Database-managed gate control of a quantum computer based on nv centres and strongly and weakly coupled nuclear spins of neighbouring atomic nuclei

Abstract

The invention relates to a quantum computer which comprises NV centres in diamond as quantum bits and which comprises nuclear spins strongly bound to NV centres of atomic nuclei strongly coupled to these NV centres as nuclear quantum bits, hereinafter referred to as strong nuclear quantum bits, and which comprises nuclear spins weakly bound to NV centres of atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these NV centres as nuclear quantum bits, hereinafter referred to as weak nuclear quantum bits. The resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei that are weakly coupled to the corresponding NV centre depends only weakly on the particular spin state of the electron configuration of the respective NV centre that is weakly coupled to this nuclear spin. The quantum computer controls nuclear spins that are weakly bound to an NV centre differently than nuclear spins that are strongly bound to the NV centre. For this purpose, it preferably has a database of nuclear quantum bits, which provides information as to whether it is a strongly or weakly coupled nuclear quantum bit.

Description

[0001] Database-controlled gate control of a quantum computer based on NV centers and strongly and weakly coupled nuclear spins of neighboring atomic nuclei

[0002] On priority

[0003] This application benefits from the priority of German patent application DE 10 2023 102767.0 dated February 6, 2023.

[0004] Field of invention

[0005] The invention is directed to a quantum computer that comprises NV centers in diamond as quantum bits, and that comprises nuclear spins of atomic nuclei strongly coupled to these NV centers, which are strongly bound to the NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits (hereinafter referred to as strong nuclear quantum bits), and that comprises nuclear spins of atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these NV centers, which are weakly bound to the NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits (hereinafter referred to as weak nuclear quantum bits). The resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective NV center depends only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center weakly coupled to this nuclear spin. The quantum computer controls nuclear spins weakly bound to a NV center differently than nuclear spins strongly bound to the NV center.A weak coupling between the electron spin of the electron configuration of a NV center and the nuclear spin of an atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit means that the coupling frequency is lower than 10 MHz (B), and / or lower than 5 MHz, and / or lower than 3 MHz, and / or lower than 1.5 MHz. The coupling frequency is particularly preferably lower than 3 MHz. General Introduction.

[0006] A quantum computer based on NV centers is known from DE 10 2020 008 157 B3. A quantum computer monitoring device for such a quantum computer is known from DE 10 2022 109 592 A1. A mobile quantum computer is known from DE 10 2022 112 269 A1.

[0007] However, these documents do not reveal optimal control of weakly coupled nuclear spins by the NV centers and optimal control of strongly coupled nuclear spins by the NV centers.

[0008] Task The proposal is therefore based on the task of providing a solution for controlling the quantum bits and nuclear quantum bits of a quantum computer based on NV centers.

[0009] This problem is solved by an independent claim. Further embodiments are the subject of subclaims.

[0010] Solution of the problem of gate control of NV centers and nuclear spins coupled to them

[0011] For the purposes of the document disclosed here, the NV center refers to the electron configuration of the NV center. The nuclear spin of the nitrogen atom of the NV center is specified separately.

[0012] Core of the proposed solution

[0013] The proposal presented here concerns a quantum computer that incorporates NV centers in diamond as quantum bits. Furthermore, the quantum computer incorporates nuclear spins of atomic nuclei strongly bound to NV centers, which are strongly coupled to these NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, which this document hereinafter refers to as strong nuclear quantum bits. Furthermore, the quantum computer incorporates nuclear spins of atomic nuclei weakly bound to NV centers, which are weakly coupled to these NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, which this document hereinafter refers to as weak nuclear quantum bits. The resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective NV center depends, by definition, only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the respective NV center weakly coupled to this nuclear spin.Preferably, the quantum computer is configured to perform a SWOP of the quantum state of an NV center with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit that is weakly bound to this NV center under Hartmann-Hahn conditions using a microwave pulse to control this NV center. Furthermore, the quantum computer is preferably configured to perform a SWOP of the quantum state of an NV center with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly bound to this NV center using a radio wave pulse, utilizing the strong coupling between this NV center and the strongly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit. For this purpose, the quantum computer comprises means for generating the radio wave pulse and / or the microwave pulse, which acts on one or more NV centers as quantum bits and / or one or more nuclear spins as nuclear quantum bits.Furthermore, the proposed quantum computer comprises means for adjusting the magnetic flux density (B) to satisfy the Hartmann-Hahn condition. For formatting the quantum state of the quantum computer, the quantum computer preferably comprises a light source for irradiating the NV centers with pump radiation of the pump radiation wavelength. For its operation, the quantum computer preferably comprises a control device with at least one memory. Preferably, a quantum computer program with OP codes and / or with quantum OP codes as OP codes is stored at least temporarily in the memory (RAM, NVM) in order to be able to execute a quantum computer program. The control device (pC) is preferably configured to process the quantum computer program in the memory, for example, by retrieving the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes from the memory, and thus to be able to perform quantum computer calculations.For targeted and timely control of the NV centers as quantum bits and the nuclear spins as nuclear quantum bits, the control device is typically configured to control the light source and the means for adjusting the magnetic flux density (B) and the means for generating the radio wave pulse and / or the microwave pulse depending on the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes of the quantum computer program in the memory. Typically, the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes in the memory comprise commands and / or command sequences for manipulating a strongly bound nuclear spin using a first quantum computer-implemented method (in particular method b or method c).Furthermore, the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes in the memory typically comprise instructions and / or instruction sequences for the manipulation of a weakly bound nuclear spin using a second quantum computer-implemented method (in particular method a). The first method is typically different from the second method. Here, the document presented here anticipates the following sections "Quantum computer-implemented method for coupling weakly coupled nuclear spins to an NV center" and "Quantum computer-implemented method for coupling strongly coupled nuclear spins to an NV center", in which the document presented here explains these quantum computer-implemented methods in more detail.The memory of the control device preferably holds, for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer is configured to use them as nuclear quantum bits, in addition to the resonance frequency for coupling to an NV center as first information or a functionally equivalent first information such as the corresponding period duration, an additional second piece of information, in particular as a flag. This additional second piece of information indicates whether the nuclear spin of the respective nuclear quantum bit is strongly bound to an NV center or whether the nuclear spin of the respective nuclear quantum bit is weakly bound to the NV center. The control device of the quantum computer then uses the first method or the second method for manipulating the nuclear quantum bit depending on this additional second piece of information in the event of manipulation of the nuclear quantum bit.This accelerates the processing of the quantum computer program code in the memory of the quantum computer's control device. The proposed quantum computer enables the time-efficient and rapid use of weakly and strongly bound nuclear quantum bits.

[0014] In a first variant of the quantum computer, the memory of the control device of the quantum computer holds, for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer is configured to use them as respective nuclear quantum bits, in addition to the resonance frequency for coupling to an NV center as first information or a functionally equivalent first information such as the corresponding period, and in addition to the additional second information which indicates whether it is a nuclear spin that is strongly bound to an NV center or a nuclear spin that is weakly bound to the NV center, a third additional information, in particular an index of a nuclear quantum bit, which indicates to which NV center the respective nuclear spin of the respective nuclear quantum bit is bound. This has the advantage that when an index of a nuclear spin orof a nuclear quantum bit in the source code or in the executable code of the quantum computer program, the control device of the quantum computer, when executing a quantum computer-implemented method for manipulating this nuclear spin or this nuclear quantum bit, can identify the NV center with which this nuclear spin can be coupled and / or is coupled and can determine with which signals and / or signal sequences and with which signal parameters the associated NV center can be manipulated, in order to ultimately manipulate the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit indirectly as an electronic quantum bit via the manipulation of this NV center within the framework of the coupling.

[0015] In a second variant of the quantum computer, the content of the memory of the control device at least temporarily comprises a database, which in turn comprises data records. The database preferably comprises one or more first data records, which comprise at least as first information an index of the NV center (can be identical to the index of an electronic quantum bit) and a value of a resonance frequency for manipulating the quantum state of the NV center. These first data records therefore preferably comprise first information about the NV centers or electronic quantum bits relating to the spin of the electron configuration of the NV center or the electronic quantum bit. The database preferably also comprises second data records. These one or more second data records of the database preferably comprise at least as second information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit an index of the nuclear spin ornuclear quantum bits and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center, and an additional second piece of information indicating whether the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center. Depending on this further second piece of information relating to the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit in the data set of the database for a nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit, the control device uses the first method or the second method for manipulating the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit in the event of manipulation of nuclear spins or the nuclear quantum bit. The database structure of the data and the use of a flag have the advantage that the processing of the quantum computer program code in the memory of the control device by the control device is accelerated.

[0016] In a third variant of the quantum computer, one or more further data sets comprise, at least as second information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit, an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center and an additional second piece of information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center and an additional third piece of information, in particular the index of the NV center, as to which NV center this nuclear spin can be coupled.

[0017] In a fourth variant of the quantum computer, one or more further data sets further comprise, at least as second pieces of information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit, an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center and an additional second piece of information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center and an additional third piece of information, in particular the index of the NV center, as to which NV center this nuclear spin can be coupled and an additional fourth piece of information as to the position and / or in which group of positions this at least one atomic nucleus of the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is located in the crystal lattice relative to the position of the associated NV center in the crystal lattice.

[0018] In a fifth variant of the quantum computer, the quantum computer is preferably configured so that the quantum computer is able to read out the nuclear quantum states of n nuclear spins of n atomic nuclei of n nuclear quantum bits coupled to an NV center, 2 n CROT gates to check combinations of quantum states. Preferably, n is a positive integer greater than 2. In this variant, the quantum computer is preferably configured to detect the NV transition of the NV center when the n nuclear spins of the n atomic nuclei of the n nuclear quantum bits are in one of these 2 n combinations of quantum states of these n quantum bits.

[0019] Definition of the term gate

[0020] The document presented here defines the term "gate" as follows:

[0021] Gates, as defined in this document, are methods in the form of process step sequences that serve to manipulate readable states with the goal of building complete Turing machines from temporally sequential or parallel sequences of these gates. A Turing machine, as defined in this document, is thus a sequence of such gates executed by a quantum computer, with which the quantum computer manipulates and / or reads the state of quantum bits and / or nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer.

[0022] Such a complete Turing machine based on such a quantum computer as defined in the document presented here allows the solution of all computable tasks according to the Turing-Church conjecture. Classical computers are Turing complete. According to the Gottesman-Knill theorem, a quantum computer is Turing complete if the following unitary gates can be realized:

[0023] 1. Clifford Gatter (Paul: X,Y,Z),

[0024] 2. H phase gate S (T) and

[0025] 3. the 2 quantum bit gate CNOT.

[0026] A Clifford gate is a group of gates V (let V be an element of the set of Clifford gates) with the property U=WVW + with U and W also as elements of the set of Clifford gates. In quantum computing and quantum information theory, Clifford gates are the elements of the Clifford group, a set of mathematical transformations that normalize the n-qubit Pauli group, i.e., map tensor products of Pauli matrices to tensor products of Pauli matrices by conjugation. The term was introduced by Daniel Gottesman and is named after the mathematician William Kingdon Clifford. [1] Quantum circuits consisting only of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated with a classical computer due to the Gottesman–Knill theorem.

[0027] The Clifford gates (Paul: X,Y,Z) are redundant. For example, X=HZH + .

[0028] Thus, a Clifford gate (Paul: X, Y, Z) is unnecessary. The state of the art also refers to these three gates 1 to 3 as universal gates. A quantum computer can emulate these elementary gates using operations that induce spin rotations. However, the following must be noted: a) The X gate represents a reflection with a positive mapping determinant. A quantum computer based on NV centers cannot implement an X gate. The X gate is one of the Pauli matrices that flips the spin by 180° (hereinafter referred to as a quantum bit flip). However, a quantum computer can implement an iX gate. This means that with each gate operation a phase shift of 90° is added (complex factor i). At an NV center, the quantum computer executes the X-gate by generating a microwave signal with the resonance energy (resonance frequency) of a defined time length and amplitude (Rabi frequency = y N v B with y Nv as the gyromagnetic moment of the NV center and B the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave acting perpendicular to the direction of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center) Such a Tt pulse then has the time length l / (2y Nv B) (This corresponds to 180°). b) Rotations always have a negative determinant. The rotations therefore generate an additional general phase, which is however meaningless because they are not measurable. However, this phase must be taken into account during the calculation, since the phases can add up. The CROT gate is a unitary matrix that rotates the spin by an angle 0 u an axial surface in the four-dimensional space of the Bloch sphere (hereinafter referred to as quantum bit rotation or simply CROT). Here, too, a phase shift is added with each gate operation. At an NV center, the quantum computer executes the CROT gate by generating a microwave signal with the resonance energy (resonance frequency) of a defined temporal length and amplitude (y N v B with y NVas the gyromagnetic moment of the NV center and B the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave acting perpendicular to the direction of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center) Such a 0-pulse then has the time length l / (2y N v B) (0 / 180°). If the phase of the microwave control (in the case of nuclear spins, the radio frequency control) is shifted by 90°, the CROT control, if it previously caused a rotation around the X-axis, changes to a control that causes a rotation around the Y-axis. The microwave phase position of the microwave control thus determines the rotation axis of a CROT operation. For nuclear spins, the radio wave phase position determines the rotation axis of a CROT operation for the nuclear spin.

[0029] A rotation of 180° along the x-axis is therefore not an X gate but an iX gate! Precisely, a CROT is not a CNOT but a CiNOT. To define a CNOT, an additional Z(K / 2) (Clifford gate (Paul,Z) with a time length of K / 2) must be inserted before or after the execution of the CROT instruction and act on the conditional partner quantum bit. The conditional partner quantum bit of an NV center can be a nuclear spin in the vicinity of the NV center or another NV center in the vicinity of the NV center.

[0030] An exemplary system for explanation can, for example, comprise a first NV center, a second NV center, and a third NV center, where the first NV center and the third NV center can each couple to respective nuclear spins assigned to exactly one of these two exemplary NV centers. The first NV center, the second NV center, and the third NV center are arranged as a linear chain, where the first NV center can only couple to the third NV center via the second NV center as an ancillary link, and cannot couple directly. If the quantum state of the second NV center is brought to the state m=0 by a quantum operation, this quantum operation decouples the first NV center from the third NV center. If another quantum operation brings the quantum state of the second NV center into the state m=+l or m=-l, then quantum operations can couple the first NV center with the third NV center.

[0031] A CROT operation around the Z-axis can be realized by a -K / 2 rotation around the Y-axis, followed by an X-axis rotation, and then a +7t / 2 rotation around the Y-axis. Initially, only the Z-axis is determined by the flux density of the magnetic field. With the first CROT operation, the quantum computer arbitrarily sets the X-axis for the NV center. Although this reference is freely selectable, it must be maintained as a reference (phase stability) during a quantum calculation.

[0032] In addition to executing these gates, the quantum computer must place its quantum bits and its nuclear quantum bits in a defined initial state at the beginning of a calculation, and after executing all operations, the quantum computer must reset its relevant quantum bits and / or its relevant nuclear quantum bits. If all three conditions are met, this quantum computer can perform any calculation and is then considered Turing-complete.

[0033] The goal of any universal quantum computer is therefore to achieve universal gates, as well as the conditions for initializing and reading quantum bits and nuclear quantum bits with high quality.

[0034] Basics

[0035] The Hamiltonian for NV centers

[0036] The Hamiltonian for NV centers as quantum bits is:

[0037] H = D*m 2 + = y N v *m* B

[0038] Here are

[0039] D for the zero field splitting, y NV for the gryromagnetic ratio of the NV center, m for the quantum number,

[0040] B for an external magnetic field acting on the NV center in the NV axis.

[0041] If the external magnetic field acting on the NV center is not aligned with the NV axis, then typically m is not a good quantum number due to interband mixing.

[0042] The Hamiltonian for atomic nuclei as nuclear quantum bits The Hamiltonian for atomic nuclei as nuclear quantum bits includes a Zeeman part and possibly a quadrupole part (e.g. 14 N). The Hamiltonian for atomic nuclei as nuclear quantum bits is:

[0043] H= y *l* B + Q*| 2 + H NV-K ern,

[0044] Here y stands for the gyromagnetic ratio,

[0045] I for the magnetic quantum number,

[0046] B for the external magnetic field acting on the nuclear spin,

[0047] Q For the quadrupole part independent of B

[0048] HNv_Kem determines the coupling strength between the nucleus and the NV using hyperfine-wavelength computation. The hyperfine term can be split into a parallel and perpendicular component. Only the parallel term is important for the displacement.

[0049] For better differentiation, the document presented here designates atomic nuclei whose magnetic quantum number min in the document presented here with I.

[0050] On the magnetic quantum number m of the negatively charged NV center

[0051] The magnetic quantum number m of the negatively charged NV center can take three values: -1, 0, and +1. For m=0, the NV center generates no magnetic field! The NVo state has only a single state.

[0052] The document presented here states as a typical value of the gyromagnetic ratio y N v= 28.130 MHz / mT. The document presented here specifies a typical value of zero-field splitting of D=2.87 GHz.

[0053] Magnetic quantum number I of the nuclei:

[0054] The NV centers are embedded in a diamond crystal which essentially consists of carbon atoms in the form of essentially 12C isotopes without spin and without magnetic moment. A few atoms in the diamond lattice of the diamond crystal are preferably 13 C isotopes. 13 C isotopes have spin -1 / 2 or +1 / 2. 13 C isotopes typically have no quadrupole moment. For m=0, therefore, 13For C atom nuclei that are strongly coupled to the NV center and a small external magnetic field, the Zeeman component due to the external magnetic field is negligible compared to the hyperfine interaction. For the purposes of the document presented here, a small external magnetic field is a magnetic field with a magnetic flux density at the location of the respective nuclear quantum bit, that is, at the location of the respective nuclear spin, smaller than 100mT. Since the atomic nucleus of a quantum bit possesses only a dipole component, the atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit typically exhibits no interaction with its associated NV center if the NV center is in a state in which it has the quantum number m=0.

[0055] The document presented here gives as a typical value for the gyromagnetic ratio of an atomic nucleus of a 13 C isotope, which the quantum computer uses as a nuclear quantum bit, yi3c=10.7 kHz / mT.

[0056] The document presented here specifies as a typical value for the quadrupole fraction Q independent of B of a 13 C isotope, which the quantum computer uses as a nuclear quantum bit, Q=0.

[0057] The transition of states, for example, m=0 to m=1, is described by the Rabi frequency Q. Here,

[0058] Q=v * Bo.

[0059] Here, Bo is the magnetic component of the electromagnetic RF wave (RF) radiated into the respective quantum bit of the quantum computer with the resonant frequency resulting from the splitting of the states. This field is a vector field. The quantum computer must adapt the direction of the field when generating the RF wave to the orientation of the conductor track. The quantum computer uses the respective nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei ( 13C isotopes) typically use RF (radio frequency). Quantum computers preferentially use MW (microwaves) to control the respective NV centers.

[0060] The strength of the hyperfine interaction depends on the lattice position of the nuclear spins relative to the nitrogen atom (N) and the vacancy (V) within the diamond lattice. The document presented here specifies the following exemplary values ​​for the radio frequency of the electromagnetic radiation for strongly coupled nuclei coupling the NV center with the nuclear spin of the associated coupled nucleus, which the quantum computer uses as a nuclear quantum bit, depending on the lattice position (see Figure 2): 126 MHz (J position directly next to the nitrogen), 13.8 MHz (A position), 13.2 MHz (B position), 6.5 MHz (D position), 4.2 MHz (E position, F position), 2.6 MHz (G position, H position), 0.8 MHz (weakly coupled).

[0061] The document presented here explicitly points out that the quantum computer in later operation will be able to perform the Zeeman splitting depending on the orientation of the 13 C isotopes relative to the NV center must be added or subtracted. The document presented here therefore proposes determining the values ​​for the Zeeman splitting during an initialization phase of the quantum computer and storing these values ​​and / or the sums or difference values ​​in a memory of the control device (pC) of the quantum computer (QC) and keeping them available for the operation of the quantum computer (QC). In the course of developing the technical teaching presented here, it was determined that the Zeeman splitting is typically approximately 0.5 MHz for a magnetic field with a magnetic flux density of 50 mT at the location of the pair of the NV center and nuclear spin.

[0062] In addition to the already mentioned 13C-carbon isotopes, whose nuclear spins the quantum computer can use as nuclear quantum bits by means of the NV center-based quantum bits, the quantum computer can also use the nuclear spins of the nitrogen atoms of the NV centers as nuclear quantum bits.

[0063] The 14 In addition to the dipole component, N-nitrogen isotope also has a quadrupole component and interacts with the electron spin of the electron configuration of the associated NV center even in the m=0 state of this NV center.

[0064] The document presented here gives as a typical value for the gyromagnetic ratio of an atomic nucleus of a 14 N-nitrogen isotope, which the quantum computer uses as a nuclear quantum bit, yi4N=3.07 kHz / mT.

[0065] The document presented here specifies as a typical value for the quadrupole fraction Q independent of B of a 14N-nitrogen isotope, which the quantum computer uses as a nuclear quantum bit, Q = 4945 kHz

[0066] Figure 3 shows the shift of the energy splitting by hyperfine WW hf Zeeman, nZ and quadrupole Q.

[0067] Q= quadrupole fraction hf= hyperfine interaction nZ=nuclear Zeeman splitting

[0068] The document presented here explicitly points out that for the state of the NV center with quantum number m=0, typically no hyperfine interaction occurs.

[0069] coupling

[0070] The document presented here distinguishes between nuclei that are strongly coupled to the associated NV center via their nuclear spin and nuclei that are weakly coupled to the NV center via their nuclear spin.

[0071] Nuclei strongly coupled to the associated NV center are defined by a greater coupling strength (in MHz*h) compared to the line width of the resonance line of the NV center during the transition from m=0 to m=1 (in MHz*h). h is Planck's constant.

[0072] The classification of the coupling strength therefore always refers to the minimum linewidth of the resonance line of the respective NV center. While the coupling strength between the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus and the electron spin of the NV center depends on the position of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus relative to the NV center and the distance of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus from the NV center in the crystal lattice of the diamond crystal and is not variable, the linewidth of the resonance line between two defined states can be increased depending on the amplitude, duration of exposure, shape, etc. The minimum achievable linewidth (lifetime of the state) is influenced by the crystal properties, the temperature of the crystal, the magnetic spins surrounding the NV center and the associated nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits, as well as by generally alternating external and internal magnetic fields.

[0073] Essentially, the hyperfine interaction of the NV center influences the coupling strength (hyperfine linewidth) of strongly coupled nuclear spins of atomic nuclei in a small or moderate magnetic field (<300-500 mT depending on the coupling strength). The gates executed by the quantum computer are therefore directly dependent on the spin state of the NV centers coupled to the nuclear spins. This region is also called the freezing zone. Nuclear spin-nuclear spin quantum bit flips, which can lead to decoherence, are almost completely suppressed by the NV centers with m=+1, m=-1 (energy shift between the spins). The nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei used as nuclear quantum bits are frozen to a state of their associated NV center with m=0. For such a state of the NV center with m=0, a sufficiently strong external magnetic field can prevent these nuclear spin quantum bit flips.

[0074] The direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei is small. The direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei is small compared to the coupling between the NV center associated with the respective atomic nucleus and the spin of that atomic nucleus. The direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei therefore occurs on long timescales, in the ps to ms range. During the development of the technical theory of the document presented here, it was recognized that the influence of the direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei can generally be neglected.

[0075] For nuclear spins of such weakly coupled nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits that are weakly coupled to the respective NV center, the splitting due to the hyperfine interaction is negligible compared to the effect of the external magnetic field. The resonance energy for these weakly coupled nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits is thus only weakly dependent on the spin state of the NV center. The resonance energy for these weakly coupled nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits is thus weakly dependent on the spin state of the NV center if and only if the splitting due to the hyperfine interaction is negligible compared to the effect of the external magnetic field on the resonance energy for these weakly coupled nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits. In this respect, the weakly coupled nuclei behave exactly the opposite of the strongly coupled nuclei.

[0076] The document proposed here thus proposes a quantum computer that includes NV centers in diamond as quantum bits and

[0077] • nuclear spins strongly bound to NV centers of atomic nuclei strongly coupled to these NV centers as nuclear quantum bits, which the present document hereinafter refers to as strong nuclear quantum bits, and

[0078] • Nuclear spins weakly bound to NV centers of atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these NV centers, which are considered nuclear quantum bits, are included in this paper, which the present paper hereinafter refers to as weak nuclear quantum bits. The resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective NV center is thus only weakly dependent on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center weakly coupled to this nuclear spin.

[0079] Nuclear spins of coupled atomic nuclei of nuclear quantum bits are referred to as weakly coupled to the respective NV center if their hyperfine interaction is smaller than the linewidth of the resonance line of the electron spin of the NV center. In this case, reading the nuclear spin through a CNOT gate to an NV center is no longer possible. The spin state of the NV center is switched independently of the state of the nuclear spins. The term "weakly coupled" thus depends on the environmental parameters and can be specifically altered by a change in temperature, an external magnetic field, or irradiated microwave power. Typically, the linewidth of the resonance line is 500 kHz. Nuclei are referred to as weakly coupled if their hyperfine and / or dipole interaction with the NV center causes a shift of the resonance line of less than 500 kHz.

[0080] The resonance energy for these weakly coupled nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits also depends only weakly on the spin state of the NV center. The spin splitting of the resonance lines of the weakly bound nuclei is primarily determined by the nuclear Zeeman effect of the external magnetic field. An external magnetic field of just 23 mT causes a splitting of 500 kHz for 13C nuclei due to the nuclear Zeeman effect. To be able to control the nuclei individually, their resonance lines must also differ from the other nuclei by at least one linewidth. In fact, the linewidths of the nuclear states are only a few tens of kHz, so individual control is possible even with very weak hyperfine interactions.

[0081] initialization

[0082] The NV centers are initialized using a laser pulse as pump radiation with a defined duration and intensity. This duration depends on the coupling of the laser light and thus on the depth of the NV centers in the substrate, measured from the surface of the diamond crystal. Furthermore, the focusing conditions influence the intensity of the laser pump radiation at the location of the respective NV center. Since the NV center forms a dipole, the polarization angle is another determining factor. The NV center (formed from a nitrogen atom N and a vacancy V) defines an NV center axis. In developing the technical teaching of this document, linearly polarized light was used as pump radiation for the NV centers. Both the linear polarization of the incident light should preferably be perpendicular to the NV center axis.Addressing with circularly polarized light is also possible if the pointing vector of the light is parallel to the axis of the NV center. In this case, two rotations can be performed simultaneously. Any fluorescence radiation emitted by the NV center typically exhibits linear polarization with a polarization direction perpendicular to the NV center axis. Preferably, the microwave radiation for manipulating the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center is linearly polarized, with the polarization direction preferably perpendicular to the NV center axis. As before, manipulation can also be carried out here with circularly polarized electromagnetic waves (microwaves) whose pointing vector is parallel to the NV center axis. In this case, excitation from m=-1 to m=0 can be distinguished from excitation from m=0 to m=+1.This can be achieved via a cross-bar structure over the relevant NV center with appropriately phase-shifted modulated currents.

[0083] Manipulation of a pair consisting of an NV center and a nuclear spin can be achieved with circularly polarized electromagnetic waves (radio waves) whose pointing vector is parallel to the NV center axis, provided the nuclear spin is positioned and oriented appropriately relative to the NV center. In this case, the excitation from m=-l to m=0 can be distinguished from the excitation from m=0 to m=+l. This can be achieved using a crossbar structure above the respective NV center with appropriately phase-shifted modulated currents. Nuclei with spin 1=1 / 2 or l=-l / 2 can be manipulated with linearly polarized electromagnetic waves. With circularly polarized electromagnetic waves, nuclei with spin 1=1 / 2 or l=-l / 2 only respond to the corresponding linearly polarized component.

[0084] Improved coupling and decoupling of light can be achieved, for example, using p-lenses or pillars. Preferably, the quantum computer has optical functional elements between the surface of the diamond crystal and the light source for generating the pump radiation, i.e., for example, between the surface of the diamond crystal and the laser for generating the laser pulse, such as lenses, mirrors, apertures, photonic crystals, optical functional elements of diffractive and / or digital optics, Bragg filters, filters, optical waveguides, wave couplers, circulators, directional couplers, matching layers, etc., which improve coupling and / or decoupling. The resonance line width of the state of the respective NV center is influenced by the incident power. To achieve an optimal line width, experience has shown that the power should not exceed 10 pWatt.A laser pulse duration of 3-10 ps has been shown to be optimal for the initialization of the NV centers in the exemplary setup used by the technical teachers in experimental tests.

[0085] The quantum computer can initialize the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei used as nuclear quantum bits in very different ways. According to the technical teaching of the document presented here, the following exemplary methods currently appear to be the most promising: a) SWOP of the quantum state of the NV center with the quantum state of the nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit under Hartmann-Hahn conditions (explanation follows), b) CROT on the quantum state of the NV center of the quantum bit, CROT on the quantum state of the nuclear nucleus of the atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit and laser pulses for re-initialization of the quantum state of the electron configuration of the NV center (one-sided SWOP) c) quantum bit flips in ESLAC (excited-state level anti-crossing) and GSLAC (ground-state level anticrossing) (hyperpolarization) (explanation follows).

[0086] Initialization of weakly coupled nuclear spins used as nuclear quantum bits

[0087] In the first method (a), when the quantum state of the NV center undergoes a SWOP with the quantum state of the nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit under Hartmann-Hahn conditions, the quantum computer transfers the information of the quantum state of the NV center to the quantum state of the nuclear spin of the respective atomic nucleus under a Hartmann-Hahn (HH) condition. The quantum computer sets the NV center as a (K / 2)-PUIS using a Clifford gate (Paul: Y) and a subsequent Clifford gate (Paul: X). This causes the spin orientation of the electron of the NV center to rotate at a Rabi frequency (spinlock). The Rabi frequency is adjusted by adjusting the magnetic field so that the Rabi frequency is in resonance with the Larmor frequency of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus, so that a defined spin-spin swap (spin exchange) can take place.The spin-spin swap transition is again characterized by a time constant, which serves as the coupling constant. This makes a partial spin-spin swap controllable (e.g., 50% spin exchange).

[0088] This method is particularly effective for the coupling between NV centers and weakly coupled nuclear spins.

[0089] Quantum computer-implemented method for coupling weakly coupled nuclear spins to an NV center

[0090] Method a

[0091] The document presented here proposes a quantum computer that comprises NV centers as quantum bits and comprises strongly coupled nuclear spins strongly coupled to NV centers of quantum bits as strongly coupled nuclear quantum bits and comprises weakly coupled nuclear spins weakly coupled to NV centers of quantum bits as weakly coupled nuclear quantum bits, wherein the quantum computer is configured to couple an NV center of a quantum bit with a weakly coupled nuclear spin as a weakly coupled nuclear quantum bit by using a Clifford gate (Paul: Y) as a (K / 2)-PUIS and by adjusting the magnetic field and / or by adjusting the amplitude of the microwave radiation of the Y-Clifford gate to modulate the Rabi frequency of the electron spin with the Larmor frequency of the nuclear spin, essentially meaning that this allows for spin-spin exchange.The document presented here proposes to determine the necessary precision in each quantum computer's design as part of a rework.

[0092] The quantum computer then reinitializes the NV center using a laser pulse from the pump radiation of the light source (laser). This process is suitable for nuclear spins of weakly coupled atomic nuclei that are weakly coupled to the NV center.

[0093] Quantum computer-implemented method for coupling strongly coupled nuclear spins to an NV center

[0094] Method b

[0095] The second method (b) is used to initialize nuclear spins of atomic nuclei of nuclear quantum bits that are strongly coupled to the NV center: The quantum computer performs a CNOT on the NV center depending on the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit. If the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit is in the wrong quantum state, the transition occurs. If the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit is not in the wrong quantum state, the transition does not occur.If the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit is in the wrong quantum state, the CNOT can occur on the nuclear spin of the strongly coupled nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit, and the quantum computer rotates the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit by manipulating it through the NV center of the quantum bit. The quantum computer then initializes the NV center with a laser pulse.

[0096] Method c

[0097] In the third method c), the quantum computer performs spin flips in "exciting state anti-level crossing" (ESLAC). The quantum computer sets a magnetic flux density at which, in the excited state of the NV center, the quantum states with m=0 and with m=-l are energetically degenerate. However, the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits cancel this degeneracy, and spin-spin flips can then occur between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the quantum computer's nuclear quantum bits and the spin of the respective electron configuration of the respective NV center. These spin flips lead to a polarization of the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits, which couple with this NV center. Depending on the magnetic field, this polarization can be positive (spin-up) or negative (spin-down). Unfortunately, this type of initialization currently only works with strongly coupled cores.

[0098] To achieve polarization, the quantum computer must optimally align the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field with the axis of the respective NV center (z-axis). Various methods are available for this. The simplest is for the quantum computer to maximize the light intensity of the NV center by changing the orientation of the magnetic field flux density, while keeping the magnitude of the flux density constant. Preferably, the quantum computer determines the orientation of the magnetic flux density using the resonance line of the NV transition, for example, from the quantum state m=0 to m=1 of the electron configuration of the NV center. The quantum computer can achieve this using Ramsey sequences.

[0099] The quantum computer reads the quantum states of an NV center and the nuclear spins associated with that NV center using the NV center. The quantum computer distinguishes whether the NV center is in an m=0 or m=+-1 quantum state.

[0100] If the NV center is in the m=-l or m=+l quantum state, the quantum computer can excite the NV center using a laser pulse from the light source as a pump radiation source with a pump radiation wavelength of Xpmp. However, the excited state of the NV center can decay in two ways: In 70% of cases and with a lifetime of approximately 10 ns, the de-excitation of the excited state of the NV center in the m-1 ground state occurs by emitting a photon. In this case, the laser as a light source as a pump radiation source with

[0101] Pump radiation wavelength A pmpThe quantum state of the NV center immediately reverts to its original state. With a probability of 30%, the NV center then undergoes a forbidden interband transition from the triplet S=1 to the singlet S=0 state. This quantum state is metastable and, with a lifetime of approximately 100-300 ns, is stable an order of magnitude longer than direct decay to the ground state. After this time, the quantum state of the NV center decays back to the triplet state (m=0). This transition of the quantum state of the NV center occurs radiationlessly.

[0102] For the m=0 state, this transition to the singlet is suppressed, the NV center falls back to the ground state at m=0 by emitting a photon with a wavelength of 636-700 nm and is continuously re-excited by the laser.

[0103] Since the metastable state is stable for approximately one order of magnitude longer than the radiative transition, a distinction can be made between m=0 and m=-l,+l due to the different number of photons per laser pulse. The contrast observable by the quantum computer results from the ratio of the two different lifetimes and corresponds to a factor of 10-30 for the first 300-500 ns. Under ideal conditions, the quantum computer can determine approximately 0.8 photons per laser pulse for the quantum state m=0 of the NV center. The number of photons for m=-l or m=+l under these conditions is < 0.1 photons per laser pulse. The quantum computer therefore preferably repeats each measurement of a quantum state of an NV center approximately 1000-5000 times in order to achieve the necessary number of results for a reliable statistical evaluation and for a reliable determination of a quantum state.The quantum computer determines the optimal laser power when emitting the laser pulses through the light source (pump radiation source) in an initialization phase, preferably by determining a saturation curve and extracting this optimal laser power.

[0104] There are several ways to increase the contrast. The first method is based on the possibility of changing the nuclear spin of the 14 N-nitrogen atom nucleus of the NV center (which is then no longer available as a qubit). In the ESLAC, a flip takes place between the nuclear spin of the 14 N-nitrogen atom nucleus of the NV center and the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center. This flip leads to a transformation of the quantum state of the electron configuration of the NV center from the quantum state with m=-1 to the quantum state with m=0 or from the quantum state with m=0 to the quantum state with m=+1. If the nuclear spin of the 14N-nitrogen atom of the NV center in the l=-l state, 2 flips are needed to change the nuclear spin of the 14 N-nitrogen atom of the NV center into the stable l=+l. If the 14 If N is used as ancilla qubit, this integration increases the dark phase of the NV center by a factor of 3 and thus also increases the contrast between the quantum states of the electron configuration of the NV center with m=0 compared to m=-l by a factor of three per laser pulse.

[0105] In the second step, the quantum computer reads out the quantum states of the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits via a pre-connected primitive CROT gate for the NV center depending on the respective nuclear states.

[0106] The quantum computer preferably performs a quantum computation multiple times for error correction. To increase fidelity, the quantum computer should perform the CROT alternately in a stochastically determined order, or at least in a newly determined order for each new quantum computation. The quantum computer preferably checks all quantum states of strongly coupled spins of atomic nuclei and strongly coupled nuclear quantum bits using a corresponding CROT operation of the NV center. The quantum computer preferably controls multiple frequencies simultaneously. The corresponding signals can be calculated by Fourier transforming several signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, subsequent summation in the frequency domain to produce a sum signal, and back-transformation to the time domain, and then generated accordingly at the location of the NV center.The quantum computer therefore requires 2 nuclear quantum bits to read out the nuclear quantum states of 3 nuclear spins of 3 atomic nuclei. 3 =8 CROT gates to check combinations of quantum states. If the nuclei are in one of these 2 3 Combinations of quantum states of these three quantum bits, the NV transition of the NV center occurs and can be detected as such.

[0107] Gates for NV-core systems with strongly coupled cores

[0108] In systems with strongly coupled nuclear spins of atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer to the electron configuration of an NV center, the gate operations of the coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits always depend on the quantum state of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center, and vice versa. In contrast, the operations of the strongly coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits are not necessarily dependent on the state of other strongly coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits.

[0109] The resulting primitive gates are therefore always conditional rotations: a) CROTK of the nuclei depending on the NV. b) CROTNV of the NV center depending on all quantum states of all strongly coupled nuclear spins of the nuclei of strongly coupled nuclear quantum bits.

[0110] If the axis of the NV center (NV axis) defines the z-axis, rotations can occur along the x-axis and y-axis. A rotation along the y axis is characterized by a phase shift of 90° compared to x-axis rotations. The phase position is defined by the first gates, as described above.

[0111] (The position of the coordinate system is symmetrical around the z-axis and therefore arbitrary.)

[0112] A rotation about the z-axis is achieved by a combination of 3 rotations CROT z (6) = CROT Y(-TC / 2) CROT X(6) CROT _Y(TT / 2) as already described above.

[0113] With the two primitive gates, the quantum computer can now generate all universal gates:

[0114] This will be illustrated by the following examples:

[0115] Assumption: Magnetic field B in z-direction with B=51 mT (ESLAC). Two 13C nuclei are located on the 3rd lattice site (13.8 MHz) and 5th lattice site (4.2 MHz) relative to the NV center. In addition, the electron configuration of the NV center can be 14 N- nitrogen nucleus nucleus of the NV center couple.

[0116] The quantum computer uses the spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center for m=0 and m=-1. The quantum computer uses the nuclear quantum states of the 14 N- nitrogen atom of the NV center with nuclear quantum states 1=0 and l=+l as a nuclear quantum bit. The quantum computer uses the nuclear quantum states of the 13C isotopes in the vicinity of the NV center with nuclear quantum states l = -l / 2 and +1 / 2 as additional nuclear quantum bits. The quantum computer initializes the spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center and the nuclear quantum states of the nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits using the laser pulse of the pump radiation source LD with pump radiation wavelength A pmp out of.

[0117] The following gate operations are thus obtained by rotating the Bloch sphere through an angle 0. 0 is defined by the amplitude and length of the RF or MW field (and thus the Rabi frequency). The conductor and polarization directions as well as the magnetic field are optimally configured. In the ESLAC, the 14 N-nitrogen atom as a nuclear quantum bit on l=+l and the 13 C-carbon isotopes as nuclear quantum bits polarized to l=+l / 2.

[0118] Typical periods of the Rabi oscillation for 200mV input and 40dB gain are as follows:

[0119] NV300ns

[0120] 13 C_i with 13.8 MHz 13ps

[0121] 13 C_2 with 4.2 MHz 70ps

[0122] 14 N at 2.94MHz 40ps

[0123] From these values ​​and the above-mentioned basics, the following primitive gates result:

[0124] For the nuclear quantum bits for the assigned NV center in the m=-l quantum state, the following RF pulse frequencies result:

[0125] 13 C_i CROT with 13.3 MHz (?t=7ps)

[0126] 13 C_2 CROT with 4.7 MHz (7t=35ps)

[0127] 14 N CROT with 2.94 MHz (7t=20ps) For the nuclear quantum bits for the assigned NV center in the m=0 quantum state, the following RF pulse frequencies result:

[0128] 14 N: CROT at 5.1 MHz (7t=20ps).

[0129] 13 C: State cannot be changed.

[0130] For the NV center, 8 resonance energies must be considered, corresponding to the combination of the spin states of the coupled nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits. The resulting frequencies for the MW pulse are necessary to drive the quantum state of the electron configuration of the NV center from m=0 to m=-1. The Rabi frequency is independent of the nuclear states, and the pulse lengths are identical for all nuclear spin states of the coupled nuclear quantum bits. The states given here correspond to nuclear states for 13 C_i, 13 C_2, 14 N.

[0131] The following table provides exemplary CROT frequencies (MHz) for various nuclear spin states as determined in the development of the technical teachings of this disclosure:

[0132] | 000> 1400.0 MHz

[0133] | 001> 1397.06 MHz

[0134] | 010> 1404.7 MHz

[0135] | 011> 1401.76 MHz

[0136] | 100> 1413.2 MHz

[0137] | 101> 1410.26 MHz

[0138] | 110>. 1417.9 MHz

[0139] | 111>. 1414.96 MHz

[0140] Since the resonance linewidth of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center is approximately 0.5 MHz, smaller than the frequency separation of the resonances, all transitions can be performed without crossover. However, using very large amplitudes, i.e., short pulses, leads to a strong broadening of the resonance line (by up to 6 MHz).

[0141] With this pulse, the transitions | 000> | 001> 1010> and 1011> can be changed simultaneously at a frequency of 1402 MHz. Likewise, the resonance lines for 1100>, 1101>, 1110>, and 1111> can be driven with a pulse of this width at a frequency of 1414 MHz. Crosstalk can be reduced through optimal pulse control. The universal gates can now be represented as a combination of the primitive gates:

[0142] For the quantum bit of the NV center (single gate), iX (0) (or iX) is formed by the sum of all CROT() pulses or by two strong -pulses of, for example, 1402 and 1414 MHz. The length defines the angle of rotation at the same amplitude. iY (0) (or iY) is like X, only the pulses are offset by a 90° phase. iZ (0) is given by Y(-K / 2) X(0) Y(K / 2)

[0143] H (Hadamard) is given by Y(K / 2) Z(K)

[0144] S (phase shift by K / 4) is given by Z(K / 4)

[0145] 2 Qubit Gate

[0146] CiNOT(NV, core) The partial sum of the respective rotations of the non-dependent qubit (4x CROT around the same axis with the appropriate frequency)

[0147] CCiNOT(NV, core) The respective partial sum of the non-dependent qubits (2xCROT)

[0148] CCCiNOT(NV, core): a CROT for 1000>

[0149] CNOT(NV, core): Z(TT / 2) CiNOT(NV, core)

[0150] For the nuclear quantum bits the following gates result

[0151] Single Gate iX : CROT for m=-l of the NV center

[0152] If m is not known: iX: CROT,X_NV, CROT, X_NV for m=-l of the NV center iY: X with a 90° phase shift of the radio wave for m=-l of the NV center iZ (0) given by Y(-K / 2) X(0) Y(K / 2) for m=-l of the NV center

[0153] H (Hadamard) is given by Y(K / 2) Z(K) for m=-l of the NV center

[0154] S (phase rotation by K / 4) is given by Z(K / 4) for m=-l of the NV center 2 qubit

[0155] CiNOT(core, NV) is a primitive gate CROT (180°) for m=-l of the NV center.

[0156] For m=0 the gate is not executed.

[0157] CiNOT(nucleus_1, nucleus_2) always occurs via the NV center. It is a Hadamard on the nuclear spin of nucleus_1, CROT on the NV center 2Pi, Hadamard on nucleus_1

[0158] CiNOT (core_l, core_2). CiNOT(core_l, NV), CiNOT(NV, core_2), CiNOT(core_l, NV) for m=-l

[0159] Or if the status of the NV is unknown:

[0160] CiNOT(Core_l,Core_2). CiNOT(Kern_l,NV), CiNOT(NV_Kern_2) CiNOT(Kern_l, NV), iX_NV,

[0161] CiNOT(Kern_l,NV), CiNOT(NV,Kern_2) CiNOT(Kern_l,NV), iX_NV

[0162] SWAP(NV,Kern) CiNOT(Kern,NV) CiNOT_Y(NV,Kern)Z((7t / 2) CiNOT(Kern,NV)

[0163] This defines all universal gates.

[0164] This document uses the technical teaching described in DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 for a quantum computer. Figure 1 of DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 shows a simplified schematic of such a quantum computer. The document presented here describes a quantum computer with optical readout. Alternatively or additionally, the document presented here describes a quantum computer with electrical readout. The quantum computer presented here is based on quantum dots. The quantum dots preferably comprise paramagnetic centers in a substrate. The substrate preferably comprises diamond. The paramagnetic centers preferably comprise NV centers and / or SiV centers and / or TRI centers. The quantum computer presented here preferably has an optical device. According to the technical teaching of the document presented here, the optical device is used, firstly, preferably for irradiating quantum dots and thus the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation.Secondly, the optical device preferably serves to extract fluorescent radiation from the quantum dots. Thus, the optical device preferably serves to extract fluorescent radiation from paramagnetic centers. Thus, the optical device preferably serves to extract fluorescent radiation from NV centers. An optical functional element of the device is thus preferably a paramagnetic center in a crystal, in particular an NV center in a diamond crystal and / or a SiV center in a diamond crystal and / or a G center in a silicon crystal, or a paramagnetic center in a solid solution of elements from main group IV of the periodic table.In this context, the document presented here refers to the German patent DE 10 2020 101 784 B3, the technical teaching of which forms an integral part of this disclosure, to the extent permitted by the law of the state in which a nationalization of an international application containing the content of the document presented here takes place.

[0165] The document presented here describes a quantum computer (QC) that preferably comprises NV centers in diamond as quantum bits. The NV centers in diamond also represent other paramagnetic centers with equivalent properties. Other materials are also conceivable.

[0166] The quantum computer QC uses nuclear spins of atomic nuclei strongly bound to the quantum bits, here in the form of NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, which the document presented here also refers to as strong nuclear quantum bits.

[0167] The quantum computer QC uses nuclear spins of atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these quantum bits, here in the form of NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, which the document presented here also refers to as weak nuclear quantum bits.

[0168] The resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective quantum bit – here, the respective NV center – depends only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the quantum bit weakly coupled to this nuclear spin – here, the NV center. The quantum computer QC is preferably configured to perform a SWOP of the quantum state of a quantum bit – here, the NV center – with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit weakly bound to this quantum bit – here, this NV center – under Hartmann-Hahn conditions using a microwave pulse to control this quantum bit – here, this NV center.The quantum computer QC is preferably configured to perform a SWOP of the quantum state of a quantum bit—here, an NV center—with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly bound to this quantum bit—here, this NV center—by means of a radio wave pulse, utilizing the strong coupling between this quantum bit—here, this NV center—and the strongly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit. The quantum computer QC preferably comprises means MW / RF-AWFG, MWA for generating the radio wave pulse and / or the microwave pulse. The quantum computer QC preferably comprises means MGx, MGy, MGz, MSx, MSy, MSz, MFSx, MFSy, MFSz for adjusting the magnetic flux density B to fulfill the Hartmann-Hahn condition. The quantum computer QC preferably comprises a light source LD for irradiating the quantum bits - here the NV centers - with pump radiation LB of the pump radiation wavelength Ä. pmpThe quantum computer QC typically comprises a control device pC, which comprises at least one memory RAM, NVM. A quantum computer program with OP codes and with at least one symbol for a quantum OP code as an OP code is preferably stored in the memory RAM, NVM. This also means that typically at least one of the memories RAM, NVM is configured to store a quantum computer program with OP codes and with at least one symbol for a quantum OP code as an OP code. The control device pC is preferably configured to execute the quantum computer program.The control device pC is typically configured to control the light source LD and the means MGx, MGy, MGz, MSx, MSy, MSz, MFSx, MFSy, MFSz for adjusting the magnetic flux density B, and the means MW / RF-AWFG, MWA for generating the radio wave pulse and / or the microwave pulse depending on the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes of the quantum computer program. The quantum OP codes in the memory RAM, NVM typically include CROT instructions for manipulating a strongly bound nuclear spin. For the purposes of this document, the quantum OP codes in the memory RAM, NVM include CROT instructions for manipulating a strongly bound nuclear spin if these quantum OP codes comprise at least one CROT operation of at least one quantum bit and / or at least one nuclear quantum bit upon execution.A quantum opcode, as defined in the document presented here, is an opcode that, when executed by the quantum computer QC and / or the control device pC, results in the manipulation and / or reading of at least one quantum bit and / or nuclear quantum bit. Typically, the quantum opcodes in the RAM, NVM, and CROT memory comprise instructions for manipulating a weakly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit weakly bound to a quantum bit.A memory RAM, NVM of the control device pC is preferably configured to hold information, in particular as a flag, for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer QC is configured to use them as nuclear quantum bits, which information indicates whether it is a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly bound to a quantum bit - here an NV center - here in the form of a nuclear spin - or a nuclear quantum bit that is weakly bound to a quantum bit - here an NV center - here in the form of a nuclear spin. The memory RAM, NVM of the control device pC preferably holds information for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer QC is configured to use them as nuclear quantum bits, which information indicates to which quantum bit - here NV center - the respective nuclear spin is bound as a nuclear quantum bit.The control device pC executes a CROT opcode and / or a CROT operation of a nuclear quantum bit - here a nuclear spin - preferably depending on this information located in the memory RAM, NVM.

[0169] Preferably, the memory RAM, NVM comprises, for at least one nuclear quantum bit, preferably in the form of a nuclear spin of an atomic nucleus that the quantum computer QC uses as a nuclear quantum bit, information about which quantum bit—here, the NV center—this nuclear quantum bit—can be coupled to. The memory RAM, NVM preferably comprises, for at least this one nuclear spin of an atomic nucleus that the quantum computer QC uses as a nuclear quantum bit, information about the position and / or group of positions in the crystal lattice of this at least one atomic nucleus relative to the position of the associated paramagnetic center—here, the associated NV center—used as a quantum bit.

[0170] Preferably, the quantum computer QC is configured to read out the nuclear quantum states of n nuclear spins of n atomic nuclei from n nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer QC, which are coupled to a quantum bit - here an NV center - 2 n CROT gates to check combinations of quantum states. Preferably, n is a positive integer greater than 2. The quantum computer QC is preferably configured to detect the transition of the quantum state of the quantum bit – here the NV transition of the NV center – when the n nuclear spins of the n atomic nuclei of the n nuclear quantum bits are in one of these 2 n combinations of quantum states of these n quantum bits (quantum bits and nuclear quantum bits as a community).

[0171] Advantage

[0172] The quantum computer presented here can realize a higher number of quantum bits with improved fidelity by differently controlling the nuclear spins of atomic nuclei that are weakly and strongly coupled to the NV centers of nuclear quantum bits. However, the advantages are not limited to this.

[0173] List of characters

[0174] Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of the exemplary deployable quantum computer QC described above.

[0175] Figure 2 shows the different positions of the coupling nuclear spins.

[0176] Figure 3 shows the shift of the energy splitting by hyperfine WW hf Zeeman, nZ and quadrupole Q.

[0177] Figure 4 shows a proposed pulse sequence for characterizing a quantum bit in the form of an NV center.

[0178] Figure 5 shows the pulse sequence for a Ramsey or Hahn echo.

[0179] Figure 6 shows an example of controlling a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit. Figure 7 shows an example of controlling a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is weakly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit.

[0180] Figure 8 shows an example of a Bernstein-Vazirani code in the

[0181] Quantenco puterprogram description language Quiskit.

[0182] Figure 9 shows the source code of the example in Figure 8 (BV code) in the form of exemplary assembler op-codes that the quantum computer QC executes.

[0183] Figure 10 shows the example of adding 2m times 3 bit values.

[0184] Description of the characters

[0185] The figures illustrate the proposal schematically and in a simplified manner. The disclosure of the document presented here is not limited to the figures and also includes other combinations.

[0186] Figure 1

[0187] Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of the exemplary deployable quantum computer QC described in DE 20 2023 101 056 U1. The document presented here refrains from repeating the description of DE 20 2023 101 056 U1 at this point and refers for clarification to DE 20 2023 101 056 U1 and the documents linked to DE 20 2023 101 056 U1 by claiming priority.

[0188] Figure 2

[0189] Figure 2 shows the different positions of the coupling nuclear spins.

[0190] The following coupling strengths of the coupling nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits were found during the development of the technical theory presented here.

[0191] Figure 3

[0192] Figure 3 shows the shift of the energy splitting by hyperfine WW hf Zeeman, nZ and

[0193] Quadrupole Q. Where:

[0194] Q= quadrupole fraction hf= hyperfine interaction nZ=nuclear Zeeman splitting

[0195] Figure 4

[0196] Figure 4 shows a proposed pulse sequence for characterizing a quantum bit in the form of an NV center.

[0197] The pulse sequence begins with a laser pulse from the light source LD. The duration and amplitude of the laser pulse depend on the optical conditions within the quantum computer QC. This document recommends determining these values ​​through a series of experiments on the specific quantum computer device. In the example presented here, the laser pulse is followed by a CROT 0 signal transmitted via the microwave as a microwave burst with the microwave frequency and duration T. MW to address the respective NV center. The CROT-O signal rotates the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center by the angle 0. This CROT 0 signal is followed by a laser pulse with the pump radiation at the pump radiation wavelength. The photodetector PD records the intensity of the fluorescence radiation from the NV center. The quantum computer QC can, for example, count the detected photons and increment a counter by one each time it detects a photon of the fluorescence radiation. The quantum computer QC now measures for a time period T M W is the number of photons detected in a given period of time. Depending on the duration TMW of the microwave burst, a sinusoidal distribution of the counting steps results: the Rabi oscillation. If the Rabi frequency is known, a microwave pulse of a given duration T MW rotate the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center by a predefined angle 0. The angle is then given as 0= T MW / TMW7T). TMWK is half the period of the Rabi oscillation.

[0198] Preferably, the control device pC of the quantum computer QC stores the period duration or half the temporal period duration or the Rabi frequency in one of its memories for use in controlling the NV center.

[0199] In this way, the quantum computer QC can define the microwave burst for the execution of an X-gate or an H-gate or a CROT-gate.

[0200] These routines are needed to characterize the quantum computer QC system.

[0201] Figure 5

[0202] Figure 5 shows the pulse sequence for a Ramsey or Hahn echo.

[0203] After initializing the NV center using a laser pulse from the light source LD, a first (7t / 2) CROT command around the X-axis defines the X-axis using a corresponding microwave burst. This is followed by a 7t CROT command around the X-axis using a corresponding second microwave burst. After a time T since the start of the first microwave pulse, a -7t CROT command around the X-axis is issued using a corresponding third microwave burst. The microwave phase of the third microwave burst is 180° out of phase with the microwave phase of the first microwave burst. The measurements are now performed for different times T. The result is the oscillation signal, which has the time constant T2. This is the desired T2 time.

[0204] These routines are needed to characterize the quantum computer system QC. Figure 6

[0205] Figure 6 shows an example of the control of a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit, which is strongly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit. The control takes place in the ESLAC.

[0206] After initializing the NV center using a laser pulse from the light source LD, a first 7t-CROT command around the X-axis defines the X-axis using a corresponding microwave burst.

[0207] This command couples the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope with the NV center.

[0208] In the example presented here, the laser pulse is followed by a CROT 0 signal via the radio wave as a radio wave burst with the radio wave frequency and duration T RF to address the respective NV center. The CROT-O signal rotates the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center by angle 0.

[0209] This CROT 0 signal is followed by a 7t-CROT command around the X-axis by means of a corresponding microwave burst, which covers the NV center and the 13 C isotope decoupled again.

[0210] This 7t CROT command around the X-axis is followed by another laser pulse with the pump radiation at the pump radiation wavelength. The photodetector PD detects the intensity of the fluorescence radiation from the NV center. The quantum computer QC can, for example, count the detected photons and increment a counter by one each time it detects a photon of the fluorescence radiation. The quantum computer QC now measures for a time period T RF the number of photons detected in a given period of time. Depending on the time duration T RFof the radio wave burst, a sinusoidal distribution of the counting steps results: the Rabi oscillation. If the Rabi frequency is known, a radio wave pulse of a given duration T RF the nuclear spin of the 13 C-atom nucleus by a predefined angle 0. The angle is then given as 0= T^ RF / RF^). Here T RF7T half the temporal period of the Rabi oscillation.

[0211] Preferably, the control device pC of the quantum computer QC stores the period duration or half the temporal period duration or the Rabi frequency in one of its memories for use in controlling the 13 C isotope across the NV center. In this way, the quantum computer QC can define the radio wave burst for the execution of an X-gate, an H-gate, or a CROT-gate.

[0212] In the example, the coupling strength of the nuclear spin of the 13C isotope with the NV center 13.3MHz.

[0213] These routines are needed to characterize the quantum computer QC system.

[0214] Figure 7

[0215] Figure 7 shows an example of the control of a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is weakly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit.

[0216] In this process, the quantum computer QC transfers, under a Hartmann-Hahn (HH) condition, the information of the quantum state of the NV center to the quantum state of the nuclear spin of the respective atomic nucleus.

[0217] After initializing the NV center using a laser pulse from the light source LD, a first 7t / 2 CROT command defines the X-axis using a corresponding microwave burst. This 7t / 2 CROT command is labeled "microwavei" in Figure 7.

[0218] The quantum computer QC then performs a CROT around the Y-axis. This is the so-called spin lock. This causes the spin orientation of the electron at the NV center to rotate at a Rabi frequency (spin lock). The quantum computer QC adjusts the Rabi frequency by adjusting the magnetic field B so that the Rabi frequency resonates with the Larmor frequency of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus. The quantum computer QC preferably uses the first magnetic field generating means MGx and / or the second magnetic field generating means MGy and / or the third magnetic field generating means MGz to adjust the magnetic field.

[0219] Because the Rabi frequency of the NV center is then in resonance with the Larmor frequency of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus, a defined spin-spin swap (spin exchange) can occur. The spin-spin swap transition is again characterized by a time constant, the coupling constant. This makes a partial spin-spin swap controllable (e.g., 50% spin exchange). The spin lock time (TSL) controls this transition.

[0220] Figure 7 shows an example of a sequence for coupling a nuclear spin weakly coupled to the NV center of a 13 C isotope as the nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit. The coupling strength in the example shown in Figure 7 is 1.803 MHz. This signal is labeled microwave 2 in Figure 23.

[0221] This procedure under Hartmann-Hahn (HH) condition is particularly effective for the coupling between NV centers and weakly coupled nuclear spins.

[0222] This command couples the weakly coupled nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope with the NV center.

[0223] This spinlock signal is followed by a 7t / 2 CROT command around the X-axis by means of a corresponding microwave burst, which oscillates the NV center and the 13 C isotope decoupled again This 7t / 2 CROT command is also labeled microwavei in Figure 7, since it typically occurs at the same coupling frequency as the preceding first 7t / 2 CROT command.

[0224] The microwave signal and the microwave 2 signal are preferably transmitted over the same microwave line. The diagram chosen here serves only to illustrate the temporal sequence of microwave signals with different functionalities.

[0225] This 7t / 2 CROT command around the X-axis is followed by another laser pulse with the pump radiation at the pump radiation wavelength. The photodetector PD records the intensity of the fluorescence radiation from the NV center. The quantum computer QC can, for example, count the detected photons and increment a counter by one each time it detects a photon of the fluorescence radiation. The quantum computer QC now measures the number of photons detected in a given period of time for a time duration TSL of the spin lock time. Depending on the time duration TSL of the spin lock time, a sinusoidal distribution of the counting steps results: the Rabi oscillation. If the Rabi frequency is known, a spin lock time of a given time duration TSL can determine the weakly bound nuclear spin of the 13C-atomic nucleus rotates by a predefined angle 0. The angle is then given by O=7t(TsL / TsL7r). Here, TSLK is half the period of the Rabi oscillation.

[0226] Preferably, the control device pC of the quantum computer QC stores the period or half the temporal period or the Rabi frequency in one of its memories for use in controlling the weakly bound nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope across the NV center. In this way, the quantum computer (QC) can define the spin-lock microwave burst for the execution of an X-gate, an H-gate, or a CROT gate on the weakly bound nuclear spin of the weakly bound nuclear quantum bit.

[0227] In the example, the exemplary coupling strength of the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope with the NV center 1.803MHz.

[0228] These routines are needed to characterize the quantum computer QC system.

[0229] Figure 8

[0230] Figure 8 shows an example of a Bernstein-Vazirani code in the quantum computer program description language Quiskit (Figure 8a)

[0231] The control device pC or another processor translates these standard gates into CROT instructions using a transpiler (Figure 8b).

[0232] For greater compactness, the CROT instructions are denoted by the letter R. The second letter after R denotes the rotation axis. The value in parentheses denotes the rotation angle. In Figure 8b, q_0 denotes a first nuclear spin of a first nuclear quantum bit. In Figure 8b, q_l denotes a second nuclear spin of a second nuclear quantum bit. In Figure 8b, q_2 denotes the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center as a quantum bit.

[0233] Figure 9

[0234] Figure 9 shows the source code of the example in Figure 8 (BV code) in the form of exemplary assembler opcodes executed by the quantum computer QC. The quantum opcodes are specified in a human-readable text file. A quantum opcode, as defined in the document presented here, is an opcode whose execution causes the quantum computer QC to manipulate at least one quantum bit of the quantum computer QC. Preferably, the transpiler encodes the CROT opcodes using binary numbers of a machine code. The exemplary syntax of the example in Figure 9 provides for one opcode per line. These simple instructions in the form of these opcodes cause the quantum computer QC to generate simple, executable pulses.

[0235] The quantum opcodes of Figure 9 are: NV_1_X1: Initialization of the X-axis by a 7t microwave pulse to the NV center as a quantum bit (CROT with 180°) qnl_CXNOT: CROT by 180° with X rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 1 (TT-PUIS)

[0236] (here the 14 N-nitrogen atom of the NV center) when NV m=l.

[0237] (q_l in Figure 8b) qnl_CHYNOT: CROT by 90° with Y rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 1 (7t / 2 pulse)

[0238] (here the 14 N-nitrogen atom of the NV center) when NV m=l.

[0239] (q_l in Figure 8b) qn2_3 / 2CXNOT: CROT by 270° with X rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 2 (37t / 2 pulse)

[0240] (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when NV m=1.

[0241] (q_0 in Figure 8b) qn2_CHYNOT: CROT by 90° with Y rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 2 (7t / 2 pulse)

[0242] (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when NV m=l.

[0243] (q_0 in Figure 8b)

[0244] NV_1_X2: CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t with rotation axis X with high microwave power, thus independent of the state of the nuclear quantum bit 1

[0245] (here the 14 N-nitrogen atom of the NV center)

[0246] (q_2 in Figure 8b),

[0247] NV_1_X3: CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t with rotation axis X depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C-isotopes down is

[0248] (q_2 in Figure 8b).

[0249] NV_1_RY2: CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t / 2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C-isotopes down is

[0250] (q_2 in Figure 8b).

[0251] NV_1_RY3: CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around K / 2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C-isotopes up is

[0252] (q_2 in Figure 8b).

[0253] NV_1_Y3 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C-isotopes down is

[0254] (q_2 in Figure 8b).

[0255] NV_1_RY2: CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around K / 2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13C-isotopes down is

[0256] (q_2 in Figure 8b).

[0257] NV_1_RY3: CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around K / 2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C-isotopes up is

[0258] (q_2 in Figure 8b). qnl_CXNOT: CROT by 180° with X rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 1 (K-PUIS)

[0259] (here the 14 N-nitrogen atom of the NV center) when NV m=l.

[0260] (q_l in Figure 8b) qnl_CHYNOT: CROT by 90° with Y rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 1 (K / 2-PUIS) (here the 14 N-nitrogen atom of the NV center) when NV m=l.

[0261] (q_l in Figure 8b) qn2_3 / 2CXNOT: CROT by 270° with X rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 2 (3K / 2-PUIS)

[0262] (here a 13C isotope coupled to the NV center) when NV m=1. (q_0 in Figure 8b) qn2_CHYNOT: CROT by 90° with Y rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 2 (K / 2-PUIS)

[0263] (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when NV m=l. (q_0 in Figure 8b)

[0264] Figure 10

[0265] Figure 10 shows an example of adding 2m times 3 bit values. The algorithm uses many Toffoli gates (CCNOT gates) for its implementation. Unlike quantum computers based on superconducting quantum bits, the quantum computer presented here requires single-gate operations. Quantum computers based on superconducting quantum bits require up to 23 quantum gates to implement a single Toffoli gate (CCNOT gate).

[0266] The quantum computer presented here implements the Toffoli gates (CCNOT gates) with NV- 14 N- 13 C Couplings of the corresponding spins.

[0267] glossary

[0268] Quantum computer program and quantum operation and quantum opcode

[0269] A quantum computer program, as defined in the document presented here, is a program that comprises at least one quantum operation and is executed by a control device pC of a deployable quantum computer QC. Preferably, one or more binary data items in the memory NVN, RAM of the control device pC of the deployable quantum computer QC encode such a quantum operation. For example, this can be a predetermined data word. A quantum operation within the meaning of the document presented here manipulates at least the quantum state of at least one quantum dot of the quantum dots NV1, NV2, NV3 of the quantum bits of the deployable quantum computer QC and / or manipulates at least the quantum state of at least one core quantum dot of the core quantum dots C11i, C112, C113, C12i, C12z, C123, C13i, C13z, C133 of the nuclear quantum bits (core quantum bits) of the deployable quantum computer QC.The technical teaching of the document presented here also refers to the data word symbolizing such a quantum operation as a quantum opcode. A quantum computer program thus comprises at least one quantum opcode. The quantum opcode can also comprise multiple data words. Insignificant phase shift.

[0270] An insignificant phase shift of the state vector of a quantum dot of a quantum bit of the quantum computer (QC) within the meaning of this disclosure is a phase shift that can be considered insignificant or correctable for its operation and functionality. It can therefore be assumed to be zero as a first approximation.

[0271] ZPL table

[0272] The table is only an exemplary compilation of some possible paramagnetic centers. These can be used as electronic quantum bits. The document presented here particularly recommends the use of NV centers as paramagnetic centers of quantum dots and quantum bits of the quantum computer QC. The functionally equivalent use of other paramagnetic centers in other materials of the crystal of the substrate D is explicitly possible. The pump radiation wavelengths X pmp of the pump radiation LB are also examples. Other pump radiation wavelengths X pmp are usually possible if they are shorter than the wavelength of the ZPL to be excited.

[0273] Material Impurity Center ZPL exemplary reference of the pump radiation

[0274] Crystal wavelength (X pmp ) of the

[0275] Substrate

[0276] D

[0277] Diamond NV center 520nm, 532nm

[0278] Diamond SiV-Zentrum 738 nm 685 nm / 2 / , / 3 / , / 4 /

[0279] Diamond GeV-Center 602 nm 532 nm / 4 / , / 5 /

[0280] Diamond SnV-Center 620 nm 532 nm / 4 / , / & / Diamond PbV-Center 520 nm, 450 nm / 4 / , / 7 /

[0281] 552 nm / 4 / , / 7 /

[0282] 715 nm 532 nm 111

[0283] Diamond STl-Zentrum 555 nm 532 nm / 15 /

[0284] Diamond TR12-Zentrum 471 nm 410 nm / 16 /

[0285] Silicon G-Zentrum 1278.38 nm 637 nm / 8 /

[0286] Silicon carbide Vsi-Zentrum 862 nm(Vl) 4H, 730 nm / l / , / 9 / , / 10 /

[0287] 858.2 nm(Vl') 4H 730 nm / l / , / 9 / , / IO /

[0288] 917 nm(V2) 4H, 730 nm / l / , / 9 / , / IO /

[0289] 865 nm(Vl) 6H, 730 nm / l / , / 9 / , / IO /

[0290] 887 nm(V2) 6H, 730 nm / l / , / 9 / , / IO /

[0291] 907 nm(V3) 6H 730 nm / ! / , / 9 / , / IO /

[0292] Silicon Carbide DV-Zentrum 1078-1132 nm 6H 730 nm / 9 /

[0293] Silicon carbide VcVsrZentrum 1093-1140 nm 6H 730 nm / 9 /

[0294] Silicon carbide CAV-Zentrum 648.7 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0295] 651.8 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0296] 665.1 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0297] 668.5 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0298] 671.7 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0299] 673 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0300] 675.2 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0301] 676.5 nm 4H, 6H, 3C 730 nm / 9 /

[0302] Siliziumcarbide NcVsrZentrum 1180 nm-1242 nm 6H 730 nm / 9 / , / 13 / , / 14 /

[0303] Others

[0304] The above description is not exhaustive and does not limit this disclosure to the examples shown and / or described. Other variations to the disclosed examples can be understood and practiced by those having ordinary skill in the art, based on the drawings, the disclosure, and the claims. The indefinite articles "a" or "an" and their inflections do not exclude a plurality, while the mention of a certain number of elements does not exclude the possibility of more or fewer elements being present. A single unit can perform the functions of several elements mentioned in the disclosure, and conversely, several elements can perform the function of a unit. Numerous alternatives, equivalents, variations, and combinations are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.Unless otherwise stated, all features of the present invention can be freely combined with one another. This applies to the entire document presented here, and in particular also to every statement and every combination of noun and adjective in the document presented here. The features described in the description of the figures can also be freely combined with the other features as features of the invention, unless otherwise stated. A restriction of individual features of the exemplary embodiments to combination with other features of the exemplary embodiments is expressly not intended. Furthermore, physical features of the device can be reformulated as method features, and method features can be reformulated as physical features of the device. Such a reformulation is therefore automatically disclosed. The respectively applicable claim arises from the respectively applicable claims.

[0305] In the preceding detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings. The examples in the description and drawings should be considered illustrative and not limiting the specific example or element described. Multiple examples may be derived from the preceding description and / or drawings and / or the claims by modifying, combining, or varying certain elements. Furthermore, examples or elements not described verbatim may be derived from the description and / or drawings by a person skilled in the art. List of Reference Symbols

[0306] AS shielding;

[0307] B magnetic flux density;

[0308] BENG first energy reserve;

[0309] BENG2 second energy reserve;

[0310] Cll first nuclear quantum dot of the first nuclear quantum bit of the

[0311] Quantum computer QC. Preferably, the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot C11 of a nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot C11 of the nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably, absolutely no, isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.

[0312] CI li first nuclear quantum dot Clli of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first

[0313] Quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC with a first nuclear spin strongly bound to the first quantum dot NV1 of an exemplary first 13C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the first quantum dot is an NV center in diamond). Preferably, the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot Cl11 of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot Cl11 preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably absolutely, no isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4. The first nuclear quantum dot Cl11 of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the first nuclear quantum dot Clli of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the first nuclear quantum dot Clli of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0314] CII2 second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC with a second nuclear spin strongly bound to the first quantum dot NV1 of a second exemplary 13C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the first quantum dot is an NV center in diamond). Preferably, the exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably absolutely, no isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4. The second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0315] CII3 third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC with a third nuclear spin weakly bound to the first quantum dot NV1 of a third exemplary 13C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the first quantum dot is an NV center in diamond). Preferably, the exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably absolutely, no isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4. The third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0316] CI2 second nuclear quantum dot of the second nuclear quantum bit of the

[0317] Quantum computer QC. Preferably, the exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CI2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CI2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably essentially or even more preferably absolutely comprises no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.; the nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC with a first nuclear spin strongly bound to the second quantum dot NV2 of a first exemplary 13C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center in diamond). Preferably, the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably absolutely, no isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4. The first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3, the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2, the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC; the first nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC with a second nuclear spin of a second exemplary one strongly bound to the second quantum dot NV2. 13C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center in diamond). The exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4. The second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for better clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3, the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2, the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC; the nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC with a third nuclear spin of a third exemplary strongly bound to the second quantum dot NV2. 13C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center in diamond). The exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the third nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4. The third nuclear quantum dot CI23 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for better clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the third nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the third nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0318] CI3 third nuclear quantum dot of the third nuclear quantum bit of the

[0319] Quantum computer QC. Preferably, the exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CI3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CI3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably, absolutely no, isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4;

[0320] CI3i first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the third

[0321] Quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC. The exemplary first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably absolutely, no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4. The first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure 2 for clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the third quantum dot NV3 of the third quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the first nuclear quantum dot Clli of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0322] CI3a second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC. The exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably, absolutely no, isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4. The second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure 2 for better clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the third quantum dot NV3 of the third quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the second nuclear quantum dot Cllz of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0323] CI3a third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC. The exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a nuclear magnetic moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially, or even more preferably, absolutely no, isotopes with a nuclear magnetic moment. In this context, the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4. The third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure 2 for better clarity.The reader should assume that in Figure 3 the third core quantum dot CB3 of the third quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the third quantum dot NV3 of the third quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the first core quantum dot Cl11 of the first quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0324] CIF first camera interface;

[0325] CIF2 second camera interface;

[0326] CM1 first camera;

[0327] CM2 second camera;

[0328] CPU core;

[0329] D substrate;

[0330] DBIF data interface;

[0331] DBS dichroic mirror;

[0332] DEV Power supply for other parts of the quantum computer

[0333] QC, although this typically also applies to device parts with other reference numerals. For clarity, the power supply lines of the remaining device parts of the quantum computer QC are not shown in Figure 1;

[0334] EXDB external data bus;

[0335] EV power supply; fHF microwave and / or radio wave frequency;

[0336] FL fluorescence radiation;

[0337] GDX X-control device for the translational positioning device in X-

[0338] XT direction; GDY Y control device for the translational positioning device in Y-

[0339] towards YT;

[0340] GH housing;

[0341] GPS navigation system or device for determining position and / or

[0342] Orientation determination of the quantum computer QC. The navigation system can also determine translational and / or rotational velocities of the quantum computer QC and report them to the CPU of the control device PC of the quantum computer QC via the internal data bus INTDB. The navigation system can also determine translational and / or rotational accelerations of the quantum computer QC and report them to the CPU of the control device PC of the quantum computer QC via the internal data bus INTDB.

[0343] HeCLCS Closed Loop Helium Gas Cooling System;

[0344] INTDB internal data bus of the control device pC;

[0345] KV relocatable cooling device;

[0346] Xfi fluorescence radiation wavelength;

[0347] Xpmp. pump radiation wavelength;

[0348] LB pump radiation;

[0349] LD light source;

[0350] LDRV light source driver;

[0351] LDV loading device;

[0352] LM luminaire with one light source; PC control device;

[0353] MDBIF internal data interface MDBIF; MFSx first magnetic field control;

[0354] MFSy second magnetic field control;

[0355] MFSz third magnetic field control;

[0356] MGx first magnetic field generating means, which preferably comprises a magnetic

[0357] Flux density B x generated, which preferably has substantially a direction which preferably corresponds to the first direction, for example the direction of the X-axis;

[0358] MGy second magnetic field generating means, which preferably has a magnetic

[0359] Flux density B v generated, which preferably has substantially a direction which preferably corresponds to the second direction, for example the direction of the Y-axis;

[0360] MGz third magnetic field generating means, which preferably has a magnetic

[0361] Flux density B z which preferably has a direction which preferably corresponds to the third direction, for example the direction of the Y-axis;

[0362] MSx magnetic field sensor for magnetic flux density B x towards the X-

[0363] Axis;

[0364] MSy magnetic field sensor for magnetic flux density B v towards the Y-

[0365] Axis;

[0366] MSz magnetic field sensor for magnetic flux density B z towards the Z-

[0367] Axis; mWA microwave and / or radio wave antenna;

[0368] MW / RF-AWFG Microwave and / or radio wave frequency generator for generating largely freely definable waveforms (English: Arbitrary Waveform Generator);

[0369] NV1 first quantum dot of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0370] Preferably, the exemplary first quantum dot NV1 is a paramagnetic center in the substrate D. Preferably, the exemplary first quantum dot NV1 is an NV center or an SiV center or an STI center in the substrate D;

[0371] NV2 second quantum dot of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer

[0372] QC. Preferably, the exemplary second quantum dot NV2 is a paramagnetic center in the substrate D. Preferably, the exemplary second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center or an SiV center or an STI center in the substrate D;

[0373] NV3 third quantum dot of the third quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.

[0374] Preferably, the exemplary third quantum dot NV3 is a paramagnetic center in the substrate D. Preferably, the exemplary third quantum dot NV3 is an NV center or an SiV center or an STI center in the substrate D;

[0375] NVM non-volatile memory;

[0376] OS optical system;

[0377] OSZ clock generator of the computer core CPU of the control device pC of the

[0378] Quantum computer QC;

[0379] PD photodetector;

[0380] PM permanent magnet;

[0381] PV positioning device for the permanent magnet PM;

[0382] PVC control device for the positioning device PV for the

[0383] Permanent magnets PM;

[0384] PWR power supply of the charging device LDV;

[0385] QC quantum computer; QUALU1 first quantum ALU. The exemplary first quantum ALU consists of a first quantum dot NV1 of the quantum bits of the quantum computer QC and a first core quantum dot C111 of the nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC and a second core quantum dot C112 of the nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC and a third core quantum dot C113 of the nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC (Figure 2);

[0386] QUALU2 second quantum ALU. The exemplary second quantum ALU consists of a second quantum dot NV2 of the quantum bits of the quantum computer QC and a first core quantum dot CI2i of the nuclear quantum bits of the second quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC, a second core quantum dot CI2z of the nuclear quantum bits of the second quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC, and a third core quantum dot CI2B of the nuclear quantum bits of the second quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC (Figure 2);

[0387] QUV quantum computer monitoring device. The proposed

[0388] Quantum computer QC preferably comprises a quantum computer monitoring device QUV that monitors the quantum computer QC while the quantum computer QC executes a quantum computer program having a quantum computer program flow;

[0389] ÜOSZ monitoring clock generation ÜOSZ. Preferably, the

[0390] Monitoring clock generation ÜOSZ of the quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC typically the quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC with a clock for operating the quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC; RAM volatile memory;

[0391] SO receiver output signal;

[0392] S5 transmission signal;

[0393] SDB control data bus;

[0394] SRG first energy processing device, in particular a

[0395] voltage converter or a voltage regulator or a current regulator;

[0396] SRG2 second energy processing device, in particular a

[0397] voltage converter or a voltage regulator or a current regulator;

[0398] ST temperature sensor;

[0399] STM semi-transparent mirror;

[0400] TS separator;

[0401] ÜOSZ monitoring clock generation of the

[0402] Quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC;

[0403] V amplifier;

[0404] WFG waveform generator;

[0405] XT translational positioning device in X-direction;

[0406] YT translational positioning device in Y-direction;

[0407] List of cited writings

[0408] If, in the context of the nationalization of a subsequent international application, the law of the respective legal system of the state in which the international application of the document submitted here is nationalized permits disclosure by reference, the content of the following documents shall be an integral part of the disclosure presented here.

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Claims

Patent claims 1. A quantum computer (QC), wherein the quantum computer (QC) comprises respective electronic spins of the respective electron configurations of respective NV centers in diamond as respective quantum bits, and wherein the quantum computer (QC) comprises nuclear spins of respective atomic nuclei strongly coupled to these respective NV centers, which are strongly bound to the respective electronic spin of a respective electron configuration of a respective NV center of the NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, hereinafter referred to as strong nuclear quantum bits, and wherein the quantum computer (QC) comprises nuclear spins of respective atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these respective NV centers, which are weakly bound to the respective electronic spin of a respective electron configuration of a respective NV center of the NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, hereinafter referred to as weak nuclear quantum bits,and wherein the resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective NV center depends only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center weakly coupled to this nuclear spin, and wherein the quantum computer (QC) is configured to perform a SWOP of the quantum state of an NV center of the NV centers with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit weakly bound to this NV center under Hartmann-Hahn conditions by means of a microwave pulse for controlling this NV center (Method A), and wherein the quantum computer (QC) is configured toto perform a SWOP of the quantum state of an NV center of the NV centers with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit strongly bound to this NV center by means of a radio wave pulse using the strong coupling between this NV center and the strongly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit (Method B), and wherein the quantum computer (QC) has means (MW / RF-AWFG, MWA) for generating the, radio wave pulse and / or microwave pulse and wherein the quantum computer (QC) comprises means (MGx, MGy, MGz, MSx, MSy, MSz, MFSx, MFSy, MFSz) for adjusting the magnetic flux density (B) to fulfill the Hartmann-Hahn condition and wherein the quantum computer (QC) comprises a light source (LD) for irradiating the NV centers with pump radiation (LB) of the pump radiation wavelength (λ. pmp) and wherein the quantum computer (QC) comprises a control device (pC), and wherein the control device (pC) comprises at least one memory (RAM, NVM), and wherein a quantum computer program with OP codes and / or with quantum OP codes as OP codes is stored at least temporarily in the memory (RAM, NVM), and wherein the control device (pC) is configured to process this quantum computer program, and wherein the control device (pC) is configured to control the light source (LD) and the means (MGx, MGy, MGz, MSx, MSy, MSz, MFSx, MFSy, MFSz) for adjusting the magnetic flux density (B) and the means (MW / RF-AWFG, MWA) for generating the radio wave pulse and / or the microwave pulse depending on the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes of the quantum computer program, and wherein the OP codes and / or Quantum OP codes in memory (RAM,NVM) comprise commands and / or command sequences for the manipulation of a strongly bound nuclear spin by means of a first quantum computer-implemented method (in particular method B), and wherein the OP codes and / or quantum OP codes in the memory (RAM, NVM) comprise commands and / or command sequences for the manipulation of a weakly bound nuclear spin by means of a second quantum computer-implemented method (in particular method A), and wherein the first method is different from the second method, wherein a memory (RAM, NVM) of the control device (pC) for one or more or all nuclear spins, for which the quantum computer (QC) is configured to use them as nuclear quantum bits, contains, in addition to the resonance frequency for coupling to an NV center or a value functionally equivalent thereto as first information, an additional second information, in particular as a flag, which indicates whether it is a nuclear spin of the nuclear quantum bit in question that is strongly bound to an NV center or a nuclear spin of the nuclear quantum bit in question that is weakly bound to the NV center, and wherein the control device (pC) uses the first method or the second method for manipulating the nuclear quantum bit depending on this additional second information in the event of manipulation of the nuclear quantum bit.

2. Quantum computer (QC) according to claim 1, wherein the memory (RAM, NVM) of the control device (pC) for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer (QC) is configured to use them as respective nuclear quantum bits, in addition to the first information and in addition to the additional second information indicating whether it is a nuclear spin strongly bound to an NV center or a nuclear spin weakly bound to the NV center, provides a third additional information, in particular an index of a nuclear quantum bit, which indicates to which NV center the respective nuclear spin of the respective nuclear quantum bit is bound.

3. Quantum computer according to claim 2, wherein the content of the memory (RAM, NVM) of the control device (pC) at least temporarily comprises a database and wherein the database in the memory (RAM, NVM) comprises data records and wherein one or more first data records of these data records comprise at least the first information relating to the spin of the electron configuration of the NV center or the electronic quantum bit, an index of the NV center (can be identical to the index of an electronic quantum bit), a resonance frequency for manipulating the quantum state of the NV center or a functionally equivalent first information and wherein one or more second data records of these data records comprise at least as second information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center or a functionally equivalent first piece of information and an additional second piece of information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center, and wherein the control device (pC) uses the first method or the second method for manipulating the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit in the event of manipulation of the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit, depending on this further second piece of information in the data set of the database for a nuclear spin or a nuclear quantum bit.

4. Quantum computer according to claim 3, wherein one or more further data sets comprise at least as second information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center and additional second information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center and additional third information, in particular the index of the NV center, as to which NV center this nuclear spin can be coupled.

5. Quantum computer according to claim 3 or 4, wherein one or more further data sets contain at least as information related to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center or a functionally equivalent first piece of information and an additional second piece of information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center and an additional third piece of information, in particular the index of the NV center, as to which NV center this nuclear spin can be coupled and an additional fourth piece of information as to the position and / or group of positions in which this at least one atomic nucleus of the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is located in the crystal lattice relative to the position of the associated NV center in the crystal lattice.

6. Quantum computer according to one of claims 3 to 5, wherein one or more first data sets of these data sets contain at least the first Information related to the spin of the electron configuration of the NV center or the electronic quantum bit may additionally include a value of a Larmor frequency for manipulating the quantum state of the NV center or a functionally equivalent fifth piece of information.

7. Quantum computer according to claim 1 to 6, wherein the quantum computer is configured to read out the nuclear quantum states of n nuclear spins of n atomic nuclei of n nuclear quantum bits coupled to an NV center, 2 n CROT gates to check combinations of quantum states, and where n is a positive integer greater than 2, and where the quantum computer is configured to detect the NV transition of the NV center when the n nuclear spins of the n atomic nuclei of the n nuclear quantum bits are in one of these 2 n combinations of quantum states of these n quantum bits.

Images