed on or in a plant part comprising a root of the plant. In certain embodiments at least 1, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes are heterologous to the plant or plant part. In certain embodiments the one or more microbes are present in a total amount of at least 10, 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013and / or not more than 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 100,000, 500,000, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, or 1016CFU per gram dry weight of the root, e.g., 10-1016, preferably 100-1016, more preferably 100 to 1016, even more preferably 100,000 to 1016, yet more preferably 106to 1016, yet still more preferably 107to 1016, and even yet more preferably 1012to 1016.In certain embodiments the composition further comprises mycorrhizal fungi. The plant may be any suitable plant, such as a plant described in Section B.10. In certain embodiments the plant is a grass. In certain embodiments the grass is a grassland grass. In certain embodiments the grass is a turf grass. In certain embodiments the plant is a tree. In certain embodiments the tree is a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments the tree is an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments the tree is a forest tree. In certain embodiments the plant is a commercial crop. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable. In certain embodiments the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. In certain embodiments the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber or corm vegetable. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments the root, tuber or corm vegetable comprises carrot, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush or a shrub. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax. In certain cases the energy or raw material plant is for use in producing a biofuel. In any of the above embodiments, the composition may comprise roots of the plant and further comprise soil in which the plant is growing or has grown. In certain embodiments the soil is within 0.1 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 0.5 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 1 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 2 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 3 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 5 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 7 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 10 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 15 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 20 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 50 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 100 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the microbes of the composition comprise at least 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% of a total number of microbes in the composition comprising soil, for example, at least 0.01%, at least 0.05% at least 01%, at least 1%, preferably at least 2%, even more preferably at least 5%, yet more preferably at least 10%, still more preferably at least 20%, even still more preferably at least 40%. In certain embodiments the composition further comprises mycorrhizal fungi. In certain embodiments the mycorrhizal fungi make up at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% of a total number of microbes in the composition comprising soil or example, at least 1%, preferably at least 2%, even more preferably at least 5%, yet more preferably at least 10%, still more preferably at least 20%, even still more preferably at least 40%. In certain embodimentsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT beneficial microbes other than the microbes of the composition comprising microbes, are present at a concentration of at least 1M, 2M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 25M, 30M, 35M, 40M, 50M, 70M, or 100M and / or not more than 2M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 25M, 30M, 35M, 40M, 50M, 70M, 80M, 100M, or 1B per gram soil dry weight, for example 1M to 1B, preferably 10M to 1B, more preferably 20M to 1B, even more preferably 20M to 100M, yet more preferably 20M to 80M, still more preferably 30M to 80M per gram soil dry weight. In certain embodiments the soil has an average density of at least 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, or 1.70 and / or not more than 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, or 1.95, for example, 1.0- 1.90, preferably 1.05 to 1.85, more preferably 1.10 to 1.50, even more preferably 1.20-1.75, yet more preferably 1.35-1.70, still more preferably 1.55-1.85 g / cm3 dry weight of soil. In certain embodiments the soil has an average water holding capacity (WHC) of at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt and / or not more than 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt, for example, 20-70%, preferably 25-65%, more preferably 25-55%, yet more preferably 30-65%, still more preferably 35-65%, yet still more preferably 35-55%. As used herein, “water holding capacity” or “WHC” of soil includes weight percent of a soil or soil sample that is water when the soil or soil sample is saturated with water. Water holding capacity can be determined by any suitable method, e.g., exposing soil or a soil sample to sufficient water to saturate the soil, weighing the soil, then drying the sample. Initial weight – dry weight / initial weight x 100 = % WHC. Other methods may be used in certain instances, such as a neutron probe or moisture meter. In certain embodiments the soil has an average carbon content of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20% and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, or 40% (w / w), for example, 5-30%, preferably 7-30%, more preferably 10-30%, yet more preferably 10-25%. in certain embodiments the soil has a soil carbon content of at least 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 kg / m3of soil and / or not more than 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg / m3, for example 0.5-40, preferably 2-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 7-35, yet more preferably 7-30, still more preferably 7-25 kg / m3of soil. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of synthetic fertilizer, or a detectable amount. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well- known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of synthetic fertilizer. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of herbicide, e.g., synthetic herbicide. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well-known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of herbicide, e.g.,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT synthetic herbicide. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of pesticide, e.g., synthetic pesticide. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well-known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of pesticide, e.g., synthetic pesticide. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of insecticide, e.g., synthetic insecticide. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well-known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of insecticide, e.g., synthetic insecticide. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of fungicide, e.g., synthetic fungicide. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well-known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of fungicide, e.g., synthetic fungicide. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of bactericide, e.g., synthetic bactericide. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well-known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of bactericide, e.g., synthetic bactericide. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a significant amount or concentration of nematicide, e.g., synthetic nematicide. The amount can be, e.g., less than that allowed by organic farming criteria for the area; such criteria are well-known. In certain embodiments the soil does not comprise a detectable amount or concentration of nematicide, e.g., synthetic nematicide.

[0071] In certain embodiments provided herein is a composition comprising a plant, e.g. wherein the plant or part of the plant is for animal consumption, and soil in which the plant is growing, wherein (i) the soil and / or roots of the plant in the soil comprise one or more microbes heterologous to the soil and / or plant; and (ii) the plant or plant part comprises a density of one or more nutrients, e.g., one or more nutrients for the animal, that is greater than reference plant or plant part. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20- 120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100 that are heterologous to the plant and / or soil. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferablyDocket No. OATH-015.PCT at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments the different microbes are Streptomyces. In certain embodiments the composition comprises one or more different microbes of a microbial composition disclosed herein, including but not limited to in e.g., in sections I.B.1- 6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 and / or not more than 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95 one or more different microbesfor example at least 2, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 20, yet more preferably at least 30, still more preferably at least 50, or for example 2-95, preferably 10-95, more preferably 20-95, even more preferably 30-95, yet more preferably 40-95, still more preferably 50-95. In certain embodiments nutrient density of the one or more animal nutrients is increased by at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 700, or 1000%, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, still more preferably at least 30, yet more preferably at least 50%, or for example at least 5-1000, preferably 5-700, more preferably 10-1000, even more preferably 10-700, still more preferably 10-500, yet more preferably 20-500%. In certain embodiments the one or more nutrients is increased in density by at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 700, or 1000%, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, still more preferably at least 30, yet more preferably at least 50%, or for example at least 5-1000, preferably 5-700, more preferably 10-1000, even more preferably 10-700, still more preferably 10-500, yet more preferably 20-500%. In certain embodiments the animals comprise humans or domesticated animals. In certain embodiments the animals comprise humans. In certain embodiments the animals comprise domesticated animals. In certain embodiments the animals comprise cattle, bison, goats, sheep, dairy cows, fowl (such as chickens, geese, and ducks), pigs, or horses. In certain embodiments the animals are cattle. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased protein density, increased mineral density, increased vitamin density, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased protein density. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increasedDocket No. OATH-015.PCT vitamin density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin A density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B1 (thiamine) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B2(riboflavin) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B5(pantothenic acid) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, or pyidoxamine) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B7 (biotin) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B9(folic acid) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B12 density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin C density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased choline density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin D density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin E density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin K1 density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin K2 density. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased mineral density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased calcium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased magnesium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased sodium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased potassium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased iron density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased copper density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased manganese density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased zinc density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased iodine density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased chromium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased molybdenum density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased phosphorus density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased molybdenum density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased selenium density. The plant may be any suitable plant, such as a plant as disclosed herein, e.g., Section 1.B.10. 9. Populations of plants and microbes (optionally with soil)Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0072] In certain embodiments, provided are compositions comprising populations of plants comprising microbes of a microbial composition as described herein, including but not limited to those of sections I.B.1-6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6, in certain cases also including soil the plants grow or have grown in. Thus, in certain embodiments provided is a population of plants wherein the plants or part of the plants comprises the microbe or microbes of the composition of sections I.B.1-6, for example section I.B.1, or I.B.5, or I.B.6, disposed on or in the plant or plant part. In certain embodiments the population at least 100, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1M, 2M, 3M, 5M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 500M, 1B, 2B, 5B, 10B, 50B, 100B, 1T, 10T, 100T plants and / or not more than 1000, 5000, 10,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1M, 2M, 3M, 5M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 500M, 1B, 2B, 5B, 10B, 50B, 100B, 1T, 10T, 100T, or 500T plants, for example 100 to 500T, preferably 1000 to 500T, more preferably 100,000 to 500T, even more preferably 1M to 500T, yet more preferably 1B to 500T, still more preferably 10B to 500T; in some cases more than 1M, for example more than 10M, preferably more than 100M, more preferably more than 1B, even more preferably more than 10B, yet more preferably more than 100B, still more preferably more than 1T or even more than 10T, or more than 100T, or even more than 500T. Larger populations can be found in, e.g., large agricultural lands, or pasture lands, grasslands, forests, and the like. In certain embodiments, described elsewhere herein, compositions as described herein can be deposited in very large areas, such as areas of grasslands, forests, or the like, e.g., wild or undomesticated grasslands, forests, or the like; such areas may exceed hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands of square miles; it will be appreciated that, especially in the case of grasslands, such areas can contain billions or even trillions of individual plants. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes of the composition are heterologous to the plant or plant part. In certain embodiments the one or more microbes are disposed on or in a plant part comprising a root of the plant. In certain embodiments the one or more microbes are present in a total amount of at least 10, 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013and / or not more than 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, or 1016CFU per gram dry weight of the root, e.g., 10-1016, preferably 100- 1016, more preferably 100 to 1016, even more preferably 100,000 to 1016, yet more preferably 106to 1016, yet still more preferably 107to 1016, and even yet more preferably 1012to 1016.In certain embodiments the composition further comprises mycorrhizal fungi. In certain embodiments the plants are grass. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments the grass is a grassland grass. In certain embodiments the grass is a turf grass. In certain embodiments the plants are trees. In certain embodiments the trees are deciduous trees. In certain embodiments the trees are evergreen trees. In certain embodiments the trees are forest trees. In certain embodiments the plants are a commercial crop. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable. In certain embodiments the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. In certain embodiments the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber or corm vegetable. In certain embodiments the root, tuber or corm vegetable comprises carrot, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments theDocket No. OATH-015.PCT commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush or a shrub. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax. In certain cases the energy or raw material plant is for use in producing a biofuel. In certain embodiments, the population of plants is distributed over an area of at least 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 square miles and / or not more than 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,00050,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1M, 2M, 10M, or 50M square miles, for example, 0.1 to 50M square miles, preferably 0.1 to 10M square miles, more preferably 1 to 10M square miles, yet more preferably 10 to 10M square miles, still more preferably 100 to 10M square miles, yet still more preferably 1000 to 1M square miles. As described above, this can be, e.g., grassland, forest, or the like that have had compositions of microbes as described herein applied. In certain embodiments, a composition further includes soil in which the plants grow or have grown. Unless indicated otherwise, the soil can be considered to be the soil extending to the depth, or average depth, of roots of the plants. In certain embodiments the soil is within 0.1 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 0.5 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 1 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 2 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 3 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 5 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 7 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 10 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 15 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 20 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 50 cm of roots of the plant. In certain embodiments the soil is within 100 cm of roots of the plant. Thus, provided herein are compositions comprising a population of plants and microbes, as described herein, and soil in which the plants grow or have grown, the microbes comprise at least 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.51, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% of a total number of microbes in the composition comprising soil, for example, at least 0.01%, or at least 0.1%, or 1%, preferably at least 2%, even more preferably at least 5%, yet more preferably at least 10%, still more preferably at least 20%, even still more preferably at least 40%. In certain embodiments the composition further comprises mycorrhizal fungi. In certain embodiments the mycorrhizal fungi make up at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT or 90% of a total number of microbes in the composition comprising soil or example, at least 1%, preferably at least 2%, even more preferably at least 5%, yet more preferably at least 10%, still more preferably at least 20%, even still more preferably at least 40%. In certain embodiments the composition comprises beneficial microbes other than the microbes of the composition comprising microbes; these can be present, e.g., at a concentration of at least 1M, 2M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 25M, 30M, 35M, 40M, 50M, 70M, or 100M and / or not more than 2M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 25M, 30M, 35M, 40M, 50M, 70M, 80M, 100M, or 1B per gram soil dry weight, for example 1M to 1B, preferably 10M to 1B, more preferably 20M to 1B, even more preferably 20M to 100M, yet more preferably 20M to 80M, still more preferably 30M to 80M per gram soil dry weight. In certain embodiments the soil has an average density of at least 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, or 1.70 and / or not more than 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, or 1.95, for example, 1.0-1.90, preferably 1.05 to 1.85, more preferably 1.10 to 1.50, even more preferably 1.20-1.75, yet more preferably 1.35-1.70, still more preferably 1.55- 1.85 g / cm3 dry weight of soil. In certain embodiments the soil has an average water holding capacity (WHC) of at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt and / or not more than 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt, for example, 20-70%, preferably 25-65%, more preferably 25-55%, yet more preferably 30-65%, still more preferably 35-65%, yet still more preferably 35-55%. In certain embodiments the soil and plant parts in the soil have an average carbon content of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20% and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, or 40% (w / w), for example, 5-30%, preferably 7-30%, more preferably 10-30%, yet more preferably 10-25%. In certain embodiments the soil has a soil carbon content of at least 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 kg / m3of soil and / or not more than 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg / m3, for example 0.5-40, preferably 2-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 7-35, yet more preferably 7-30, still more preferably 7-25 kg / m3of soil. In certain embodiments the soil is to a depth of not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 cm, for example not more than 100 cm, preferably not more than 80 cm, more preferably not more than 60 cm, even more preferably not more than 40 cm, yet more preferably not more than 30 cm, still more preferably not more than 20 cm. In certain embodiments the soil and plant parts in the soil have an average carbon content of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 50, 55, or 60 and / or not more than 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 50, 55, 60, or 70 metric ton per hectare, for example 10-70, preferably 10-60, more preferably 15-60, yet more preferably 15-50, still more preferably 18-60, even still more preferably 18-55 metric ton perDocket No. OATH-015.PCT hectare. In certain embodiments, the soil is to a depth of at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 150 cm and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, or 200 cm, for example not more than 100 cm, preferably not more than 80 cm, more preferably not more than 60 cm, even more preferably not more than 40 cm, yet more preferably not more than 30 cm, still more preferably not more than 20 cm, or to the depth of roots of the plants. In certain cases, for example as indicated herein, soil is less than average depth of roots, e.g., typically though not necessarily in the case of a forest. 10. Plants

[0073] In certain embodiments herein, methods or compositions include one or more plants or plant parts, or seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of plants, or land in which plants grow, have grown, or will grow, or other methods and compositions as described herein that comprise plants or plant parts. In certain embodiments the plants are grass. In certain embodiments the grass is a grassland grass. Grassland grasses include but are not limited to Rhodes grass, red oat grass, lemon grass, purple needlegrass, blue grama, buffalo grass, and galleta. In certain embodiments the grass is a turf grass. Turf grasses include but are not limited to annual ryegrass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass, buffalograss, carpetgrass, centipedegrass, creeping bentgrass, fine fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, rough bluegrass, St. Augustinegrass, tall fescue, zoysiagrass, Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the plants are trees. In certain embodiments the trees are deciduous trees. In certain embodiments the trees are evergreen trees. In certain embodiments the trees are forest trees. In certain embodiments the plants are a commercial crop. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT In certain embodiments the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. In certain embodiments the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber or corm vegetable. In certain embodiments the root, tuber or corm vegetable comprises carrot, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush or a shrub. In certain embodiments the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax. In certain cases the energy or raw material plant is for use in producing a biofuel. In certain embodiments a plant is a hemp plant. 11. Compositions comprising soil.

[0074] In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising soil, such as soil in which plants are growing or have grown, wherein the soil comprises one or more microbes, such as one or more microbes or combinations of microbes heterologous to the soil. In certain embodiments, microbes are those of one of the microbial compositions provided herein.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0075] In certain embodiments provided is a composition comprising soil in which plants are growing or have grown wherein the soil comprises at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 150 different microbes that are heterologous to the soil and / or plants, for example, at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 15, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 40, or 1-150, preferably 1-100, more preferably 2-80, even more preferably 2.

[0076] In certain embodiments composition comprising soil in which plants are growing or have grown wherein the soil comprises one or more microbes of a microbial composition as provided herein, at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, or 45 different microbes of a microbial composition as described herein,.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the soil has an average density of at least 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, or 1.70 and / or not more than 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, or 1.95, for example, 1.0-1.90, preferably 1.05 to 1.85, more preferably 1.10 to 1.50, even more preferably 1.20-1.75, yet more preferably 1.35-1.70, still more preferably 1.55- 1.85 g / cm3 dry weight of soil.

[0078] Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments the soil has a water holding capacity (WHC) of at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt and / or not more than 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt, for example, 20-70%, preferably 25-65%, more preferably 25-55%, yet more preferably 30-65%, still more preferably 35-65%, yet still more preferably 35-55%.

[0079] Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments the soil has a concentration of beneficial microbes of at least 1M, 2M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 25M, 30M, 35M, 40M, 50M, 70M, or 100M and / or not more than 2M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M, 25M, 30M, 35M, 40M, 50M, 70M, 80M, 100M, or 1B per gram soil dry weight, for example 1M to 1B, preferably 10M to 1B, more preferably 20M to 1B, even more preferably 20M to 100M, yet more preferably 20M to 80M, still more preferably 30M to 80M per gram soil dry weight.

[0080] Alternaively or additionally, in certain embodiments the soil has a soil carbon content of at least 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 kg / m3of soil and / or not more than 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg / m3, for example 0.5-40, preferably 2-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 7-35, yet more preferably 7-30, still more preferably 7-25 kg / m3of soil. In certain embodiments the soil has an average carbon content of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20% and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, or 40% (w / w), for example, 5-30%, preferably 7- 30%, more preferably 10-30%, yet more preferably 10-25%.

[0081] Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments the soil does not contain a significant amount (concentration) of synthetic fertilizer, or, in certain embodiments, does not contain a detectable amount. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments the soil does not contain a significant amount (concentration) of synthetic pesticide, or, in certain embodiments, does not contain a detectable amount. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments the soil does not contain a significant amount (concentration) of synthetic herbicide, or, in certain embodiments, does not contain a detectable amount.

[0082] Alternatively or additionally, the soil may comprise the plants or parts of the plants. Any suitable plant or plant part may be part of the composition, such as those described herein, e.g. in Section B.10. In certain embodiments, the part of the plants comprises roots of the plants. In certain embodiments, the microbes are disposed on or in the roots. In certain of these embodiments, the one or more microbes are present in a total amount of at least 10, 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013and / or not more than 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, or 1016CFU per gram dry weight of the root, e.g., 10-1016, preferably 100-1016, more preferably 100 to 1016, even more preferably 100,000 to 1016, yet more preferably 106to 1016, yet still more preferably 107to 1016, and even yet more preferably 1012to 1016. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises mycorrhizal fungi.

[0083] All weights are dry weights, unless otherwise indicated. Values for density, water holding capacity, beneficial microbes, soil carbon content, concentration of synthetic fertilizer, herbicide, and / or fungicide, or other relevant soil characteristics, may be determined by any suitable method. In certain embodiments, some or all of the values are determined on a soil sample. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the values are determined by use of a probe. In certain embodiments, at least some of the values are determined by above-ground techniques, such as satellite imaging, lidar, or the like. See further description of carbon in soil provided herein, for further description of sampling and analytic techniques. As used herein, a “significant” amount of a synthetic fertilizer, herbicide, or pesticide includes an amount that is above established standards for organic farming in the area in which soil and / or plants are situated. 12. SystemsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0084] In certain embodiments provided herein is a system comprising (i) a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies one or more compositions comprising a plurality of different microbes to one or more other entities; (ii) a second entity, or a third entity controlled directly or indirectly, at least in part, by the second entity, that obtains, directly or indirectly, the one or more compositions comprising a microbial consortium from the first entity, and uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable, in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity; (iii) an agreement between the first and second entities that delineates an apportionment of the economic benefits between the first and second entities; and (iv) a processor that receives information regarding the agreement and information regarding the one or more economic benefits, determines the apportionment between the first and second entities, and communicates information comprising the apportionment to the first and / or second entities. In certain embodiments the second entity is (i) an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for sale of the plants or plant parts; (ii) an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for feeding animals that are sold; (iii) an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown, for use of the land in which plants are grown for which the entity receives consideration; or (iv) an entity that owns, controls, manages or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown with no or minimal alteration to plant or soil conditions. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for sale of the plants or plant parts. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for feeding animals that are sold. In certain embodiments the land comprises pastureland. In certain embodiments the land comprises rangeland. In certain embodiments the land comprises land on which grass is grown for feed for the animals. In certain embodiments the land comprises land on which grain is grown for feed for the animals. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown, for use of the land in which plants are grown for which the entity receives consideration. In certain embodiments the use of the land comprises a sport, game, or other recreation or entertainment, e.g., a golf course. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown with no or minimal alteration to plant or soil conditions. In certain embodiments the land is grassland, forest, or rangeland. In certain embodiments the second entity is a governmental entity. In certain embodiments theDocket No. OATH-015.PCT second entity is a private entity. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits, attributable, in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, comprises(i) reduced costs due to decreased water use for the plants and / or (ii) reduced costs due to decreased use of fertilizer for the plants; and / or (iii) reduced costs due to decreased use of herbicides for the plants; and / or (iv) reduced costs due to decreased use of pesticides for the plants; and / or (v) increased biomass of the plants and / or (vi) increased price per plant or plant product or unit thereof and / or (vii) ability to use a greater area of land to grow or maintain the plants and / or (viii) ability to grow plants in a wider range of environmental conditions and / or (ix) a financial benefit realized from reduced costs to raise and / or maintain animals that eat the plants and / or increased price for animals that eat the plants;and / or (x) a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased soil carbon; and / or (xi) a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased carbon in the plants; and / or (xii) a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to carbon avoided in raising the plants; In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, comprises a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased soil carbon; a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased carbon in the plants; a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to carbon avoided in raising the plants, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits comprise reduced costs due to decreased water use for the plants. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits comprise increased price per plant or plant product or unit thereof. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits comprise a financial benefit realized from reduced costs to raise and / or maintain animals that eat the plants and / or increased price for animals that eat the plants. In certain embodiments the animals are cattle. In certain embodiments the animals are dairy animals, e.g., cows, goats, or sheep. In certain embodiments the animals are poultry. In certain embodiments the poultry are raised for slaughter. In certain embodiments the poultry are egg layers. In certain embodiments the system comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 500, or 1000 other entities, different from the first entity, that obtain, directly or indirectly, the one or more compositions comprising a microbial consortium from the first entity, and uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for each of the entities; agreements between the first entity and each other entity that delineates an apportionment of the economic benefits between the first entity and each of the other entities;Docket No. OATH-015.PCT and one or more processors that receives information regarding each of the agreements and information regarding the one or more economic benefits for each of the other entities, determines the apportionment between the first entity and each of the other entities, and communicates information comprising the apportionment to the first entity and / or each of the other entities.

[0085] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the systems of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used. C. Methods 1. Application to plants, plant parts, soil or other growth medium

[0086] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising applying a microbial composition, such as a microbial composition as disclosed herein, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a first application. Unless indicated otherwise, or clear from context, the phrase “apply a microbial composition,” or similar phrase, as used herein, when used in terms of application to soil or plants in soil, also includes planting or otherwise contacting soil with seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules that comprise microbes, such as seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules described herein. In certain embodiments, at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes in the composition are at a concentration that is at least 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, or 1000x the concentration of the same microbe found or detected in an untreated control plant, or a part thereof, and / or soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, preferably at 2x, more preferably at least 5x, even more preferably at least 10x, yet more preferably at least 50x, still more preferably at least 500x. In certain embodiments, at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes in the composition are undetectable in an untreated control plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil in which the plant grows or will grow. In certain embodiments, the derivative composition is an aqueous composition. The composition or derivative can be applied in any suitable manner. In certain embodiments, a composition comprising microbes is aqueous, or is combined with an aqueous medium, and the aqueous material is applied to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, by any suitable means, e.g., as part ofDocket No. OATH-015.PCT irrigation water. In certain embodiments, the microbial composition or derivative thereof is a solid composition, e.g., particles or the like, as described herein, and is applied as a solid. For solid or liquid application, in certain embodiments application comprises aerial application, e.g., by manned and / or unmanned aerial vehicle. As used herein, “control” or “reference” or similar words, when used in connection with plants, plant parts, soil, and / or other growth medium, or other aspects as described herein, includes plants, plant parts, soil, and / or other growth medium, or other aspects as described herein, to which a microbial composition as described herein has not been applied. In certain embodiments it includes but is not limited to plants, plant parts, soil, and / or other growth medium before application of a microbial composition. It can include information gathered for one or more growing seasons or years, for example, information gathered for the previous 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 years, for example, 10 years. Typically such information will be an average. In certain embodiments it includes but is not limited to plants, plant parts, soil, or other growth medium the same as the plants, plant parts, soil, or other growth medium to which the microbial composition is applied, e.g., the same soil, the same plants, etc, for example, an adjacent or nearby field that comprises the same crops or other plants, which are typically treated similarly or the same as the treated soil and plants. Any suitable number of application of the composition, or a derivative produced from the composition can be applied, for example at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 applications, and / or no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 applications, for example 1-20 applications. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying the composition, or a derivative produced from the composition, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a second application. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying the composition, or a derivative produced from the composition, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a third application. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying the composition, or a derivative produced from the composition, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a fourth application. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying the composition, or a derivative produced from the composition, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a fifth application. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying the composition, or a derivative produced from the composition, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a sixth application. In certain embodiments, the applications are separated by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days, or 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 months, or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years and / orDocket No. OATH-015.PCT not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days, or 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 months, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 10 years. In certain embodiments an application comprises at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, or 400 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 400, or 500 g microbes / acre, for example 5-5-500 or 5-200 or 5-100 or 5-50 g / acre, preferably 50-200 g microbes / acre, more preferably 75-125 g / acre, even more preferably 100 g / acre. In certain embodiments, each application comprises at least 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015and / or not more than 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, or 1016CFU of microbes of the composition per acre, for example, 106to 1016, preferably 107to 1015, more preferably 108to 1014, even more preferably 109to 1014, yet more preferably 1010to 1013, still more preferably 1010to 1012CFU of microbes of the composition per acre. In certain embodiments, soil and / or plants or parts or products of plants are tested for mineral and / or other nutrient content before one or more applications, and, in some cases, the amount of one or more minerals and / or other nutrients in the soil is modulated based, at least in parts, on the results of the testing. An amount of a mineral or other nutrient may be increased, or decreased. Further description of testing of soil and / or plants or components of plants, and addition of macronutrients, micronutrients, and / or carbon sources, may be as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the application of the composition leads to a concentration of at least 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 0.5%, or at least 1%, preferably at least 2%, more preferably at least 5%, even more preferably at least 10%, yet more preferably at least 20%, still more preferably at least 40% of the microbes that is at least 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000x higher than the concentration of the same microbe found or detected in an untreated control plant or soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, for example at least 2x, or at least 10x, or at least 100x, preferably at least 500x, more preferably at least 1000x, yet more preferably at least 5000, still more preferably at least 50,000x. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying one or more soil amendments to the soil. In certain embodiments, the soil amendments comprise one or more minerals and / or one or more carbon sources for the microbes. In certain embodiments, a content of the soil amendment is determined at least in part by one or more results of one or more analyses of the soil in which the plants grow or will grow and / or the plants or parts of the plants. Such analysis may be performed before the first application. It may additionally or alternatively be performed at one or more times after the first application. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises growing the plant in the soil. In certain embodiments, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 1%, or at least 2%, or at least 5%, or at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, moreDocket No. OATH-015.PCT preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes of the composition colonize roots of the plants, for example at least 1%, or at least 2%, or at least 5%, or at least 10%, preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 40, yet more preferably at least 60, still more preferably at least 80%. In certain embodiments, the composition or derivative is applied to a plurality of plants, or a parts thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plurality of plants grow or will grow. In certain embodiments, the plurality comprises at least 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1M, 2M, 5M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 500M, 1B, 5B, 10B, 50B, or 100B of the plants, for example at least 100, preferably at least 1000, more preferably at least 100,000, even more preferably at least 10M, yet more preferably at least 100M, still more preferably at least 1B. In certain embodiments, the plants are grasses. In certain embodiments, the grasses are turf grasses. In certain embodiments, the plants are grassland grasses. In certain embodiments, the plants are trees. In certain embodiments, the trees are deciduous trees. In certain embodiments, the trees are evergreen trees. In certain embodiments, the trees are forest trees. In certain embodiments, the plant is a commercial crop. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments, the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments, the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments, the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments, the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments, the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable. In certain embodiments, the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments, the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments, the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments, the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprisesDocket No. OATH-015.PCT legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments, the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. In certain embodiments, the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber, or corm vegetable. In certain embodiments, the root, tuber, or corm vegetable comprises carrot, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments, the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments, the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments, the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments, the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush, or a shrub. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments, the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax.

[0087] In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods comprising testing a growth medium, such as soil, and / or plants or one or more components of plants, e.g., one or more plants growing in the growth medium, to determine one or more characteristics of the growth medium, e.g., soil, and / or plants or components of plants, and, if results of the testing indicate, adjusting the growth medium and / or plants or plant components, for example, adjusting growth medium such as soil, to modulate one or more of the characteristics determined in the tests, generally to provide improved conditions for plant growth, growth and colonization of microbes applied, etc, in conjunction with one or more applications of a microbial composition, e.g., as described herein. In certain embodiments, the makeup and / or application amount of the microbial composition may be determined, at least in part, by results of the tests. The testing may be performed at any suitable time, e.g., before plants or their seeds or other propagules are introduced to the growth medium, and / or at intervals during a growing season for the plants, and / or at the end of the growing season. After each such test, or after some portion of such tests, the growth medium and / or plants or plant parts, such as growth medium, e.g., soil, and / or microbial composition may be adjusted to modulate one or more of the characteristicsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT determined in the tests; thus, for a given growing season any suitable number of tests and adjustments may be performed, e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 2, even more preferably at least 3, yet more preferably least 4, still more preferably at least 5. The test or tests may be any suitable test, depending on the characteristic or characteristics to be determined. In certain embodiments, content of one or more macronutrients is determined, e.g., content in growth medium, e.g., soil and / or plant or component of a plant. In certain embodiments, content of one or more micronutrients is determined, e.g., content in growth medium, e.g., soil and / or plant or component of a plant. In certain embodiments, content of one or more carbon sources is determined, e.g., content in growth medium, e.g., soil and / or plant or or component of a plant. Additionally or alternatively, pH may be determined. In certain embodiments, one or more macronutrients and / or one or more micronutrients and / or carbon sources are applied to the growth medium, e.g., soil, and / or to plants at least in part on the results of one or more tests for micronutrients, micronutrients, and / or carbon sources, respectively. Method of determining macronutrient and micronutrient and carbon source characteristics are well-known in the art, and any suitable test or tests may be used. Thus, in certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising applying to a plant growth medium (a) a plurality of microbes; (b) one or more macronutrients and / or (c) one or more micronutrients and / or (d) one or more carbon sources, wherein a composition and / or effective amount of (a), (b), (c) and / or (d) is determined at least in part by one or more results of a first test on one or more samples comprising growth medium to which the plurality of microbes is to be applied or has been applied and / or a component of a plant or plants growing in the growth medium. In certain embodiments the plants are not cannabis. The plants may be any suitable plants or class of plants, such as described in Section B.10. In certain embodiments, the growth medium comprises soil. In certain embodiments, the composition and / or effective amount of (a), (b), (c) and / or (d) is further determined, at least in part, by a type of plant or plants in the growth medium. In certain embodiments, composition and / or effective amount of (b) and / or (c) and / or (d) is determined; in certain of these embodiments the composition and / or effective amount of (a) is not determined by test results and / or type of plants in growth medium. In certain embodiments the plurality of microbes is applied to the plant growth medium at an amount of at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, or 400 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 400, or 500 g microbes / acre, for example 5-5-500 or 5-200 or 5-100 or 5-50 g / acre, preferably 50-200 g microbes / acre, more preferably 75-125 g / acre, even more preferably 100 g / acre. In certain embodiments, the plurality of microbes is present at a concentration of at least 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, or 1012and / or not more than 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, or 1013cfu / g, forDocket No. OATH-015.PCT example 105-1013cfu / g, preferably 107-1011cfu / g, more preferably 108-1010cfu / g. In certain embodiments, the plurality of microbes applied to the plant growth medium at an amount of at least 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, or 1015and / or not more than 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, or 1016cfu / acre, for example 106-1016cfu / acre, preferably 108- 1014cfu / acre, more preferably 109-1013cfu / acre, even more preferably 1010-1012cfu / acre. In certain embodiments, the plurality of microbes is applied 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times during a growing season, for example 1-10 times, preferably 3-8 times. In certain embodiments, the time between applications is 1 week to 1 year. In certain embodiments, the plurality of microbes is applied via irrigation and / or aerial delivery vehicle, for example via irrigation or for example via aerial delivery. In certain embodiments, macronutrients comprise ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, an amount of nitrate in the growth medium is determined and compared to a preferred range of nitrate in the plant growth medium and the plant growth medium is treated such that the plant growth medium comprises an amount of nitrate within the preferred range or closer to the preferred range after treatment. In certain embodiments the preferred range of nitrate comprises at least 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 and / or not more than 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 lbs / acre, preferably 35-90 lbs / acre. In certain embodiments, an amount of phosphate in the growth medium is determined and compared to a preferred range of phosphate in the plant growth medium and the plant growth medium is treated such that the plant growth medium comprises an amount of phosphate within the preferred range or closer to the preferred range after treatment. In certain embodiments the preferred range of phosphate comprises at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 lbs / acre, preferably 50-100 lbs / acre. In certain embodiments, an amount of potassium in the growth medium is determined and compared to a preferred range of potassium in the plant growth medium and the plant growth medium is treated such that the plant growth medium comprises an amount of potassium within the preferred range or closer to the preferred range after treatment. In certain embodiments the preferred range of potassium comprises at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 lbs / acre, preferably 75-100 lbs / acre. In certain embodiments, an amount of calcium in the growth medium is determined and compared to a preferred range of calcium in the plant growth medium and the plant growth medium is treated such that the plant growth medium comprises an amount of calcium within the preferred range or closer to the preferred range after treatment. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments, the preferred range of calcium comprises at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 lbs / acre, preferably 60-120 lbs / acre. In certain embodiments, an amount of magnesium in the growth medium is determined and compared to a preferred range of magnesium in the plant growth medium and the plant growth medium is treated such that the plant growth medium comprises an amount of magnesium within the preferred range or closer to the preferred range after treatment. In certain embodiments the preferred range of magnesium comprises at least 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, or 40 and / or not more than 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50 lbs / acre, preferably 13-20 lbs / acre. In certain embodiments, an amount of sodium in the growth medium is determined and compared to a preferred range of sodium in the plant growth medium and the plant growth medium is treated such that the plant growth medium comprises an amount of sodium within the preferred range or closer to the preferred range after treatment. In certain embodiments, the preferred range of sodium comprises no more than 500, 400, 300, 200, 150, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 lbs / acre, preferably no more than 100 lbs / acre. In certain embodiments micronutrients comprise zinc, iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, nickel, boron, silicon, aluminum, chloride, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the plant growth medium is treated to adjust the amount of one or more of the micronutrients. In certain embodiments, the plant growth medium is treated with a composition comprising sea minerals. The method may comprise testing the growth medium for amount and / or type of carbon source. In certain embodiments the growth medium is treated to provide one or more carbon sources, in certain cases based, at least in part, on results of the test. In certain embodiments, the carbon source comprises humates or humic acid. Additionally or alternatively the carbon source comprises fulvic acid. The method may comprise applying fertilizer, compost, or the like to the plant growth medium. In certain embodiments the method further comprisies performing a second test on the plant growth medium to provide a second result comprising an amount of one or more microbes in the plurality of microbe after application to the plant growth medium. In certain embodiments the test comprises determining whether or not, or to what extent, the microbes have grown in the soil and / or on the plants. In certain embodiments the method comprises performing a third test on a sample comprising a plant component to provide a third result. In certain embodiments the plant component comprises sap, a leaf, a petiole, a root, a flower, or a fruit, for example, a petiole. Fin certain embodiments, the method comprisers applying an effective composition and / or amount of one or more amendments to the plant growth medium and / or plant, wherein the effective composition and / or amount of one or more amendments is determined at least in part by the third result. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments, the effective composition and / or amount of one or more amendments is applied to the plant growth medium and / or plant via a foliar spray or irrigation. In certain embodiments the method comprises performing a fourth test for carbon content of soil to provide a fourth result. In certain embodiments a fifth test on the plant growth medium to provide a fifth result, for example, at the end of the growing season or other suitable time. In certain embodiments, the fifth comprises a carbon content test. In certain embodiments the method further comprisies performing a pathogen analysis, a toxin analysis, a water analysis, a soil bulk density test, a soil water content test, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments a plant in the plant growth medium and / or the growth medium, e.g., soil, exhibits one or more improved properties as compared to reference plant and / or growth medium, e.g., soil, wherein the improved properties comprise:(i) reduced water consumption;(ii) increased soil water holding capacity;(iii) improved soil density;(iv) increased soil carbon content;(v) increased rate of soil carbon content increase;(vi) increased density of beneficial microbes in soil;(vii) increased yield; or(viii) increased nutrient density. In certain embodiments the composition and / or effective amount is further determined at least in part by one or more desired results, a duration for to achieve the desired results, and / or a type of cultivation practice to be used to cultivate one or more plant in the plant growth medium. In certain embodiments, at least 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 9798, 99 or 100% of the microbes in the plurality of microbes are Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, the plurality of microbes comprises one or more strains of mycorrhizae. In certain embodiments the plurality of microbes comprises a microbial composition as provided herein. In certain embodiments, one or more compositions comprising one or more macronutrients or substance effective to change soil content and / or plant content of one or more macronutrients, and / or one or more micronutrients or substance effective to change soil content and / or plant content of one or more micronutrients, and / or one or more carbon sources, is provided based, at least in part, on the testing described herein, and used to treat the growth medium and / or plants. In certain embodiments the composition comprises sea minerals. In certain embodiments the composition comprises humates, humic acid, or fulvic acid. 2. Contacting with seed, seedling, or other plant propagule

[0088] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising contacting a surface of a seed, seedling, or other plant propagule with a microbial composition, such as a microbial composition as disclosed herein or a derivative produced from the composition. The method results in one or more microbes of the microbial composition associated with the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule, e.g., to produce seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules associated with one or more microbes as described herein, for example, with microbes on the surface and / orDocket No. OATH-015.PCT within pores of the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule, or otherwise associated in such a way as to maintain contact or proximity to the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule until use of same, e.g., planting of same. Any suitable method for associating one or more microbes with seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules may be used, such as one or more methods known in the art. Methods include, but are not limited to, spraying, immersing, coating, encapsulating, or dusting the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule, or portion thereof, with the composition or derivative of the composition. In certain embodiments, a derivative of a microbial composition is used that both associates microbes with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules and protects microbes that associate with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules from the environment, e.g., to enhance stability until such time as seeds are used. Any suitable derivative may be used, such as a derivative that comprises clay. In certain embodiments, the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule is coated with and / or comprises within pores of the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of different microbes of the composition. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the surface of a seed with the composition. In certain embodiments, at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the microbes are heterologous to the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule and / or to each other. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the surface of the seed, seedling, or other plant propagule with at least 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 CFUS of the microbes of the composition or derivative, for example at least 10, preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 100, even more preferably at least 200, yet more preferably at least 500, still more preferably at least 1000. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises placing the treated seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules in soil and exposing it to suitable conditions for growth. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying one or more soil amendments to the soil. In certain embodiments, the soil amendments comprise one or more minerals and / or one or more carbon sources for the microbes. In certain embodiments, a content of the soil amendment is determined at least in part by one or more results of one or more analyses of the soil in which the plant grows or will grow. Suitable analyses and amendment may be by methods described herein. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises growing the plant in the soil. The seeds, seedlings, or plant propagules may be of any suitable plant or class of plants, such as those described in section B.10. In certain embodiments, theDocket No. OATH-015.PCT seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of grass or trees. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise grass seeds. In certain embodiments, the grass seeds comprise turf seeds. In certain embodiments, the grass seeds comprise grassland seeds. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of trees. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of trees comprise tree seeds. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of trees comprise tree seedlings. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of commercial crops. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments, the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments, the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments, the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments, the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments, the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable. In certain embodiments, the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments, the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments, the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments, the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments, the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. In certain embodiments, the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber, or corm vegetable. In certain embodiments, the root, tuber, or corm vegetable comprises carrot,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments, the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments, the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments, the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments, the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush, or a shrub. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments, the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax. 3. Contacting with a population of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules

[0089] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising contacting surfaces of a populations of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules with a microbial composition as disclosed herein, or a derivative produced from the composition. The method results in one or more microbes of the microbial composition associated with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules, e.g., to produce a population seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules associated with one or more microbes as described herein, for example, with microbes on the surface and / or within pores of the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules, or otherwise associated in such a way as to maintain contact or proximity to the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules until use of same, e.g., planting of same. Any suitable method for associating one or more microbes with seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules may be used, such as one or more methods known in the art. Methods include, but are not limited to, spraying, immersing, coating, encapsulating, or dusting the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules, or portion thereof, with the composition or derivative of the composition. In certain embodiments, a derivative of a microbial composition is used that both associates microbes with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules and protects microbes that associate with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules from the environment, e.g., to enhance stability until such time as seeds are used. Any suitable derivative may be used, such as a derivative that comprises clay. In certain embodiments, individual seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of the population are coated with and / or comprise within pores of the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules at least 10,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes of the composition. In certain embodiments, at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, of the different microbes in the composition are present in the population of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of the population, for example at least 50, preferably at least 60, more preferably at least 80, even more preferably at least 90, yet more preferably at least 95, still more preferably at least 99, and even still more preferably 100%. In certain embodiments, at least at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80% of the different microbes of the composition is heterologous to the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagule preferably at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 20, yet more preferably at least 30, still more preferably at least 40. In certain embodiments, the population comprises at least 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000, or 1M seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the population of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules with a sufficient quantity of the composition or derivative so that each seed, seedling, or other plant propagule is contacted with at least 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 CFUS of the microbes of the composition or derivative, for example at least 10, preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 100, even more preferably at least 200, yet more preferably at least 500, still more preferably at least 1000. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises placing the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules in soil and exposing them to suitable conditions for growth. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying one or more soil amendments to the soil. Suitable analyses and amendment may be by methods described herein. In certain embodiments, the soil amendments comprise one or more minerals and / or one or more carbon sources for the microbes. In certain embodiments, a content of the soil amendment is determined at least in part by one or more results of one or more analyses of the soil in which the plants grow or will grow. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises growing the plant in the soil. In certain embodiments, at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, of the microbes of the composition colonize roots of the plants, for example at least 10, preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 40, yet more preferably at least 60, still more preferably at least 80%. The seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules may be of any suitable plant or class of plant, such as those described in Section B.10. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise seeds,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT seedlings, or other plant propagules of grass or trees. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedling, or other plant propagules comprise grass seeds. In certain embodiments, the grass seeds comprise turf seeds. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprise seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of trees. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprise tree seeds. In embodiment 578 provided herein is the method of embodiment 576 comprising tree seedlings. In certain embodiments, the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprise seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of commercial crops. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a cereal crop. In certain embodiments, the cereal crop comprises corn, sweet corn, popcorn, seed corn, silage corn, field corn, rice, wheat, barley, or sorghum. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a berry. In certain embodiments, the berry comprises blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, loganberry, huckleberry, cranberry, gooseberry, elderberry, currant, caneberry, or bushberry. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an oilseed plant. In certain embodiments, the oilseed plant canola, castor, coconut, cotton, flax, oil palm, olive, peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, or soybean. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a tree nut. In certain embodiments, the tree nut comprises almond, pistachio, pecan, walnut, filberts, chestnut, cashew, beechnut, butternut, or macadamia. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a brassica vegetable. In certain embodiments, the brassica vegetable comprises broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens, or kohlrabi. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a cucurbit vegetable. In certain embodiments, the cucurbit vegetable comprises cucumber, cantaloupe, melon, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, pumpkin, or eggplant. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a bulb vegetable. In certain embodiments, the bulb vegetable comprises onion, garlic, or shallots. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises citrus. In certain embodiments, the citrus comprises orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine, tangelo, or pummelo. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a fruiting vegetable. In certain embodiments, the fruiting vegetable comprises pepper, tomato, ground cherry, tomatillo, okra, or grape. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises legume or vegetable such as beans. In certain embodiments, the legume or vegetable such as beans comprise green beans, snap beans, shell beans, soybeans, dry beans, garbanzo beans, lima beans, peas, chickpeas, split peas, lentils, or peanuts. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a pome fruit. In certain embodiments, the pome fruit comprises apple, crabapple, pear, quince, or mayhaw. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a root, tuber, or corm vegetable. In certain embodiments, the root, tuber, or corm vegetable comprises carrot, potato, sweet potato, cassava, beets, ginger, horseradish, radish, ginseng, or turnip. In certain embodiments, the commercialDocket No. OATH-015.PCT crop comprises a stone fruit. In certain embodiments, the stone fruit comprises apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, or strawberry. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a grass. In certain embodiments, the grass comprises grass for livestock feed. In certain embodiments, the grass comprises turf grass. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an evergreen tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises a deciduous tree. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an herb or spice. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises cannabis. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an ornamental plant. In certain embodiments, the ornamental plant comprises a flowering plant, a bush, or a shrub. In certain embodiments, the commercial crop comprises an energy or raw material plant. In certain embodiments, the energy or raw material plant comprises corn, canola, sugar cane, sunflower, safflower, Jatropha, castor, oil palm, coconut, wild flax, Pongam, olive, or flax. 4. Aerial application

[0090] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising applying a composition comprising a plurality of microbes to an area comprising soil by aerial application. Such methods are especially useful when a composition is applied to large areas of land, e.g., grasslands or forests, or any application where aerial application is desired or advantageous. The composition comprising a plurality of microbes may be any suitable composition. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising a plurality of microbes is a composition comprising a plurality of microbes disclosed herein, or a derivative produced from the composition, to an area comprising soil by aerial application. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a delayed release composition. In certain embodiments, the area further comprises plants growing in the soil. In certain embodiments, the plants comprise grasses or trees. In certain embodiments, the plants comprise grasses. In certain embodiments, the plants comprise trees. In certain embodiments, the area is a grassland. In certain embodiments, the area is a forest. In certain embodiments, the area comprising soil is a degraded soil ecosystem. In certain embodiments, the area comprising soil is a deforested area. In certain embodiments, the area comprising soil is a forested area. In certain embodiments, the area comprising soil is a rangeland for livestock grazing. In certain embodiments, the area comprising soil is an agricultural land. In certain embodiments, the aerial application is by unmanned aerial delivery vehicle. In certain embodiments, the aerial application comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 200, 500, or 1000 separate applications by the unmanned aerial delivery vehicle, for example at least 2, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 50, yetDocket No. OATH-015.PCT more preferably at least 100, still more preferably at least 500. In certain embodiments, each of the separate applications is to a part of the area at least a portion of which is different from a part of the area of the other applications. In certain embodiments, the application is by a plurality of unmanned aerial delivery devices. In certain embodiments, the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 200, 500, or 1000 unmanned aerial delivery vehicles, for example at least 2, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 50, yet more preferably at least 100, still more preferably at least 500. In certain embodiments, the unmanned aerial vehicles are drones. In certain embodiments, manned aerial vehicles are used, e.g., in the same numbers as for unmanned. In certain embodiments, a combination of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles is used, which can be any suitable combination. In certain embodiments, the composition or derivative produced from the composition is applied over an area of at least 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 100M, or 1B hectares, for example at least 10, preferably at least 100, more preferably at least 10,000, even more preferably at least 1M, yet more preferably at least 10M, still more preferably at least 100M. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying one or more soil amendments to the soil. In certain embodiments, the soil amendments comprise one or more minerals and / or one or more carbon sources for the microbes. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises determining a carbon content of soil of the area before the application or applications. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises determining a carbon content of soil of the area after the application or applications. 5. Carbon

[0091] Provided herein are methods and compositions associated with increasing carbon content of soil and / or plants growing in soil by a method that includes applying a microbial composition or derivative thereof to the soil. The microbial composition or derivative may be applied directly to the soil, e.g., as part of a liquid or solid composition. In certain cases, a microbial composition is considered “applied to” the soil if seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprising the microbial composition are applied to soil and allowed to grow. Such treatment can alter the characteristics of the soil and plants growing in the soil so that more carbon is moved from the atmosphere into the soil and / or plants than would occur without application of the microbial composition or derivative thereof. In most cases, no other changes, or minimal changes, to soil or plants need be used, e.g., it is not necessary to alter plant type, agricultural practices, or the like, to increase the carbon content. The methods can reduce or even eliminate a carbon footprint for an agricultural operation, such as cultivation of the commercial or other crops, or raising domesticated animals, or even create a carbon-negativeDocket No. OATH-015.PCT operation. Thus, for example, domesticated animal production, such as livestock production, can be converted from an activity that is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions to one that contributes significantly less carbon, or is even carbon negative. In certain cases, microbial composition or derivative thereof is applied to areas that are largely or completely uncultivated. In certain cases microbial composition or derivative thereof is applied to one or more grasslands, such as one or more grasslands that are largely or completely uncultivated. In certain cases microbial composition or derivative thereof, is applied to one or more forests, such as one or more forests that are largely or completely uncultivated. In certain cases, some or all of the land to which microbial composition or derivative thereof comprises damaged soil and / or plant ecosystem, such as a deforested area. In certain cases, application of microbial composition or derivative thereof is conducted on a large scale, such as treating hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions, or even tens of millions, of square miles. In such cases, enormous amounts of carbon may be removed from the atmosphere and converted to carbon in the soil and / or plants.

[0092] The use of microbial compositions or derivatives thereof can confer additional benefits in addition to increasing removal of carbon from atmosphere to soil and / or plants. These can include one or more of reduced water use to grow the plants, increased biomass of plants, increased bioavailability of plant nutrients in soil, increased uptake of nutrients by the plants, increased nutrient content of the plants, improvements in soil characteristics, such as density, water holding capacity, and / or content of beneficial microbes, compared to without use of the microbial composition or derivative thereof. Thus, it is possible for a user to enjoy one or more economic benefits, including a financial benefit related to the increased conversion of atmospheric carbon to carbon in soil and / or plants.

[0093] Thus, in certain embodiments, a method comprises enhancing a rate at which atmospheric carbon is converted to carbon products in soil in which plants are grown and / or in the plants comprising applying a composition comprising one or more microbes to the plants and / or soil in a first application, wherein the rate is greater than that for reference soil and / or plants wherein the plants are grown without the composition. In certain embodiments the rate of conversion of atmospheric carbon to carbon products in soil in which the plants are grown and / or the plants is increased at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 250, 300, 350, 400 or 500% for example at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 80%, still more preferably at least 100%, or, for example 10-500%, preferably 20-500%, more preferably 40-400%, even more preferably 40-350%, yet more preferably 50-300%, still more preferably 60-300%. In certainDocket No. OATH-015.PCT embodiments the enhancement of rate of conversion results in an increase in soil carbon content of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, or 30 metric ton carbon / hectare / year and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 metric ton carbon / hectare / year for example, at least 1, preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 5, even more preferably at least 10, yet more preferably at least 15, still more preferably at least 20, or for example 1-50, preferably 3-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 10-40, yet more preferably 10-35, still more preferably 10-30 metric ton carbon / hectare / year, compared to reference soil. In certain embodiments, the enhancement of rate of conversion results in an increase in soil carbon content of at least 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 kg / m3and / or not more than 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg / m3 / year, for example 0.5-40, preferably 2-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 7- 35, yet more preferably 7-30, still more preferably 7-25 kg / m3 / year compared to reference soil.

[0094] In certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing soil carbon content comprising allowing plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time; thereby increasing soil carbon content. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 months or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 years and or not more than 2, 3, or 4 weeks or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 months or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 25 years, for example 1 month to 20 years, preferably 1 month to 10 years, more preferably 3 months to 5 years, even more preferably 3 months to 2 years, yet more preferably 3 months to one year, still more preferably 4 months to 1 year.

[0095] In certain embodiments, a method comprises reducing an overall carbon footprint of an agricultural operation, wherein the method comprises allowing plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time, and / or using such plants in the operation, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the operation. In certain embodiments, the agricultural operation comprises raising a commercial crop, such as a commercial crop described herein, for example in Section II.B.10. In certain embodiments, the carbon footprint is reduced by at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98, or 99%, or 100%, preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 10%, still more preferably at least 20%. In certain embodiments, the operationDocket No. OATH-015.PCT becomes carbon negative, for example, such that more carbon is removed from the atmosphere by the operation than is produced. In certain embodiments, the agricultural operation comprises raising domesticated animals. In certain embodiments, provided is a method of reducing an overall carbon footprint for raising domesticated animals comprising feeding the animals, and / or allowing the animals to feed on, plants or parts of plants, wherein the plants have been or are growing in soil to which has been applied a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes, wherein the composition (i) increases carbon dioxide transfer from atmosphere to soil thus increasing carbon content of the soil, compared to without the composition; (ii) increases biomass of the plants in a given area, compared to without the composition, so that carbon produced per unit biomass of plants is decreased; and / or (iii) increases nutrient density of the plants, compared to without the composition, so that less biomass of plants is used to produce a given amount of increase in economically valuable attribute of the domesticated animals or a combination thereof, thus decreasing overall carbon footprint for raising the domesticated animals. In certain embodiments, the carbon footprint is reduced by at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98, or 99%, or 100%, preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 10%, still more preferably at least 20%. In certain embodiments, the operation becomes carbon negative, for example, such that more carbon is removed from the atmosphere by the operation than is produced. In certain embodiments, the economically valuable attribute comprises weight of the animal. In certain embodiments the economically valuable attribute comprises nutritional value of a material supplied by the animal. In certain embodiments the economically valuable attribute comprises an amount of a product produced by the animal. The method of claim 153 wherein the economically valuable attribute comprises increased nutrient density of a material or material from the animal that is consumed by humans, such as meat, organs, milk, or eggs. In certain embodiments, he increased nutrient density comprises increased protein content, increased mineral content, increased vitamin content, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased mineral content, wherein mineral content comprises calcium, magnesium, iron, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the animals comprise cattle, bison, goats, sheep, dairy cows, fowl (such as chickens, geese, and ducks), pigs, or horses. In certain embodiments the animals are cattle. In certain embodiments the plants or parts of plants that the cattle are feed or feed on, for at least part of their growth, comprise grasses. In certain embodiments the grasses comprise pasture or range grasses. In certain embodiments the plants or parts of plants that the cattle are feed or feed on, for at least part of their growth comprise grain. In certain embodiments at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, or 100%, of the plants or plant parts which the animals are fed and / or allowed to feed on are plants or plant parts from plants have been or areDocket No. OATH-015.PCT growing in soil to which has been applied the composition comprising a plurality of microbes. In certain embodiments methane production from the soil in which the plants have been grown or are growing is reduced. In certain embodiments the carbon footprint is reduced at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95%, or 100%, for example, at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 50%, yet more preferably at least 80%, still more preferably at least 90%.In certain embodiments the raising of the domesticated animals is overall carbon negative.

[0096] In certain embodiments provided is a method of reducing soil methane production comprising allowing plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, the plants, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing conditions for the plants to grow in the soil;thereby increasing decreasing soil methane production.

[0097] In certain embodiments provided is a method of obtaining a financial benefit, such as a carbon credit and / or other credit, comprising allowing plants to grow in an area of soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, the plants, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing conditions for the plants to grow in the soil; (iii) determining the increase in soil carbon content over the period of time in the area of soil and / or other characteristic for which a financial benfit may be obtained; and (iv) based at least in part on (iii), obtaining a financial benefit, such as a carbon credit and / or other credit.

[0098] In certain embodiments provided is system comprising (i) a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies one or more compositions comprising a plurality of different microbes to one or more second entities(ii) the second entity, or a plurality of second entities, that (a) owns, controls, or otherwise has rights to land in an area of land on which plants grow and (b) uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity or each of the plurality of second entities, wherein the area of land at least 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, or 500M hectares and / or not more than 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, 500M, or 1B hectares, for example 1000 to 1B, preferably 10,000 to 1B, more preferably 100,000 to 1B, even more preferably 1M to 1B hectares, yet more preferably 10M to 1B hectares, still more preferably 50M to 1B hectares;(iii) an agreement between the first and second entities or betweenDocket No. OATH-015.PCT the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities that delineates an apportionment of the economic benefits between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities; and (iv) a processor that receives information regarding the agreement and information regarding the one or more economic benefits, determines an apportionment between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities and communicates information comprising the apportionment to the first and / or second entities. In certain embodiments the second entity comprises a governmental entity. In certain embodiments the second entity comprises a private entity. In certain embodiments the system comprises a plurality of second entities wherein the plurality of second entities comprises at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, or 50,000 entities and / or not more than 10, 20, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 entities. In certain embodiments at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the second entities are private farming entities. In certain embodiments the economic benefit comprises a carbon credit based, at least in part, on an increase of carbon in the soil. In certain embodiments the economic benefit comprises a financial benefit attributable to the plants. In certain embodiments the financial benefit comprises payment for the plants or parts of the plants. In certain embodiments the financial benefit comprises obtaining a further carbon credit for carbon stored in the plants. In certain embodiments he plants are trees. In certain embodiments the financial benefit comprises a financial benefit realized from animals that eat the plants.

[0099] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the methods of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed-release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0100] Any suitable area of land may be used. In certain embodimants, an area is at least 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, or 500M hectares and / or not more than 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, 500M, or 1B hectares, for example 1000 to 1B, preferably 10,000 to 1B, more preferably 100,000 to 1B, even more preferably 1M to 1B hectares, yet more preferably 10M to 1B hectares, still more preferably 50M to 1B hectares.

[0101] In certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing total soil carbon. Additionally or alternatively in certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing total soil organic carbon. Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing total soil inorganic carbon. Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, aDocket No. OATH-015.PCT method comprises increasing mineral-associated organic material (matter) (MAOM). Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing particulate organic material (matter) (POM). Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing microbial necromass. Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing soil aggregates. Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, a method comprises increasing root biomass, or a component of root biomass.

[0102] The method may also include increasing carbon content of the plants, i.e., above- ground portions of the plants. Plants of the methods may include any suitable plants, such as one or more of those described in Section I.B.10.

[0103] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises improving one or more soil characteristics and / or characteristics of plant cultivation. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises improving soil density. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing plant biomass. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises decreasing water use to grow the plants. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing water holding capacity of the soil. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing nutrient uptake of the plants from the soil. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing nutrient content of the plants or parts of the plants. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing content of beneficial microbes in the soil and / or on the plants or plant parts. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises decreasing use of one or more of herbicides, pesticides, or fertilizers, for example, synthetic herbicides, pesticides, or fertilizers to grow the plants. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises reducing nitrous oxide, by reduction and / or omission. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing community biodiversity, e.g., increasing microbial biodiversity.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises realizing a financial benefit from increasing soil carbon or increasing a component of soil carbon. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises realizing a financial benefit from reducing water use. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises realizing a financial benefit from reducing nitrous oxide, by reduction and / or omission. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises realizing a financial benefit from increasing community biodiversity, e.g., increasing microbialDocket No. OATH-015.PCT biodiversity. The financial benefit may comprise, e.g. a credit, such as a carbon credit, or other credit associated with non-carbon aspects, such as as described above.

[0105] Various carbon measurements may be used, alone or in combination with measurements of other characteristics of soil or carbon pools in soil. If it desired to obtain a carbon credit or other financial benefit based, at least in part, on an increase of soil carbon content, measurements that conform to those required by the issuing body or other associated body, or that have been suitably validated against required measurements, are used. Characteristics measured or calculated from measurements can include one or more of total soil carbon, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, plant organic matter (POM), mineral- associated organic matter (MAOM), root biomass, live microbial mass, microbial necromass, plant root exudate, and / or soil aggregates. In embodiments in which a value for a characteristic for soil and / or plants treated with a microbial composition is compared with a value for reference (untreated) soil and / or plants, typically the same measurement and analytical techniques are used for treated and reference soil. For certain measurements, one or more soil samples are analyzed, such as one or more core samples, usually taken to a specific depth of soil. Any suitable depth may be used. In certain embodiments depth is at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 cm and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or 150 cm, preferably 5- 150, more preferably 10-100, still more preferably 20-100 cm, such as 10-100 cm. In certain embodiments, a sample is taken to the depth of roots of plants growing in the soil. The soil sample is then analyzed for one or more characteristics. In certain embodiments, one or more measurements are performed that do not require a soil sample; any suitable technique may be used, for example, measurement by a probe inserted into the soil, satellite imaging, and / or lidar. For characteristics measured on soil samples or by probe, any suitable number of samples or measurements may be used; this number may vary according to reporting and validation requirements or other requirements.

[0106] Total soil carbon may be measured by any suitable technique. In certain embodiments, total soil carbon is measured from a soil sample, such as a core sample. Techniques to measure total soil carbon in a soil sample are known in the art. In certain embodiments, total soil carbon is measured by a method that does not require a soil sample, such as by a probe inserted into soil, and / or by a measurement taken above ground, such as satellite imaging and / or lidar. In certain embodiments a probe is used. Any suitable probe may be used so long as it provides the level of accuracy and precision required for the measurement and / or is approved by a carbon-credit issuing body or other associated body. Probes may measure other soil characteristics in addition to total carbon, such as one or more of pH, bulk density, soil organic matter, soil inorganic matter, carbonous soil minerals, nitrate, ammonia, soil moisture,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT microbial biomass, basal respiration rate, fungal / bacterial ratio, water holding capacity, and / or soil texture. Exemplary probes include those available from Soil in Formation (SIF), 9666 Olive Blvd., Suite 625, Saint Louis, Missouri 63132, USA or PES Technologies, Diss, East Anglia, UK. Plant organic matter (POM), mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), live microbial mass, microbial necromass, plant root exudate, and / or soil aggregates may be measured by any suitable technique, such as those known in the art. In certain embodiments, one or more of the measurements is taken on a soil sample. In certain embodiments, one or more measurements is taken without requiring a soil sample, e.g., using a probe. One or more soil characteristics that can affect stability of carbon in soil, such as stability of one or more carbon pools in soil, may also be measured. These can include bulk density, soil moisture, soil texture, and / or soil temperature. Additionally or alternatively, stability of soil aggregates can be measured. In certain embodiments, one or more of the measurements is taken on a soil sample. In certain embodiments, one or more measurements is taken without requiring a soil sample, e.g., using a probe, for example, one or more of bulk density, soil moisture, soil texture and / or soil temperature; in certain embodiments, all of these characteristics are measured without requiring a soil sample, e.g., by use of a probe. In addition, soil respiration may be measured, either in a soil sample or without requiring a soil sample, e.g., by probe. In certain embodiments, one or more of the above characteristics are combined to obtain one or more values for carbon in the soil, for example, one or more values for carbon of a certain stability, or certain minimal stability, e.g., to conform with requirements of a carbon-credit issuing body or associated body. 6. Uses

[0107] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition a composition as disclosed herein in increasing carbon content of soil in which plants grow compared to before use of the composition. In certain embodiments, the soil comprises an area of at least 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, or 100M hectares. In certain embodiments, carbon content is increased by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, or 30 metric ton / hectare and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 metric ton / hectare, wherein the soil carbon content is measured to a depth of 20 cm soil. In certain embodiments, the soil is soil in which grasses grow.

[0108] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in reducing methane production in soil in which plants grow compared to before use of the composition.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0109] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in coating a surface of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules with one or more microbes of the composition.

[0110] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in increasing beneficial organisms in soil in which plants grow and to which composition applied, compared to without.

[0111] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in transitioning to organic farming in 3 years or less, or 2 years or less, or 1.5 years or less.

[0112] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in improving soil density, soil water holding capacity, soil water retention capacity, in soil in which plants grow, compared to without.

[0113] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in increasing mycorrhizal fungi on or in roots of plant, compared to a reference plant.

[0114] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in preventing or reducing flooding.

[0115] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in decreasing use of synthetic fertilizer, herbicide, and / or pesticide on plants or soil in which plants grow, compared to without.

[0116] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in increasing nutrient uptake by a plant grown in soil to which composition applied compared to without.

[0117] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in decreasing uptake of one or more toxins, e.g., heavy metals, by plants grown in soil comprising composition.

[0118] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in increasing plant nutrient density of a plant grown in soil to which composition applied compared to without.

[0119] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in reducing carbon footprint for raising livestock.

[0120] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in increasing oil production of a plant not cannabis.

[0121] In certain embodiments, provided herein is use of the composition as disclosed herein in regenerating degraded soil. 7. Modulating soil characteristicsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0122] In certain embodiments provided herein are methods of modulating one or more characteristics of soil. Generally, the modulation will improve the one or more soil characteristics. An “improved” soil characteristic, as that term is used herein, includes a characteristic that has been modulated by the method in such a way as to advantageously affect germination, growth, quality, or other desired property of plants grown and / or maintained in the soil, and / or typically, increased the soil’s resistance to drought, flooding, pests, and the like. Soil characteristics that can be modulated, e.g., improved, include soil density, soil water holding capacity (WHC), density of beneficial microbes in the soil, water retention of the soil, bioavailability of one or more plant nutrients in the soil, and / or carbon content of the soil.

[0123] In certain embodiments provided is a method of modulating, e.g., improving, one or more characteristics of soil in which plants grow and / or are maintained, comprising allowing the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time thereby modulating, e.g,, improving the one or more characteristics compared to reference soil and plants.

[0124] In certain embodiments provided is a method of increasing water holding capacity of soil in which plants are grown comprising allowing the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes or a derivative thereof; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time; thereby increasing the water holding capacity of the soil, for example, WHC compared to reference soil and plants. In certain embodiments, WHC is increased at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500% compared to reference, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 30% in the period of time. In certain embodiments, WHC is increased to at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt and / or not more than 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt, for example, 20-70%, preferably 25-65%, more preferably 25-55%, yet more preferably 30-65%, still more preferably 35-65%, yet still more preferably 35-55% in the period of time.

[0125] In certain embodiments provided is a method for converting one or more plant nutrients in soil in which plants are grown from non-bioavailable to bioavailable form (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / orthe plants; and (ii) providing conditions suitable forDocket No. OATH-015.PCT growth of the plants and proliferation and / or other actions of the microbes for a duration sufficient for the one or more plant nutrients in the soil to convert from non-bioavailable to bioavailable form; whereby the one or more plant nutrients are converted from non-bioavailable to bioavailable form. In certain embodiments bioavailable form of the plant nutrient is increased by at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 700, or 1000%, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, still more preferably at least 30, yet more preferably at least 50%, or for example at least 5-1000, preferably 5-700, more preferably 10- 1000, even more preferably 10-700, still more preferably 10-500, yet more preferably 20-500%. In certain embodiments the plant nutrient is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the plant nutrient is nitrogen. In certain embodiments the plant nutrient is phosphorus. In certain embodiments the plant nutrient is potassium. In certain embodiments the plant nutrient is calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), silicon (Si), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), or chloride (Cl), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the plant nutrient is calcium (Ca). In certain embodiments the nutrient is magnesium (Mg). In certain embodiments the nutrient is sulfur (S). In certain embodiments the nutrient is sodium (Na). In certain embodiments the nutrient is iron (Fe). In certain embodiments the nutrient is manganese (Mn). In certain embodiments the nutrient is zinc (Zn). In certain embodiments the nutrient is copper (Cu). In certain embodiments the nutrient is nickel (Ni). In certain embodiments the nutrient is boron (B). In certain embodiments the nutrient is molybdenum (Mo). In certain embodiments the nutrient is silicon (Si). In certain embodiments the nutrient is cobalt (Co). In certain embodiments the nutrient is selenium (Se). In certain embodiments the nutrient is chloride (Cl). In certain embodiments the method further comprises reducing or eliminating toxin uptake by the plants.

[0126] The one or more characteristics can comprise density of the soil, e.g., wherein density of the soil is improved. In certain embodiments, soil density before the first application is outside of an optimal range. In certain embodiments, soil density after the period of time is within an optimal range. In certain embodiments the density is modulated to at least 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, or 1.70 and not more than 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, or 1.95, for example, 1.0-1.90, preferably 1.05 to 1.85, more preferably 1.10 to 1.50, even more preferably 1.20-1.75, yet more preferably 1.35-1.70, still more preferably 1.55- 1.85 g / cm3dry weight of soil. In certain embodiments the one or more characteristics comprisesDocket No. OATH-015.PCT water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil, wherein WHC of the soil is increased. In certain embodiments WHC is increased at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500% compared to reference, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 30% in the period of time. In certain embodiments WHC is increased to at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt and / or not more than 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt, for example, 20-70%, preferably 25-65%, more preferably 25-55%, yet more preferably 30-65%, still more preferably 35-65%, yet still more preferably 35-55% in the period of time. In certain embodiments the one or more characteristics comprises water retention of the soil, wherein the water retention of the soil is increased. In certain embodiments water retention is increased at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500% compared to reference, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 30% in the period of time. In certain embodiments the one or more characteristics comprise a density of beneficial microbes in the soil, wherein the density is increased. In certain embodiments the density of beneficial microbes is increased at least 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, or 10,000% and / or not more than 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000%, for example, at least 100%, preferably at least 500%, more preferably at least 1000%. In certain embodiments the one or more characteristics comprises bioavailability of one or more plant nutrients in the soil, wherein bioavailability of the one or more nutrients is increased. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 months and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30, or 36 months, for example 1-36, preferably 2-30, more preferably 4-24, even more preferably 4-12, yet more preferably 6-20, still more preferably 6-18 months. In certain embodiments the method further comprises increasing carbon content of the soil compared to reference in the period of time. In certain embodiments carbon content in soil in which the plants are grown is increased at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 250, 300, 350, 400 or 500% for example at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 80%, still more preferably at least 100%, or, for example 10-500%, preferably 20-500%, more preferably 40-400%, even more preferably 40-350%, yet more preferably 50-300%, still more preferably 60-300% in the period of time compared to reference. In certain embodiments the increase in soil carbon content is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, or 30 metric ton carbon / hectare and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 metric tonDocket No. OATH-015.PCT carbon / hectare, such as wherein the soil carbon content is measured to a depth as described herein, for example, at least 1, preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 5, even more preferably at least 10, yet more preferably at least 15, still more preferably at least 20, or for example 1-50, preferably 3-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 10-40, yet more preferably 10-35, still more preferably 10-30 metric ton carbon / hectare, compared to reference. In certain embodiments the increase in soil carbon content after the period of time is at least 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 kg / m3of soil and / or not more than 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg / m3, for example 0.5-40, preferably 2-40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 7-35, yet more preferably 7-30, still more preferably 7-25 kg / m3of soil. In certain embodiments soil carbon content is measured to a depth of at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 cm and / or not more than 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 cm, for example, 10-100 cm, preferably 10-80 cm, more preferably 15-75 cm, even more preferably 15- 60 cm, yet more preferably 15-50 cm, still more preferably 15-30 cm; in some cases 20 cm.

[0127] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the methods of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant and / or soil. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at leastDocket No. OATH-015.PCT 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments the different microbes are Streptomyces.

[0128] In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed- release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0129] The plants in the soil may be any suitable plants, such as plants described herein, e.g. one or more of those described in Section I.B.10. 8. Reducing water use

[0130] Water is becoming a scarce commodity, and droughts and other extreme weather events are becoming more common, thus it is desirable to reduce the amount of water needed to germinate, grow, and / or maintain plants. Provided herein are methods and compositions for reducing water use for plants, e.g., reducing the amount of water necessary to germinate, grow and / or maintain plants, using a composition comprising one or more microorganisms, e.g., a plurality of microorganisms; reduction of water use is generally as compared to water use before the use of the composition. It will be appreciated that reduced water use in an operation where water is provided to plants for growth will considerably reduce the costs associated with the operation. A reduced need for water, and improvements to soil, e.g., as described herein, can also provide increased drought resistance, both for commercially raised plants as well as plants that are uncultivated, e.g., plants in grazing lands, grasslands, forests, and the like. It can also reduce the frequency and / or severity of environmental insults, such as fires, e.g., wildfires and / or floods, due to a variety of factors which can include greater water content of the plants and / or soil, improved plant and soil health, increased production of plant substances that confer resistance to fire, and / or greater plant density. Larger areas of land may also become available for plants, e.g., for agriculture as water requirements are reduced. Grasslands, rangelands, forests, and other non-irrigated areas can also see an increase in areas in which plants grow. Other concomitant effects can occur, such increases in plant biomass, community biodiversity, e.g., microbial community biodiversity, nutritional components of plants, soil and / or plant carbon, and / or other beneficial effects, such as effects described herein.

[0131] In certain embodiments provided herein is a method of reducing water use for growth and / or maintenance of plants in soil comprising allowing the plants to grow and / or be maintained in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil, the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of differentDocket No. OATH-015.PCT microbes or a derivative thereof; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow and / or be maintained in the soil for a period of time, thereby decreasing the amount of water necessary to produce a given amount of biomass from the plants and / or to maintain the plants in a desired state, compared to the amount of water necessary to produce the biomass and / or maintain the plants in a desired state for reference soil and plants, for the period of time.

[0132] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the methods of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant and / or soil. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments the different microbes are Streptomyces.

[0133] In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, , or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed- release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0134] The plants in the soil may be any suitable plants, such as plants described herein, e.g. one or more of those described in Section I.B.10.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 9. Obtaining economic benefit

[0135] In certain embodiments provided is a method of obtaining an economic benefit from land on which plants are grown, wherein the land comprises at least 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, or 10M, hectacres, comprising (i) obtaining and using one or more compositions comprising a microbial consortium, wherein (a) the one or more compositions are supplied by a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies the one or more compositions to a second entity, or plurality of second entities that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in an area of land on which plants grow, or a third entity controlled directly or indirectly, at least in part, by the second entity (b) the second entity or plurality of second entities uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity or each of the plurality of second entities ; (ii) determining a quantity of the one or more economic benefits; and (iii) apportioning the quantity of the one or more economic benefits between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities. In certain embodiments the apportioning is done according to an agreement or agreements between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities. In certain embodiments the apportioning is done by a processor that receives information regarding the one or more economic benefits and the agreement, processes the information to determine a quantitative value or values for economic benefits for apportionment between the first and second entities, or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities, and communicates the quantitative value or values to the first and / or second entities. In certain embodiments the second entity comprises a governmental entity. In certain embodiments the second entity comprises a private entity. In certain embodiments further comprises a plurality of second entities wherein the plurality of second entities comprises at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, or 50,000 entities and / or not more than 10, 20, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 entities. In certain embodiments at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the second entities are private farming entities. In certain embodiments the economic benefit comprises a carbon credit based, at least in part, on an increase of carbon in the soil. In certain embodiments the economic benefit comprises a financial benefit attributable to the plants. In certain embodiments the economic benefit comprises payment for the plants or parts of the plants. In certain embodiments the economic benefit comprises obtaining a further carbon credit for carbon stored in the plants. In certain embodiments the plants are trees.InDocket No. OATH-015.PCT certain embodiments the financial benefit comprises a financial benefit realized from animals that eat the plants. The plants may be any suitable plants, such as those described herein. 10. Repair and regneration

[0136] Microbial compositions, such as those disclosed herein, can be used to restore or repair land that has been damaged or degraded, e.g., by human activity, so that the land is not capable of growth and / or maintenance of plants that previously grew, or capable only of decreased growth and / or maintenance of plants that previously grew. Each year 10 million hectares are abandoned due to soil erosion and / or diminished productivity, and another 10 million hectares due to salinization. It is projected that globally, almost one-third of agricultural land has been lost since 1960 and those that remain are losing topsoil at rates considered 6-10 times greater than the rate of soil formation. To compensate, this lost cropland is being replaced by clearing substantial portions of the world’s rain forests promoting land area losses representing more than 60% of the deforestation now occurring worldwide. Use of microbial compositions, such as those described herein, can partially or completely repair such land and regenerate one or more plants of the land. Vegetation can also be restored in soil where it has been partially or completely depleted. Such land is subject to, e.g., drought, flooding, or other environmental insults that undamaged or undegraded land is not, or not to the degree of the damaged or degraded land. A variety of factors may be at play in such degradation or damage, many, most, or all of which may be partially or completely reversed by use of one or more microbial compositions, such as those disclosed herein.

[0137] In certain embodiments provided herein is a method of regenerating vegetation in a soil that has been partially or completely depleted of one or more types of vegetation and / or has reduced capacity to grow and / or maintain new vegetation, comprising (i) applying to the soil, plants growing or to be grown in the soil, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and(ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 months and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30, or 36 months, for example 1-36, preferably 2-30, more preferably 4-24, even more preferably 4-12, yet more preferably 6-20, still more preferably 6-18 months. In certain embodiments the method further comprises placing seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules of the plants on or in the soil. In certain embodiments the vegetation comprises one or more grasses and has been partially or completely depleted by overgrazing. In certain embodiments the vegetation comprises one or more trees and has been partially or completely depleted by tree clearing. In certain embodiments the vegetationDocket No. OATH-015.PCT comprises one or more commercial crops and has been partially or completely depleted by poor management practice.

[0138] In certain embodiments provided is a method of repairing damaged or degraded soil comprising (i) applying to the soil a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for plants to grow in the soil for the period of time. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 months and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30, or 36 months, for example 1-36, preferably 2-30, more preferably 4-24, even more preferably 4-12, yet more preferably 6-20, still more preferably 6-18 months.

[0139] In certain embodiments provided herein is method for decreasing or eliminating flooding on land that has experienced or is likely to experience flooding, wherein soil of the land has grown, is growing, or will grow plants, comprising (i) applying to the soil, the plants, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time; thereby decreasing or eliminating flooding on the land. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 months and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30, or 36 months, for example 1- 36, preferably 2-30, more preferably 4-24, even more preferably 4-12, yet more preferably 6-20, still more preferably 6-18 months.

[0140] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the methods of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant and / or soil. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet moreDocket No. OATH-015.PCT preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments the different microbes are Streptomyces.

[0141] In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed- release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0142] The plants in the soil may be any suitable plants, such as plants described herein, e.g. one or more of those described in Section I.B.10. 11. Nutrients

[0143] Microbial compositions, such as those disclosed herein, can be used to increase nutrient uptake and / or nutrient content in plants. Such increases can, for example, be in nutrients useful to the plant in growth, repair, maintenance and the like, and / or in nutrients for an animal that consumes the plants or parts of the plants, e.g., domesticated animals that consume the plants as at least part of their feed, or humans who consume the plants. Increasing nutrient availability to plants, e.g., by converting non- or low-bioavailable substances to more bioavailable forms can provide numerous benefits; it will be appreciated that one major benefit can be a reduced or even eliminated need for one or more synthetic fertilizers, as one or more of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, and / or other plant nutrients may be more readily available from natural sources in the soil, thus reducing or eliminating the need for synthetic versions.

[0144] In certain embodiments provided herein is a method for increasing density of one or more nutrients in plants or plant parts, e.g., plants or plant parts to be consumed by animals, comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / orthe plants, ; and (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants for a period of time, e.g., a period of time sufficient for the plants or plant parts to be suitable for consumption by the animals; thereby increasing density of the one or nutrients in the plants or plant parts compared to reference plants or plant parts. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 months or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 years and orDocket No. OATH-015.PCT not more than 2, 3, or 4 weeks or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 months or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 25 years, for example 1 month to 20 years, preferably 1 month to 10 years, more preferably 3 months to 5 years, even more preferably 3 months to 2 years, yet more preferably 3 months to one year, still more preferably 4 months to 1 year. In certain embodiments the one or more nutrients is increased in density by at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 700, or 1000%, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, still more preferably at least 30, yet more preferably at least 50%, or for example at least 5-1000, preferably 5-700, more preferably 10-1000, even more preferably 10-700, still more preferably 10-500, yet more preferably 20-500%. In certain embodiments the animals comprise humans or domesticated animals. In certain embodiments the animals comprise humans. In certain embodiments the animals comprise domesticated animals. In certain embodiments the animals comprise cattle, bison, goats, sheep, dairy cows, fowl (such as chickens, geese, and ducks), pigs, or horses. In certain embodiments In certain embodiments the animals are cattle. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased protein density, increased mineral density, increased vitamin density, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased protein density. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased vitamin density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin A density. In certain embodiments vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B1(thiamine) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B2 (riboflavin) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B3(niacin, nicotinic acid) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B5(pantothenic acid) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, or pyidoxamine) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B7(biotin) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B9 (folic acid) density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin B12 density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin C density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased choline density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin D density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin E density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increased vitamin K1 density. In certain embodiments the increased vitamin density comprises increasedDocket No. OATH-015.PCT vitamin K2 density. In certain embodiments the increased nutrient density comprises increased mineral density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased calcium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased magnesium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased sodium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased potassium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased iron density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased copper density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased manganese density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased zinc density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased iodine density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased chromium density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased molybdenum density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased phosphorus density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased molybdenum density. In certain embodiments the increased mineral density comprises increased selenium density. In certain embodiments the method further comprises increasing biomass of the plants or plant parts.

[0145] In certain embodiments provided is a method for increasing uptake of one or more plant nutrients by plants grown in soil comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / or the plants; and (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and / or other actions of the microbes for a suitable duration for plant nutrient uptake to increase; whereby plant nutrient uptake by the plants is increased. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 months or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 years and or not more than 2, 3, or 4 weeks or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 months or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 25 years, for example 1 month to 20 years, preferably 1 month to 10 years, more preferably 3 months to 5 years, even more preferably 3 months to 2 years, yet more preferably 3 months to one year, still more preferably 4 months to 1 year. In certain embodiments uptake of the one or more plant nutrients by the plants is increased by at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400% and / or not more than 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 700, or 1000%, for example, at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, still more preferably at least 30, yet more preferably at least 50%, or for example at least 5-1000, preferably 5-700, more preferably 10-1000, even more preferably 10-Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 700, still more preferably 10-500, yet more preferably 20-500%. In certain embodiments the nutrient is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the nutrient is nitrogen. In certain embodiments the nutrient is phosphorus. In certain embodiments the nutrient is potassium. In certain embodiments n the nutrient is calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), silicon (Si), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), or chloride (Cl), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the nutrient is calcium (Ca). In certain embodiments the nutrient is magnesium (Mg). In certain embodiments the nutrient is sulfur (S). In certain embodiments the nutrient is sodium (Na). In certain embodiments the nutrient is iron (Fe). In certain embodiments the nutrient is manganese (Mn). In certain embodiments the nutrient is zinc (Zn). In certain embodiments the nutrient is copper (Cu). In certain embodiments the nutrient is nickel (Ni). In certain embodiments the nutrient is boron (B). In certain embodiments the nutrient is molybdenum (Mo). In certain embodiments the nutrient is silicon (Si). In certain embodiments the nutrient is cobalt (Co). In certain embodiments the nutrient is selenium (Se). In certain embodiments the nutrient is chloride (Cl).

[0146] The method may further comprise reducing or eliminating toxin uptake by the plants. The method may further comprise reducing water use by the plants. The method may further comprise increasing water holding capacity of the soil. The method may further comprise increasing uptake of atmospheric carbon by the plants and conversion of atmospheric carbon to soil carbon.

[0147] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the methods of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant and / or soil. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferablyDocket No. OATH-015.PCT at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments the different microbes are Streptomyces.

[0148] In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed- release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0149] The plants in the soil may be any suitable plants, such as plants described herein, e.g. one or more of those described in Section I.B.10. 12. Conversion to organic farming

[0150] An agricultural practice can be converted from a non-organic practice to an organic practice in a surprisingly short time if a microbial composition, such as a composition as disclosed herein, is applied to the land and / or plants, e.g., as described herein. An “organic” agricultural practice, as that term is used herein, is a practice that conforms to applicable requirements for organic farming in the area in which the practice is situated. Although requirements may vary, depending on the locality, in general an organic agricultural operation is one in which little or no synthetic fertilizer, pesticide, or herbicide is used and, typically, where soil levels of certain substances, e.g., toxins or other deleterious substances, are below a certain level. Additional or alternative criteria may exist for a given locality. Microbial compositions, such as those disclosed herein, when applied to land and / or plants, e.g., as disclosed herein, restore soil health and vitality and can enable greater nutrient bioavailability and uptake by plants, and can reduce toxin levels in soil, all of which can accelerate the changes necessary to conform to local organic agricultural requirements. Depending on the starting point of the agricultural practice, the changes can occur in as little as three years, two years, or even a year, even if the practice is a conventional farming practice, e.g., a practice reliant or even heavily reliant on use of synthetic fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide. Additional benefits may also be realized, e.g., as described herein, such as increased plant biomass, increased plant nutrient density, increased soil carbon, and / or reduced water use.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0151] Thus provided herein is a method to convert non-organic agricultural practice, e.g. a conventional agricultural practice, to organic agricultural practice comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of microbes to plants, and / or to soil in which the plants grow or will grow, in a first application at a first time, wherein up to the first time the plants and soil were subject to non-organic farming practice; (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and other actions of the microbes for a period of time wherein after the period of time the non-organic agricultural practice has been converted to an organic agricultural practice. In certain embodiments the period of time is not more than 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 years, for example not more than 5, preferably not more than 4, more preferably not more than 3.5, even more preferably not more than 3, yet more preferably not more than 2.5, still more preferably not more than 2, yet still more preferably not more than 1.5 years.

[0152] In certain embodiments provided herein is a method for reducing concentration of a toxin in a soil, reducing uptake of the toxin by plants growing in the soil, and / or reducing a concentration of the toxin in the plants or plant parts, comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of microbes to the plants, or parts thereof, and / or to the soil, in a first application;(ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and other actions of the microbes for a period of time wherein after the period of time concentration of the toxin in the soil, uptake of the toxin by plants growing in the soil, and / or concentration of the toxin in the plants or plant parts is reduced compared to before the first application. As used herein, a “toxin” includes a substance that, directly or indirectly, has a deleterious effect on an animal, e.g., a human that is exposed to the toxin, e.g., ingests it. In certain embodiments the period of time is at least 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, or 24 months and / or 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 24, or 36 months for example 1-36 months, preferably 2-25 months, more preferably 5-18 months. In certain embodiments the reduction is at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, or 100%. In certain embodiments the toxin comprises a synthetic pesticide, such as a synthetic pesticide, or impurity thereof, or an herbicide, such as a synthetic herbicide, or impurity thereof. In certain embodiments the toxin comprises a hydrocarbon. In certain embodiments the hydrocarbon comprises a petroleum hydrocarbon. In certain embodiments the hydrocarbon comprises a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon. In certain embodiments the toxin comprises a heavy metal. In certain embodiments the heavy metal comprises lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, or mercury.

[0153] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises, after the period of time, reducing water use to grow the plants and / or increasing nutrient density of the plants or plant parts and / or increasing biomass of the plants and / or increasing soil carbon content.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT

[0154] Any suitable microbial composition may be used in the methods of this section, such as a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant and / or soil. In certain embodiments the composition comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, or 135 different microbes and / or not more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or 140 different microbes, for example at least 20, in certain cases at least 50, in yet other cases at least 70, or preferably 10-140, more preferably 20-120, even more preferably 40-100, yet more preferably 50-100, that are heterologous to the plant. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are rhizobacteria. In certain embodiments at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99%, or 100%, for example at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, yet more preferably at least 60%, still more preferably at least 80%, yet more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably 100% of the different microbes are saprophytic. In certain embodiments the different microbes are Streptomyces.

[0155] In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed- release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0156] The plants in the soil may be any suitable plants, such as plants described herein, e.g. one or more of those described in Section I.B.10. 13. Economic benefit

[0157] In certain embodiments provided herein is a method of obtaining an economic benefit from land on which plants are grown comprising (i) obtaining and using one or more compositions comprising a plurality of different microbes, wherein (a) the one or moreDocket No. OATH-015.PCT compositions are supplied by a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies the one or more compositions to a second entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in an area of land on which plants grow, or a third entity controlled directly or indirectly, at least in part, by the second entity, and (b) the second entity uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity;(ii) determining a quantity of the one or more economic benefits; and (iii) apportioning the quantity of the one or more economic benefits between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities. In certain embodiments the apportioning is done according to an agreement or agreements between the first and second entities.In certain embodiments the apportioning is done by a processor that receives information regarding the one or more economic benefits and the agreement, processes the information to determine a quantitative value or values for economic benefits for apportionment between the first and second entities, and communicates the quantitative value or values to the first and / or second entities. In certain embodiments the second entity is (i) an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for sale of the plants or plant parts; (ii) an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for feeding animals that are sold; (iii) an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown, for use of the land in which plants are grown for which the entity receives consideration; or (iv) an entity that owns, controls, manages or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown with no or minimal alteration to plant or soil conditions. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for sale of the plants or plant parts. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown primarily for feeding animals that are sold. In certain embodiments the land comprises pastureland. In certain embodiments the land comprises rangeland. In certain embodiments the land comprises land on which grass is grown for feed for the animals. In certain embodiments the land comprises land on which grain is grown for feed for the animals. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grown, for use of the land in which plants are grown for which the entity receives consideration. In certain embodiments the use of the land comprises a sport, game, or other recreation or entertainment, e.g., a golf course. In certain embodiments the second entity is an entity that owns, controls, manages or otherwise has rights to land in which plants are grownDocket No. OATH-015.PCT with no or minimal alteration to plant or soil conditions. In certain embodiments the land is grassland, forest, or rangeland. In certain embodiments the second entity is a governmental entity. In certain embodiments the second entity is a private entity. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits, attributable, in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, comprises(i) reduced costs due to decreased water use for the plants and / or (ii) reduced costs due to decreased use of fertilizer for the plants; and / or (iii) reduced costs due to decreased use of herbicides for the plants; and / or (iv) reduced costs due to decreased use of pesticides for the plants; and / or (v) increased biomass of the plants and / or (vi) increased price per plant or plant product or unit thereof and / or (vii) ability to use a greater area of land to grow or maintain the plants and / or (viii) ability to grow plants in a wider range of environmental conditions and / or (ix) a financial benefit realized from reduced costs to raise and / or maintain animals that eat the plants and / or increased price for animals that eat the plants;and / or (x) a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased soil carbon; and / or (xi) a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased carbon in the plants; and / or (xii) a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to carbon avoided in raising the plants; In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, comprises a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased soil carbon; a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to increased carbon in the plants; a carbon credit or other economic benefit due, in whole or in part, to carbon avoided in raising the plants, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits comprise reduced costs due to decreased water use for the plants. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits comprise increased price per plant or plant product or unit thereof. In certain embodiments the one or more economic benefits comprise a financial benefit realized from reduced costs to raise and / or maintain animals that eat the plants and / or increased price for animals that eat the plants. In certain embodiments the animals are cattle. In certain embodiments the animals are dairy animals, e.g., cows, goats, or sheep. In certain embodiments the animals are poultry. In certain embodiments the poultry are raised for slaughter. In certain embodiments the poultry are egg layers. In certain embodiments the one or more compositions are supplied by the first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies the one or more compositions to at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 500, or 1000 other entities, different from the first entity, that obtain, directly or indirectly, the one or more compositions comprising a microbial consortium from the first entity, and uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plantsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for each of the entities; wherein the apportioning is done according to an agreement or agreements between the first entity and each other entity that delineates an apportionment of the economic benefits between the first entity and each of the other entities; and wherein the apportioning is done by one or more processors that receives information regarding each of the agreements and information regarding the one or more economic benefits for each of the other entities, determines the apportionment between the first entity and each of the other entities, and communicates information comprising the apportionment to the first entity and / or each of the other entities.

[0158] In certain embodiments a microbial composition as described herein is used, or a derivative thereof. Any suitable protocol may be used to apply the microbial composition or derivative thereof, such as the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a delayed- release composition is used. In certain embodiments, aerial delivery, e.g., by one or more unmanned vehicles is used, for example as described herein.

[0159] The plants in the soil may be any suitable plants, such as plants described herein, e.g. one or more of those described in Section I.B.10. 14. Trees

[0160] Microbial compositions, e.g., microbial compositions described herein, can be used to improve one or more characteristics of trees. Typically, microbial compositions are supplied to a user along with a second composition comprising one or more macronutrients, micronutrients, or carbon sources for the trees; either or both of the microbial composition and the nutrient composition may be tailored according to the type of tree, type of land, condition of the tree, and the like. Instructions for use may also be supplied, e.g., as written material, oral material, or material presented in audiovisual form. Tree growth can be increased, e.g., as compared to reference tree growth, e.g, growth of the same tree in a certain previous time period, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 years, or a similar tree in the same environment. Additionally or alternatively, there can be an increase in sap production and / or various compounds found in sap, e.g., an increase in sugars, terpenes, minerals, nutrients, carbon compounds, hormones, various organic carbon compounds, acids and proteins. Additionally or alternatively there can be an increase in carbon-rich materials excreted from tree leaf exudate. Other benefits include and increase in root exudate production and / or enhancement of a tree’s ability to tap into new sources of groundwater and / or an increase in macronutrients and / or micronutrients deposited in leaves and tree canopy and / or an increase in tree canopy and / or an improvement in tree photosynthetic capacity and / or enzymatically signaling tree roots to search for water and key nutrients and / orDocket No. OATH-015.PCT reduction in evapotranspiration rates and / or increased retention of stomatal conductance of tree foliage and / or an increase in tree primary and secondary growth and / or increases in epicormic growth and / or an increase in tree seed germination rates and / or reduction in tree seed germination time and / or Increases in plant growth rates in the stages of conception (seed), birth (sprout), adult (mature), and elder (decline) and / or Improved tree immune responses to stresses such as drought and soil degradation and / or Increased soil and root Mycorrhization and / or faster wound healing, e.g., after a pruning session. Effects may be seen in a very short time, e.g., less than 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 month, such as new epicormic growth thought to be dead or in slow growing areas and / or dramatic increases in leaf macro / micronutrient density and / or mproved leaf color and / or improved shoot elongation and bud development on all parts of mature and juvenile trees and / or root biomass increases and / or increases in soil water holding capacity and / or revitalization of mature trees. The various characteristics may be determined by any suitable methods, such as methods known in the art. Tree growth may be measured by tree ring growth, which can be measured by, e.g., core samples. An exemplary protocol is provided in Example 29. In certain embodiments, in addition to a microbial composition and a nutrient composition, a user may be supplied with a ki...

Claims

Docket No. OATH-015.PCT CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A composition comprising one or more Streptomyces microbes, wherein the one or more Streptomyces microbes comprise a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5 identical, or 100% identical, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to a nucleic acid sequence to one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 68- 109 and 120-196.

2. The composition of claim 1 comprising microbes of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, or 60 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100, preferably 2-100, more preferably 5-100, even more preferably 5-80, still more preferably 5-40, yet more preferably 10-80, still yet more preferably 10-70, even more preferably 10-60, yet even more preferably 10-30 different Streptomyces strains.

3. The composition of claim 1 or claim 2 further comprising one or more non-Streptomyces microbes.

4. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Pseudomonas microbes.

5. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Microvirga microbes.

6. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Micrococcus microbes.

7. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Paenibacillus microbes 8. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Aureimonas microbes.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 9. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes.

10. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Rhodococcus microbes.

11. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Amycolatopsis microbes.

12. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more Lysinibacillus microbes.

13. The composition of any one of the previous claims wherein two or more of the microbes are heterologous to each othe 14. A composition comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, or 60 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100, preferably 2-100, more preferably 5- 100, even more preferably 5-80, still more preferably 5-40, yet more preferably 10-80, still yet more preferably 10-70, even more preferably 10-60, further preferably 10-30, different Streptomyces microbes.

15. The composition of claim 14 further comprising one or more non-Streptomyces microbes.

16. The composition of claim 14 or claim 15 wherein two or more of the microbes are heterologous to each other.

17. The composition of claim 15 or claim 16 wherein the one or more non-Streptomyces microbes comprise a Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis microbe, or a combination thereof.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 18. The composition of claim 15 or claim 16 wherein the one or more non-Streptomyces microbes comprise a Pseudomonas, Microvirga, Micrococcus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis microbe, or a combination thereof.

19. The composition of claim 15 or claim 16 wherein the one or more non-Streptomyces microbes comprise a Microvirga, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Aureimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, or Lysinibacillis microbe, or a combination thereof.

20. The composition of claim 17 or claim 18 wherein the one or more non-Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Pseudomonas microbes.

21. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 20 comprising a Microvirga microbe.

22. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 21 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Micrococcus microbes.

23. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 22 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Paenibacillus microbes.

24. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 23 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Aureimonas microbes.

25. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 24 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Bradyrhyzobium microbes.

26. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 25 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Rhodococcus microbes.

27. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 26 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Amycolatopsis microbes.

28. The composition of any one of claims 17 through 27 wherein the one or more non- Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more Lysinibacillus microbes.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 29. A composition comprising Streptomyces spp. microbes and at least one, two, three, four, five, 6, or 7 and / or not more than one, two, three, four, five, 6, 7, or 8, preferably 2-8, more preferably 2-6, yet more preferably 3-8, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 8 additional microbes selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas spp., Microvirga spp., Paenibacillus spp., Aureimonas spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., Rhodococcus spp., Amycolatopsis spp., and Lysinibacillis spp.

30. The composition of claim [0028] comprising at least 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50 and / or not more than 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, or 100 different Streptomyces microbes, for example 2-100 different Streptomyces microbes.

31. The composition of claim [0028] or claim 30 comprising Pseudomonas spp. microbes.

32. The composition of claim 31 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24 different Pseudomonas microbes, for example 2-24 different Pseudomonas microbes.

33. The composition any one of claims [0028] through 32 comprising Microvirga spp. microbes.

34. The composition any one of claims [0028] through 33 comprising Micrococcus spp. microbes.

35. The composition of claim 34 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, or 6 different Micrococcus microbes, for example 2-6 different Micrococcus microbes.

36. The composition of any one of claims [0028] through 35 comprising Paenibacillus spp. microbes.

37. The composition of claim 36 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 different Paenibacillus microbes, for example 2-10 different Paenibacillus microbes.

38. The composition of any one of claims [0028] through 37 comprising Aureimonas spp. microbes.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 39. The composition of claim 38 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 different Aureimonas microbes, for example 2-10 different Aureimonas microbes.

40. The composition of any one of claims [0028] through 39 comprising Bradyrhizobium spp. microbes.

41. The composition of claim 40 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, or 14 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 different Bradyrhyzobium microbes, for example 2-16 different Bradyrhyzobium microbes.

42. The composition of any one of claims [0028] through 41 comprising Rhodococcus spp. microbes.

43. The composition of claim 42 comprising at least 2 different Rhodococcus microbes.

44. The composition of any one of claims [0028] through 43 comprising Amycolatopsis spp. microbes.

45. The composition of claim 44 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, or 6 different Amycolatopsis microbes, for example 2-6 different Amycolatopsis microbes.

46. The composition of any one of claims [0028] through 45 comprising Lysinibacillis spp. microbes.

47. The composition of claim 46 comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 and / or not more than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 different Lysinibacillus microbes, for example 2-10 different Lysinibacillus microbes.

48. A composition comprising one or more Streptomyces mirobes and at least one non- Streptomyces microbe, wherein the non-Streptomyces microbe is a nitrogen-fixing microbe.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 49. The composition of claim [0029] comprising at least 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50 and / or not more than 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, or 100 different Streptomyces strains, for example 2-100 different Streptomyces microbes.

50. The composition of claim [0029] or claim 49 wherein the nitrogen-fixing, non- Streptomyces microbe comprises a Pseudomonas spp., Microvirga spp., Bradyrhyizobium spp., Aureimonas spp., Paenibacillus spp., and / or Lysinibacillus spp. microbe.

51. The composition of claim 50 comprising one or more Pseudomonas spp. microbe.

52. The composition of claim [0029] or 49 wherein the nitrogen-fixing, non-Streptomyces microbe comprises a Microvirga spp., Bradyrhyizobium spp., Aureimonas spp., Paenibacillus spp., and / or Lysinibacillus spp. microbe.

53. The composition of any one of claims [0029] through 52 comprising one or more Microvirga spp. microbe.

54. The composition of any one of claims [0029] through 53 comprising one or more Micrococcus spp. microbe.

55. The composition of any one of claims [0029] through 54 comprising one or more Paenibacillus spp. microbe.

56. The composition of any one of claims [0029] through 55 comprising one or more Aureimonas spp. microbe.

57. The composition of any one of claims [0029] through 56 comprising one or more Bradyrhyzobium spp. microbe.

58. The composition of any one of claims [0029] through 57 comprising one or more Lysinibacillus spp. microbe.

59. The composition of any one of the previous claims wherein the one or more Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more of Streptomyces antibioticus B, Streptomyces bacillaris, Streptomyces bikiniensis, Streptomyces cavourensis, Streptomyces fimbriatus, StreptomycesDocket No. OATH-015.PCT flavoviridis, Streptomyces globosus, Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus, Streptomyces griseofuscus, Streptomyces griseoincarnatus, Streptomyces griseoviridis A, Streptomyces labedae, Streptomyces lydicus, Streptomyces misionensis, Streptomyces nigra, Streptomyces rochei, Streptomyces sp. OATH_5, Streptomyces sp. OATH_7, Streptomyces sp. OATH_8, Streptomyces sp. OATH_9, Streptomyces sp. OATH_10, Streptomyces sp. OATH_11, Streptomyces sp. OATH_12, Streptomyces sp. OATH_13, Streptomyces sp. OATH_17, Streptomyces sp. OATH_19, Streptomyces sp. OATH_20, Streptomyces sp. OATH_22A, Streptomyces sp. OATH_22B, Streptomyces sp. OATH_23, Streptomyces sp. OATH_26, Streptomyces sp. OATH_27, Streptomyces sp. OATH_28, Streptomyces sp. OATH_30, Streptomyces sp. OATH_31, Streptomyces sp. OATH_34, Streptomyces sp. OATH_36, Streptomyces sp. OATH_37, Streptomyces sp. OATH_38, Streptomyces sp. OATH_39, Streptomyces sp. OATH_40, Streptomyces sp. OATH_41, Streptomyces sp. OATH_42, Streptomyces sp. OATH_43, Streptomyces sp. OATH_44, Streptomyces sp. OATH_46, Streptomyces sp. OATH_47, Streptomyces sp. OATH_48, Streptomyces sp. OATH_49, Streptomyces sp. OATH_50, Streptomyces sp. OATH_52, Streptomyces sp. OATH_57, Streptomyces sp. OATH_58, Streptomyces sp. OATH_59, Streptomyces sp. OATH_60, Streptomyces sp. OATH_61, Streptomyces sp. OATH_62, Streptomyces sp. OATH_63, Streptomyces sp. OATH_64, Streptomyces sp. OATH_65, Streptomyces sp. OATH_66, Streptomyces sp. OATH_A, Streptomyces sp. OATH_B, Streptomyces sp. OATH_C, Streptomyces sp. OATH_D, Streptomyces sp. OATH_E, Streptomyces sp. OATH_F, Streptomyces sp. OATH_G, Streptomyces sp001509795, Streptomyces sp900105755, and / or Streptomyces violaceorectus.

60. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising the one or more Streptomyces microbes comprise one or more of Streptomyces sp. OATH_5, Streptomyces sp. OATH_7, Streptomyces sp. OATH_8, Streptomyces sp. OATH_9, Streptomyces sp. OATH_10, Streptomyces sp. OATH_11, Streptomyces sp. OATH_12, Streptomyces sp. OATH_13, Streptomyces sp. OATH_17, Streptomyces sp. OATH_19, Streptomyces sp. OATH_20, Streptomyces sp. OATH_22A, Streptomyces sp. OATH_22B, Streptomyces sp. OATH_23, Streptomyces sp. OATH_26, Streptomyces sp. OATH_27, Streptomyces sp. OATH_28, Streptomyces sp. OATH_30, Streptomyces sp. OATH_31, Streptomyces sp. OATH_34, Streptomyces sp. OATH_36, Streptomyces sp. OATH_37, Streptomyces sp. OATH_38, Streptomyces sp. OATH_39, Streptomyces sp. OATH_40, Streptomyces sp. OATH_41, Streptomyces sp. OATH_42, Streptomyces sp. OATH_43, Streptomyces sp. OATH_44, Streptomyces sp. OATH_46, Streptomyces sp. OATH_47, Streptomyces sp. OATH_48,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT Streptomyces sp. OATH_49, Streptomyces sp. OATH_50, Streptomyces sp. OATH_52, Streptomyces sp. OATH_57, Streptomyces sp. OATH_58, Streptomyces sp. OATH_59, Streptomyces sp. OATH_60, Streptomyces sp. OATH_61, Streptomyces sp. OATH_62, Streptomyces sp. OATH_63, Streptomyces sp. OATH_64, Streptomyces sp. OATH_65, Streptomyces sp. OATH_66, Streptomyces sp. OATH_A, Streptomyces sp. OATH_B, Streptomyces sp. OATH_C, Streptomyces sp. OATH_D, Streptomyces sp. OATH_E, Streptomyces sp. OATH_F, Streptomyces sp. OATH_G.

61. The composition of any one of the previous claims wherein the one or more Streptomyces microbes have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 68-109 and 120-196.

62. The composition of any one of claims 4-13, 17-47, or 50-61 wherein the one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a first Pseudomonas strain.

63. The composition of claim 62 wherein the one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a second Pseudomonas strain, wherein the second Pseudomonas strain is different from the first Pseudomonas strain.

64. The composition of claim 63 wherein the one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a third Pseudomonas strain, wherein the third Pseudomonas strain is different from the first and second Pseudomonas strains.

65. The composition of claim 64 wherein the one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a fourth Pseudomonas strain, wherein the fourth Pseudomonas strain is different from the first, second, and third Pseudomonas strains.

66. The composition of claim 65 wherein the one or more Pseudomonas microbes comprise a fifth Pseudomonas strain, wherein the fifth Pseudomonas strain is different from the first, second, third, and fourth Pseudomonas strains.

67. The composition of any one of claims 62 through 66 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Pseudomonas strains comprise one or more of Pseudomonas E sp003253735,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas poae, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_2, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_3, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_4, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_6, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_14, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_15, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_16, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_45 Pseudomonas sp. OATH_51 Pseudomonas sp. OATH_53, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_55, Pseudomonas sp. OATH_56, Pseudomonas sp.002836515, and / or Pseudomonas straminea.

68. The composition of any one of claims 62 through 67 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Pseudomonas strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 39-67.

69. The composition of any one of claims 5-13, 21-28, 33-47 or 53-61 wherein the Microvirga microbe comprises a first Microvirga strain comprising Microvirga sp. OATH1.

70. The composition of claim 69 wherein the first Microvirga strain has a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NO:

38.

71. The composition of any one of claims 6-13, 22-28, 34-47 or 54-61 wherein the one or more Micrococcus microbes comprise a first Micrococcus strain.

72. The composition of claim 71 wherein the one or more Micrococcus microbes comprise a second Micrococcus strain, wherein the second Micrococcus strain is different from the first strain.

73. The composition of claim 71 or claim 72 wherein the first or second Micrococcus strains comprise Micrococcus luteus.

74. The composition of any one of claims 71 through 73 wherein the first and / or second Micrococcus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80,Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 118-119.

75. The composition of any one of claims 7-13, 17, 19-28, 36-47, or 55-61 wherein the one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a first Paenibacillus strain.

76. The composition of claim 75 wherein the one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise second Paenibacillus strain, wherein the second Paenibacillus strain is different from the first Paenibacillus strain.

77. The composition of claim 76 wherein the one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a third Paenibacillus strain, wherein the third Paenibacillus strain is different from the first and second Paenibacillus strains.

78. The composition of claim 77 wherein the one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a fourth Paenibacillus strain, wherein the fourth Paenibacillus strain is different from the first, second, and third Paenibacillus strains.

79. The composition of claim 78 wherein the one or more Paenibacillus microbes comprise a fifth Paenibacillus strain, wherein the fifth Paenibacillus strain is different from the first, second, third, and fourth Paenibacillus strains.

80. The composition of any one of claims 75 through 79 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Paenibacillus strains comprise Paenibacillus cellulositrophicus A and / or Paenibacillus illinoisensis.

81. The composition of any one of claims 75 through 80 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Paenibacillus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-17.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 82. The composition of any one of claims 8-13, 24-28, 38-47 or 56-61 wherein the one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a first Aureimonas strain.

83. The composition of claim 82 wherein the one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a second Aureimonas strain, wherein the second Aureimonas strain is different from the first Aureimonas strain.

84. The composition of claim 83 wherein the one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a third Aureimonas strain, wherein the third Aureimonas strain is different from the first and second Aureimonas strains.

85. The composition of claim 84 wherein the one or more Aureimonas microbes comprise a fourth Aureimonas strain, wherein the fourth Aureimonas strain is different from the first, second, and third Aureimonas strains.

86. The composition of any one of claims 82 through 85 wherein the first, second, third, and / or fourth Aureimonas strains comprise Aureimonas A sp001425485.

87. The composition of any one of claims 82 through 86 wherein the first, second, third, and / or fourth Aureimonas strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18-21.

88. The composition of any one of claims 9-13, 25-28, 40-47 or 57-61 wherein the one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a first Bradyrhizobium strain.

89. The composition of claim 88 wherein the one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes a second Bradyrhizobium strain, wherein the second Bradyrhizobium strain is different from the first Bradyrhizobium strain.

90. The composition of claim 89 wherein the one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise third Bradyrhizobium strain, wherein the third Bradyrhizobium strain is different from the first and second Bradyrhizobium strains.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 91. The composition of claim 90 wherein the one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a fourth Bradyrhizobium strain, wherein the fourth Bradyrhizobium strain is different from the first, second, and third Bradyrhizobium strains.

92. The composition of claim 91 wherein the one or more Bradyrhizobium microbes comprise a fifth Bradyrhizobium strain, wherein the fifth Bradyrhizobium strain is different from the first, second, third, and fourth Bradyrhizobium strains.

93. The composition of any one of claims 88 through 92 wherein first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Bradyrhizobium stains comprise Bradyrhizobium denitrificans and / or Bradyrhizobium elkanii.

94. The composition of any one of claims 88 through 93 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Bradyrhyzobium strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 22-37.

95. The composition of any one of claims 10-13, 26-28, 42-47 or 59-61 wherein the one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a first Rhodococcus strain.

96. The composition of claim 95 wherein the one or more Rhodococcus microbes comprise a second Rhodococcus strain, wherein the second Rhodococcus strain is different from the first Rhodococcus strain.

97. The composition of claim 95 or 96 wherein the first and / or second Rhodococcus strains comprise Rhodococcus erythropoli and / or Rhodococcus qingshengii.

98. The composition of any one of claims 95 through 97 wherein first and / or second Rhodococcus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 116-117..Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 99. The composition of any one of claims 11-13, 27-28, 44-47 or 59-61 wherein the one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a first Amycolatopsis strain.

100. The composition of claim 99 wherein the one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a second Amycolatopsis strain, wherein the second Amycolatopsis strains is different from the first Amycolatopsis strain.

101. The composition of claim 100 wherein the one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a third Amycolatopsis strain, wherein the third Amycolatopsis strains is different from the first and second Amycolatopsis strains.

102. The composition of claim 101 wherein the one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a fourth Amycolatopsis strain, wherein the fourth Amycolatopsis strains is different from the first, second, and third Amycolatopsis strains.

103. The composition of claim 102 wherein the one or more Amycolatopsis microbes comprise a fifth Amycolatopsis strain, wherein the fifth Amycolatopsis strains is different from the first, second, third, and fourth Amycolatopsis strains.

104. The composition of any one of claims 99-103 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Amycolatopsis strains comprise Amycolatopsis lurida and / or Amycolatopsis_OATH_54.

105. The composition of any one of claims 99-104 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Amycolatopsis strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100% identity, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 110-115.

106. The composition of any one of claims 12-13, 28, 46-47 or 58-61 wherein the one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a first Lysinibacillus strain.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 107. The composition of claim 106 wherein the one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a second Lysinibacillus strain, wherein the second Lysinibacillus strain is different from the first Lysinibacillus strain.

108. The composition of claim 107 wherein the one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a third Lysinibacillus strain, wherein the third Lysinibacillus strain is different from the first and second Lysinibacillus strains.

109. The composition of claim 108 wherein the one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a fourth Lysinibacillus strain, wherein the fourth Lysinibacillus strain is different from the first, second, and third Lysinibacillus strains.

110. The composition of claim 109 wherein the one or more Lysinibacillus microbes comprise a fifth Lysinibacillus strain, wherein the fifth Lysinibacillus strain is different from the first, second, third, and fourth Lysinibacillus strains.

111. The composition of any one of claims 106 through 110 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Lysinibacillus strains comprise Lysinibacillus capsici.

112. The composition of any one of claims 106 through 111 wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and / or fifth Lysinibacillus strains have a 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence or sequences with at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.55 identity, or 100%, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, even more preferably at least 98%, still more preferably at least 99%, yet still more preferably at least 99.5% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9.

113. A composition comprising one or more microbes of ATCC deposits designated 1-45, deposited as ATCC Nos. PTA-127367-127413, respectively, as shown in Table 2.

114. The composition of any one of the previous claims comprising one or more microbes of ATCC deposits designated 1-45, deposited as ATCC Nos. PTA-127367-127413, respectively, as shown in Table 2.

115. The composition of any one of the previous claims further comprising a liquid medium in which the one or more microbes are distributed.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 116. A composition comprising a plurality of particles, wherein each particle comprises a composition of any one of claims 1 through 115.

117. A delayed release composition comprising a plurality of particles, wherein the particles comprises one or more microbes, and wherein the plurality of particles comprises a first population of particles wherein each particle of the first population comprises one or more first components configured to confine at least a portion of the microbes to the particles, and wherein the one or more first components are such that the one or more first components lose sufficient integrity upon exposure to one or more environmental triggers that at least a portion of the confined microbes are released from the particles.

118. The composition of any one of the previous claims further comprising one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvants.

119. A population of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules comprising at least 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or and / or not more than 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 120 different microbes, wherein at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95%, or 100%, of the microbes are heterologous to the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules, wherein at least a portion of the microbes of the composition are associated with the seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules.

120. A composition comprising soil in which plants are growing or have grown wherein the soil comprises at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 150 different microbes that are heterologous to the soil and / or plants, for example, at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 15, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 40, or 1-150, preferably 1-100, more preferably 2-80, even more preferably 2.

121. A composition comprising soil in which plants are growing or have grown wherein the soil comprises at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, or 45 different microbes comprising composition of any one of any one of claims 1 through 115.

122. A plant or plant part comprising one or more microbes of the composition of any one of any one of claims 1 through 115 disposed on or in the plant or plant part.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 123. A composition comprising a population of plants wherein the plants or part of the plants comprises the microbe or microbes of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 disposed on or in the plant or plant part.

124. A method comprising applying the composition of any one of claims 1 through [00633], or a derivative thereof, to a plant, or a part thereof, and / or to soil or other growth medium in which the plant grows or will grow, in a first application.

125. A method comprising applying a composition comprising a plurality of microbes to an area comprising soil by aerial application.

126. A method comprising applying to a plant growth medium (a) a plurality of microbes, and (b) one or more macronutrients, (c) one or more micronutrients, and / or (d) one or more carbon sources, wherein a composition and / or effective amount of (a), (b), (c) and / or (d) is determined at least in part by one or more results of a first test on one or more samples comprising growth medium to which the plurality of microbes is to be applied or has been applied and / or a component of a plant or plants growing in the growth medium.

127. A method comprising contacting a surface of a seed, seedling, or other plant propagule with a composition of any one of claims 1 through 115, or a derivative produced from the composition.

128. A method comprising contacting surfaces of a populations of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules with a composition of any one of claims 1 through 115, or a derivative produced from the composition.

129. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in reducing methane production in soil in which plants grow compared to before use of the composition.

130. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in coating a surface of seeds, seedlings, or other plant propagules with one or more microbes of the composition.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 131. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in in increasing beneficial organisms in soil in which plants grow and to which composition applied, compared to without.

132. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in transitioning to organic farming in 3 years or less, or 2 years or less, or 1.5 years or less.

133. Use of the composition of any one of any one of claims 1 through 115 in improving soil density, soil water holding capacity, soil water retention capacity, in soil in which plants grow, compared to without.

134. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in increasing mycorrhizal fungi on or in roots of plant, compared to a reference plant 135. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in preventing or reducing flooding.

136. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in decreasing use of synthetic fertilizer, herbicide, and / or pesticide on plants or soil in which plants grow, compared to without.

137. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in increasing nutrient uptake by a plant grown in soil to which composition applied compared to without.

138. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in decreasing uptake of one or more toxins, e.g., heavy metals, by plants grown in soil comprising composition.

139. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in increasing plant nutrient density of a plant grown in soil to which composition applied compared to without.

140. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in reducing carbon footprint for raising livestock.

141. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in increasing oil production of a plant not cannabis.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 142. Use of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 in regenerating degraded soil.

143. A method comprising combining a first population of microbes comprising microbes of any one of Streptomyces designation 1-45 (deposited as ATCC Nos. PTA-127367-127413, respectively) as shown in Table 2 and a second population of microbes, different from the first.

144. A method of growing one or more microbes comprising inoculating a heterologous medium with a first population of microbes comprising microbes of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 and providing suitable conditions for one or more microbes to grow.

145. A composition comprising a pure population of microbes of the composition of any one of claims 1 through 115 and a heterologous growth medium.

146. A composition consisting essentially of a pure population of of microbes of the composition of a any one of claims 1 through 115 and a heterologous growth medium.

147. A method for enhancing a rate at which atmospheric carbon is converted to carbon products in soil in which plants are grown and / or in the plants comprising applying a composition comprising one or more microbes to the plants and / or soil,in a first application, wherein the rate is greater than that for reference soil and / or plants in which the plants are grown without the composition.

148. A method of increasing soil carbon content comprising allowing plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time; thereby increasing soil carbon content.

149. A composition comprising soil and plants growing in the soil, wherein the plants comprise parts in the soil, e.g., roots, and wherein the soil and plant parts comprise (i) a carbon content of at least 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 kg / m3and / or not more than 0.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg / m3, for example 0.5-40, preferably 2-Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 40, more preferably 5-40, even more preferably 7-35, yet more preferably 7-30, still more preferably 7-25 kg / m3of soil; and (ii) at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, or microbes that are heterologous to the soil and / or plants, for example, at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 15, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 40.

150. A method of obtaining a carbon credit comprising allowing plants to grow in an area of soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, the plants, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing conditions for the plants to grow in the soil; (iii) determining the increase in soil carbon content over the period of time in the area of soil; and (iv) based at least in part on (iii), obtaining a carbon credit.

151. A method of reducing soil methane production comprising allowing plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown, the plants, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing conditions for the plants to grow in the soil;thereby increasing decreasing soil methane production.

152. A method of transferring atmospheric carbon to soil in which plants grow comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil, plants, plant parts, and / or seed of the plants, wherein the composition is applied over an area of at least 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, or 500M hectares and / or not more than 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, 500M, or 1B hectares, for example 1000 to 1B, preferably 10,000 to 1B, more preferably 100,000 to 1B, even more preferably 1M to 1B hectares, yet more preferably 10M to 1B hectares, still more preferably 50M to 1B hectares; and (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants for a period of time, thereby transferring atmospheric carbon to the soil to increase carbon content of the soil.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 153. A method of reducing an overall carbon footprint for raising domesticated animals comprising feeding the animals, and / or allowing the animals to feed on, plants or parts of plants, wherein the plants have been or are growing in soil to which has been applied a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes, wherein the composition (i) increases carbon dioxide transfer from atmosphere to soil thus increasing carbon content of the soil, compared to without the composition; (ii) increases biomass of the plants in a given area, compared to without the composition, so that carbon produced per unit biomass of plants is decreased; and (iii) increases nutrient density of the plants, compared to without the composition, so that less biomass of plants is used to produce a given amount of increase in economically valuable attribute of the domesticated animals or a combination thereof, thus decreasing overall carbon footprint for raising the domesticated animals.

154. A method of obtaining carbon credit or other economic benefit comprising (i) determining an increase in carbon content of soil in which plants grow after (a) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil, plants, plant parts, and / or seed of the plants, wherein the composition is applied over an area of at least 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, or 500M hectares and / or not more than 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, 500M, or 1B hectares, for example 1000 to 1B, preferably 10,000 to 1B, more preferably 100,000 to 1B, even more preferably 1M to 1B hectares, yet more preferably 10M to 1B hectares, still more preferably 50M to 1B hectares, and (b) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants for a period of time, thereby transferring atmospheric carbon to the soil to increase carbon content of the soil; and (ii) obtaining the carbon credit and / or other economic benefit based, at least in part, on the increase in carbon content determined in (i).

155. A system comprising (i) a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies one or more compositions comprising a plurality of different microbes to one or more second entities; (ii) the second entity, or a plurality of second entities, that (a) owns, controls, or otherwise has rights to land in an area of land on which plants grow and (b) uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plantsDocket No. OATH-015.PCT grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity or each of the plurality of second entities, wherein the area of land at least 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, or 500M hectares and / or not more than 10,000, 100,000, 1M, 10M, 50M, 100M, 250M, 500M, or 1B hectares, for example 1000 to 1B, preferably 10,000 to 1B, more preferably 100,000 to 1B, even more preferably 1M to 1B hectares, yet more preferably 10M to 1B hectares, still more preferably 50M to 1B hectares; (iii) an agreement between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities that delineates an apportionment of the economic benefits between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities; and (iv) a processor that receives information regarding the agreement and information regarding the one or more economic benefits, determines an apportionment between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities and communicates information comprising the apportionment to the first and / or second entities.

156. A method of obtaining an economic benefit from land on which plants are grown, wherein the land comprises at least 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1M, or 10M, hectacres, comprising (i) obtaining and using one or more compositions comprising a microbial consortium, wherein (a) the one or more compositions are supplied by a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies the one or more compositions to a second entity, or plurality of second entities that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in an area of land on which plants grow, or a third entity controlled directly or indirectly, at least in part, by the second entity (b) the second entity or plurality of second entities uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity or each of the plurality of second entities ; (ii) determining a quantity of the one or more economic benefits; and (iii) apportioning the quantity of the one or more economic benefits between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 157. A method of reducing water use for growth and / or maintenance of plants in soil comprising allowing the plants to grow and / or be maintained in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil, the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes or a derivative thereof; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow and / or be maintained in the soil for a period of time,; thereby decreasing the amount of water necessary to produce a given amount of biomass from the plants and / or to maintain the plants in a desired state, compared to the amount of water necessary to produce the biomass and / or maintain the plants in a desired state for reference soil and plants, for the period of time.

158. A method of increasing water holding capacity of soil in which plants are grown comprising allowing the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes or a derivative thereof; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time; thereby increasing the water holding capacity of the soil, for example, WHC compared to reference soil and plants.

159. A composition comprising soil in which plants are growing or have grown wherein the soil comprises (i) a water holding capacity of at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt and / or not more than 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70% wt / wt, for example, 20-70%, preferably 25-65%, more preferably 25-55%, yet more preferably 30-65%, still more preferably 35-65%, yet still more preferably 35-55%; and (ii) at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 70, or 100, and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 70, 100, or 150 different microbes that are heterologous to the soil and / or plants, for example, at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 15, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 40, or preferably 1-150, more preferably 1-100, even more preferably 1-70, yet more preferably 1-50.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 160. A composition comprising soil in which plants are growing or have grown wherein the soil comprises (i) an average density of at least 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, or 1.70 and / or not more than 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, or 1.95, for example, 1.0-1.90, preferably 1.05 to 1.85, more preferably 1.10 to 1.50, even more preferably 1.20-1.75, yet more preferably 1.35-1.70, still more preferably 1.55-1.85 g / cm3 dry weight of soil; and (ii) at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 70, or 100, and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 70, 100, or 150 different microbes that are heterologous to the soil and / or plants, for example, at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 15, yet more preferably at least 25, still more preferably at least 40 or preferably 1-150, more preferably 1-100, even more preferably 1-70, yet more preferably 1-50 161. A method of modulating, e.g., improving, one or more characteristics of soil in which plants grow and / or are maintained, comprising allowing the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time, wherein the soil and / or plants have been treated by (i) applying to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / or the plants, a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time thereby modulating, e.g,, improving the one or more characteristics compared to reference soil and plants.

162. A method of regenerating vegetation in a soil that has been partially or completely depleted of one or more types of vegetation and / or has reduced capacity to grow and / or maintain new vegetation, comprising (i) applying to the soil, plants growing or to be grown in the soil, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for a period of time.

163. A method of repairing damaged or degraded soil comprising (i) applying to the soil a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for plants to grow in the soil for the period of time.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 164. A method for decreasing or eliminating flooding on land that has experienced or is likely to experience flooding, wherein soil of the land has grown, is growing, or will grow plants, comprising (i) applying to the soil, the plants, and / or seeds of the plants a first application of a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes; and (ii) providing suitable conditions for the plants to grow in the soil for the period of time; thereby decreasing or eliminating flooding on the land.

165. A method for increasing density of one or more nutrients in plants or plant parts, e.g., plants or plant parts to be consumed by animals, comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / orthe plants, ; and (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants for a period of time, e.g., a period of time sufficient for the plants or plant parts to be suitable for consumption by the animals; thereby increasing density of the one or nutrients in the plants or plant parts compared to reference plants or plant parts.

166. A method for increasing uptake of one or more plant nutrients by plants grown in soil comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / or the plants; and (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and / or other actions of the microbes for a suitable duration for plant nutrient uptake to increase; whereby plant nutrient uptake by the plants is increased.

167. A method for converting one or more plant nutrients in soil in which plants are grown from non-bioavailable to bioavailable form (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of different microbes to the soil in which the plants are grown or will be grown and / orthe plants; and (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and / or other actions of the microbes for a duration sufficient for the one or more plant nutrients in the soil to convert from non-bioavailable to bioavailable form; whereby the one or more plant nutrients are converted from non-bioavailable to bioavailable form.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 168. A composition comprising a plant comprising (i) an above-ground portion; and (ii) a below-ground portion, wherein the below-ground portion comprises roots of the plant and soil associated with the roots, wherein the below-ground portion comprises (a) one or more microbes heterologous to the soil and / or plant; and (b) a concentration of bio-available nutrient that is greater than reference plant and soil.

169. A composition comprising a plant, e.g. wherein the plant or part of the plant is for animal consumption, and soil in which the plant is growing, wherein (i) the soil and / or roots of the plant in the soil comprise one or more microbes heterologous to the soil and / or plant; and (ii) the plant or plant part comprises a density of one or more nutrients, e.g., one or more nutrients for the animal, that is greater than reference plant or plant part 170. A method to convert non-organic agricultural practice to organic agricultural practice comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of microbes to plants, and / or to soil in which the plants grow or will grow, in a first application at a first time, wherein up to the first time the plants and soil were subject to non-organic farming practice; (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and other actions of the microbes for a period of time wherein after the period of time the non-organic agricultural practice has been converted to an organic agricultural practice.

171. A method for reducing concentration of a toxin in a soil, reducing uptake of the toxin by plants growing in the soil, and / or reducing a concentration of the toxin in the plants or plant parts, comprising (i) applying a composition comprising a plurality of microbes to the plants, or parts thereof, and / or to the soil, in a first application; (ii) providing conditions suitable for growth of the plants and proliferation and other actions of the microbes for a period of time wherein after the period of time concentration of the toxin in the soil, uptake of the toxin by plants growing in the soil, and / or concentration of the toxin in the plants or plant parts is reduced compared to before the first application.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 172. A system comprising (i) a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies one or more compositions comprising a plurality of different microbes to one or more other entities; (ii) a second entity, or a third entity controlled directly or indirectly, at least in part, by the second entity, that obtains, directly or indirectly, the one or more compositions comprising a microbial consortium from the first entity, and uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable, in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity; (iii) an agreement between the first and second entities that delineates an apportionment of the economic benefits between the first and second entities; and (iv) a processor that receives information regarding the agreement and information regarding the one or more economic benefits, determines the apportionment between the first and second entities, and communicates information comprising the apportionment to the first and / or second entities.

173. A method of obtaining an economic benefit from land on which plants are grown comprising (i) obtaining and using one or more compositions comprising a plurality of different microbes, wherein (a) the one or more compositions are supplied by a first entity that produces, distributes, or otherwise supplies the one or more compositions to a second entity that owns, controls, manages, or otherwise has rights to land in an area of land on which plants grow, or a third entity controlled directly or indirectly, at least in part, by the second entity, and (b) the second entity uses the one or more compositions in a manner that comprises applying the one or more compositions to the plants, plant parts, seed of the plants, and / or soil in which the plants grow, whereby one or more economic benefits, attributable in whole or in part, to the use of the one or more compositions, are achieved for the second entity; (ii) determining a quantity of the one or more economic benefits; and (iii) apportioning the quantity of the one or more economic benefits between the first and second entities or between the first entity and each of the plurality of second entities.Docket No. OATH-015.PCT 174. A method of improving one or more characteristics of a tree rooted in soil comprising (i) providing one or more nutrients to the soil in which the tree is rooted; and (ii) providing a composition comprising at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 150 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, or 200 different microbes to the soil and / or the tree in a first application.

175. A method of revitalizing a dormant tree comprising applying to the soil in which the tree is rooted and / or the tree a composition comprising at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 150 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, or 200 different microbes to the soil in wherein the microbial composition the tree is rooted in a first application and allowing the tree to grow for a duration of time.

176. A kit comprising (i) a composition comprising at least 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 150 and / or not more than 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, or 200 different microbes in a first package; and (ii) a composition comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or 200 and / or not more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200 or 500 nutrients in a second package, different from the first.

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