Long lasting coating compositions with antimicrobial properties

Abstract

The present disclosure provides long-lasting coating compositions with disinfectant / antimicrobial properties, methods for preparing the long-lasting coating compositions, and methods of disinfecting and / or maintaining the pathogenic sterility of a surface or an article. These long-lasting coating compositions are light stable, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and achieve a greater than 99% kill rate against a variety of pathogens for a period of time greater than 0.5 days and as long as 2 years, on a variety of surfaces.

Description

LONG LASTING COATING COMPOSITIONS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIESRELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial Number 63 / 450,625 entitled “Long Lasting Coating Compositions”, filed March 7, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] Embodiments of the instant disclosure generally relate to compositions and methods for disinfecting an article using a long-lasting coating containing at least one metal ion and a polymeric compound. The compositions and methods are effective against a variety of pathogens.BACKGROUND

[0003] Effective control of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungus, and mold, using various commercial disinfectants, such as bleach, sprays (e.g., Lysol®), and aqueous compositions (e.g., Pine Sol®) has been performed for a number of years. Through the use of commercial disinfectants, whether sprays or wipes, an adequate number of bacteria, fungus, and mold can be effectively reduced for a short period of time. Yet, despite this immediate reduction, the bacteria, fungi, or mold can quickly repopulate once the disinfectant has dissipated or evaporated from the surface. These commercial disinfectants generally have little or no effect on viruses and in some cases are considered corrosive and toxic.

[0004] Therefore, there is a need for preventing the transmission of pathogens from contaminated solids and surfaces into a larger environment. One method of reducing pathogen transmission is to reduce the period of human vulnerability to infection by reducing the period of viability of pathogens on solids and surfaces.

[0005] Surfaces may also be treated with chemical biocides, such as bleach or quaternary ammonium salts, or with UV light, to kill bacteria and destroy viruses within a matter of minutes. Some of these biocides are considered toxic and corrosive. They may also lose potency after an extended period of time.

[0006] Traditional antimicrobial coatings are sometimes applied to a solid surface to kill bacteria and / or destroy viruses. However, these coatings are limited in their effectiveness by having a low concentration of biocides at their surface, due to slow biocide transport through the coating. The biocides tend to be easily evaporated. Slow diffusion of biocides through the solid coating results in limited contact with the microorganisms. Effective killing of the microorganisms may require two or more hours of contact time. Multiple treatments may also be necessary in order to kill 99.9 wt.% of bacteria and / or deactivate 99.9 wt.% of viruses. Light (e.g., UV or natural light) can also degrade a biocide and reduce the effectiveness of the antimicrobial properties.

[0007] Traditional antimicrobial coatings containing biocides are not able to maintain an effective microbial kill rate for an extended period of time, for the reasons disclosed above.

[0008] Therefore, there is a need for a light stable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive antimicrobial coating composition that is not only effective against different pathogens (e.g., bacteria, mold, fungi, and viruses) but also provides efficacy on a variety of surfaces for an extended period of time.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0009] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to compositions and methods for disinfecting a variety of articles using a long-lasting coating. The compositions and methods are effective against a variety of pathogens. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a long-lasting coating composition for killing pathogens comprising at least one metal ion and a polymer coating. In certain embodiments, the long-lasting composition comprises from about 0.001 weight % (wt.%) to about 2 wt.% of at least one metal ion and about 98 wt.% to about 99.99 wt.% of a polymeric coating precursor, based on the total weight of the coating composition. The at least one metal ion in the long-lasting coating composition may be present in an amount selected from the group consisting of 0.001-0.01 wt.%, 0.005-0.05 wt.%, 0.01-0.1 wt.%, 0.05-0.5 wt.%, 0.1-1 wt.%, 0.5-1 .5 wt.% and 1-2 wt.%. The polymeric coating precursor in the long- lasting coating composition may be present in an amount selected from the group consisting of 95-98 wt.%, 96-98 wt.%, 97-98 wt.%, 97-99 wt.%, 98-99 wt.% and 99-99.99 wt.%.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing a long-lasting coating composition comprising the method; (a) addition of at least one metal ion in a solvent (such as water, brine, or a polar protic solvent), to form a solution; and (b) combining the mixture from step (a) with polymeric coating precursors and a catalyst to form a long-lasting coating composition.]0011 ] In certain embodiments, the long-lasting coating composition does not contain nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the composition does not contain more than trace nanoparticles.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of disinfecting and / or maintaining the pathogenic sterility of an article or surface, wherein the long-lasting coating composition is applied to the article or surface.

[0013] Other features and iterations of the invention are described in more detail below.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0014] Figures 1A, IB and 1C show results of abrasion tests of the long-lasting coating compositions.Stainless steel surfaces coated with a composition were abraded with Lysol or NaOCl solutions, exposed to2 x 106- 4 x 106CFU of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 2 hours, and tested for contamination after 1 week.Figure 1 A shows results with a polyurethane coating containing silver nitrate and the log reduction in microbial contamination. Figure 1 B shows results with a polyurethane coating containing 70 mg silver nitrate and the log reduction in microbial contamination. Figure 1C shows results with a polyacrylate coating containing silver nitrate and the log reduction in microbial contamination.DEFINITIONS

[0015] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0016] This description will enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and it describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives, and uses of the invention. These and other embodiments, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art when taken with reference to the following detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0017] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of phrases containing the term “embodiment(s)” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0018] In the present disclosure, “%” refers to “weight % (wt. %)” or “mass %”, unless otherwise stated.

[0019] As used herein, the phrase “consisting of’ excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. When the phrase “consists of’ (or variations thereof) appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole. As used herein, the phrase “consisting essentially of’ limits the scope of a claim to the specified elements or method steps, plus those that do not materially affect the basis and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter.

[0020] When introducing elements of the embodiments described herein, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements.

[0021] The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, or any other variations thereof used in the disclosure, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a device, apparatus, system, assembly, method that comprises a list of components or a series of steps that does not include only those components or steps but may include other components or steps not expressly listed or inherent to such apparatus, or assembly, or device. In other words, one or more elements or steps in a system or device or process proceeded by“comprises... a” or “comprising of’ does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other elements or additional elements or additional steps in the system, device, or process. Besides, the use of “comprising”, “consisting” or “including” also contemplates embodiments that “consist essentially of’ or “consist of” the recited formulation and steps of preparation of the formulation.

[0022] As used herein, the term “nanoparticle”, in all of its forms, refers to a particle characterized by a particle size of less than one micron.

[0023] As used herein, the term “light-stable”, in all of i ts forms, refers to the disinfectant coating composition not losing efficacy or potency in the presence of light, either sunlight or manmade light.

[0024] As used herein, the term “brine”, refers to a liquid with saturating amounts of sodium chloride or calcium chloride.

[0025] As used herein, the terms “pathogen” and “microorganism” may be used interchangeably, and refer to bacteria, fungi and viruses.

[0026] As used herein, the term “pathogenic sterility” refers to a surface or article that has no viable pathogens present.

[0027] As used herein, the terms “antibacterial properties” or “antimicrobial properties” or “disinfectant properties” refers to the ability of a composition to remove greater than 95% of all viable pathogens.

[0028] As used herein, the term “kill” refers to the ability of a compositions to act as a biocide.

[0029] As used herein, the term “shelf-life” refers to the length of time an item remains usable with antimicrobial properties.

[0030] Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. As an illustration, a numerical range of “about 2 to about 50” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of 2 to 50, but also include all individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 2.4, 3, 3.7, 4, 5.5, 10, 10.1 , 14, 15, 15.98, 20, 20.13, 23, 25.06, 30, 35.1, 38.0, 40, 44, 44.6, 45, 48, and sub-ranges such as from 1-3, from 2-4, from 5-10, from 5- 20, from 5-25, from 5-30, from 5-35, from 5-40, from 5-50, from 2-10, from 2-20, from 2-30, from 2-40, from 2-50, etc. This same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value as a minimum or a maximum. Furthermore, such an interpretation should apply regardless of the breadth of the range, or the characteristics being described.

[0031] As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint. For example, theendpoint may be within 10%, 8%, 5%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the listed value. Further, for the sake of convenience and brevity, a numerical range of “about 50 mg / mL to 80 mg / mL” should also be understood to provide support for the range of “50 mg / mL to 80 mg / mL”. The endpoint may also be based on the variability an appropriate regulatory body, such as the FDA, USP, etc.

[0032] In this disclosure, the terms “including”, “containing” and / or “having” are understood to mean “comprising” and are open-ended terms.

[0033] As various changes could be made in the above-described methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and in the examples given below, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.DET All, ED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0034] In the following sections, certain exemplary compositions and methods are described to detail certain embodiments. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that practicing the certain embodiments does not require the employment of all or even some of the specific details outlined herein, but rather that concentrations, times, and other specific details can be modified through routine experimentation. In some cases, well known methods or components have not been included in the description.

[0035] The present disclosure is based in part on the discovery that metal ions in a long-lasting polymer coating have disinfectant / antimicrobial properties and can kill a variety of pathogens and maintain a reduction in pathogen concentration for more than 30 days. Importantly, these long-lasting coating compositions are light stable, economical, easily prepared, non-toxic to humans, non-corrosive to surfaces, exhibit antimicrobial properties, antibacterial properties, antiviral properties, antifungal properties, and / or a combination thereof.I. Coating Compositions

[0036] The present disclosure relates to long-lasting compositions with disinfectant / antimicrobial activity. The compositions kill a variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and viruses once applied to a surface. The composition includes at least one metal ion, a solvent and a polymer coating.

[0037] The polymer coating is used to provide stability, prevent oxidation, prevent moisture accumulation, and / or prevent degradation of the at least one metal ion.

[0038] Generally, the long-lasting coating composition is easily prepared, easily applied, light stable, heat stable, non-toxic, non-corrosive, exhibits antimicrobial properties, antibacterial properties, antifungal properties, antiviral properties, or a combination thereof. Once applied, these long-lasting coatings kill more than 99% of pathogens as well as maintaining their efficacy on a surface of an article for a period of time greater than 1 day. In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating kills more than 90% of pathogens on a surface. In one embodiment, the long- lasting coating ki lls more than 95% of pathogens on a surface. In oneembodiment, the long-lasting coating kills more than 99.5% of pathogens on a surface. In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating kills more than 99.99% of pathogens on a surface.

[0039] In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating maintains the efficacy of killing pathogens for a period of time selected from the group consisting of 12 hours to 2 years; 6 months to one year; one week to one month; one month to 2 years; one month to one year; three months to one year; six months to two years; one day to one year; 5-20 days; 1-10 days; 1-365 days; 15-365 days and 12-24 hours and combinations thereof.At Least One Metal Ion

[0040] The long-lasting coating composition includes at least one metal ion. The at least one metal ion may be derived from a water-soluble metal salt which releases a metal ion in a solvent. The at least one metal salt may be a transition metal salt that imparts disinfectant / antimicrobial properties.

[0041] Silver, as well as other metal ions, such as copper, zinc, gold, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, and palladium, possess antimicrobial properties, antibacterial properties, and antifungal properties. Salts of these ions may be considered to be active antimicrobial agents, antibacterial agents, antiviral and antifungal agents, as long as a portion of the metal ion dissociates from the metal salt in the solvent (such as water, brine, or a polar protic solvent).

[0042] These metal ions react with pathogens at low ppm (parts per million) levels in various ways, such as binding to the cell wall of the pathogen to block critical substances from passing into or out of the pathogen’s cells, releasing active oxygen species which interact with the pathogen’s DNA or RNA to inhibit replication of the pathogen, and / or being transported within the cell of the pathogen to block the respiratory system, thereby destroying energy production within the cell of the pathogen.

[0043] By contacting the coating composition with a pathogen, the metal ion releases reactive oxygen species. Non-limiting examples of reactive oxygen species may be oxygen, a superoxide anion, a peroxide anion, a hydroxyl radical, or combinations thereof. These reactive oxygen species, once in contact with a pathogen can cause damage to cells through oxidative damage. The metal ions present a positively charged surface, which interact with the negatively charged pathogen membrane and cause physical damage.

[0044] The metal ion may be derived from a transition metal salt that imparts disinfectant properties. Nonlimiting examples of the transition metal salts which impart disinfectant properties may be selected from the group consisting of a silver salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, a gold salt, a cobalt salt, a nickel salt, a zirconium salt, a molybdenum salt, a palladium salt, and combinations thereof. The anion of the at least one metal salt may comprise an organic or an inorganic anion. Non-limiting examples of the metal salt may be selected from the group consisting of silver nitrate, silver acetate, silver bromide, silver sulfate, silver citrate, silver oxalate, copper (II) acetate, copper (II) sulfate, copper (I) chloride (II), copper carbonate and / or zinc carbonate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, gold acetate, goldchloride, cobalt (II) sulfate, cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, cobalt (II) carbonate, nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, zirconium (IV) nitrate, zirconium (IV) acetate, molybdenum (II) chloride, molybdenum (V) chloride, and palladium (II) chloride and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the long-lasting coating composition includes a silver salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, or combinations thereof.

[0045] In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition includes a silver salt. In another embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition includes a copper salt. In still another embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition includes a zinc salt. In yet another embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition includes a silver salt and a zinc salt. In still another embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition includes a copper salt and a zinc salt. In yet another embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition includes a silver salt and a copper salt. In still another embodiment, the coating composition includes a silver salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, or combinations thereof.

[0046] In these embodiments, the long-lasting coating composition includes a silver salt that is capable of releasing a silver cation, such as Ag+but potentially Ag24, and Ag3+in addition to Ag\ Suitable, nonlimiting examples of silver salts include but are not limited to silver chloride, silver bromide, silver fluoride (AgF, AgF2, and / or AgsF), silver iodide, silver citrate, silver lactate, silver phosphate, silver carbonate, silver sulfate, silver trifluoroacetate, silver perchlorate, silver acetate, silver nitrate, silver oxide, silver perchlorate, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the silver salt is silver nitrate.

[0047] The at least one metal salt is present in an amount ranging from about 0.001 wt.% to 2 wt.% based on the total weight of the long-lasting coating composition. In various embodiments, the at least one metal salt is present in an amount selected from the group consisting of 0.001 -2 wt.%, 0.001 to 0.01 wt.%, 0.005-0.01 wt.%, 0.01-0.05 wt.%, 0.03-0.08 wt.%, 0.05-0.1 wt.%, 0.08-0.15 wt.%, 0.1 -0.2, 0.15-0.25 wt.%, 0.2-0.3 wt.%, 0.25-0.35 wt.%, 0.3-0.4 wt.%, 0.35-0.45 wt.%, 0.4-0.5 wt.%, 0.45-0.55 wt.%, 0.5-0.6 wt.%, 0.55- 0.65 wt.%, 0.6-0.7 wt.%, 0.65-0.75 wt.%, 0.7-0.8 wt.%, 0.75-0.85 wt.%, 0.8-0.9 wt.%, 0.85-0.95 wt.%, 0.9-1.0 wt.%, 0.95-1.1 wt.%, 1.0- 1.2 wt.%, 1.1-1.3 wt.%, 1 .2-1.4 wt.%, 1.3-1.5 wt.%, 1.4-1.6 wt.%, 1.5-1.7 wt.%, 1.6-1.8 wt.%, 1.7-1.9 wt.% and 1.8-2 wt.%, based on the total weight of the long-lasting coating composition.Polymeric Coatings

[0048] The long-lasting coating composition includes a polymeric coating. The polymeric coating interacts with the at least one metal ion, provides stability to the at least one metal ion, prevents oxygen from interacting with the at least one metal ion, and / or prevents moisture from interacting with the at least one metal ion. In one embodiment, the polymeric coating is a copolymer. The polymeric coating may be a nonpolar or a polar polymer, having a high propensity to form hydrogen bonds, and having various ionic functional groups such alkenes, aromatics, ketones, carboxylates, hydroxyl groups, amine groups, sulfide groups, heterocyclic groups, or combinations thereof, which interact with the metal ion through ionicand / or Van der Walls interactions. By interacting with the ionic functional groups, oxygen (O2) and / or water may be prevented from interacting with the at least one metal ion. Thus, metal oxides from the at least one metal ions are not formed. This interaction not only stabilizes the complex but also increases the shelf-life of the coating composition.

[0049] A wide variety of polymeric coatings may be used in the long-lasting coating composition. Nonlimiting examples of suitable polymeric coatings are selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene coating, a polypropylene coating, a polyvinyl chloride coating, a polystyrene coating, a polyurethane coating, a polycarbonate coating, a polyvinyl acetate coating, a polyvinyl alcohol coating, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a polytetrafluoroethylene coating, a polyacrylonitrile coating, a polyamide coating, a polyvinylidene fluoride coating, a polyvinyl acetate phthalate coating, a polyethylene terephthalate coating, a polybutadiene coating, a polysulfone coating, a polyacrylate coating, a polyether coating, a polyimide coating, a polyurea coating, a polyethylene glycol coating, a polypropylene coating, a polymeric coating prepared from carbomers, an acrylate / C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross polymeric coating, a polyacrylamide coating, a polysorbate coating, a polymeric coating prepared from xantham gum, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the polymeric coating comprises a polyurethane coating. In one embodiment, the polymeric coating comprises a polyacrylate coating. In one embodiment, the polymeric coating comprises a polycarbonate coating.

[0050] Various suitable polymeric coating precursors (monomers) may be used to prepare the polymeric coatings. The polymeric coatings may have a medium to large average molecular weight (g / mol) ranging from thousands to mi llions depending on the chain length of the polymeric coating.]0051] In polyurethane coatings, the monomers used to prepare these coatings are polyols and isocyanates. Polyols may be substituted with various groups such as alkyl groups, aryl groups, and the like. Polyols may have at least one free hydroxyl group which reacts with the isocyanate. The polyols may be straight chain, branched, substituted, or unsubstituted. Various polyols may be used in the preparation of a polyurethane coating. Non-limiting examples of polyols may be, but are not limited to, polyether polyols, polyester polyols, glycerol, sugar alcohols, and / or combinations thereof.

[0052] The isocyanate may be straight chain or branched chain, and may be substituted with alkyl groups or aryl groups. The isocyanate may be a diisocyanate, a triisocyanate, a tetraisocyanate, and / or combinations thereof.

[0053] The polyol and the isocyanate may have a weight ratio from about 2;1 to about 1:2. In various embodiments, the polyol and the isocyanate may have a weight ratio selected from the group consisting of from 2: 1-1 :2, from 1.75:1 -1.5:1 , and from 1.25:1- 1 :1.

[0054] In polyacrylate coatings, the monomers used to prepare these coatings are an acrylic acid monomer and / or an acrylonitrile monomer.

[0055] The acrylate monomer may be a salt, an ester, or a conjugate base of acrylic acid. The acrylate monomer may be functionalized with an alkyl group, an aromatic group, a cyano group, or another suitable functionalized group which may be positioned a to the carbonyl or p to the carbonyl group.The acrylate monomer and the acrylonitri le monomer may have a weight ratio from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2. In various embodiments, the acrylate monomer and the acrylonitrile monomer may have a weight ratio selected from the group consisting of from 2: 1-1 :2, from 1.75: 1-1.5: 1, and from 1.25: 1- 1:1.

[0056] In a polycarbonate coating, the monomers used to prepare the coating are a dihydroxy compound and a disubstituted carbonate compound. The dihydroxy compound may be a straight chained dihydroxy compound, a branched chained dihydroxy compound, a cyclic dihydroxy compound, an aromatic dihydroxy compound, or a heterocyclic dihydroxy compound. The dihydroxy compound may be functionalized with an alkyl group, an aromatic group, a hetero functionalized group (a ketone, an ether, a sulfide, an amine, etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0057] The dihydroxy compound and the disubstituted carbonate may have a weight ratio from about 2:1 to about 1:2. In various embodiments, the dihydroxy compound and the disubstituted carbonate may have a weight ratio selected from the group consisting of from 2: 1-1 :2, from 1.75:1-1.5:1, and from 1.25:1- 1:1.(0058] The wt.% of the polymer in the long-lasting coating composition may range from about 98 wt.% to about 99.99 wt.%. In various embodiments, the wt.% of the polymeric coating in the long-lasting coating composition ranges from an amount selected from the group consisting of 95-98 wt.%, 96-98 wt.%, 97-98 wt.%, 97-99 wt.%, 98-99 wt.% and 99-99.99 wt.%.Additives]0059] The long-lasting coating composition may further include an additive. In one embodiment the additive is selected from a group consisting of an ultraviolet (UV) absorber, a light stabilizer, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment the additive prevents the polymeric coating from degrading (decomposing) in light and aids in maintaining the disinfectant properties of the coating composition. UV Absorbers

[0060] In one embodiment the additive may be a UV light absorber. Ultraviolet light absorbers are compounds that prevent the polymeric coating from degrading by absorbing the UV rays incident on the polymeric coating and dissipating UV rays as low heat energy. Non-limiting examples of UV absorbers include benzophenone, benzotriazoles, cyanoacrylates, caron black, hydroxy benzophenones, hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles, titanium oxide, oxanilides, benzotriazoles, hydroxy triazines and combinations thereof. Light stabilizers

[0061] The additive may be a light stabilizer. Light stabilizers such as hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) do not absorb UV rays but rather inhibit the degradation of polymers through the removal of free radicals that form as the polymeric coating oxidizes. This process is often cyclic, as the HALS regenerate andcontinue to be effective. Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) protect polymer coatings against photo- oxidative damage through the formation of nitroxide radicals. Non-limiting examples of HALS are compounds which contain a tetramethylpiperidine residue.Antioxidants

[0062] The additive may be an antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include phenolic antioxidants, amine antioxidants, HALS, phosphites, hydroxylamine compounds, and / or thiol compounds.

[0063] The wt.% of the additive in the disinfectant coating composition ranges from 0.1 wt.% to about 10 wt.%. In various embodiments, the additive at least one metal salt is present in an amount selected from the group consisting 0.1-10 wt.%, 0.1 wt.-0.5 wt.%, 0.5-1 wt.%, 1-1.5 wt.%, 1.5-2 wt.%, 2-2.5 wt.%, 2.5-3 wt.%, 3-3.5 wt.%, 3.5-4 wt.%, 4-4.5 wt.%, 4.5-5 wt.%, 5-5.5 wt.%, 5.5-6 wt.%, 6-6.5 wt.%, 6.5-7 wt.%, 7- 7.5 wt.%, 7.5-8 wt.%, 8-8.5 wt.%, 8.5-9 wt.%, 9-9.5 wt.%, 9.5-10 wt.%, 2-5 wt.%, 3-6 wt.%, and 6-10 wt.%.Properties of the Coating Composition

[0064] The long-lasting coating composition has distinctive properties.

[0065] The long- lasting coating composition has a pH that ranges from about 6 to about 8. In various embodiments, the pH of the long-lasting coating composition is in the range selected from the group consisting of 6.0 to 7.0, and 7.0 to 8.0. In one embodiment, the range of pH is selected from the group consisting of 6.0-6.5, 6.3-6.8, 6.5-7.5, 6.8-7.8 and 7.5-8.0. These long-lasting coating compositions are considered neutral and non-corrosive. Given that the long-lasting coating composition has neutral and non- corrosive properties, the long-lasting coating composition can be used on various articles and surfaces without causing the article or surface to deteriorate or decompose (e.g., such as an iron surface which would rust in the presence of other traditional disinfecting compositions known in the art).

[0066] The long-lasting coating composition is light stable. Light stability enables the coating composition to be applied to articles placed in direct sunlight and to maintain the disinfectant properties for a period of time greater than 1 day. Light stability also enables the long-lasting coating composition, at various concentrations, to be stored in light without reduction in the efficacy of the composition. The disinfectant properties are maintained for the time period selected from the group consisting of 12 hours to 2 years; 6 months to one year; one week to one month; one month to 2 years; one month to one year; three months to one year; six months to two years; one day to one year; 5-20 days; 1-10 days; 1-365 days; 15-365 days and 12-24 hours or combinations thereof.

[0067] The long-lasting coating composition is heat stable. Heat stability allows the long-lasting coating composition to be applied to articles above room temperature (23-28°C) and maintain the disinfectant properties for a period of time greater than 1 day. The disinfectant properties are maintained for the time period selected from the group consisting of 12 hour's to 2 years; 6 months to one year; one week to onemonth; one month to 2 years; one month to one year; three months to one year; six months to two years; one day to one year; 5-20 days; 1-10 days; 1-365 days; 15-365 days and 12-24 hours and combinations thereof.

[0068] The long-lasting coating composition maintains contact on a variety of surfaces. As such, the long- lasting coating composition retains efficacy as a disinfectant / antimicrobial coating composition for a period greater than 1 day. In various embodiments, the long-lasting coating composition would remain efficacious for a period of time selected from the group consisting of 12 hours to 2 years; 6 months to one year; one week to one month; one month to 2 years; one month to one year; three months to one year; six months to two years; one day to one year; 5-20 days; 1-10 days; 1-365 days; 15-365 days and 12-24 hours and combinations thereof.

[0069] The long-lasting coating composition exhibits antimicrobial properties, antibacterial properties, antiviral properties, antifungal properties, or a combination thereof against a variety of pathogens as verified by the following tests: for bacteria and fungi; AOAC Use Dilution Method (UDM), ASTM-E 2315, ISO 22196:2011 ; and for viruses: AATCC 100-20124, ISO18184:2019, ISO 21702:2019, Rt-PCR, liquid-liquid contact. For viruses, the Fonsum Pharma test against a Covid- 19 RT-PCR Evaluation was utilized. The kill rate for all pathogens is greater than 99% after less than 3 -minutes of contact time and pathogenic sterility is maintained for greater than 1 day. In one embodiment, the kill rate for all pathogens is 99.5%. In one embodiment, the kill rate for all pathogens is 99.99%.

[0070] In one embodiment the pathogenic sterility is maintained for a time period selected from the group consisting of 12 hours to 2 years; 6 months to one year; one week to one month; one month to 2 years; one month to one year; three months to one year; six months to two years; one day to one year; 5-20 days; 1-10 days; 1-365 days; 15-365 days and 12-24 hours and combinations thereof. The coating composition is long- lasting, meaning that after the coating composition has been applied to a surface or article, the surface or article may be wiped numerous times without removing the coating composition After an initial coating of the long-lasting coating composition has been applied to a surface or article, the surface or article may be wiped (scoured) more than 160 times without pathogen regrowth. In one embodiment, after an initial coating of the long-lasting coating composition has been applied to a surface or article, the surface or article may be wiped (scoured) more than 100 times without pathogen regrowth.II. Method of Preparing a Long-Lasting Composition for Killing Pathogens

[0071] The present disclosure provides methods for preparing the composition. The method comprises (a) mixing at least one metal ion into a solvent to form a mixture; and (b) combining the mixture from step (a) with polymeric coating precursors and a catalyst to form the disinfectant coating composition.

[0072] The methods, as disclosed herein, are conducted in a batch process, a semi-batch process, a semi- continuous process, or a continuous process. The methods may be conducted in the dark and / or under aninert atmosphere. Darkness and / or an inert atmosphere are not required to prepare the liquid polymeric disinfectant composition.

[0073] In one embodiment, a continuous process consists of combining raw materials without interruption, moving from one step to the next without waiting for other materials to be added.

[0074] In one embodiment, a batch process consists of combining raw materials together in a fixed quantity to produce a finite amount of product. All materials are added at the outset and processed until completion.

[0075] In one embodiment, a semi-batch process combines the elements of both batch and continuous processes. While some materials are continuously added, others are added in batches. This hybrid approach offers flexibility and control and is known in the art of production of polymeric resins.

[0076] In one embodiment, a semi-continuous batch process integrates aspects of both continuous and batch process. While some production steps are continuous, others are carried out in batches. This balances efficiency and flexibility and is known in the art of production of edible oils, where extraction is continuous but refining occurs in batches.Step a: Combining the at Least One Metal Ion in a Solvent to form a Mixture

[0077] The first step in the method comprises combining at least one metal ion in a solvent to form a mixture. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a silver salt. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a copper salt. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a zinc salt. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a silver salt and a zinc salt. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a copper salt and a zinc salt. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a silver salt and a copper salt. In one embodiment, the coating composition includes a silver salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, or combinations thereof.

[0078] fhe step (a) comprises addition of at least one solvent. The solvent can and will vary depending on other components used in the composition. In various embodiments, the solvent may be a polar protic solvent, a polar aprotic solvent, or combinations thereof.

[0079] Suitable examples of polar protic solvents include, but are not limited to, water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, iso-butanol, n-butanol, s-butanol, t- butanol, and the like; diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol; polyols such as glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol; and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable polar aprotic solvents include but are not limited to acetonitrile N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,4- dioxane, N- methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), hexamethylphosphoramide, N-methylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and combinations thereof. The polar protic solvent, the polar aprotic solvent, or a combination of the polar protic and polar aprotic solvent may be utilized with water or brine in a liquid metal ion disinfecting composition. In one embodiment, the at least one solventcomprises water or brine. In one embodiment, the at least one solvent comprises a mixture of ethanol and water, or ethanol and brine.

[0080] Step (a) may be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Suitable inert gases include but are not limited to helium, nitrogen, argon, or a combination thereof.

[0081] In step (a), the at least one metal salt may be added portion wise or all at once to the solvent, while stirring to form a mixture. Suitable methods are known in the art for stirring mixtures, such as magnetic stirring, mechanical stirring, jet mixers, and the like.

[0082] The temperature of mixing in step (a) ranges from about 0°C to about 50°C. In various embodiments, the temperature of mixing in step (a) ranges from the group consisting of about 0°C to about 50°C, from about 10°C to about 35°C, and from about 20°C to about 30°C. In one embodiment, the temperature of mixing in step (a) is about 23 °C (room or ambient temperature).

[0083] The duration of mixing ranges from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes until a homogeneous mixture is obtained by visual determination. In various embodiments, the duration of mixing ranges from the group consisting of about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, from about 2 minutes to about 15 minutes, and from about 3 minutes to about 10 minutes until a homogeneous solution is obtained as visually determined.Step (b): Combining the Mixture from Step (a) with Polymeric Coating Precursors and a Catalyst to Form the Long-Lasting Coating Composition

[0084] Step (b) comprises combining the mixture from step (a) with polymeric coating precursors and a catalyst to form the long-lasting disinfectant coating composition. The polymeric coating precursors, referred to as monomers, are described in more detail in Section (I) above.

[0085] In order to polymerize the polymeric coating precursors, a catalyst is normally utilized. The catalyst for the polymerization of the polymeric coating precursors can and wil l vary depending on the type of polymeric coating prepared.

[0086] Non-limiting examples of suitable catalysts include but are not limited to a tin catalyst, an amine catalyst, a bismuth catalyst, a zinc catalyst a transition metal catalyst, and / or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the catalyst used in polymerization of the monomers is dibutyltin dilaurate.

[0087] In general, the wt.% of the catalyst used in preparation of the coating composition ranges from 0.001 wt.% to about 0.01 wt.%. In various embodiments, the wt.% of the catalyst used in preparation of the coating composition is selected from the group consisting of 0.005-0.01 wt. %, 0.001-0.01 wt.%, 0.001- 0.002 wt.%, 0.003-0.004 wt.%, 0.005-0.006 wt.%, 0.007-0.008 wt.% and 0.009-0.01 wt.%.

[0088] Step (b) may be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Suitable inert gases include but are not limited to helium, nitrogen, argon, or a combination thereof.

[0089] In step (b), in various embodiments, the polymeric coating precursors and the catalyst are added in any sequential order, portion wise, or all at once, while stirring to form a mixture. Suitable methods are known in the art for stirring mixtures, such as magnetic stirring, mechanical stirring, jet mixers, and the like.

[0090] The temperature of mixing in step (b) ranges from about 0°C to about 50°C. In various embodiments, the temperature of mixing in step (a) ranges from the group consisting of about 0°C to about 50°C, from about 10°C to about 35°C, and from about 20°C to about 30°C. In one embodiment, the temperature of mixing in step (b) is about 23°C (room or ambient temperature).

[0091] The duration of mixing ranges from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes until a homogeneous mixture is obtained by visual determination. In various embodiments, the duration of mixing ranges from the group consisting of from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, from about 2 minutes to about 15 minutes, and from about 3 minutes to about 10 minutes until a homogeneous mixture is obtained as visually determined.

[0092] After the completion of the addition of materials in step (b), the mixture of step (b) is deoxygenated. This step ensures the at least one metal ion does not oxidize and reduce the efficacy of the coating composition. After the deoxygenation of the mixture is complete, the long-lasting coating composition is ready to be applied.

[0093] After the long-lasting coating composition is applied and dried on the article, the long-lasting coating composition is produced. The time of drying ranges from 0.5 minutes to 21 days. In one embodiment, the dry time is selected from the group consisting of 0.3-1 minute, 1 minute to 5 minutes, 2 minutes to 10 minutes, 5 minutes to 20 minutes, 15 minutes to 30 minutes, 25 minutes to 1 hour, 1 hour to 1 day, 12 hours to 2 days, 1 day to 5 days, 3 days to 8 days, 7 days to 10 days, 8 days to 15 days and 14 days to 21 days, and combinations thereof.II I. Methods for Disinfecting a Surface or an Article

[0094] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods for disinfecting and / or maintaining the pathogenic sterility of an article, and a method of cleaning the surface of an article. The method comprises contacting the surface of the article with the long-lasting coating composition.

[0095] In one embodiment, the article is disinfected prior to applying the long-lasting coating composition.Types of Surfaces or Articles

[0096] In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition is applied to various surfaces or articles. The surfaces or articles are made from a variety of materials which may be porous or non-porous. The articles are made from a variety of materials such as but not limited to latex, cloth, and plastic. Non-limiting examples of these surfaces include metals or metal alloys (for example, steel, stainless steel, iron), wood, cardboard, glass, plastic, thermoplastic, ceramic, natural stone (for example, granite, marble, quartz, quartzite), synthetic stone, concrete, sheet rock, livestock living spaces (such as a barn, coup, stable, andthe like), and the like. By applying the long-lasting coating composition, these surfaces and articles are disinfected, preserved, and sterilized.

[0097] In one embodiment, the article is in a home, a housing structure, or a building. Suitable, non-limiting examples of these articles include but are not limited to a wood table, a counter surface (Formica®, stainless steel, quartz, granite, etc.), a faucet (stainless steel, chromed steel, etc.), a shower head, a floor (such as a bathroom floor), a cabinet, tiles, sinks, showers, toilets, tubs, railings, door handles, doors, etc. After the article is treated with the long-lasting coating composition, these articles remain disinfected for a period of time greater than 1 day.

[0098] In one embodiment articles remain disinfected for a time period selected from the group consisting of 12 hours to 2 years; 6 months to one year; one week to one month; one month to 2 years; one month to one year; three months to one year; six months to two years; one day to one year; 5-20 days; 1-10 days; 1-365 days; 15-365 days and 12-24 hours and combinations thereof.

[0099] In one embodiment, the article is a building material. After applying the long-lasting coating composition, the building material can easily be used without the fear of viral contamination, or growth of molds or bacteria in the future. Suitable, non-limiting examples of a building material include wood, sheet rock, iron, wallpaper, stainless steel, and the like.

[0100] In one embodiment, the article is made of a polymer, a thermoplastic, or a plastic. The long-lasting coating composition is added before the polymer, the thermoplastic, or the plastic is produced (during the production process) or after the polymer, the thermoplastic, or the plastic is produced. Suitable, nonlimiting examples include a toy, a polymer coated counter surface, a plastic item, a toy, a plastic film, etc.

[0101] In one embodiment, the article is an article already affected by bacteria, mold or viral contamination. By applying the long-lasting coating composition, the bacteria, mold or viral contamination is eliminated, the article is sealed with the long-lasting coating composition, and the article could be reused. Suitable, non-limiting examples include a moldy bathroom wall, moldy sheet rock, a moldy bathroom floor, a moldy pipe, an electrical cable, a piece of wood, and the like.

[0102] In one embodiment, the long- lasting composition is added to or applied to paint, caulk, varnish, and / or concrete. The treated paint, caulk, varnish, and / or concrete would not only eliminate pathogens already present on the surface of the surface or article but also prevent pathogens from growing in the future. The surface of the article is protected and the surface of the article is provided with a durable finish.Applying the Long-Lasting Coating Composition

[0103] In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition is applied as a liquid in various methods. The long-lasting coating composition may be rapidly sprayed, cast, or brushed in thin layers over large areas, or sprayed and coated numerous times on the surface or article.

[0104] In order to identify whether the surface or article has been fully coated, a simple touch test with a finger, a corner of a towel, etc. can be utilized. If a portion of the article or the surface has not been coated, additional applications of the long-lasting coating composition may be applied to ensure full and complete coverage of the surface or article.

[0105] In one embodiment, the long-lasting coating composition is applied in an aqueous solution to an article or on a surface. Once dried, the long-lasting coating composition polymerizes, and the polymeric coating is formed.

[0106] Various coating techniques include, but are not limited to, spray coating, dip coating, doctor-blade coating, spin coating, air knife coating, single and multilayer slide coating, gap coating, knife-over-roll coating, metering rod (Meyer bar) coating, reverse roll coating, rotary screen coating, extrusion coating, casting, using a paintbrush, wiping, printing and / or combinations thereof.Properties of Surfaces or Articles after Contacting with the Long-Lasting Coating Composition

[0107] After being treated with the long-lasting coating composition, the surfaces or articles kill greater than 99% of the pathogens present, when compared to articles that have not been treated with the composition. With the durable, non-corrosive and non-toxic nature of the long-lasting coating composition, these articles may be touched or contacted by the skin (such as fingers, arms, hands, etc.) for more than 100 times over a 30-day period. Even after repeated contact with skin, no growth of pathogens is detected.EXAMPLES

[0108] While the present invention is disclosed in reference to the preferred embodiments or examples above, it is to be understood that these embodiments or examples are intended for illustrative purposes, which shall not be treated as limitations to the present invention. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims. Results are summarized in Tables 1-3.Materials and Instruments:

[0109] T he following materials were sourced in the Examples noted below. 1,4- Phenylene diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol, methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, diphenyl carbonate, and l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane were purchased from Sigma and used without further purification. The purity of these reagents was greater than 99%. Silver nitrate, silver chloride, copper (I I) acetate, zinc acetate, zinc citrate, and silver lactate were sourced from Rochester Silver, Rochester, NY, Alpha Chemika, or Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification. The minimum purity of these reagents was 99% minimum.

[0110] The pH of the metal ion disinfectant composition was determined using a Systonic digital auto pH meter with Combination pH Electrode calibrated with a pH 7.0 buffer. The concentration of silver ions inthe samples was determined by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method or potentiometric titration using 1 drop nitric acid and titrating with 100 ppm solution of sodium chloride.The concentration of other metal ions was determined in a similar fashion.Example 1

[0111] Into a round bottom flask is added 0.1 g of silver nitrate and 100 mL of distilled water. After ensuring a homogeneous solution is obtained, 10 g of 1 ,4-phenylene diisocyanate and 10 g polyethylene glycol are added. The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then, 10 mg dibutyltin dilaurate is added. After stirring for 10 minutes at room temperature, the mixture is deoxygenated using vacuum. The mixture is transferred to a bottle.

[0112] A 0.5 mL portion of the liquid is removed and tested for pH. The pH of the solution is measured using a pH meter resulting in a pH range of approximately 6.5-7.0.

[0113] The polyurethane coating solution and the silver nitrate are introduced into a sprayer and the solution is sprayed onto a piece of sheet rock. After drying, a sample of the coating on the sheet rock is tested. The ASTM-E2315 tests show a 99-99.9999% reduction in Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Example 2

[0114] Into a round bottom flask is added 0.1 g of zinc nitrate and 100 mL of distilled water. After ensuring a homogeneous solution is obtained, 10 g of methyl acrylate and 10 g acrylonitri le are added. The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then, 10 mg dibutyltin dilaurate is added. After stirring for 10 minutes at room temperature, the mixture is deoxygenated using vacuum. The mixture is transferred to a bottle.

[0115] A 0.5 mL portion of the liquid is removed and tested for pH. The pH of the solution is measured using a pH meter resulting in a pH range of approximately 6.5-7.0.

[0116] The solution of the polyacrylate coating solution and the zinc nitrate is introduced into a sprayer and the solution is sprayed onto a piece of sheet plywood. After drying, a sample of the coating on the plywood is tested. The ASTM-E2315 tests shows a 99-99.9999% reduction in Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Example 3

[0117] Into a round bottom flask is added 0.1 g of zinc nitrate and 100 mL of distilled water. After ensuring a homogeneous solution is obtained, 10 g of diphenyl carbonate and 10 g l,l-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane are added. The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then, 10 mg dibutyltin dilaurate is added. After stirring for 10 minutes at room temperature, the mixture is deoxygenated using vacuum. The mixture is transferred to a bottle.

[0118] A 0.5 mL portion of the liquid is removed and tested for pH. The pH of the solution is measured using a pH meter resulting in a pH range of approximately 6.5-7.0.

[0119] The solution of the polyurethane coating solution and the zinc nitrate are introduced into a sprayer and the solution is sprayed onto a piece of countertop. After drying, a sample of the coating on the countertop is tested. The ASTM-E2315 tests may show a 99-99.9999% reduction in Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Example 4

[0120] In a round bottom flask, combine 0.1 g of zinc nitrate and 100 mL of distilled water to create a homogeneous solution. Add 10 g of diphenyl carbonate and 10 g of l ,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane. Stir the mixture for 10 minutes at room temperature, then add 10 mg of dibutyltin dilaurate. Stir for another 10 minutes at room temperature. Deoxygenate the mixture using vacuum and transfer it to a bottle.

[0121] Take a 0.5 mL sample of the liquid and test its pH using a pH meter. The pH should fall within the range of approximately 6.5-7.0.

[0122] Introduce the solution containing the polyurethane coating and zinc nitrate into a sprayer. Spray the solution onto a piece of countertop and allow it to dry. Test a sample of the coated countertop using the ASTM El 052 protocol. Results should indicate a significant reduction in viral activity, with viruses such as MS-2 bacteriophage and feline calicivirus. demonstrating efficacy against viruses comparable to a 99% reduction in Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa as per ASTM E1052 standards.RESULTS

[0123] Results of the ability of the long-lasting compositions to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in Table 1, as measured by ASTM-E2315, with 5 minutes of contact.Table 1: Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth by polyurethane or polyacrylate compositions containing silver chlorideResults of the ability of the long-lasting polyurethane compositions to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in Table 2 as measured by the Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) Protocol for Residual Self-Sanitizing Activity of Dried Chemical Residues on Hard, Non- Porous Surfaces, Protocol # 01-1 A.Table 2: Durability of Polyurethane coating applied to stainless steel surface (ss304). The surfaces are abraded with Lysol® soaked sponges, then exposed to 20uL (2 x 106- 4 x 106cfu) of microbe solution for 2 hoursindicates samples were run against the same control.** indicates samples were run against the same control.

[0124] Results of the ability of the long-lasting polyacrylate compositions to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in Table 3 as measured by the Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) Protocol for Residual Self-Sanitizing Activity of Dried Chemical Residues on Hard, Non- Porous Surfaces, Protocol # 01-1 A.Table 3: Durability of Polyacrylate coating applied to stainless steel surface (ss304). The surfaces are abraded with bleach-soaked sponges, then exposed to 20pL (2 x 106- 4 x 106cfu) of microbe solution for 2 hours

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A long- lasting coating composition for killing pathogens comprising: at least one metal ion and a polymeric coating wherein said ion is about 0.001 weight % (wt.%) to 2 wt.% of the composition and said polymeric coating is from about 98 wt.% to 99.99 wt.% of the composition.

2. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric coating comprises a polyurethane coating, a polyacrylate coating, or a polycarbonate coating.

3. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 2, wherein the polyurethane coating comprises a polyol and an isocyanate.

4. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 3, wherein the polyol is selected from a group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, glycerol, sugar alcohols and combinations thereof.

5. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 3, wherein the isocyanate is selected from a group consisting of a diisocyanate, a triisocyanate, a tetraisocyanate, and combinations thereof.

6. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 3, wherein the polyol and isocyanate have a weight ratio from about 2:1 to 1 :2.

7. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 2, wherein the polyacrylate coating comprises an acrylic acid ester and an acrylonitrile.

8. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 7, wherein the acrylic acid ester and the acrylonitrile have a weight ratio from about 2: 1 to 1:2.

9. The long-lasting composition of claim 2, wherein the polycarbonate coating comprises a dihydroxy compound and a disubstituted carbonate compound.

10. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 9, wherein the dihydroxy compound and the disubstituted carbonate compound, have a weight ratio from about 2: 1 to about 1:2.

11. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1, wherein the long-lasting coating composition further comprises at least one additive.

12. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 11 , wherein the additive comprises from about 0.1 wt.% to about 10.0 wt.%.

13. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 11, wherein the additive is selected from a group consisting of a UV absorber, light stabilizer, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof.

14. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises a water-soluble metal salt.

15. The long- lasting coating composition of claim 14, wherein the at least one metal ion salt is selected from a group consisting of a silver salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, a gold salt, a cobalt salt, a nickel salt, a zirconium salt, a molybdenum salt, a palladium salt, and combinations thereof.

16. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 15 , wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a silver salt.

17. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a zinc salt.

18. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a copper salt.

19. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a silver salt and a zinc salt.

20. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a copper salt and a zinc salt.

21. The long-lasting composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a silver salt and a copper salt.

22. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 15, wherein the at least one metal ion salt comprises a silver salt, a copper salt, and a zinc salt.

23. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is nontoxic and non-corrosive.

24. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is light and heat stable.

25. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating prevents oxidation and / or moisture of the at least one metal ion.

26. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1, wherein the long-lasting coating composition maintains contact on a surface.

27. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the long-lasting coating composition exhibits antimicrobial properties, antibacterial properties, antifungal properties, antiviral properties, or a combination thereof against at least one pathogen.

28. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the long-lasting coating composition achieves a greater than a 99% kill rate on a surface in less than 3 minutes.

29. The long-lasting coating composition of claim 1, wherein the long-lasting coating composition maintains efficacy for greater than 1 day.

30. A method for preparing a long-lasting coating composition for killing pathogens comprising:(a) combining at least one metal ion in a solvent to form a mixture; and(b) combining the mixture from step (a) with polymeric coating precursors and a catalyst to form the long-lasting coating composition; and(c) the addition of at least one additive; wherein the long-lasting coating composition does not contain nanoparticles.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the long-lasting coating composition comprises apolyurethane coating, a polyacrylate coating, or a polycarbonate coating.

32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the polyurethane coating comprises a polyol and an isocyanate.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the polyol is selected from a group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, glycerol, sugar alcohols and combinations thereof.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein the isocyanate is selected from a group consisting of a diisocyanate, a triisocyanate, a tetraisocyanate, and combinations thereof.

35. The method of claim 32, wherein the polyol and the isocyanate have a weight ratio from about 2:1 to 1 :2.

36. The method of claim 31, wherein the polyacrylate coating comprises an acrylic acid ester and an acrylonitrile.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the acrylic acid ester and an acrylonitrile have a weight ratio from about 2: 1 to 1:2.

38. The method of claim 31 , wherein the polycarbonate coating comprises a dihydroxy compound and a disubstituted carbonate compound.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the dihydroxy compound and the disubstituted carbonate compound comprises a weight ratio from about 2:1 to 1 :2.

40. The method of claim 30, wherein the catalyst comprises a tin catalyst, an amine catalyst, a bismuth catalyst, a zinc catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, or a combination thereof.

41. The method of claim 30, wherein the catalyst comprises from about 0.001 wt.% to about 0.01 wt.%.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one additive comprises from about 0.1 wt.%to about 10.0 wt.%.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the additive is selected from the group consistingof a UV absorber, light stabilizer, and an antioxidant.

44. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises a water-soluble metal salt.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the water-soluble metal salt is selected from a group consisting of a silver salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, a gold salt, a cobalt salt, a nickel salt, a zirconium salt, a molybdenum salt, a palladium salt, and combinations thereof.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the water-soluble metal salt comprises a silver salt.

47. The method of claim 45, wherein the water-soluble metal salt comprises a zinc salt.

48. The method of claim 45, wherein the water-soluble metal salt comprises a coppersalt.

49. The method of claim 45, wherein the water-soluble metal salt comprises a silver salt and a zinc salt.

50. The method of claim 45, wherein the metal salt comprises a copper salt and a zinc salt.

51. The method of claim 45, wherein the water-soluble metal salt comprises a silver salt and a copper salt.

52. The method of claim 45, wherein the water-soluble metal salt comprises a silver salt, a copper salt, and a zinc salt.

53. The method of claim 30, further comprising deoxygenating the mixture from step (b).

54. The method of claim 30, wherein the solvent comprises a polar protic, a polar aprotic, a non-polar protic solvent, or a combination thereof.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the solvent comprises water.

56. The method of claim 30, wherein the method is conducted at a temperature of about 0°C to 50°C.

57. The method of claim 30, wherein the method is conducted at room temperature (22- 28°C).

58. The method of claim 30, wherein the method is conducted in a batch process, a semi-batch process, a semi-continuous process, or a continuous process.

59. A method of disinfecting and / or maintaining pathogenic sterility of an article comprising contacting the article with the long-lasting coating composition of claim 1.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein greater than 99% of pathogens on a surface of the article are killed.

61. The method of claim 59, wherein the article maintains the pathogenic sterility for greater than 1 day.

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