Home technology system, home technology system group and method for controlling a home technology system and / or a home technology system group

Abstract

The invention relates to a home technology system (7) for a utilisation unit (2) of a plurality of utilisation units (2) of a building (1) with a primary flow connection (37) and with a primary return connection (38). The home technology system (7) has a heating flow connection (32) and a heating return connection (35) for connecting the heating system (8) of the utilisation unit (2). A decentralised heat pump (5) is provided for installation in a utilisation unit (2) and comprises an intake heat exchanger (29), to which outgoing air from the utilisation unit (2) can be fed as a heat source, and a discharge heat exchanger (9), via which heat extracted from the outgoing air can be discharged to a first heating fluid of the heating system (8) of the utilisation unit (2). A second heating fluid from the primary flow line (12) can be supplied via the primary flow connection (37) and discharged via the primary return connection (38) to the primary return line (13) in such a way that energy can be transferred between the second heating fluid in the central primary flow line (12) or in the primary return line (13) and the first heating fluid of the heating system (8) of the utilisation unit (2).

Description

[0001] Description

[0002] Building services system, building services system network and method for controlling a building services system and / or a building services system network

[0003] The invention relates to a building services system for at least controlling the water temperature for one unit of a building. The invention further relates to a building services system network for a building with a plurality of units, and to a method for controlling a building services system and / or a building services system network.

[0004] In the following, a usage unit is understood to mean a self-contained sequence of living spaces available to a person or group of people. These can be, for example, self-contained apartments, granny flats, offices, medical practices, commercial units, or the like in or within a building. The building can, for example, be an apartment building and, within the meaning of the present disclosure, can therefore have multiple usage units.

[0005] Efficient energy use is becoming increasingly important in the building sector. A key aspect of making buildings more energy-efficient is the recovery of heat from exhaust air. Various systems are known for utilizing the residual heat contained in the exhaust air of residential units, for example, heat pumps can be used for this purpose. The current state of the art pursues two basic approaches to energy recovery: using heat pumps to recover exhaust air and extract air.

[0006] On the one hand, there are approaches that involve completely decentralized energy recovery. A heat pump is installed in each unit of a building, equipped with a hot water tank, and can be used to independently supply the unit with hot water. The disadvantage of such solutions is that the output of the decentralized heat pump is often insufficient to fully cover the heating and / or hot water requirements in the unit. Furthermore, the high temperature required for hot water preparation can only be provided by a heat pump with a large amount of energy. Consequently, additional components are required to provide additional heat. The corresponding systems are space-consuming and complex in design.

[0007] In another known approach, the exhaust air from residential units is fed into a central exhaust air system. A central heat pump is provided to recover the heat contained in the exhaust air and transfer it to a central heating plant in the building. Depending on the location of the central heat pump, the air ducting in the central exhaust air system can be very complex, leading to heat losses in the exhaust air and high installation and maintenance costs. Such a combined system with a central heat pump also lacks flexibility in its design because each residential unit in a building must be connected to the central exhaust air system. Retrofitting energy recovery systems in individual residential units is only possible at considerable expense.In addition, in many cases, expensive and complex additional installations are necessary if the applicable legal fire protection regulations must be complied with in a building with multiple units.

[0008] Only a portion of newly built, multi-story residential buildings are equipped with ventilation systems with heat recovery, as such ventilation systems are very expensive. Consequently, there is a need for a technical solution that overcomes the disadvantages of known systems described above. The invention is based on the object of providing a building services system that enables efficient heat recovery from exhaust air and has a simple structure. The building services system should be flexibly combinable with other building services systems to form a building services system network. A method for controlling such a building services system and / or a building services system network should be specified.

[0009] The object is achieved according to the invention by the features of the independent patent claims, while advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention can be found in the subclaims.

[0010] A building services system according to the invention is used at least for water temperature control for one unit. Water temperature control refers to the provision of heating energy and / or hot water. The building services system is intended for one of a plurality of units in a building.

[0011] In the following, water tempering is understood to mean both the heating and cooling of water, such as service water, fresh water, heating fluid or the like.

[0012] The building services system includes a primary flow connection for the hydraulic connection of a central primary flow line and a primary return connection for the hydraulic connection of a central primary return line. A heating flow connection is used for the hydraulic connection of a decentralized heating flow line of a heating system of the

[0013] A heating return connection is provided for the hydraulic connection of a decentralized heating return line of the heating of the

[0014] The building services system is preferably installed in a usage unit and provides an interface for connecting the usage unit's decentralized heating system to a central primary flow line or a central primary return line. In other words, the building services system functions as a home station for the usage unit.

[0015] The building services system also includes a decentralized heat pump designed for installation in a residential unit. The decentralized heat pump includes an intake heat exchanger to which exhaust air from the residential unit can be fed as a heat source. For this purpose, the heat pump can be connected to an exhaust air unit of the residential unit. The exhaust air from the residential unit can thus flow past the intake heat exchanger of the residential unit and transfer heat to the refrigerant of the decentralized heat pump via the intake heat exchanger.

[0016] The heat pump further comprises an output heat exchanger. The heating flow connection is hydraulically connected to the output heat exchanger via a heat pump return line. The heating return connection is hydraulically connected to the output heat exchanger via a heat pump flow line. The hydraulic connection is designed such that heat extracted from the exhaust air can be transferred via the output heat exchanger to a first heating fluid flowing through the heat pump return line and the heat pump flow line. The first heating fluid can, for example, be supplied via the heating return connection from the heating system of the usage unit. After flowing through the heat pump flow line, the output heat exchanger, and the heat pump return line, the heated first heating fluid can be supplied to the heating system of the usage unit.

[0017] The building services system can include more than one of the decentralized heat pumps described above, which improves the modulation of the output of the decentralized heat pumps and enables the heat pumps to be operated with high efficiency even with different volume flows and different amounts of heat that can be recovered from the waste heat.

[0018] A second heating fluid from the primary flow line can be supplied via the primary flow connection and delivered to the primary return line via the primary return connection in such a way that energy can be transferred between the second heating fluid in the central primary flow line or the second heating fluid in the central primary return line and the first heating fluid of the heating of the usage unit.

[0019] The building services system enables heat to be recovered from the exhaust air of a residential unit. By using electrical energy supplied to a refrigerant compressor of the heat pump, the heat is raised to a higher temperature level. The heat can be transferred through the output heat exchanger to the first heating fluid, which flows through the heat pump supply line, the heat pump return line, and, depending on the operating mode, through the heating of the residential unit. The heat recovered by the heat pump can thus be used to heat the residential unit and / or to provide hot water in the residential unit and / or be transferred to the central primary return. The decentralized heat pump can therefore supply the decentralized heating system and / or the decentralized hot water system and, if necessary, provide heat to a central heat storage system.

[0020] In the present disclosure, the terms first and second heating fluid are used to distinguish the first heating fluid, which essentially flows in the decentralized heating circuit of a usage unit and / or through the output heat exchanger of the decentralized heat pump, from the second heating fluid, which essentially flows in the central primary flow line and primary return line. In certain operating states, such as summer operation or winter operation, the first and second heating fluids can be mixed. The first and second heating fluids can be identical substances, in particular water. The conceptual separation comes into play, for example, during transitional operation, in which a hydraulic separation also occurs between the first heating fluid and the second heating fluid.

[0021] In this disclosure, the term "heating fluid" refers to various substances that can be used in heating systems or systems for hot water preparation. Examples of possible heating fluids include water, treated water, or thermal oil.

[0022] Likewise, in the present disclosure, the terms "primary flow" and "second heating fluid in the primary flow line" as well as "primary return" and "second heating fluid in the primary return line" are used essentially synonymously.

[0023] The heat pump harnesses the ambient heat in the exhaust air by evaporating a refrigerant through heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger. The vaporous refrigerant is compressed by a compressor and thus raised to a higher temperature level. Through the direct hydraulic integration of the heat pump into the heating system, the thermal energy recovered from the exhaust air by the heat pump can be supplied directly to the heating of the unit or to other thermal consumers in the unit.

[0024] In this disclosure, the term "consumer" is generally understood to mean a heating system, preferably underfloor heating, and / or fittings for providing heated water, such as showers or faucets. The thermal energy provided by the heat pump is either used directly in the decentralized heating circuit of the unit of use or is discharged via the primary flow or primary return connection to a central primary flow or primary return of the building. This eliminates the need for a decentralized buffer storage system for buffering thermal energy, particularly in the unit of use or in the heat pump.

[0025] The central heat storage of the building can, for example, be designed as a buffer storage, in particular as a stratified storage, and can preferably be connected to each of the building services systems installed in the building via the primary flow line and the primary return line, so that the excess thermal energy recovered from the extract air in the individual decentralized usage units can be transferred to the central primary flow or primary return and stored in the central buffer storage shared by the decentralized building services systems.

[0026] In tall buildings, such as high-rise buildings with multiple floors, fluid-carrying pipes can be subject to high pressures. To counteract this, the central heat storage system can have multiple storage reservoirs distributed across the height of the building. Each storage reservoir can be assigned to different usage units of the building, with the storage reservoirs being arranged at different heights. This reduces the pressure difference that must be bridged in the central primary flow and primary return lines between the respective central storage reservoir and the assigned decentralized building services systems of the usage units. This is advantageous, for example, in a building with multiple floors, such as a high-rise building, because the pumps used to pump the water can be smaller.Thus, the energy generated by the heat pump that is not directly supplied to the unit can be stored centrally in the storage tank, saving space and costs. In particular, compared to systems with decentralized buffer and / or hot water storage tanks in the unit, the use of a system according to the invention requires less space. The space available in a unit can therefore be used for other purposes. Due to the small space requirement, it is also possible to easily retrofit building services systems for water temperature control in existing buildings.

[0027] In the opposite case, i.e. if the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pump to the heating system is not sufficient to cover the heating demand in the usage unit, energy from the central primary flow or from the central primary return can be used to cover the missing heating output.

[0028] For example, the central storage tank in the system can be used to cover peak loads. As indicated above, this storage tank is preferably a buffer tank, especially a stratified storage tank. By using a decentralized heat pump in combination with a central storage tank in the building, a primary energy source, such as a boiler, a central heat pump, or a gas condensing boiler, can be dimensioned smaller than with conventional systems.

[0029] The heat recovery system created by the decentralized heat pump can, for example, provide base load supply, allowing the central primary heat source to be reduced, as it only covers the remaining heat demand, particularly peak thermal loads. A particular advantage in this context is that, especially in passive houses—that is, houses in which the majority of the heat demand is met from "passive" sources such as solar radiation and waste heat—a primary energy source can be completely dispensed with, as the thermal energy generated by the decentralized heat pumps is sufficient for heating.

[0030] The energy recovered by the decentralized heat pump can be recorded separately for each assigned usage unit of a building. For example, the proportion of energy recovered by the heat pump that is consumed decentrally in the usage unit can be recorded separately from the proportion of the recovered energy that is made available to a central heat storage system in the building. Measuring devices of the building services system, the building services system network, the usage unit, and / or the building can be used to record the energy quantities. For example, each usage unit can have at least one, preferably two, heat meters that record the energy generated by the decentralized heat pump, the energy fed into the central heat storage system, and / or the energy consumed in the usage unit.

[0031] The recorded energy quantities can be assigned a monetary equivalent. Based on this, for example, the ancillary housing costs of tenants of a usage unit can be reduced if energy recovered by a decentralized heat pump assigned to the usage unit is transferred to a central heat storage system of the building. Such recording of income, broken down by usage unit, is particularly advantageous if individual usage units of a building are equipped with building services systems for heat recovery and other usage units of the building do not have such building services systems. In a preferred embodiment, energy from the primary flow can be transferred to the first heating fluid flowing in the heat pump return line. In this way, the first heating fluid, after it has been heated by the heat pump, can be further heated by the energy of the second heating fluid.This can occur, for example, when the thermal output required in the decentralized heating circuit exceeds the thermal output provided by the heat pump. Adding energy to the heat pump return ensures that the heat pump operates with the smallest possible spread, which improves the heat pump's COP.

[0032] The coefficient of performance, or COP for short, is the ratio of the generated heat or cooling output to the electrical power used and is therefore a measure of the efficiency of the heat pump.

[0033] Additionally or alternatively, energy can be transferred from the first heating fluid flowing in the heat pump return line to the primary return. This is particularly advantageous when the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pump exceeds the thermal output required for the heating system. By extracting the output in the heat pump return line, thermal energy is extracted at the highest possible temperature level, so that a large portion of the energy provided by the heat pump is transferable and usable, i.e., represents exergy.

[0034] Exergy refers to the portion of a system's total energy that can perform work when the system is brought into thermodynamic (thermal, mechanical, and chemical) equilibrium with its environment. Unlike energy, exergy is not a conserved quantity, as it is degraded through irreversible processes, i.e., it is converted into anergy. In this case, the relationship between exergy and anergy of a heat quantity is primarily determined by the heat quantity's temperature level. The higher the temperature level, the more usable the heat quantity and the higher the exergy component.

[0035] Various means are available for transferring energy between the decentralized building services system and the central primary flow or primary return. For example, the building services system can have heat exchangers connected to the primary flow connection and the primary return connection and designed to exchange heat with the heat pump flow line and / or the heat pump return line, thereby transferring heat energy between the first heating fluid and the second heating fluid. This is particularly advantageous in tall buildings where a large pressure difference must be overcome by the second heating fluid flowing in the primary flow lines or primary return lines.

[0036] Preferably, a hydraulic connection between the primary flow connection and the heat pump return line can be at least partially established or severed by means of a heat pump return valve. In this case, energy is transferred by mixing the first heating fluid with the second heating fluid. Mixing the first heating fluid with the second heating fluid requires only a minimum of components, in particular the heat pump return valve described here. The heat pump return valve used can have a straightforward design, be low-maintenance, and inexpensive to procure. The heat pump return valve thus makes it easy to inject heating fluid from the primary flow line into the heat pump return, for example, to raise the temperature level in the heat pump return.The heat pump return valve can be switched between an open heat pump return valve position, in which the connection between the primary flow connection and the heat pump return line is established, and a closed heat pump return valve position, in which the connection between the primary flow connection and the heat pump return line is closed. Preferably, the heat pump return valve is continuously switchable. This allows for precise control of the mixing of the first heating fluid with the second heating fluid in order to precisely meter the amount of heat transferred to the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line.

[0037] For example, the heat pump return valve can switch, or be switched, at least partially from the closed heat pump return valve position to the open heat pump return valve position when the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line falls below an injection limit. In this case, falling below the injection limit is a signal that the thermal output required by the heating of a usage unit is greater than the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pump over a significant period of time. To ensure sufficient heating of the usage unit, it is therefore necessary for additional energy from the primary flow to flow into the heating circuit of the usage unit.This is made possible by switching the heat pump return valve to the open position, as this creates a hydraulic connection between the central primary flow and the heat pump return, allowing the first heating fluid to mix with the second heating fluid. The position of the heat pump return valve can influence the opening cross-section of the hydraulic connection between the primary flow and the heat pump return. This determines the amount of second heating fluid injected into the heat pump return line. A hydraulic connection between the primary flow connection and the heat pump flow line can be at least partially established or broken using a heat pump flow valve. Through this hydraulic connection, second heating fluid can be supplied to the heat pump flow to be heated in the heat pump.After heating by the decentralized heat pump, the heated heating fluid from the heat pump return line can be transferred to the central primary return line via the primary return connection in order to raise the temperature of the primary return.

[0038] Similar to the heat pump return valve, the heat pump flow valve can be set between an open

[0039] The heat pump flow valve can be switched between a position in which the connection between the primary flow connection and the heat pump flow line is established, and a position in which the connection between the primary flow connection and the heat pump flow line is closed. The heat pump flow valve can preferably be switched continuously.

[0040] The heat pump flow valve can be switched from the closed heat pump flow valve position to the open

[0041] Heat pump flow valve position switches or can be switched when the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line exceeds an increase limit value.

[0042] In principle, the advantages explained in connection with the heat pump return valve also apply to the heat pump flow valve. However, unlike the heat pump return valve, the heat pump flow valve is used when the thermal output provided by the heat pump exceeds the output required by the heating system of the unit for a relevant period of time. The excess thermal energy of the decentralized heat pump can be transferred to the supplied second heating fluid by mixing it with the first heating fluid. After being heated by the heat pump, the heating fluid can be discharged to the central primary return.

[0043] The position of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve can be switched in different ways. In a particularly simple configuration, the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve are switched mechanically. For example, the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve can change its position depending on the temperature in the heat pump flow line or the heat pump return line, similar to the functionality of a thermostat. Mechanical adjustment of the position of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve is particularly low-maintenance and reliable. Furthermore, no additional components are required to position the valves.

[0044] The heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve can alternatively or additionally be switchable, preferably continuously, by means of an actuator. An electric actuator, for example, can be used for this purpose. An actuator enables flexible adjustment of the position of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve. The signal provided to the actuator can be calculated based on various parameters. Controlling the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve by means of an actuator therefore offers particularly great energy saving potential because - compared to a purely mechanical adjustment - significantly more ambient conditions can be taken into account. The building services system preferably has at least one temperature sensor, which is preferably arranged on or in the heat pump return line and / or at the heating flow connection.The temperature sensor makes it possible to determine a control signal for an actuator of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve based on the corresponding temperature.

[0045] The building services system can have a control unit that is designed, among other things, to control the heat pump flow valve, which is adjustable by means of an actuator, and the heat pump return valve, which is adjustable by means of an actuator. The control unit can have a data connection to the respective actuator of the valves and to sensors, such as a temperature sensor. Via the data connection, data can be exchanged between the control unit and the actuators, as well as between the control unit and the sensors, such as the at least one temperature sensor. Consequently, based on the data measured by the sensors, for example based on a measured temperature, the control unit can calculate a control signal and send it to the actuators in order to change the position of the heat pump flow valve and the position of the heat pump return valve.

[0046] The control unit can be decentralized and, for example, assigned to the building services system of a usage unit. However, a central control unit can also be provided that is assigned to a plurality of building services systems, in particular a building services system network, and sends control commands to the valve actuators either directly or via decentralized control units as intermediaries. For example, the control unit can send an open signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve and a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor falls below the injection limit.In this case, the control unit detects that the temperature of the first heating fluid supplied to the heating system of the usage unit is too low to meet the usage unit's heat demand, which can occur, for example, in winter when the usage unit has a high heat demand. To raise the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line, the control unit opens the heat pump return valve and injects second heating fluid from the primary flow line.

[0047] In another operating scenario, for example in summer, when the heat demand of the usage unit is lower than the energy provided by the heat pump for a certain period of time, the control unit can send an open signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve and a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve. The control unit detects that the temperature measured by the temperature sensor exceeds the increase limit. By opening the heat pump flow valve, heating fluid heated by the heat pump can be used to increase the temperature of the primary return. Energy recovered by the heat pump can thus be transported via the primary return to the central heat storage unit for storage.

[0048] If the energy provided by the heat pump roughly corresponds to the energy required for heating in the home, the temperature measured by the temperature sensor is preferably between the injection limit and the increase limit. In this case, the control unit sends a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve and a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve. The heat supply to the unit is thus essentially ensured autonomously by the decentralized heat pump. Interaction, such as an exchange of heating fluid, with the central primary flow or primary return is not required.

[0049] Preferably, the components of the building services system are arranged in a common assembly unit, in particular a rack, frame, cabinet, or the like. The building services system is thus designed to be particularly space-saving, which provides the advantages described above. Furthermore, the building services system is easily transportable. Furthermore, it can be prefabricated so that it can be delivered to a construction site ready for installation.

[0050] An exhaust air device, such as a fan, can be provided, which is connected to the heat pump in an air-conducting manner, so that the exhaust air from the usage unit is conveyed through the exhaust air device to the receiving heat exchanger of the decentralized heat pump and flows through the receiving heat exchanger. In a preferred embodiment, the exhaust air device is part of the building services system and is arranged in the common mounting unit with the building services system.

[0051] In a building with multiple units, any portion of the units can be equipped with building services systems according to one of the embodiments described above. The individual, decentralized building services systems, when combined, form a building services system network for a building, which preferably has a plurality of units.

[0052] The building services system network comprises at least one building services system assigned to a usage unit or, preferably, a plurality of building services systems each assigned to a usage unit. The building services system network also comprises a central primary supply line and a central primary return line.

[0053] The at least one building services system is hydraulically connected to the central primary flow line via the respective primary flow connection and to the central primary return line via the respective primary return connection. The at least one building services system is hydraulically connected to a decentralized heating flow line of a heating system of the associated usage unit via the respective heating flow connection and to a decentralized heating return line of the heating system of the associated usage unit via the respective heating return connection.

[0054] The building services system also includes a central heat storage unit, which exchanges energy with the central primary flow line and / or the central primary return line. The heat storage unit is preferably a buffer storage unit, more preferably a stratified storage unit.

[0055] The building services system may also include a central energy converter for heating and / or cooling the heat storage unit. The central energy converter may, for example, be a central heat pump, a central boiler, or a connection to a district heating or cooling network.

[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the central heat accumulator is hydraulically connected to the central primary flow line and the central primary return line in such a way that fluid exchange is possible between the heat accumulator and the primary flow line, and between the heat accumulator and the primary return line. Consequently, a second heating fluid can be withdrawn from the heat accumulator via the primary flow line. A second heating fluid can be fed into the heat accumulator via the primary return line.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the primary flow line has a first primary flow branch, by means of which second heating fluid can be drawn from the central buffer storage at a first height. The primary flow line also has a second primary flow branch, by means of which second heating fluid can be drawn from the central buffer storage at a second, lower height. A primary flow valve is provided. The primary flow valve is hydraulically connected to the central primary flow line and the first and second primary flow branches. The primary flow valve enables switching between the first primary flow branch and the second primary flow branch, depending on its position.

[0058] Because the first and second primary flow branches are connected to the central heat storage tank at different heights, a second heating fluid can be drawn from the central heat storage tank at different temperature levels. Depending on the required temperature level of the primary flow, switching between the first and second primary flow branches is possible.

[0059] Switching from the first primary flow branch to the second primary flow branch can occur, for example, when the primary flow temperature exceeds a primary flow temperature limit. In this case, it is determined that a second heating fluid at a lower temperature level is sufficient for the respective application or that a second heating fluid at a lower temperature level should be provided via the primary flow to the decentralized heat pumps in order to be heated by them. By cleverly selecting a temperature level of the primary flow that is appropriate for the respective application, energy can be saved and the conversion of exergy to anergy can be minimized. The switchover can be carried out, for example, by a central control unit of the building services system network, whereby the central control unit sends a corresponding control signal to the primary flow valve.

[0060] Preferably, the primary return line has a first primary return branch, by means of which a second heating fluid can be fed into the central heat accumulator at a first height, and further has a second primary return branch, by means of which a second heating fluid can be fed into the central heat accumulator at a second, lower height. A primary return valve is provided to switch between the first primary return branch and the second primary return branch.

[0061] Similar to switching between the primary flow branches, switching between the primary return branches can be used to layer a second heating fluid, which is routed to the central heat storage tank via the primary return line, at the correct level in the heat storage tank, depending on the temperature of the heating fluid. This way, mixing of warm heating fluid in the central primary return with cold heating fluid layers in the heat storage tank can be avoided as much as possible, minimizing a drop in the temperature level of the heating fluid during storage. Thus, a large portion of the heat stored in the heating fluid remains usable as exergy.

[0062] The primary return valve can be switched from the second primary return branch to the first primary return branch, for example, when a fluid temperature in the building services system, particularly in the primary return, exceeds a primary return temperature limit. This has the advantage that, if the energy from the decentralized heat pumps is sufficient to provide a very high primary return temperature, a second heating fluid at a high temperature can be stored in an upper region of the heat storage tank, thus preventing mixing of cold and warm layers in the heat storage tank.

[0063] A method for controlling a building services system and / or a building services system network is also specified. The method can have various operating modes, which are executed, for example, depending on the season or the calculated heating demand in a unit.

[0064] If the heat output required by the decentralized heating system to heat a unit exceeds the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump, a second heating fluid can be injected from the primary flow line into the heat pump return line of the associated building services system. This operating mode can occur, for example, in winter when there is a high heat demand in the unit.

[0065] By adjusting the quantity and / or temperature of the injected heating fluid, the increase in the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line can be controlled. The quantity and / or temperature of the injected heating fluid is selected such that the gap in the provided thermal output is closed by the injected fluid. For example, the opening of the heat pump return valve can be reduced as the thermal output gap becomes smaller. If the thermal output provided by the heat pump corresponds to the thermal output required by the heating system, the heat pump return valve can be closed completely.

[0066] If a unit requires decentralized heating to heat a residential unit, but the required heating output is less than the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump, the output of the associated decentralized heat pump can be reduced. For example, the heat pump output can be reduced so that the output provided by the heat pump corresponds to the heating output required by the decentralized heating. The heating of the residential unit can form a closed heating circuit with the decentralized heat pump. This can occur, for example, in transitional periods, such as spring or autumn.

[0067] The output of the heat pump can be adjusted, for example, using a frequency converter or inverter. Accordingly, a building services system can additionally include a frequency converter or inverter designed to modulate the thermal output provided by the heat pump. This is particularly advantageous when the decentralized heat pump supplies the heating of the usage unit in a closed heating circuit without exchanging energy with the central primary flow or the central primary return. This can be the case, for example, during transitional operation. The ability to modulate the output also has advantages when the temperature of the central primary return increases. By modulating the output of the heat pump, the heat pump can be operated close to the optimal COP, which enables energy-efficient operation of the heat pump.

[0068] In an exemplary embodiment, weather-dependent control of the heat pump can be achieved, for example, by adjusting the heat pump's power output to the current outside temperature. This allows the heating flow temperature to be increased when the outside temperature drops. The heating flow temperature can be reduced when the outside temperature rises. For this purpose, a heating curve can be stored in the decentralized control unit. The control and / or optimization algorithms used can, for example, calculate the total costs for heat supply, a CO2 equivalent emission for heat supply, a total energy requirement for heat supply, or a comparable economic, ecological, or technical parameter for heat supply.

[0069] In one embodiment of the invention, an analysis of the actual past behavior of the building services system is performed when creating and / or updating the heating curve. This analysis allows the heating curve to be continuously updated and compared with reality, leading to more efficient operation of the building services system. This can be achieved, for example, using self-learning algorithms.

[0070] In particular, if the heat pump output cannot be modulated, excess heat provided by the heat pump, which is not required by the heating of the decentralized usage unit during transitional operation, can be transferred to the primary return. For this purpose, for example, a valve can be provided in the heat pump flow line and / or in the heat pump return line, by means of which a portion of the first heating fluid circulating in the heating circuit of the usage unit is used to raise the temperature of the primary return. By transferring heat from the first heating fluid to the primary return, the first heating fluid is cooled, and the heating output provided by the first heating fluid is adapted to the heating output required in the decentralized usage unit.

[0071] If the heating output of the decentralized heating system required to heat a unit falls below a curtailment threshold and / or the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line exceeds a rise threshold, a second heating fluid can be injected or fed from the primary flow line into the heat pump flow line of the associated building services system. The second heating fluid mixes with the first heating fluid and is fed to the heat pump. After the heating fluid has been heated by the heat pump, heating fluid from the heat pump return line of the associated building services system is released into the central primary return line. Thus, the excess thermal output of the heat pump raises the temperature of the central primary return. The excess thermal output is then stored in the central heat storage unit of the building services system.

[0072] Preferably, a heating circuit pump that pumps the first heating fluid through the heating circuit of the decentralized usage unit is switched off in this operating mode.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, a heating fluid volume flow in the heat pump flow line and / or in the heat pump return line of the associated building services system is controlled in such a way that the COP of the decentralized heat pump is maximized. The decentralized heat pump is preferably operated at an optimal COP when the heat provided by the decentralized heat pump is greater than the heating demand of the associated usage unit, and the excess output of the heat pump raises the temperature of the central primary return to supply the output to the central heat storage.

[0074] If hot water is planned for use in a unit of the building, for example at a certain time of day, or actually does so, the decentralized heat pumps of the building services systems in the building services system network can be switched off. This will preferably occur when the building services system network is operated in the operating mode in which the central primary return temperature is raised by the decentralized heat pumps of some of the units. If hot water is consumed in a unit of use, which is made available via the primary flow, for example, the corresponding primary return line from this unit will have a very low temperature level. In a building services system network, if the decentralized heat pumps are not switched off, this could result in heating fluid flows with cold and warm temperatures mixing in the primary return lines.As a result, the temperature level of the primary return raised by the decentralized heat pumps is lowered again and exergy is converted into anergy, which would be energetically disadvantageous.

[0075] If the temperature of the second heating fluid in the central primary flow line is below a primary flow temperature limit, a second heating fluid from an upper region of the heat storage tank is preferentially fed into the central primary flow line. If the temperature of the primary flow exceeds the primary flow temperature limit, a second heating fluid from a lower region of the heat storage tank is preferentially fed into the central primary flow. This ensures that the primary flow maintains a relatively constant temperature level. Furthermore, if the temperature of the central primary return line increases, the entire volume of the heat storage tank can theoretically be heated, as long as the decentralized heat pumps provide sufficient thermal output.

[0076] Similarly, if the temperature of the second heating fluid in the central primary return line is below a primary return temperature limit, second heating fluid from the central primary return line can be fed into a lower region of the heat storage tank. If the temperature of the primary return exceeds the primary return temperature limit, second heating fluid from the central primary return line can be fed into a higher region of the heat storage tank. This makes it possible to stratify the second heating fluid in the primary return line into the heat storage tank at the appropriate temperature level in order to avoid mixing of cold and warm heating fluid in the heat storage tank. Although the above only referred to heating operation, in which energy is delivered to the usage unit by the decentralized heat pump, a building services system and a building services system network described here can also be used for temperature control orCooling of a unit can be used. For cooling or tempering, for example, reversibly operated decentralized heat pumps can be used.

[0077] During cooling, cold heating fluid, especially water, can flow through the heating system of the occupancy unit, heat up, and thus remove heat from the occupancy unit. This improves the indoor climate in the occupancy unit during hot temperatures. The heated heating fluid is fed to the output heat exchanger of the reversible heat pump. Via the output heat exchanger, the heat pump's refrigerant absorbs the heat energy from the first heating fluid and releases it to the exhaust air via the input heat exchanger, where the heat is dissipated to the environment outside the occupancy unit. This cools the first heating fluid before it flows through the heating system of the occupancy unit again.

[0078] A method and a control system for the direct or indirect use of exhaust air heat energy are provided, the benefits of which arise in particular from a novel combination of the components of the building services system network.

[0079] The subject matter of the present invention results not only from the subject matter of the individual patent claims, but also from the combination of the individual patent claims with one another.

[0080] In particular, statements made in connection with the building services system should also be applicable to a building services system network and to a method for controlling a building services system or a building services system network, and vice versa.

[0081] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the figures. They show:

[0082] Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a ventilation system of a

[0083] building with multiple use units;

[0084] Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a

[0085] Building services system network;

[0086] Figure 3 shows another schematic representation of a

[0087] Building services system network;

[0088] Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a heating plant of a

[0089] Building services system network;

[0090] Figure 5 is a schematic representation of a hydraulic circuit diagram of a first embodiment of a building services system;

[0091] Figure 6 is a schematic representation of a hydraulic circuit diagram of a second embodiment of a building services system;

[0092] Figure 7 is a schematic representation of a hydraulic circuit diagram of a third embodiment of a building services system; and

[0093] Figure 8 is a schematic representation of a hydraulic circuit diagram of a fourth embodiment of a building services system.

[0094] Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a ventilation system of a building 1. The building 1 has a plurality of usage units 2. Each usage unit 2 is supplied with fresh air via a supply air device 3. Exhaust air escapes from a usage unit 2 via the exhaust air device 4. A heat pump 5 is located in the exhaust air device 4 of at least one usage unit 2 to recover heat from the exhaust air. The heat pump 5 extracts thermal energy from the exhaust air before the exhaust air is guided via supply lines into a main air duct 6 within a supply shaft. The collected exhaust air flows from the main air duct 6 of the building 1 into the environment via a central air outlet. The supply lines of all usage units 2 preferably open into the main air duct 6, with each usage unit 2 preferably having a heat pump 5 in its exhaust air device 4.

[0095] The arrangement described here, which provides for a decentralized supply of supply air via the supply air devices 3 and a central discharge of the exhaust air via the exhaust air devices 4 to the main air duct 6, is advantageous with regard to fire protection in a building. As soon as several decentralized usage units 2 are connected to a central exhaust air system and thus interconnected by air, the uncontrolled spread of fires and exhaust gases via the central exhaust air system across several usage units 2 must be prevented. In such a case, it is therefore necessary to install fire protection devices in the supply and exhaust air devices 3, 4 of the respective usage units 2. This increases the effort required to ensure compliant building fire protection.

[0096] When supply and exhaust air are each supplied via a central system, fire dampers often have to be used as fire protection devices. These are complex to construct and require intensive maintenance. The installation and operation of fire dampers are therefore expensive.

[0097] If, however, as in the illustrated embodiment, the supply air is supplied decentrally in the respective utilization unit 2 via supply air devices 3, but a central exhaust air system with a main air duct 6 is present at the same time, only the exhaust air devices 4 of the utilization units 2 are connected via a central system. Consequently, ceiling bulkheads can be used as fire protection devices, which, compared to fire dampers, require less maintenance, are simpler to construct, and are less expensive to procure.

[0098] It is also possible to supply supply air via decentralized supply air devices 3 and to discharge exhaust air via decentralized exhaust air devices 4 to the ambient air of the building 1, for example via an external wall of the usage unit 2. This embodiment is also advantageous with regard to fire protection because the requirements for ensuring regulatory building fire protection are low in this case.

[0099] For this purpose, appropriate exhaust air devices 4, for example, a fan, can be connected to an exterior wall of the usage unit 2 in an air-conducting manner. In one embodiment, the exhaust air device 4 is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the decentralized heat pump 5, even with decentralized exhaust air removal, and is connected to it in an air-conducting manner. For example, the exhaust air device 4 can be arranged in a shared rack or cabinet with the heat pump 5 of the usage unit 2. In this case, the exhaust air from the usage unit 2 can be sucked in by the exhaust air device 4, passed through a heat exchanger of the heat pump 5, and then released, for example, into the surroundings of the usage unit 2 or the surroundings of the building 1.

[0100] Alternatively or additionally, an exhaust air device 4, for example a fan, can be arranged at a distance from the heat pump 5 and connected to the heat pump 5 in an air-conducting manner, for example in a wall that separates a bathroom of the usage unit 2 from other rooms. In this case, the exhaust air from the usage unit 2 is pushed by the exhaust air device 4 towards the heat pump 5, where it is passed through a heat exchanger and then released, for example to the environment of the usage unit 2 or the environment of the building 1. Figures 2 and 3 show a schematic representation of a building services system network 11. For the schematic representations of a building services system 7 or a building services system network 11 in the present disclosure, not all of the non-return valves used in the systems are shown in order not to overload the hydraulic circuit diagrams.If necessary, the missing check valves can be added by a specialist within the scope of his professional skills.

[0101] The heat pump 5 located in the exhaust air devices 4 is part of a building services system 7. The heat pump 5 extracts heat from the exhaust air of the usage unit 2, raises it to a higher temperature level through a thermodynamic cycle, and makes the heat available for decentralized use in the usage unit 2, for example, by transferring the heat to the heating fluid of a heating system 8 of the usage unit 2, in particular a surface or underfloor heating system. The cooled exhaust air flows into the surroundings of the building 1 either via the central main air duct 6 or via decentralized air outlets.

[0102] During operation, heating fluid, for example, heating water, is fed from the return line of the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 to a discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5, where heat is transferred from the heat pump's refrigerant to the heating fluid. From there, the heating fluid flows into the supply line of the underfloor heating system 8 to provide heat in the usage unit 2.

[0103] If the energy provided by the heat pump 5 is insufficient to meet the heating requirements of the heating system 8 in the usage unit 2, the building services system 7 can inject additional heated heating fluid from the central heating system 10 into the decentralized heating circuit. The combination of centralized and decentralized heat provision allows a building services system network 11 formed by several building services systems 7 to be flexibly deployed and expanded. Furthermore, such a building services system network 11 can be used to provide energy for water tempering particularly efficiently by recovering the thermal energy contained in the exhaust air and controlling the heating fluid flows in the building services system network 11 as needed.

[0104] The building services system network 11 is formed by connecting at least one, preferably several, building services systems 7, which are assigned to different usage units 2 of a building 1, to a common, central primary flow 12 and a common, central primary return 13. The primary flow 12 and the primary return 13 extend from a central heat storage unit 14, which can be located, for example, in the central heating center 10, to the respective building services systems 7 of the usage units 2. Consequently, by means of the decentralized building services systems 7, energy from the central heat storage unit 14 can be provided to the usage unit 2 or excess energy from a usage unit 2 can be dissipated to the central heat storage unit 14. Decentralized storage units in the usage units 2 can be omitted, which is why a building services system requires less space and is more cost-effective than known systems.

[0105] The heating center 10 optionally contains a central heat generator 15, for example a central heat pump or a central boiler, which is hydraulically connected to the heat storage 14 and can provide energy to the heat storage 14.

[0106] Heating fluid from the heat accumulator 14 can be supplied to a building services system 7 of a usage unit 2 via the primary flow 12. If required, the second heating fluid is mixed with the water heated by the heat pump 5 and then fed into the heating system 8. Depending on the specific hydraulic design of the respective building services system 7, the heating fluid cooled by the flow through the heating system 8 is fed back into the central primary return 13 before or after passing through the heat pump 5. The fluid is fed into the heating center 10, in particular into the heat accumulator 14, via the central primary return 13.

[0107] The building services system network 11 has various measuring stations 16 by means of which volume flows, temperatures or other variables of heating fluid in the primary flow 12 and primary return 13 and / or of heating fluid in the heating circuit of the usage units 2 can be measured.

[0108] If the heat pump 5 provides more heat energy than is required by the heating 8 of the respective usage unit 2, the excess heat energy can be stored in the heat storage unit 14 via the central primary return 13.

[0109] Typically, each usage unit has various consumers 17 that are supplied with thermal energy by the building services system 7. In the present exemplary embodiment, a consumer 17' is formed by a shower, which can draw its hot water, for example, from the heat accumulator 14. The hot water can be provided, for example, via the central primary flow 12 to the usage unit 2, for example to the building services system 7 of the usage unit 2. Within the usage unit 2, hot water can be supplied to the consumer 17' via the hot water pipe 18. To support the heating of hot water during hot water preparation, the building services system 7 can have a continuous flow heater that reheats the hot water to the desired temperature if insufficient energy is available. The consumer 17' is also connected to the building services system 7 via a cold water pipe orDrinking water line 19 is connected to enable mixing of hot and cold water in the consumer 17'. The same applies to the consumer 17", which can be formed, for example, by a faucet.

[0110] The consumer 17, for example a toilet, requires only drinking water, which is supplied via the decentralized drinking water line 19. The building services system 7 can control the flow from the central drinking water line 20 of building 1 to the decentralized drinking water line 19 of a usage unit 2. The building services system 7 has an apartment or fresh water station 21. The building services system 7 acts as an interface between the central primary flow 12 and primary return 13 and decentralized lines of a usage unit 2.

[0111] Depending on the temperature level prevailing in the heat storage tank 14, the thermal energy stored in the heat storage tank 14 can be used to support the heating of a usage unit 2 and / or to prepare hot water for a usage unit 2. For this purpose, it is particularly advantageous if the heat storage tank 14 is a stratified storage tank, so that heating fluid / water at a high temperature is present in the upper area of ​​the heat storage tank 14 and the temperature of the heating fluid or water in the heat storage tank 14 decreases with increasing height.

[0112] Figure 4 shows a detailed view of the heating center 10 of the building services system network 11. The building services system network 11 shown has a central heat storage unit 14, which is designed as a stratified storage unit. A central heat pump 15 is fluidly connected to the heat storage unit 14, so that the heating fluid in the heat storage unit 14 can be heated or cooled by the central heat pump 15.

[0113] The building services system network 11 also includes three building services systems 7 (see Figure 3), which are hydraulically connected to the primary flow 12 and the primary return 13 via the respective apartment station 21. Thus, the building services systems 7 are hydraulically connected to the central heat storage unit 14. Each of the three building services systems 7 is assigned to a respective usage unit 2.

[0114] As can also be seen from the detailed view in Figure 4, a primary flow pump 22 for conveying second heating fluid from the heat accumulator 14 is provided in the primary flow line 12. The primary flow line 12 has a first primary flow branch 23 for connection to the heat accumulator 14, which is connected to the heat accumulator 14 at a first height. At a second height, which is lower than the first height, a second primary flow branch 24 is connected to the buffer tank. Consequently, heating fluid can be withdrawn from the heat accumulator 14 by means of the first primary flow branch 23, which has a higher temperature than the heating fluid withdrawn by means of the second primary flow branch 24.

[0115] The primary return line 13 is connected to the central heat storage tank 14 by means of a first primary return branch 25 and a second primary return branch 26. The first primary return branch 25 is connected to the central heat storage tank 14 at a first height. The second primary return branch is connected to the heat storage tank 14 at a second height, wherein the second height is lower than the first height. Consequently, by appropriately selecting the correct primary return branch, second heating fluid from the primary return 13 can always be layered into the heat storage tank 14 where the heating fluid is at a similar temperature level. This avoids mixing of cold heating fluid with warm heating fluid, ensuring that the layers in the heat storage tank 14 have the highest possible temperature level and thus a large amount of exergy can be provided.A primary flow valve 27 is arranged between the central branch of the primary flow line 12, the first primary flow branch 23, and the second primary flow branch 24. Depending on its position, the valve connects the first primary flow branch 23 or the second primary flow branch 24 to the central branch of the primary flow line 12. The primary flow valve 27 can be continuously adjustable between a position in which the first primary flow branch 23 is fully connected to the primary flow line 12 and a second position in which the second primary flow branch 24 is fully connected to the primary flow line 12, in order to enable continuous adjustment of the primary flow temperature level.

[0116] Similarly, a primary return valve 28 is arranged between the central branch of the primary return line 13, the first primary return branch 25, and the second primary return branch 26. In a first position, the primary return valve 28 connects the first primary return branch 25 to the central branch of the primary return line 13, and in a second position, the second primary return branch 26 to the central branch of the primary return line 13. The primary return valve 28 can also be continuously adjustable.

[0117] Of course, the central primary flow line 12 and the central primary return line 13 can also be connected to the central buffer tank 14 by more than two branches in order to enable an even more precise selection of the height for withdrawing or feeding in heating fluid.

[0118] The interconnection and interaction of the decentralized heat pump 5 with the apartment station 21 of a building services system 7 is illustrated by Figures 5 to 7, which depict various embodiments of a building services system 7. Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of a first exemplary embodiment of a building services system 7. The building services system 7 comprises a heat pump 5. By means of an intake heat exchanger 29 of the heat pump 5, which functions as an evaporator, heat is transferred from the exhaust air of a usage unit 2 to the refrigerant of the heat pump 5, which circulates in a closed refrigerant circuit within the heat pump 5. The exhaust air is preferably sucked into the heat pump 5 via a fan (not depicted). Due to the energy supply in the evaporator 29, the refrigerant transforms into a gaseous state and is fed to the compressor 30.The compressor 30, for example, which is electrically operated, increases the pressure of the refrigerant, which heats up considerably in the process.

[0119] The heated and gaseous refrigerant is directed to the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5, which acts as a condenser, where it transfers the heat energy to the first heating fluid. The refrigerant is at least partially liquefied in the condenser 9, and the high pressure drops. The remaining pressure is released in an expansion valve. The refrigerant, now liquid again, flows back to the intake heat exchanger 29 to absorb heat energy from the exhaust air of the associated utilization unit 2.

[0120] The output heat exchanger 9 is connected via a heat pump return line 31 to a heating flow connection 32, to which the decentralized heating flow line 33 of the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 is connected. A heating return line 34 of the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 is connected to a heating return connection 35 of the building services system, which is hydraulically connected to the output heat exchanger 9 via a heat pump flow line 36.

[0121] The building services system 7 also has a primary flow connection 37, which connects it to the central primary flow 12 of building 1. The building services system 7 is connected to the central primary return 13 of building 1 via a primary return connection 38.

[0122] The energy recovered by the heat pump 5 is provided to the heater 8 of the usage unit via the heat pump return line 31. For this purpose, a first heating fluid is continuously pumped by a heating pump 39 through the heat pump return line 31, the heater 8, and the heat pump supply line 36. In a preferred operating case, the heat pump return line 31 and the heat pump supply line 36 connect the heater 8 to the output heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5 in a closed circuit. The thermal energy provided via the output heat exchanger 9 is used directly in the heater 8 to heat the usage unit 2.

[0123] If the heater 8 requires less thermal energy than provided by the heat pump 5, the power of the heat pump 5, in particular the power of the compressor 30, can be reduced to balance the provided thermal power with the power delivered by the heater 8. For example, a frequency converter can be provided to reduce the power of the heat pump 5.

[0124] If the thermal output provided by the heat pump 5 is insufficient to cover the heat demand of the usage unit 2 via the heater 8, a heat pump return valve 40, which controls the degree of opening of the connection between the primary flow connection 37 and the heat pump return line 31, can inject hot second heating fluid from the central primary flow 12 into the heat pump return line 31 in order to raise the temperature of the heating fluid provided at the heater flow connection 32. The quantity and / or temperature of the injected second heating fluid are selected depending on the difference between the thermal output required in the heater 8 and the thermal output provided by the heat pump 5.

[0125] For example, the degree of opening of the heat pump return valve 40 can be increased if the difference between the thermal power required in the heater 8 and the thermal power provided by the heat pump 5 increases, so that more hot second heating fluid is injected into the heat pump return line 31.

[0126] The degree of opening of the heat pump return valve 40 can be reduced when the thermal output provided by the heat pump 5 approaches the thermal output required in the heater 8, so that less hot second heating fluid is injected into the heat pump return line 31. This can be the case, for example, when less heating output is required in the usage unit 2 because the outside temperatures are rising.

[0127] If the thermal energy provided by the heat pump 5 is greater by a certain threshold than the thermal output required by the heater 8, or if no thermal output is required by the heater 8 at all, as may be the case in summer, for example, the thermal output of the heat pump 5 can be diverted to the central heat storage tank 14 of the building 1. For this purpose, the building services system 7 has a heat pump flow valve 41 that controls the degree of opening of the connection between the primary flow connection 37 and the heat pump flow line 36. When the valve 41 is opened, a second heating fluid flows from the primary flow line 12 into the heat pump flow line 36. This heating fluid is preferably taken from a lower point in the heat storage tank 14 than when the second heating fluid is used for injection into the heat pump return line 31, so that it has a relatively low temperature.The heating fluid supplied to the heat pump supply line 36 is heated in the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 7 and, for example, via a switching valve 42, is fed back into the primary return line 13 connected to the primary return connection 38. This raises the temperature of the primary return line 13, and the energy supplied by the heat pump 5 can be stored in the central heat storage tank 14. A decentralized buffer or hot water storage tank is not required.

[0128] The position of the various valves can be controlled by a decentralized control unit 43, which, as shown by the dashed lines in Figure 5, is in signal communication with various sensors and valves. In the illustrated embodiment, the control unit 43 receives a temperature signal from a temperature sensor (not shown in detail) arranged in or on the heat pump return line 31. Based on this temperature signal, the control unit 42 controls the position of the valves 40, 41, 42.

[0129] For example, the heat pump return valve 40 can be opened to inject second heating fluid from the primary flow line 12 into the heat pump return line 31 when the temperature in the heat pump return line 31 falls below an injection threshold. In this case, the heat pump flow valve 41 is closed.

[0130] The heat pump flow valve 41 can be opened when the temperature in the heat pump return line 31 exceeds a raise limit value in order to raise the temperature of the central primary return 13 with excess thermal energy of the heat pump 5.

[0131] If the building services system 7 or the building services system network 11 is operated in the operating mode of raising the temperature of the central primary return 13, the heat pumps 5 of the building services system network 11 can be switched off at times when hot water consumption is typically high, for example in the morning or evening. Otherwise, some building services systems 7 in which no hot water is currently being drawn would provide a warm primary return temperature using the thermal energy provided by the heat pump 5. In contrast, building services systems 7 in which hot water is currently being consumed would provide a very cold primary return temperature. By mixing warm and cold temperatures in the primary return 13, the actually exergetically favorable, high temperature level of the primary return 13 is lowered.In order to avoid such exergy reduction, the heat pumps 5 are preferentially switched off when a high hot water demand is detected or expected.

[0132] Figure 6 shows a second embodiment of a building services system 7. Due to the significant similarities, only the differences between the systems will be discussed below. For the same reason, the same reference numerals will be used for similar or comparable components.

[0133] In this embodiment, the apartment station 21 has a first switching valve 45 to divide heating fluid from the primary flow connection 37 between the heater 8 of the usage unit 2 and a second switching valve 46. The second switching valve 46 supplies heating fluid from the heater return 34 and heating fluid arriving from the first switching valve 45 either to the heat pump flow 36 so that thermal energy can be transferred to the heating fluid, or directs at least a portion of the heating fluid past the heat pump 5 toward the primary return connection 38. Consequently, in this embodiment, not all of the heating fluid used in the heater 8 is necessarily heated by the heat pump 5. In the event that additional heating fluid is injected from the primary flow 12, the injected heating fluid is bypassed the heat pump 5 after passing through the heater 8 and fed to the primary return 13.

[0134] Figure 7 shows a third embodiment of a building services system 7. The building services system has a heat pump return valve 40, which, in the open position, connects the primary flow connection 37 to the heat pump return line 31. If a second heating fluid is to be injected into the heat pump return line 31, this occurs directly via the heat pump return valve 40.

[0135] If the temperature of the central primary return 13 needs to be raised, the heat pump return valve 40 is opened and the heating system 8 is shut off by corresponding valves. The heating pump 39 is switched off. If the heat pump flow valve 41 is then opened, the heating fluid supplied from the primary flow line 12 is heated in the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5 and discharged to the central primary return 13 via the primary return connection 38.

[0136] The measuring device 16 is used to monitor the energy flow provided by the usage unit 2 to the central heat storage unit 14.

[0137] If both the heat pump return valve 40 and the heat pump flow valve 41 are closed, the first heating fluid can be supplied by the heating pump 39 in a closed heating circuit after being heated by the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heater 8 of the usage unit 2 in order to heat the usage unit 2.

[0138] An embodiment illustrated in Figure 8 is characterized in particular by the bypass line 47, through which a hydraulic connection can be established between the primary flow connection 37 and the heat pump flow line 36. Second heating fluid can be directed from the heat pump return line 31 into the heat pump flow line 36 via the bypass line 47, for example, when the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 is hydraulically isolated.

[0139] To control the flow through the bypass line 47, an adjustable bypass valve 48 can be arranged in the bypass line 47, through which the fluid connection between the heat pump return line 31 and the heat pump flow line 36 can be opened or closed.

[0140] In winter operation, the bypass line 47 is preferably completely closed, so that the entire heating fluid volume flow is directed through the heater 8 of the usage unit 2. In another operating case, for example in summer, heating fluid, which is supplied to the building services system 7 via the primary flow connection 37, can be directed to the heat pump flow line 36 via the bypass line 47. The heating fluid is heated in the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5 and discharged to the primary return line 13 via the primary return connection 38.

[0141] Such a bypass line 47 and optionally a corresponding bypass valve 48 can also be provided in one of the other embodiments.

[0142] List of reference symbols:

[0143] Building

[0144] Usage unit Supply air device Exhaust air device Heat pump Main air duct

[0145] Building services system heating

[0146] Discharge heat exchanger

[0147] heating center

[0148] Building services system network Primary flow or primary flow line Primary return or primary return line Central heat storage Central heat generator Measuring station , 17', 17", 17'" Consumer Decentralized hot water line Decentralized drinking water line Central drinking water line Apartment station Primary flow pump First primary flow branch Second primary flow branch First primary return branch Second primary return branch Primary flow valve Primary return valve Input heat exchanger Compressor Heat pump return line Heating flow connection Heating flow line Heating return line Heating return connection Heat pump flow line Primary flow connection Primary return connection Heating pump

[0149] Heat pump return valve

[0150] Heat pump flow valve

[0151] changeover valve

[0152] Control unit first switching valve second switching valve bypass line bypass valve

Claims

Claims 1. Building services system (7) for at least water tempering for one usage unit (2) of a plurality of usage units (2) of a building (1), with a primary flow connection (37) for hydraulically connecting a central primary flow line (12) and with a primary return connection (38) for hydraulically connecting a central primary return line (13), a heating flow connection (32) for hydraulically connecting a decentralized heating flow line (33) of a heating system (8) of the usage unit (2) and with a heating return connection (35) for hydraulically connecting a decentralized heating return line (34) of the heating system (8) of the usage unit (2), a decentralized heat pump (5) intended for installation in a usage unit (2), which comprises an intake heat exchanger (29) to which exhaust air from the usage unit (2) can be fed as a heat source, and which has an output heat exchanger (9) includes,wherein the heating flow connection (32) is connected via a heat pump return line (31) and the heating return connection (35) is connected via a heat pump flow line (36) in each case hydraulically to the discharge heat exchanger (9) in such a way that heat extracted from the exhaust air can be discharged via the discharge heat exchanger (9) to a first heating fluid flowing through the heat pump return line (31) and the heat pump flow line (36), and wherein a second heating fluid can be supplied from the primary flow line (12) via the primary flow connection (37) and discharged via the primary return connection (38) to the primary return line (13) in such a way that energy is exchanged between the second heating fluid in the central, primary flow line (12) or in the primary return line (13) and the first heating fluid.

2. Building services system (7) according to claim 1, wherein energy can be transferred from the second heating fluid flowing in the primary flow line (12) to the first heating fluid flowing in the heat pump return line (31) and / or energy can be transferred from the first heating fluid flowing in the heat pump return line (31) to the second heating fluid flowing in the primary return line (13).

3. Building services system (7) according to claim 2, wherein a heat pump return valve (40) is switchable, preferably continuously, between an open heat pump return valve position, in which a hydraulic connection between the primary flow connection (37) and the heat pump return line (31) is established, and a closed heat pump return valve position, in which a hydraulic connection between the primary flow connection (37) and the heat pump return line (31) is closed.

4. Building services system (7) according to claim 3, wherein the heat pump return valve (40) switches or is switched at least partially from the closed heat pump return valve position to the open heat pump return valve position when the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line (31) falls below an injection limit value.

5. Building services system (7) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a heat pump flow valve (41) is switchable between an open heat pump flow valve position, in which a hydraulic connection is established between the primary flow connection (37) and the heat pump flow line (36), and a closed heat pump flow valve position, in which a hydraulic connection is established between the primary flow connection (37) and the Heat pump flow line (36) is closed, preferably continuously, and can be switched.

6. Building services system (7) according to claim 5, wherein the heat pump flow valve (41) switches or is switched from the closed heat pump flow valve position to the open heat pump flow valve position when the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line (31) exceeds an increase limit value.

7. Building services system (7) according to one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the position of the heat pump flow valve (40) and / or the heat pump return valve (41) can be switched by means of an actuator, preferably continuously.

8. Building services system (7) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the building services system (7) has at least one temperature sensor (44), which is preferably arranged on the heat pump return line (31) and / or on the heating flow connection (32), and wherein the building services system (7) has at least one heat pump flow valve (40) adjustable by means of an actuator and at least one heat pump return valve (41) adjustable by means of an actuator, as well as a control unit (43), wherein data can be exchanged between the control unit (43) and the actuators and between the control unit (43) and the at least one temperature sensor (44).

9. Building services system (7) according to claim 8, wherein the control unit (43) sends an open signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve (40) and a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve (41) when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor (44) falls below the injection limit value.

10. Building services system (7) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the control unit (43) sends an open signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve (41) and a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve (40) when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor (44) exceeds the increase limit value.

11. Building services system (7) according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the control unit (43) sends a closing signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve (41) and to the actuator of the heat pump return valve (40) when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor (44) is between the injection limit value and the increase limit value.

12. Building services system network (11) for a building (1) with a plurality of usage units (2), wherein the building services system network (11) comprises at least one building services system (7) assigned to a usage unit (2) or a plurality of building services systems (7) each assigned to a usage unit (2), according to one of the preceding claims, and a central primary flow line (12) and a central primary return line (13),wherein the at least one building services system (7) is hydraulically connected to the central primary flow line (12) by means of the respective primary flow connection (37) and to the central primary return line (13) by means of the respective primary return connection (38) and is hydraulically connected to a decentralized heating flow line (33) of a heating system (8) of the associated usage unit (2) by means of the respective heating flow connection (32) and to a decentralized heating return line (34) of the heating system (8) of the associated usage unit (2) by means of the respective heating return connection (35), wherein, the building services system network (11) further comprises a central heat storage device (14) which exchanges energy with the central primary flow (12) and / or the central primary return (13).

13. Building services system assembly (11) according to claim 12, wherein the central heat accumulator (14) is hydraulically connected to the central primary flow line (12) in such a way that a fluid exchange between the heat accumulator (14) and the primary flow line (12) is possible, wherein by means of a primary flow valve (27) it is possible to switch between a first primary flow branch (23) of the primary flow line (12), by means of which second heating fluid can be drawn from the central heat accumulator (14) at a first height, and a second primary flow branch (24) of the primary flow line (12), by means of which second heating fluid can be drawn from the central heat accumulator (14) at a second, lower height.

14. Building services system network (11) according to claim 13, wherein the switching from the first primary flow branch (23) to the second primary flow branch (24) occurs when the primary flow temperature exceeds a primary flow temperature limit value.

15. Building services system assembly (11) according to one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the central heat accumulator (14) is hydraulically connected to the central primary return line (13) in such a way that a fluid exchange between the heat accumulator (14) and the primary return line (13) is possible, wherein by means of a primary return valve (28) it is possible to switch between a first primary return branch (25) of the primary return line (13), by means of which second heating fluid can be fed into the central heat accumulator (14) at a first height, and a second primary return branch (26) of the primary return line (13), by means of which second heating fluid can be fed into the central heat accumulator (14) at a second, lower height.

16. Building services system assembly (11) according to claim 15, wherein the switching of the primary return valve (28) from the second primary return branch (26) to the first primary return branch (25) occurs when a fluid temperature in the building services system assembly (11), in particular in the primary return (13), exceeds a primary return temperature limit value.

17. Method for controlling a building services system (7) and / or a building services system network (11) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, in the event that a heating output of the decentralized heating system (8) required to heat a usage unit (2) exceeds the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump (5), a second heating fluid is injected from the primary flow line (12) into the heat pump return line (31) of the associated building services system (7).

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein in the event that a heating output of the decentralized heating system (8) is required to heat a usage unit (2), but the required heating output is less than the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump (5), the output of the associated decentralized heat pump (5) is reduced.

19. Method according to one of claims 17 or 18, wherein in the event that the heating power of the decentralized heating system (8) required to heat a usage unit (2) falls below a regulation limit and / or the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line (31) exceeds a raising limit, a feeding of second heating fluid from the primary flow line (12) into the heat pump flow line (36) of the associated building services system (7) takes place and a discharge of first Heating fluid from the heat pump return line (31) of the associated building services system (7) is fed to the central primary return line (13).

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein a heating fluid volume flow in the heat pump flow line (36) and / or in the heat pump return line (31) of the associated building services system (7) is controlled such that the COP of the decentralized heat pump (5) is maximized.

21. Method according to one of claims 19 or 20, wherein in the event that hot water consumption is planned or takes place in a usage unit (2) of the building (1), the decentralized heat pumps (5) of the building services systems (7) of the building services system network (11) are switched off.

22. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 21, wherein, when the temperature of the second heating fluid in the central primary flow line (12) is below a primary flow temperature limit, second heating fluid is fed from an upper region of the heat accumulator (14) into the central primary flow line (12), and, when the temperature of the second heating fluid in the central primary flow line (12) exceeds the primary flow temperature limit, second heating fluid is fed from a lower region of the heat accumulator (14) into the central primary flow line (12).

23. A method according to any one of claims 17 to 22, wherein, when the temperature of the second heating fluid in the central primary return line (13) is below a primary return temperature limit, second heating fluid is fed from the central primary return line (13) into a lower region of the heat accumulator (14), and, when the temperature of the second heating fluid in the central primary return line (13) exceeds the primary return temperature limit exceeds, second heating fluid is fed from the central primary return line (13) into a further upstream region of the heat accumulator (14). 5

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