Home technology system, home technology system group and method for controlling a home technology system and / or a home technology system group

Abstract

The invention relates to a home technology system (7) at least for water temperature control for a utilisation unit (2) of a plurality of utilisation units (2) of a building (1), comprising a first primary line connection (37), a second primary line connection (38) and a third primary line connection (39). The home technology system (7) also has a heating flow connection (32), a heating return connection (35) and a decentralised heat pump (5) provided for installation in a utilisation unit (2). The decentralised heat pump (5) comprises an intake heat exchanger, to which outgoing air from the utilisation unit (2) can be supplied as a heat source, and a discharge heat exchanger (9) for heating the heating fluid flowing through the discharge heat exchanger (9), wherein the heated heating fluid can be discharged at least partially to a central primary line (12, 13, 14) via the corresponding primary line connection (37, 38, 39) and / or to the heating system (8) of the utilisation unit (2) via the heating flow connection (32).

Description

[0001] Description

[0002] Building services system, building services system network and method for controlling a building services system and / or a building services system network

[0003] The invention relates to a building services system for at least controlling the water temperature for one unit of a building. The invention further relates to a building services system network for a building with at least one unit, preferably with a plurality of units, and to a method for controlling a building services system and / or a building services system network.

[0004] A usage unit is understood below as a self-contained sequence of living spaces available to a person or group of people. These can be, for example, self-contained apartments, granny flats, offices, medical practices, commercial units, or the like in or within a building. The building can, for example, be an apartment building and, within the meaning of the present disclosure, can therefore have multiple usage units.

[0005] Efficient energy use is becoming increasingly important in the building sector. A key aspect of making buildings more energy-efficient is the recovery of heat from exhaust air. Various systems are known for utilizing the residual heat contained in the exhaust air of residential units, for example, heat pumps can be used for this purpose. The current state of the art pursues two basic approaches to energy recovery using heat pumps from exhaust air and extract air.

[0006] On the one hand, there are approaches that involve completely decentralized energy recovery. A heat pump is installed in each unit of a building, equipped with a hot water tank, and can be used to supply the unit with hot water independently. The disadvantage of such solutions is that the output of the decentralized heat pump is often insufficient to fully cover the heating and / or hot water requirements in the unit. Furthermore, the high temperature required for hot water preparation can only be provided by a heat pump with a large amount of energy. Consequently, additional components are required to provide additional heat. The corresponding systems are space-consuming and complex in design.

[0007] In another known approach, the exhaust air from residential units is fed into a central exhaust air system. A central heat pump is provided to recover the heat contained in the exhaust air and transfer it to a central heating plant in the building. Depending on the location of the central heat pump, the air ducting in the central exhaust air system can be very complex, leading to heat losses in the exhaust air and high installation and maintenance costs. Such a combined system with a central heat pump also lacks flexibility in its design because each residential unit in a building must be connected to the central exhaust air system. Retrofitting energy recovery systems in individual residential units is only possible at considerable expense.In addition, in many cases, expensive and complex additional installations are necessary if the applicable legal fire protection regulations must be complied with in a building with multiple units.

[0008] Only a portion of newly built multi-story residential buildings are equipped with ventilation systems with heat recovery, as such ventilation systems are very expensive. Consequently, there is a need for a technical solution that overcomes the above-described disadvantages of known systems. The invention is based on the object of providing a building services system that enables efficient heat recovery from exhaust air and has a simple structure. The building services system should be flexibly combinable with other building services systems to form a building services system network. A method for controlling such a building services system and / or a building services system network should be specified.

[0009] The object is achieved according to the invention by the features of the independent patent claims, while advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention can be found in the subclaims.

[0010] A building services system according to the invention is used at least for water temperature control for one unit. Water temperature control refers to the provision of heating energy and / or hot water. The building services system is intended for one of a plurality of units in a building.

[0011] In the following, water tempering is understood to mean both the heating and cooling of water, such as service water, fresh water, heating fluid or the like.

[0012] The building services system comprises a first primary line connection for the hydraulic connection of a first central primary line, a second primary line connection for the hydraulic connection of a second central primary line, and a third primary line connection for the hydraulic connection of a third central primary line. The building services system can be connected to a central heat storage unit via the primary line connections and the connected primary lines. A heating flow connection is provided for the hydraulic connection of a decentralized heating flow line of a heating system in the residential unit. A heating return connection is provided for the hydraulic connection of a decentralized heating return line of the heating system in the residential unit.The building services system is preferably installed in a residential unit and provides an interface for connecting the decentralized heating system of the residential unit to the central primary lines. The building services system thus functions, for example, as an apartment station for the residential unit.

[0013] The building services system also includes a decentralized heat pump designed for installation in a residential unit. The decentralized heat pump includes an intake heat exchanger to which exhaust air from the residential unit can be fed as a heat source. For this purpose, the heat pump can be connected to an exhaust air unit of the residential unit. The exhaust air from the residential unit can thus flow past the intake heat exchanger of the residential unit and transfer heat to the refrigerant of the decentralized heat pump via the intake heat exchanger.

[0014] The heat pump further comprises an output heat exchanger for heating the heating fluid flowing through the output heat exchanger. The heating fluid can be provided, for example, by the decentralized heating system of the usage unit or via one of the primary lines. Depending on the operating mode, the heating fluid heated by the output heat exchanger can be delivered at least partially to a primary line via the corresponding primary line connection and / or to the heating system of the usage unit via the heating flow connection.

[0015] The building services system can include more than one of the decentralized heat pumps described above, which improves the modulation of the output of the decentralized heat pumps and enables the heat pumps to be operated with high efficiency even with different volume flows and different amounts of heat that can be recovered from the waste heat.

[0016] Depending on the heating requirements of the unit, the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pump can be used decentrally within the unit or transferred to a central heat storage facility via the primary pipe connections. Conversely, additional thermal energy in the form of heating fluid from the central heat storage facility can be supplied to the decentralized heating circuit of the unit via the primary pipe connections.

[0017] The building services system allows heat to be recovered from the exhaust air of a unit. Using electrical energy supplied to a heat pump's refrigerant compressor, the heat is raised to a higher temperature level. The heat can be transferred through the output heat exchanger to the heating fluid, which flows through the heat pump's piping and, depending on the operating mode, through the unit's heating system or into the primary piping.

[0018] The heat generated by the heat pump can be used to heat the unit and / or to provide hot water in the unit, and / or the heat generated can be released via the primary lines. The decentralized heat pump can therefore supply the decentralized heating system and / or the decentralized hot water system and, if necessary, provide heat to a central heat storage unit. This eliminates the need for a decentralized buffer storage unit for buffering thermal energy, particularly in the unit or in the heat pump.

[0019] Depending on the operating mode, the various primary lines serve as a central primary flow and a central primary return. This ensures that the heating fluid supplied to the building services system from the central primary lines is at an appropriate temperature level, and that the heating fluid discharged to the central heat storage tank via the primary lines can be layered into the heat storage tank at a suitable height and temperature level, preventing heat loss and mixing of heating fluid flows with different temperature levels.

[0020] The energy recovered by the decentralized heat pump can be recorded separately for each assigned usage unit of a building. For example, the proportion of energy recovered by the heat pump that is consumed decentrally in the usage unit can be recorded separately from the proportion of the recovered energy that is made available to a central heat storage system in the building. Measuring devices of the building services system, the building services system network, the usage unit, and / or the building can be used to record the energy quantities. For example, each usage unit can have at least one, preferably two, heat meters that record the energy generated by the decentralized heat pump, the energy fed into the central heat storage system, and / or the energy consumed in the usage unit.

[0021] The recorded energy quantities can be assigned a monetary equivalent. Based on this, for example, the ancillary housing costs of tenants of a usage unit can be reduced if energy recovered by a decentralized heat pump assigned to the usage unit is transferred to a central heat storage unit of the building. Such recording of revenues, broken down by usage unit, is particularly advantageous when individual usage units of a building are equipped with building services systems for heat recovery and other usage units of the building do not have such building services systems. In a preferred embodiment, the heating flow connection is hydraulically connected to the output heat exchanger via a heat pump return line. The heating return connection is hydraulically connected to the output heat exchanger via a heat pump flow line.The hydraulic connection is designed such that heat extracted from the exhaust air can be transferred via the heat exchanger to a heating fluid flowing through the heat pump return line and the heat pump supply line. The heating fluid can be supplied, for example, via the heating return connection from the heating system of the unit of use. After flowing through the heat pump supply line, the heat exchanger, and the heat pump return line, the heated heating fluid can be supplied to the heating system of the unit of use. Direct heating of the heating fluid in the heat exchanger creates a particularly efficient system because the number of necessary heat transfers is minimized.

[0022] In this disclosure, the term "heating fluid" refers to various substances that can be used in heating systems or systems for hot water preparation. Examples of possible heating fluids include water, treated water, or thermal oil.

[0023] Likewise, in the present disclosure, the terms “primary flow” and “heating fluid in the primary flow line” as well as “primary return” and “heating fluid in the primary return line” are used essentially synonymously.

[0024] The heat pump harnesses the ambient heat in the exhaust air by evaporating a refrigerant through heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger. The vaporous refrigerant is compressed by a compressor and thus raised to a higher temperature level. Through the direct hydraulic integration of the heat pump into the heating system, the thermal energy recovered from the exhaust air by the heat pump can be supplied directly to the heating of the unit or to other thermal consumers in the unit.

[0025] In the present disclosure, the term “consumer” is understood to mean, in general terms, a heater, preferably an underfloor heating system, and / or fittings for providing heated water, such as a shower or taps.

[0026] The central heat storage of the building can, for example, be designed as a buffer storage, preferably as a stratified storage, and can preferably be connected to each of the building services systems installed in the building via the first, second and third primary lines, so that the excess thermal energy recovered from the exhaust air in the individual decentralized usage units can be transferred to the central primary lines and stored in the central buffer storage shared by the building services systems.

[0027] In tall buildings, such as high-rise buildings with multiple floors, fluid-carrying pipes can be subject to high pressures. To counteract this, the central heat storage system can have multiple storage reservoirs distributed across the height of the building. Each storage reservoir can be assigned to different usage units of the building, with the storage reservoirs being arranged at different heights. This reduces the pressure difference that must be bridged in the central primary flow and primary return lines between the respective central storage reservoir and the assigned decentralized building services systems of the usage units. This is advantageous, for example, in a building with multiple floors, such as a high-rise building, because the pumps used to pump the water can be made smaller.Thus, the energy generated by the heat pump that is not directly supplied to the unit can be stored centrally in the storage tank, saving space and costs. In particular, compared to systems with a decentralized buffer and / or hot water storage tank in the unit, less space is required when using a system according to the invention. The space available in a unit can therefore be used for other purposes. Due to the small space requirement, it is also possible to easily retrofit the building services system for water temperature control in existing buildings.

[0028] In the opposite case, i.e. if the thermal output provided by the heat pump to the heating system is not sufficient to cover the heating demand in the usage unit, energy from the central primary lines can be used to cover the missing heating output.

[0029] For example, the central storage unit in the system can be used to cover peak loads. As indicated above, this storage unit is preferably a buffer storage unit, more preferably a stratified storage unit. By using decentralized heat pumps in combination with a central storage unit in the building, a primary energy source, such as a boiler, a central heat pump, or a gas condensing boiler, can be smaller than with conventional systems.

[0030] The heat recovery system formed by decentralized heat pumps can, for example, provide base load supply, allowing the central primary heat source to be reduced, as it only covers the remaining heat demand, particularly peak thermal loads. A particular advantage in this context is that, especially in passive houses—that is, houses in which the majority of the heat demand is met from "passive" sources such as solar radiation and waste heat—a primary energy source can be completely dispensed with, as the thermal energy generated by the decentralized heat pumps is sufficient for heating.

[0031] In a preferred embodiment, energy from a primary line acting as the primary flow line can be transferred to the heating fluid flowing in the heat pump return line. This allows the heating fluid to be further heated after it has been heated by the heat pump. This can occur, for example, when the thermal output required in the decentralized heating circuit exceeds the thermal output provided by the heat pump. By supplying energy to the heat pump return line, it is ensured that the heat pump operates with the smallest possible spread, which improves the heat pump's COP.

[0032] The coefficient of performance, or COP for short, is the ratio of generated heat or cooling power to the electrical power used, and is therefore a measure of the efficiency of the heat pump.

[0033] Additionally or alternatively, the heating fluid heated by the discharge heat exchanger can be discharged to a primary line acting as the primary return. This is particularly advantageous when the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pump exceeds the thermal output required by the heating system. By extracting the output in the heat pump return, thermal energy is extracted at the highest possible temperature level, so that a large portion of the energy provided by the heat pump is transferable and usable, i.e., represents exergy.

[0034] Exergy refers to the portion of a system's total energy that can perform work when the system is brought into thermodynamic (thermal, mechanical, and chemical) equilibrium with its environment. Unlike energy, exergy is not a conserved quantity, as it is degraded through irreversible processes, i.e., it is converted into anergy. In this case, the relationship between exergy and anergy of a heat quantity is primarily determined by the heat quantity's temperature level. The higher the temperature level, the more usable the heat quantity and the higher the exergy fraction.

[0035] Various means are available for transferring energy between the decentralized building services system and the central primary lines. For example, the building services system can have heat exchangers connected to the primary line connections and designed to exchange heat with the heat pump supply line and / or the heat pump return line. This allows thermal energy to be transferred from the heating fluid flowing in the primary lines to the heating fluid flowing in the decentralized heating circuit of the occupancy unit. This is particularly advantageous in tall buildings where a large pressure difference must be overcome by the heating fluid flowing in the primary lines.

[0036] Preferably, the heat pump flow line is connected to the third primary line connection via a heat pump flow valve, which can be switched, preferably continuously, between an open heat pump flow valve position, in which a hydraulic connection is established between the third primary line connection and the heat pump flow line, and a closed heat pump flow valve position, in which the connection between the third primary line connection and the heat pump flow line is closed. The heat pump return line is preferably hydraulically connected to the first primary line connection, for example, directly or via a heat pump return valve, as described below.Alternatively or additionally, the heat pump return line is connected to the first primary line connection via a heat pump return valve, which can be switched, preferably continuously, between an open heat pump return valve position, in which a hydraulic connection is established between the first primary line connection and the heat pump return line, and a closed heat pump return valve position, in which the connection between the first primary line connection and the heat pump return line is closed. The heat pump supply line is preferably hydraulically connected to the third primary line connection, for example, directly or by means of a heat pump supply valve, as described above.

[0037] Regardless of whether a heat pump flow valve and / or a heat pump return valve is provided, energy is transferred to the decentralized heating circuit by injecting the heating fluid from the first primary line into the heat pump return line. The amount of injected fluid is determined by the position of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve.

[0038] When open, the heat pump return valve allows direct injection from the first primary line. The heat pump flow valve controls the extent to which heating fluid can be displaced into the third primary line. Due to the incompressibility of the heating fluid in the decentralized heating circuit, this is a necessary prerequisite for heating fluid to be injected into the heat pump return line.

[0039] During injection, the heating fluid in the first primary line mixes with the heating fluid in the heat pump return line. This requires only a minimum of components, in particular the heat pump flow valve or the heat pump return valve described here. The valve used can have a simple design, be low-maintenance, and inexpensive to purchase. This allows heating fluid to be easily injected from the central heat storage tank into the heat pump return line, for example, to raise the temperature level in the heat pump return line.

[0040] If the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve can be switched continuously, the mixing of heating fluid is controlled particularly precisely in order to precisely dose the amount of heat transferred to the heating fluid in the heat pump return line.

[0041] For example, the heat pump flow valve can switch or be switched at least partially from the closed heat pump flow valve position to the open heat pump flow valve position when the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line falls below an injection limit value.

[0042] The heat pump return valve can switch or be switched at least partially from the closed heat pump return valve position to the open heat pump return valve position when the temperature of the first heating fluid in the heat pump return line falls below an injection limit value.

[0043] In this case, falling below the injection limit is a signal that the thermal output required by the heating of a unit of use is greater than the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pump over a significant period of time. To ensure sufficient heating of the unit of use, it is therefore necessary for additional energy to flow into the heating circuit of the unit of use from a primary line acting as the primary flow, for example, the first primary line.This is made possible by switching the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve to the open position. This creates a hydraulic connection between the first primary line connection and the heat pump return. At the same time, heating fluid is displaced into a primary line acting as the return, for example, the third primary line. The heating fluid from the first primary line can mix with the heating fluid in the decentralized heating circuit. The position of the heat pump flow valve and / or the position of the heat pump return valve can influence the opening cross-section available for fluid exchange between the primary flow and the heat pump return. This determines the amount of heating fluid injected into the heat pump return line.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the heat pump return line is hydraulically connected to the second primary line connection. The third primary line connection is connected to the heat pump flow line via a raising valve. The raising valve can be switched between an open raising valve position, in which a connection is established between the third primary line connection and the heat pump flow line, and a closed raising valve position, in which a connection is closed between the third primary line connection and the heat pump flow line.

[0045] If the third primary line is operated as the flow line and the second primary line is operated as the return line, the raising valve can be used to control the volume flow of heating fluid through the heat pump's output heat exchanger. The heat transferred to the heating fluid is fed to the central heat storage tank. The third primary line is preferably connected to the central heat storage tank at a low height, so that heating fluid with a cold flow temperature is supplied to the heat pump flow line via the third primary line connection. The raising valve is preferably continuously switchable in order to be able to control the amount of heat supplied from the decentralized building services system to the central heat storage tank as precisely as possible.

[0046] The boost valve switches preferentially from the closed boost valve position to the open boost valve position, or is switched accordingly, when the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line or at the heating flow connection exceeds a boost limit. This condition occurs, for example, when the output provided by the decentralized heat pump exceeds the heating output required by the decentralized heating system for a significant period of time, for example, in summer.

[0047] The position of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve and / or the increase valve can be switched in different ways. In a particularly simple configuration, the heat pump flow valve, the heat pump return valve and / or the increase valve are switched mechanically. For example, the heat pump flow valve, the heat pump return valve and / or the increase valve can change their position depending on the temperature in the heat pump flow line or the heat pump return line, similar to the functionality of a thermostat. Mechanical adjustment of the position of the heat pump flow valve, the heat pump return valve and / or the increase valve is particularly low-maintenance and reliable. Furthermore, no additional components are required to position the valves.

[0048] The heat pump flow valve, the heat pump return valve, and / or the raising valve can alternatively or additionally be controlled, preferably continuously, by means of an actuator. An electric actuator, for example, can be used for this purpose. An actuator allows for flexible adjustment of the valve positions. The signal provided to the actuator can be calculated based on various parameters. Controlling the heat pump flow valve, the heat pump return valve, and / or the raising valve by means of an actuator therefore offers particularly great energy savings potential because—compared to purely mechanical adjustment—significantly more ambient conditions can be taken into account.

[0049] The building services system preferably has at least one temperature sensor, which is preferably arranged on or in the heat pump return line and / or at the heating flow connection. The temperature sensor makes it possible to determine a control signal for an actuator of the heat pump flow valve, the heat pump return valve, and / or the heating valve based on the corresponding temperature.

[0050] The building services system can have a control unit that is designed, among other things, to control the heat pump flow valve, which can be adjusted by means of an actuator, the heat pump return valve, which can be adjusted by means of an actuator, and / or the raising valve, which can be adjusted by means of an actuator. The control unit can have a data connection to the respective actuator of the valves and to sensors, such as a temperature sensor. Data can be exchanged between the control unit and the actuators, as well as between the control unit and the sensors, such as the at least one temperature sensor, via the data connection. Consequently, based on the data measured by the sensors, for example based on a measured temperature, the control unit can calculate a control signal and send it to the actuators in order to specifically change the position of the valves.

[0051] The control unit can be decentralized and, for example, assigned to the building services system of a residential unit. However, a central control unit can also be provided that is assigned to a plurality of building services systems, in particular a building services system network, and sends control commands to the valve actuators either directly or via decentralized control units acting as intermediaries.

[0052] For example, the control unit can send an open signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve or the heat pump flow valve and a close signal to the actuator of the increase valve when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor falls below the injection limit. In this case, the control unit determines that the temperature of the heating fluid supplied to the heating of the usage unit via the heating flow connection is too low to meet the heat demand of the usage unit. This can occur, for example, in winter when there is a high heat demand in the usage unit. To raise the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line, the control unit opens the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve and injects heating fluid from the first primary line, which acts as the primary flow line, into the heat pump return line.

[0053] In another operating scenario, for example in summer, when the heat demand of the usage unit is lower than the energy provided by the heat pump over a certain period of time, the control unit can send an open signal to the actuator of the increase valve and a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve. The control unit detects that the temperature measured by the temperature sensor exceeds the increase limit. By opening the increase valve, heating fluid heated by the heat pump can be used to raise the temperature of the primary return, for example the heating fluid in the second primary line acting as the primary return. Energy generated by the heat pump can thus be transported via the second primary line to the central heat storage unit for storage.If the energy provided by the heat pump roughly corresponds to the energy required for heating in the apartment, the temperature measured by the temperature sensor lies, for example, between the injection limit and the increase limit. In this case, the control unit sends a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve and a close signal to the actuator of the increase valve. In this operating mode, the heat supply to the usage unit is thus essentially ensured autonomously by the decentralized heat pump. Interaction, such as an exchange of heating fluid, with the central primary lines is not required.

[0054] Preferably, the components of the building services system are arranged in a common assembly unit, in particular a rack, frame, cabinet, or the like. The building services system is thus designed to be particularly space-saving, which provides the advantages described above. Furthermore, the building services system is easily transportable. Furthermore, it can be prefabricated so that it can be delivered to a construction site ready for installation.

[0055] An exhaust air device, such as a fan, can be provided, which is connected to the heat pump in an air-conducting manner, so that the exhaust air from the usage unit is conveyed through the exhaust air device to the heat pump's receiving heat exchanger and flows through the receiving heat exchanger. In a preferred embodiment, the exhaust air device is part of the building services system and is arranged in the common mounting unit with the building services system.

[0056] In a building with multiple units, any portion of the units can be equipped with building services systems according to one of the embodiments described above. The individual, decentralized building services systems, when combined, form a building services system network for a building, which preferably has a plurality of units.

[0057] The building services system comprises a central heat storage unit, a central first primary line hydraulically connected to the heat storage unit at a first height, a central second primary line connected to the central heat storage unit at a second height lower than the first height, and a central third primary line connected to the central heat storage unit at a third height lower than the second height. The heat storage unit is preferably a buffer storage unit, more preferably a stratified storage unit.

[0058] The building services system network also has at least one building services system assigned to a usage unit or, preferably, a plurality of building services systems each assigned to a usage unit. The at least one building services system is hydraulically connected to the first, second, and third primary lines. The at least one building services system is also hydraulically connected to the heating system of the assigned usage unit. Preferably, the at least one building services system of the building services system network is designed according to one of the embodiments described above.

[0059] As described above, the building services system comprises a decentralized heat pump comprising an intake heat exchanger to which exhaust air from the usage unit can be supplied as a heat source. The decentralized heat pump further comprises an output heat exchanger, wherein heat extracted from the exhaust air via the output heat exchanger can be transferred to a heating fluid flowing through the output heat exchanger. The heating fluid flowing through the output heat exchanger can be provided, for example, from the heating system of the usage unit or from one of the primary lines to the building services system. Due to the hydraulic connections of the building services system to the primary lines and to the decentralized heating of a usage unit, energy can be transferred between the heat storage unit and the heating fluid flowing through the output heat exchanger and / or between the decentralized heating system and the output heat exchanger via the primary lines.

[0060] Such a building services system network allows energy to be transferred advantageously between the central heat exchanger and the decentralized building services systems or the associated decentralized heating systems. By using three primary lines connected to the heat storage tank at different heights, both the supply of heating fluid to the heat storage tank and the removal of heating fluid from the heat storage tank can be carried out at a suitable temperature level, adapted to the respective application.

[0061] For example, heating fluid can be extracted at a low elevation, and thus at a low temperature, if the heating fluid is to be heated by the excess thermal energy from the decentralized heat pumps. If, however, heating fluid from the central buffer storage is to be injected into a heat pump return line of a building services system to close a heat supply gap in the corresponding unit, the heating fluid can be extracted from an upper area of ​​the heat storage tank, where it has a high temperature level.

[0062] The building services system network thus represents a flexible and energy-efficient solution for water temperature control in the usage units of a building.

[0063] The building services system may also include a central energy converter for heating and / or cooling the heat storage unit. The central energy converter may, for example, be a central heat pump, a central boiler, or a connection to a district heating or cooling network.

[0064] The first primary line can preferably have a feed pump to pump heating fluid from the heat accumulator towards the at least one building services system. The first primary line, which is connected in the upper region of the heat accumulator, is preferably used as the primary feed when heating fluid from the central buffer tank is injected into the decentralized heat pump return line of a building services system and / or hot water is drawn in a usage unit. In this case, the third primary line can function as the primary return line, whereby the heating fluid cooled by the heat dissipation in the usage unit is fed into a lower region of the heat accumulator. This prevents mixing of cold and warm heating fluid in the heat accumulator and a drop in the temperature of the warm layers of the heat accumulator.

[0065] The second primary line preferably has a return pump for pumping heating fluid from the at least one building services system towards the heat storage unit. The return pump arranged in the second primary line makes it possible to use the second primary line as the primary return when energy is to be supplied to the central heat storage unit from the building services system. For this purpose, heating fluid at a low temperature is pumped from a lower region of the heat storage unit via the third primary line, which acts as the primary flow, to the decentralized building services system, where it is heated by the excess energy provided by the decentralized heat pump. The heating fluid is fed back to the heat storage unit via the second primary line, with the heating fluid being fed into a higher region of the heat storage unit at a higher temperature level in order to avoid mixing of heating fluids with different temperature levels.The third primary line is therefore operated as a return line in a first operating mode, in which energy from the heat storage is transferred to the building services system, and as a flow line in a second operating mode, in which energy from the building services system is transferred to the heat storage system.

[0066] A further advantage is that by using three primary lines, in the event that energy from the building services systems of the building services system network is transferred to the heat storage tank, hot water can be drawn from individual building services systems simultaneously via the first primary line as the primary flow and via the third primary line as the primary return, without wasting exergy.

[0067] If hot water is consumed in a unit, which is supplied, for example, via the first primary line, the corresponding primary return line, for example, the third primary line from this unit, has a very low temperature level. In a building services system with only two primary lines, if the decentralized heat pumps are not shut down, heating fluid flows with cold and warm temperatures could mix in the primary return line. The temperature level of the primary return raised by the decentralized heat pumps would be lowered again, and exergy would be converted into anergy, which would be energetically disadvantageous.

[0068] By providing three primary lines and operating the primary lines as described above, mixing of cold and hot heating fluid flows in the primary lines is avoided, allowing the excess energy from the decentralized heat pumps to continue to be transferred to the central heat storage tank even when hot water is being used. A method for controlling a building services system and / or a building services system network is also specified. The method can have different operating modes, which are implemented, for example, depending on the season or the calculated heating demand in a usage unit.

[0069] If the heat output of the decentralized heating system required to heat a unit exceeds the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump, heating fluid can be injected from the first primary line into the heat pump return line of the associated building services system. A quantity of heating fluid from the heat pump supply line corresponding to the injected quantity of heating fluid is returned from the building services system to the heat storage tank via the third primary line. This operating mode can occur, for example, in winter when there is a high heat demand in the unit.

[0070] By adjusting the quantity and / or temperature of the injected heating fluid, the increase in the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line can be controlled. The quantity and / or temperature of the injected heating fluid is selected such that the gap in the provided thermal output is closed by the injected fluid. To achieve this, for example, the opening of the heat pump flow valve and / or the heat pump return valve can be reduced as the thermal output gap becomes smaller. If the thermal output provided by the heat pump corresponds to the thermal output required by the heating system, the heat pump return valve can be closed completely.

[0071] If a unit requires decentralized heating to heat a residential unit, but the required heating output is less than the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump, the output of the associated decentralized heat pump can be reduced. For example, the heat pump output can be reduced so that the output provided by the heat pump corresponds to the heating output required by the decentralized heating. The heating of the residential unit can form a closed heating circuit with the decentralized heat pump. This can occur, for example, in transitional periods, such as spring or autumn.

[0072] The output of the heat pump can be adjusted, for example, using a frequency converter or inverter. Accordingly, a building services system can additionally include a frequency converter or inverter designed to modulate the thermal output provided by the heat pump. This is particularly advantageous when the decentralized heat pump supplies the heating of the usage unit in a closed heating circuit without exchanging energy with the central primary lines. This can be the case, for example, during transitional operation. Modulating the output also has advantages when energy provided by the decentralized heat pump is transferred to the central heat storage system. By modulating the output of the heat pump, the heat pump can be operated close to the optimal COP, which enables energy-efficient operation of the heat pump.

[0073] In an exemplary embodiment, weather-compensated control of the heat pump can be achieved, for example, by adjusting the heat pump's power output to the current outside temperature. This way, the heating flow temperature can be increased when the outside temperature drops. The heating flow temperature can be reduced when the outside temperature rises. For this purpose, a heating curve can be stored in the decentralized control unit. The control and / or optimization algorithms used can, for example, calculate the total costs for heat supply, a CO2 equivalent emission for heat supply, a total energy requirement for heat supply, or a comparable economic, ecological, or technical key figure for heat supply. In one embodiment of the invention, an analysis of the actual past behavior of the building services system is carried out when creating and / or updating the heating curve.Through this analysis, the heating curve can be continuously updated and compared with reality, leading to more efficient operation of the building services system. This can be achieved, for example, through self-learning algorithms.

[0074] In particular, if the heat pump output cannot be modulated, excess heat provided by the heat pump, which is not required by the heating of the decentralized usage unit during transitional operation, can be transferred to the primary return. For this purpose, for example, a valve can be provided in the heat pump flow line and / or in the heat pump return line, by means of which a portion of the first heating fluid circulating in the heating circuit of the usage unit is used to raise the temperature of the primary return. By transferring heat from the first heating fluid to the primary return, the first heating fluid is cooled, and the heating output provided by the first heating fluid is adapted to the heating output required in the decentralized usage unit.

[0075] If the heating output of the decentralized heating system required to heat a unit falls below a curtailment threshold and / or the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line exceeds a rise threshold, heating fluid can be fed from the third primary line into the heat pump flow line of the associated building services system. The fed-in heating fluid mixes with the heating fluid in the heat pump flow line and is supplied to the heat pump. After the heating fluid has been heated by the heat pump, a quantity of heating fluid corresponding to the fed-in quantity is released from the heat pump return line of the associated building services system to the central second primary line. The excess thermal output of the heat pump thus raises the temperature of the central primary return.The excess thermal power is fed into the central heat storage of the building services system and stored there.

[0076] Advantageously, a heating circuit pump that pumps heating fluid through the heating circuit of the decentralized usage unit is switched off in this operating mode.

[0077] In a preferred embodiment, a heating fluid volume flow in the heat pump flow line and / or in the heat pump return line of the associated building services system is controlled such that the COP of the decentralized heat pump is maximized. The decentralized heat pump is preferably operated at an optimal COP when the heat provided by the decentralized heat pump is greater than the heating demand of the heating system of the associated usage unit, and the excess output of the heat pump raises the temperature of the heating fluid acting as the primary return in the second primary line in order to supply the output to the central heat storage unit.

[0078] In the event that hot water consumption is planned or actually occurs in a building's usage unit, for example, at a specific time of day, the decentralized heat pumps of the building services systems in a two-pipe system as described above would have to be switched off. However, the decentralized heat pumps of the three-pipe building services system described here can remain switched on in such a case and continue to operate if necessary.

[0079] Although only heating operation, in which the decentralized heat pump delivers energy to the unit, was discussed above, a building services system and a building services system network described here can also be used to temperature control or cool a unit. For cooling or temperature control, for example, reversibly operated decentralized heat pumps can be used.

[0080] During cooling, cold heating fluid, especially water, can flow through the heating system of the occupancy unit, heat up, and thus remove heat from the occupancy unit. This improves the indoor climate in the occupancy unit during hot temperatures. The heated heating fluid is fed to the output heat exchanger of the reversible heat pump. Via the output heat exchanger, the heat pump's refrigerant absorbs the heat energy from the first heating fluid and releases it to the exhaust air via the input heat exchanger, where the heat is dissipated to the environment outside the occupancy unit. This cools the heating fluid before it flows through the heating system of the occupancy unit again.

[0081] A method and a control system for the direct or indirect use of exhaust air heat energy are provided, the benefits of which arise in particular from a novel combination of the components of the building services system network.

[0082] The subject matter of the present invention results not only from the subject matter of the individual patent claims, but also from the combination of the individual patent claims with one another.

[0083] In particular, statements made in connection with the building services system should also be applicable to a building services system network and to a method for controlling a building services system or a building services system network, and vice versa. The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the figures. They show:

[0084] Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a ventilation system of a

[0085] building with multiple use units;

[0086] Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a building services system network;

[0087] Figure 3 shows a further schematic representation of a building services system network;

[0088] Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of a building services system network with a detailed view of a building services system;

[0089] Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of a building services system network with a detailed view of another building services system;

[0090] Figure 6 shows a schematic representation of a building services system network with a detailed view of another building services system; and

[0091] Figure 7 is a schematic representation of a building services system network with a detailed view of another building services system. Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a ventilation system of a building 1. The building 1 has a plurality of usage units 2. Each usage unit 2 is supplied with fresh air via a supply air device 3. Exhaust air escapes from a usage unit 2 via the exhaust air device 4. A heat pump 5 is located in the exhaust air device 4 of at least one usage unit 2 to recover heat from the exhaust air. The heat pump 5 extracts thermal energy from the exhaust air before the exhaust air is led via supply lines into a main air duct 6 within a supply shaft. The collected exhaust air flows from the main air duct 6 of the building 1 into the environment via a central air outlet.Preferably, the supply lines of all usage units 2 lead into the main air line 6, wherein preferably each usage unit 2 has a heat pump 5 in its exhaust air device 4.

[0092] The arrangement described here, which provides for a decentralized supply of supply air via the supply air devices 3 and a central discharge of the exhaust air via the exhaust air devices 4 to the main air duct 6, is advantageous with regard to fire protection in a building. As soon as several decentralized usage units 2 are connected to a central exhaust air system and thus interconnected by air, the uncontrolled spread of fires and exhaust gases via the central exhaust air system across several usage units 2 must be prevented. In such a case, it is therefore necessary to install fire protection devices in the supply and exhaust air devices 3, 4 of the respective usage units 2. This increases the effort required to ensure compliant building fire protection.

[0093] When supply and exhaust air are each supplied via a central system, fire dampers often have to be used as fire protection devices. These are complex to construct and require intensive maintenance. The installation and operation of fire dampers are therefore expensive.

[0094] If, however, as in the illustrated embodiment, the supply air is supplied decentrally in the respective utilization unit 2 via supply air devices 3, but a central exhaust air system with a main air duct 6 is present at the same time, only the exhaust air devices 4 of the utilization units 2 are connected via a central system. Consequently, ceiling bulkheads can be used as fire protection devices, which, compared to fire dampers, require less maintenance, are simpler to construct, and are less expensive to procure.

[0095] It is also possible to supply supply air via decentralized supply air devices 3 and to discharge exhaust air via decentralized exhaust air devices 4 to the ambient air of the building 1, for example via an external wall of the usage unit 2. This embodiment is also advantageous with regard to fire protection because the requirements for ensuring regulatory building fire protection are low in this case.

[0096] For this purpose, appropriate exhaust air devices 4, for example a fan, can be connected to an exterior wall of the usage unit 2 in an air-conducting manner. In a preferred embodiment, the exhaust air device 4 is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the decentralized heat pump 5, even with decentralized exhaust air removal, and is connected to it in an air-conducting manner. For example, the exhaust air device 4 can be arranged in a shared rack or cabinet with the heat pump 5 of the usage unit 2. In this case, the exhaust air from the usage unit 2 can be sucked in by the exhaust air device 4, passed through a heat exchanger of the heat pump 5, and then released, for example, into the surroundings of the usage unit 2 or the surroundings of the building 1.

[0097] Alternatively or additionally, an exhaust air device 4, for example a fan, can be arranged at a distance from the heat pump 5 and connected to the heat pump 5 in an air-conducting manner, for example in a wall separating a bathroom of the usage unit 2 from other rooms. In this case, the exhaust air from the usage unit 2 is forced by the exhaust air device 4 toward the heat pump 5, where it is passed through a heat exchanger and subsequently released, for example, into the surroundings of the usage unit 2 or the surroundings of the building 1.

[0098] Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a building services system 11. For the schematic representations of a building services system 7 or a building services system 11 in the present disclosure, not all of the check valves used are shown in order not to overload the hydraulic circuit diagrams. Missing check valves will be added by a specialist within the scope of their professional skills.

[0099] The heat pump 5 located in the exhaust air devices 4 is part of a building services system 7. The heat pump 5 extracts heat from the exhaust air of the usage unit 2, raises it to a higher temperature level through a thermodynamic cycle, and makes the heat available for decentralized use in the usage unit 2, for example, by transferring the heat to the heating fluid of a heating system 8 of the usage unit 2, in particular a surface or underfloor heating system. The cooled exhaust air flows into the surroundings of the building 1 either via the central main air duct 6 or via decentralized air outlets.

[0100] During operation, heating fluid, for example, heating water, is directed from the return line of the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 to a discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5, where heat is transferred from the refrigerant of the heat pump 5 to the heating fluid. From there, the heating fluid flows into the supply line of the underfloor heating system 8 to provide heat in the usage unit 2.

[0101] If the energy provided by the heat pump 5 is not sufficient to meet the heating requirements of the heating system 8 in the usage unit 2, the building services system 7 can inject additional heated heating fluid from the central heating system 10 into the decentralized heating circuit. Through the combination of central and decentralized heat provision, a building services system network 11 formed by several building services systems 7 can be used flexibly and expanded. Furthermore, by means of such a building services system network 11, energy for water temperature control can be provided particularly efficiently by recovering the thermal energy contained in the exhaust air and by controlling the heating fluid flows in the building services system network 11 as needed. The building services system network 11 is formed by connecting at least one, preferably several building services systems 7, which are assigned to different usage units 2 of a building 1, to a common, central first primary line.

[0102] 12, a common, central second primary line 13 and a common, central third primary line 14. The first primary line 12, the second primary line 13 and the third primary line 14 extend from a central heat storage unit 15, which can be arranged, for example, in the central heating center 10, to the respective building services systems 7 of the usage units 2. Consequently, by means of the decentralized building services systems 7, energy from the central heat storage unit 15 can be provided in the usage units 2 or excess energy from a usage unit 2 can be dissipated to the central heat storage unit 15. Decentralized storage units in the usage units 2 can be omitted, which is why a building services system 7 requires less space than previously known systems and is more cost-effective than known systems.

[0103] The heating center 10 optionally contains a central heat generator 16, for example a central heat pump or a central boiler, which is hydraulically connected to the heat storage 15 and can provide energy to the heat storage 15.

[0104] Heating fluid from the heat accumulator 15 can be fed via one of the primary lines 12,

[0105] 13, 14 to a building services system 7 of a usage unit 2. If necessary, the heating fluid is mixed with the water heated by the heat pump 5 and then fed into the heater 8. Depending on the specific hydraulic design of the respective building services system 7, the heating fluid cooled by passing through the heater 8 is fed back into one of the primary lines 12, 13, 14 before or after passing through the heat pump 5. The fluid is fed into the heating center 10, in particular into the heat accumulator 15, via this primary line 12, 13, 14. Typically, each usage unit has various consumers 17 that are supplied with thermal energy by the building services system 7. In the present exemplary embodiment, a consumer 17' is formed by a shower, which can draw its hot water, for example, from the heat accumulator 15.The hot water can be provided, for example, via the first primary line 12 to the usage unit 2, in particular to the building services system 7 of the usage unit 2. Within the usage unit 2, hot water can be supplied to the consumer 17' via the hot water line 18. The building services system 7 can have a continuous-flow heater to assist in heating hot water during hot water preparation, which reheats the hot water to the desired temperature if insufficient energy is available. The consumer 17' is further connected to the building services system 7 via a cold water line or drinking water line 19 to enable mixing of hot and cold water in the consumer 17'. The same applies to the consumer 17", which can be formed, for example, by a faucet.

[0106] The consumer 17', for example a toilet, requires only drinking water, which is provided via the decentralized drinking water line 19. The building services system 7 can control the flow from the central drinking water line (not shown) of building 1 to the decentralized drinking water line 19 of a usage unit 2.

[0107] The building services system network 11 has various measuring stations 20, by means of which volume flows, temperatures, or other variables of heating fluid in the primary lines 12, 13, 14 and / or of heating fluid in the heating circuit of the usage units 2 can be measured. The building services system 7 has an apartment or fresh water station 21. The building services system 7 acts as an interface between the primary lines 12, 13, 14 and the decentralized lines of a usage unit 2.

[0108] If the heat pump 5 provides more heat energy than is required by the heating 8 of the respective usage unit 2, the excess heat energy can be stored in the heat storage unit 15, for example via the second primary line 13.

[0109] Depending on the temperature level prevailing in the heat storage tank 15, the thermal energy stored in the heat storage tank 15 can be used to support the heating of a usage unit 2 and / or to prepare hot water for a usage unit 2. For this purpose, it is particularly advantageous if the heat storage tank 15 is a stratified storage tank, so that heating fluid / water at a high temperature is present in the upper area of ​​the heat storage tank 15 and the temperature of the heating fluid or water in the heat storage tank 15 decreases with increasing height.

[0110] Figure 3 shows a schematic view of a building services system network 11. The illustrated building services system network 11 has a central heat storage unit 15, which is designed as a stratified storage unit. A central heat pump 16 is fluidly connected to the heat storage unit 15, so that the heating fluid in the heat storage unit 15 can be heated or cooled by the central heat pump 16.

[0111] The first primary line 12 is connected to the heat accumulator 15 at a first height h1. The second primary line 13 is connected to the heat accumulator 15 at a second height h2, wherein the second height h2 is lower than the first height h1. The third primary line 14 is connected to the heat accumulator 15 at a third height h3, wherein the third height h3 is lower than the second height h2. Consequently, warm heating fluid can be withdrawn from the heat accumulator 15 or supplied to the heat accumulator 15 using the first primary line 12. The heating fluid that can be withdrawn or supplied via the second primary line 13 is colder than the heating fluid that can be withdrawn or supplied via the first primary line 12. The heating fluid that can be withdrawn or supplied via the third primary line 14 has the lowest temperature level.

[0112] Preferably, the first primary line 12 is connected to the heat accumulator 15 in an upper region of the heat accumulator 15. The second primary line 13 is preferably connected in a middle region of the heat accumulator 15. The third primary line 14 is preferably connected in a lower region of the heat accumulator 15.

[0113] The building services system network 11 also includes three building services systems 7, which are hydraulically connected to the first primary line 12, the second primary line 13, and the third primary line 14 via the respective apartment station 21. Thus, the building services systems 7 are hydraulically connected to the central heat storage unit 15. Each of the three building services systems 7 is assigned to a respective usage unit 2.

[0114] A feed pump 22 is provided for pumping heating fluid from the heat accumulator 15 in the first primary line 12. A return pump 23 is provided for pumping heating fluid toward the heat accumulator 15 in the second primary line 13.

[0115] If the thermal output provided by the decentralized heat pumps 5 approximately corresponds to the thermal output required by the respective heating system 8 of the usage unit 2, fluid exchange between the building services systems 7 and the central heat storage unit 15 preferably only takes place when hot water is drawn in a usage unit 2. The hot water is provided, for example, via the first primary line 12 to the associated building services system 7, releases heat to the building services system 7, and is returned, for example, via the third primary line 14 to the heat storage unit 15. In this operating case, the heating system 8 of the usage units is supplied with heat in a closed heating circuit by the decentralized heat pumps 5 of the usage units.

[0116] If the energy provided by the decentralized heat pumps 5 is insufficient to cover the heat demand of a heating system 8 of the associated usage unit 2, warm heating fluid can be injected into the heating circuit of a usage unit 2 via the first primary line 12 to raise the heating flow temperature. At the same time, this injection displaces colder heating fluid from the heating return or the flow of the decentralized heat pump 5 into the third primary line 14, where it is directed toward the heat storage unit 15. The cold heating fluid is fed into the heat storage unit 15 at a low height h3.

[0117] In other operating cases, for example when no heating energy is required in the usage unit 2, the energy provided by the decentralized heat pumps 5 can be used to heat the central heat storage tank 15. For this purpose, heating fluid can be taken from a lower area, for example at height h3, via the third primary line 14 from the heat storage tank 15. The heating fluid is conveyed through the third primary line 14 to the respective building services systems 7, where energy is transferred to the heating fluid, for example by passing the heating fluid through the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the associated heat pump 5. The heated heating fluid is conveyed via the second primary line 13 to the central heat storage tank 15, where it is fed into the storage tank 15 at a higher height h2. The heating fluid is conveyed by the return pump 23, which is arranged in the second primary line 13, which functions as the return.If hot water is consumed in a usage unit 2, which is provided, for example, via the first primary line 12, the corresponding primary return line, for example the third primary line 14 of the corresponding usage unit 2, has a very low temperature level. In a building services system network 11 with only two primary lines, it is therefore necessary to shut down all decentralized heat pumps 5 that transfer heat to the central heat storage tank 15 in order to prevent mixing of heating fluid flows with cold and warm temperatures in the primary return line 14. Due to the return line 14 being cooled by the hot water supply, the temperature level of the primary return line 14, raised by the decentralized heat pumps, would be lowered again, and exergy would be converted into anergy, which would be energetically disadvantageous.

[0118] By providing three primary lines 12, 13, 14 and the above-described mode of operation of the primary lines 12, 13, 14, mixing of cold and warm heating fluid flows in the primary lines 12, 13, 14 is avoided, so that the excess energy of the decentralized heat pumps 5 can continue to be transferred to the central heat storage unit 15 even when hot water is being drawn off.

[0119] When hot water is drawn, the third primary line 14 is used as the central return to the heat storage tank 15. In contrast, when thermal power is delivered by the decentralized heat pumps 5 to the central heat storage tank 15, the second primary line 13 is used as the central return. Mixing of hot and cold return temperatures during hot water consumption can therefore be prevented due to the hydraulic separation of the return lines.

[0120] Figure 4 shows a building services system network 11, illustrating, by way of example, a hydraulic diagram of one of the building services systems 7 of the hydraulic network 11. The illustrated heat accumulator 15 and the connection of the building services system 7 to the heat accumulator 15 via the first primary line 12, the second primary line 13, and the third primary line 14 are essentially identical to the previously described embodiments, so a detailed description is omitted.

[0121] Additionally, Figure 4 shows measuring stations 20, for example heat meters, which are used to measure the energy flows in the building services system network 11. The measuring stations 20 arranged in the first primary line 12 and in the second primary line 13 each determine the energy flow through the first primary line 12 or the second primary line 13 and relate the determined energy flow to the energy flow in the third primary line 14. In this way, it is possible to determine how much energy is transferred from the central heat storage unit 15 to the decentralized building services system 7 when heating fluid is injected from the first primary line 12, and how much energy is transferred from the decentralized heat pumps 5 to the central storage unit 15 when the temperature of the central return flow is increased. The position of the measuring stations 20 shown in the figures merely represents an advantageous configuration.Of course, the measuring stations 20 can be placed in the building services system network 11 depending on which system variables are to be measured. The measuring stations 20 can, for example, be heat meters, whose position and installation direction are often specified by legal requirements.

[0122] The building services system 7 comprises a heat pump 5. By means of an intake heat exchanger (not shown) of the heat pump 5, which functions as an evaporator, heat is transferred from the exhaust air of a usage unit 2 to the refrigerant of the heat pump 5, which circulates in a closed refrigerant circuit within the heat pump 5. The exhaust air is preferably drawn into the heat pump 5 via a fan (not shown). Due to the energy supply in the evaporator, the refrigerant transforms into a gaseous state and is fed to the compressor 30. The compressor 30, which may be electrically operated, increases the pressure of the refrigerant, which heats up considerably in the process.

[0123] The heated and gaseous refrigerant is directed to the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5, which acts as a condenser, where it transfers the heat energy to the first heating fluid. The refrigerant is at least partially liquefied in the condenser 9, and the high pressure drops. The remaining pressure is released in an expansion valve. The refrigerant, now liquid again, flows back to the intake heat exchanger to absorb heat energy from the exhaust air of the associated utilization unit 2.

[0124] The output heat exchanger 9 is connected via a heat pump return line 31 to a heating flow connection 32, to which the decentralized heating flow line of the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 is connected. A heating return line of the heating system 8 of the usage unit 2 is connected to a heating return connection 35 of the building services system 7, which is hydraulically connected to the output heat exchanger 9 via a heat pump flow line 36.

[0125] The building services system 7 also has a first primary line connection 37, with which it is connected to the first primary line 12 of building 1. A second primary line connection 38 connects the building services system 7 to the second primary line 13 of building 1. A third primary line connection 39 connects the building services system 7 to the third primary line 14 of building 1.

[0126] The energy recovered by the heat pump 5 is supplied to the heater 8 of the usage unit 2 via the heat pump return line 31. For this purpose, heating fluid is continuously pumped by a heating pump 45 through the heat pump return line 31, the heater 8, and the heat pump supply line 36. In a preferred operating case, the heat pump return line 31 and the heat pump supply line 36 connect the heater 8 to the output heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5 in a closed circuit. The thermal energy supplied via the output heat exchanger 9 is used directly in the heater 8 to heat the usage unit 2.

[0127] If the heater 8 requires less thermal energy than provided by the heat pump 5, the power of the heat pump 5, in particular the power of the compressor 30, can be reduced to balance the provided thermal power with the power delivered by the heater 8. For example, a frequency converter can be provided to reduce the power of the heat pump 5.

[0128] If the thermal output provided by the heat pump 5 is insufficient to cover the heat demand of the usage unit 2 via the heater 8, hot heating fluid can be injected from the first primary line 12 into the heat pump return line 31 by means of a heat pump return valve 40, which controls the degree of opening of the connection between the first primary line connection 37 and the heat pump return line 31, in order to raise the temperature of the heating fluid provided at the heater flow connection 32. Because a check valve 46 is arranged in the heat pump return line 31 just downstream of the discharge heat exchanger 9, the injected heating fluid flows entirely to the heater flow connection 32. The quantity and / or temperature of the injected heating fluid are selected depending on the difference between the thermal output required in the heater 8 and the thermal output provided by the heat pump 5.

[0129] The same injection behavior is achieved when a heat pump flow valve 41, which controls the degree of opening of the connection between the third primary line connection 39 and the heat pump flow line 36, is opened. The degree of opening of the heat pump flow valve 41 determines how much heating fluid can be displaced during injection from the heat pump flow line 36 into the third primary line 14, which serves as the return line to the heat accumulator 15.

[0130] The heat pump flow valve 41 and the heat pump return valve 40 can be used either in combination with each other or as alternatives, whereby in alternative use the other valve is replaced by a hydraulic connection whose degree of opening cannot be changed.

[0131] For example, the degree of opening of the heat pump return valve 40 and / or the heat pump flow valve 41 can be increased if the difference between the thermal power required in the heater 8 and the thermal power provided by the heat pump 5 increases, so that more hot heating fluid is injected into the heat pump return line 31.

[0132] The degree of opening of the heat pump return valve 40 and / or the heat pump flow valve 41 can be reduced when the thermal output provided by the heat pump 5 approaches the thermal output required in the heater 8, so that less hot heating fluid is injected into the heat pump return line 31. This can be the case, for example, when less heating output is required in the usage unit 2 because the outside temperatures are rising.

[0133] If the thermal energy provided by the heat pump 5 is greater than the thermal output required by the heater 8 by a certain threshold value, or if no thermal output is required by the heater 8 at all, as may be the case in summer, for example, the thermal output of the heat pump 5 can be transferred to the central heat storage 15 of the building 1.

[0134] For this purpose, the building services system 7 has a raising valve 42 that controls the degree of opening of the connection between the third primary flow connection 39 and the heat pump flow line 36. When the raising valve 42 is opened, heating fluid flows from the third primary line 14 into the heat pump flow line 36. This heating fluid is extracted at a lower point h3 of the heat accumulator 15 than when the heating fluid is used for injection into the heat pump return line 31, so that it has a relatively low temperature.

[0135] The heating fluid supplied to the heat pump supply line 36 is heated in the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 7 and—because the valves of the heater 8 of the usage unit 2 are closed and the heating pump 45 is switched off—is fed back into the second primary line 13 connected to the second primary line connection 38. This raises the temperature of the central return in the second primary line 13, and the energy supplied by the heat pump 5 can be stored in the central heat storage unit 15, preferably at a height h2 that is higher than the withdrawal height h3 of the heating fluid. A decentralized buffer or hot water storage unit is not required.

[0136] The position of the various valves can be controlled by a decentralized control unit 43, which is in signal communication with various sensors and valves. In the illustrated embodiment, the control unit 43 receives a temperature signal from a temperature sensor (not shown in detail) that is arranged in or on the heat pump return line 31. Based on this temperature signal, the control unit 42 controls the position of the valves 40, 41. For example, the heat pump return valve 40 and / or the heat pump flow valve 41 can be opened to inject heating fluid from the first primary line 12 into the heat pump return line 31 when the temperature in the heat pump return line 31 falls below an injection limit. In this case, the increase valve 42 is closed.

[0137] The increase valve 42 can be opened when the temperature in the heat pump return line 31 exceeds a rise limit value to raise the temperature of the central primary return in the second primary line 13 using excess thermal energy from the heat pump 5. The heat pump return valve 40 and / or the heat pump flow valve 41 are closed in this case.

[0138] The hot water heat exchanger 47 can be supplied with heating fluid by the flow pump 22 via the first primary line 12 as the primary flow. The heating fluid cooled in the hot water heat exchanger 47 is fed back to the heat storage tank 15 via the third primary line 14 as the primary return.

[0139] In some embodiments, the raising valve 42 and the heat pump flow valve 41 may be designed as a single valve through which heating fluid flows in two directions.

[0140] Figures 5 to 7 show further variations of building services systems 7, each of which is integrated into a building services system network 11. Due to the significant similarities between the systems in Figures 4 to 7, only the differences will be discussed below. For the same reason, the same reference numerals are assigned to similar or comparable components.

[0141] The building services system 7 shown in Figure 5 has only one heat pump return valve 40, which is designed to establish or break a hydraulic connection between the first primary line connection 37 and the heat pump return line 31. The heat pump supply line 36 is hydraulically connected to the third primary line connection 39 without a valve being arranged in the connection.

[0142] In injection mode, in which additional energy is supplied to the decentralized heating circuit, the heat pump return valve 40 is at least partially open. The heating circuit pump 45 is switched on, and the valves of the heater 8 are open. Consequently, high-temperature heating fluid is injected from the first primary line 12 via the heat pump return valve 40 into the heat pump return line 31. The injected fluid displaces cooled heating fluid from the heat pump supply line 36 into the third primary line 14. The quantity of injected heating fluid is controlled by the position of the heat pump return valve 40.

[0143] During summer operation, the heat pump return valve 40 is closed. The heating pump 45 is switched off, and the valves of the heater 8 are closed. The return pump 23 pumps heating fluid from the heat accumulator 15 via the third primary line into the heat pump supply line 36. After the heating fluid has flowed through the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5, it is returned to the heat accumulator 15 via the second primary line 13.

[0144] Figure 6 shows a building services system 7 whose heat pump flow line 36 is connected to the third primary line connection 39 by means of a heat pump flow valve 41. The heat pump flow valve 41 can be used to control the flow through the hydraulic connection between the third primary line connection 39 and the heat pump flow line 41. The first primary line connection 37 is connected to the heat pump return line 31 via a hydraulic connection, without a valve being arranged in the connection. The amount of injected fluid is controlled by the degree of opening of the heat pump flow valve 41.

[0145] In injection mode, in which additional energy is supplied to the decentralized heating circuit, the heat pump flow valve 41 is at least partially open. The heating circuit pump 45 is switched on, and the valves of the heater 8 are open. Consequently, high-temperature heating fluid is injected from the first primary line 12 into the heat pump return line 31. The injected fluid displaces cooled heating fluid from the heat pump flow line 36 via the heat pump flow valve 41 into the third primary line 14. The amount of injected fluid is controlled by the degree of opening of the heat pump flow valve 41.

[0146] In summer operation, the heating pump 45 is switched off and the valves of the heater 8 are closed, preventing any heating fluid from flowing through the heater 8. The return pump 23 pumps heating fluid from the heat accumulator 15 through the third primary line via the heat pump flow valve 41 into the heat pump flow line 36. After the heating fluid has flowed through the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5, it is returned to the heat accumulator 15 via the second primary line 13. The amount of heating fluid flowing through the discharge heat exchanger 9 is controlled by the degree of opening of the heat pump flow valve 41. A check valve or shut-off valve 46 (not shown) may be provided in the line between the first primary line connection 37 and the heat pump return line 46 so that a flow of heating fluid from the heat pump return line 46 to the first primary line connection 37 is prevented.

[0147] In this embodiment, the heat pump flow valve 41 is therefore flowed through in two directions, depending on the operating mode. Figure 7 shows a further embodiment of a building services system 7, in which the heat pump return valve 40 can influence a connection between the heat pump return line 31 and the third primary line connection 37. Operation basically works as described in connection with Figure 4. In contrast to the system shown there, in injection mode the entire volume flow, i.e. the heating fluid in the decentralized heating circuit and the heating fluid injected from the primary line 12, is guided through the discharge heat exchanger 9 of the heat pump 5 before the heating fluid is displaced into the third primary line 14 via the heat pump return valve 40.This results in the discharge heat exchanger 9 being flowed through by a high volume flow, the heat pump 5 providing a lower spread and the heat pump 5 can consequently be operated with a high degree of efficiency.

[0148] List of reference symbols: Building Usage unit Supply air device Exhaust air device Heat pump Main air line Building services system Heating Discharge heat exchanger Heating center Building services system network First primary line Second primary line Third primary line Central heat storage Central heat generator, 17', 17", 17'" Consumer Decentralized hot water line Decentralized drinking water line Measuring station Apartment station Flow pump Return pump Compressor Heat pump return line 32 Heating flow connection

[0149] 35 Heating return connection

[0150] 36 Heat pump flow line

[0151] 37 first primary line connection

[0152] 38 second primary line connection

[0153] 39 third primary line connection

[0154] 40 Heat pump return valve

[0155] 41 Heat pump flow valve

[0156] 42 Lift valve

[0157] 43 Control unit

[0158] 45 Heating pump

[0159] 46 check valve

[0160] 47 Hot water heat exchanger hl first height h2 second height h3 third height

Claims

Claims 1. A building services system (7) for at least water temperature control for one usage unit (2) of a plurality of usage units (2) of a building (1), comprising a first primary line connection (37) for hydraulically connecting a first central primary line (12), a second primary line connection (38) for hydraulically connecting a second central primary line (13), and a third primary line connection (39) for hydraulically connecting a third central primary line (14), a heating flow connection (32) for hydraulically connecting a decentralized heating flow line of a heater (8) of the usage unit (2), and a heating return connection (35) for hydraulically connecting a decentralized heating return line of the heater (8) of the usage unit (2), a decentralized heat pump (5) intended for installation in a usage unit (2), which comprises an intake heat exchanger to which exhaust air from the usage unit (2) can be supplied as a heat source,and which comprises a discharge heat exchanger (9) for heating the heating fluid flowing through the discharge heat exchanger (9), wherein the heated heating fluid can be delivered at least partially to a primary line (12, 13, 14) via the corresponding primary line connection (37, 38, 39) and / or to the heater (8) of the usage unit (2) via the heater flow connection (32).

2. Building services system (7) according to claim 1, wherein the heating flow connection (32) is connected via a heat pump return line (31) and the heating return connection (35) is connected via a heat pump flow line (36) in each case are hydraulically connected to the discharge heat exchanger (9) in such a way that heat extracted from the exhaust air can be transferred to a heating fluid of the heating system (8) of the usage unit (2) via the discharge heat exchanger (9).

3. Building services system (7) according to claim 2, wherein the heat pump return line (31) is hydraulically connected to the first primary line connection (37) and a heat pump flow valve (41) is provided which can be switched, preferably continuously, between an open heat pump flow valve position, in which a hydraulic connection between the third primary line connection (39) and the heat pump flow line (36) is established, and a closed heat pump flow valve position, in which the hydraulic connection between the third primary line connection (39) and the heat pump flow line (36) is closed.

4. Building services system (7) according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the heat pump flow line (36) is hydraulically connected to the third primary line connection (39) and a heat pump return valve (40) is switchable, preferably continuously, between an open heat pump return valve position, in which a hydraulic connection between the first primary line connection (37) and the heat pump return line (31) is established, and a closed heat pump return valve position, in which the connection between the first primary line connection (37) and the heat pump return line (31) is closed.

5. Building services system (7) according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the heat pump flow valve (41) switches or is switched at least partially from the closed heat pump flow valve position to the open heat pump flow valve position or the heat pump return valve (40) switches or is switched at least partially from the closed heat pump return valve position to the open heat pump return valve position, when the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line (31) falls below an injection limit value.

6. Building services system (7) according to one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the heat pump return line (31) is hydraulically connected to the second primary line connection (38) and a raising valve (42) is provided which can be switched, preferably continuously, between an open raising valve position, in which a hydraulic connection between the third primary line connection (39) and the heat pump flow line (36) is established, and a closed raising valve position, in which a connection between the third primary line connection (39) and the heat pump flow line (36) is closed.

7. Building services system (7) according to claim 6, wherein the raising valve (42) switches or is switched from the closed raising valve position to the open raising valve position when the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line (31) or at the heating flow connection (32) exceeds a raising limit value.

8. Building services system (7) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the building services system (7) has at least one temperature sensor (44), which is preferably arranged on the heat pump return line (31) and / or on the heating flow connection (32), and wherein the building services system (7) has at least one heat pump flow valve (40) and / or heat pump return valve (41) adjustable by means of an actuator, as well as at least one raising valve (42) adjustable by means of an actuator, and a control unit (43), wherein data can be exchanged between the control unit (43) and the actuators, and between the control unit (43) and the at least one temperature sensor (44).

9. Building services system (7) according to claim 8, wherein the control unit (43) sends an open signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve (40) and / or the heat pump flow valve (41) and a close signal to the actuator of the raising valve (42) when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor (44) falls below the injection limit value.

10. Building services system (7) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the control unit (43) sends a close signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve (40) and / or the heat pump flow valve (41) and an open signal to the actuator of the raising valve (42) when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor (44) exceeds the raising limit value.

11. Building services system (7) according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the control unit (43) sends a closing signal to the actuator of the heat pump return valve (40) and / or the heat pump flow valve (41) and a closing signal to the actuator of the raising valve (42) when the temperature measured by the temperature sensor (44) is between the injection limit value and the raising limit value.

12. Building services system network (11) for a building (1) with a plurality of usage units (2), wherein the building services system network (11) comprises a central heat accumulator (15) and a central first primary line (12) hydraulically connected to the heat accumulator (15) at a first height (hl), a central second primary line (13) connected to the central heat accumulator (15) at a second height (h2) lower than the first height (hl), and a central third primary line (14) connected to the central heat accumulator (15) at a third height (h3) lower than the second height (h2), wherein at least one building services system (7) assigned to a usage unit (2) is hydraulically connected to the first, second and third primary lines (12, 13, 14) and to a heating system (8) of the usage unit (2), wherein the building services system (7) has a decentralized heat pump (5) which comprises an intake heat exchanger (29), to which exhaust air from the usage unit (2) can be supplied as a heat source, and which comprises a discharge heat exchanger (9), wherein heat extracted from the exhaust air can be discharged via the discharge heat exchanger (9) to a heating fluid flowing through the discharge heat exchanger (9), such that Energy can be transferred by means of the primary lines (12, 13, 14) between the heat accumulator (15) and the heating fluid flowing through the discharge heat exchanger (9).

13. Building services system network (11) according to claim 12, wherein the first primary line (12) has a feed pump (22) to convey heating fluid from the heat accumulator (15) in the direction of the at least one building services system (7) and / or wherein the second primary line (13) has a return pump (23) to convey heating fluid from the at least one building services system (7) in the direction of the heat accumulator (15).

14. Building services system network (11) according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the third primary line (14) is operated as a return line in a first operating mode in which energy from the heat accumulator (15) is delivered to the building services system (7), and is operated as a flow line in a second operating mode in which energy from the building services system (7) is delivered to the heat accumulator (15).

15. Building services system network (11) according to one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the at least one building services system (7) is designed according to one of claims 1 to 12.

16. Method for controlling a building services system (7) and / or a building services system network (11) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, in the event that a heating output of the decentralized heating system (8) required to heat a usage unit (2) exceeds the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump (5), heating fluid is injected from the first primary line (12) into the heat pump return line (31) of the associated building services system (7) and a heating fluid quantity corresponding to the injected quantity of heating fluid is returned from the heat pump flow line via the third primary line (14) from the building services system (7) to the heat accumulator (15).

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein in the event that a heating output of the decentralized heating system (8) is required to heat a usage unit (2), but the required heating output is less than the thermal output provided by the associated decentralized heat pump (5), the output of the associated decentralized heat pump (5) is reduced.

18. Method according to one of claims 16 or 17, wherein in the event that the heating output of the decentralized heating system (8) required to heat a usage unit (2) falls below a regulation limit and / or the temperature of the heating fluid in the heat pump return line (31) exceeds a raising limit, heating fluid is fed from the third primary line (14) into the heat pump flow line (36) of the associated building services system (7) and a quantity of heating fluid corresponding to the quantity fed in is discharged from the heat pump return line. line (31) of the associated building services system (7) to the second primary line (13) in order to supply the heating fluid to the heat accumulator (15).

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein a heating fluid volume flow in the heat pump flow line (36) and / or in the heat pump return line (31) of the associated building services system (7) is controlled such that the COP of the decentralized heat pump (5) is maximized.

20. Method according to one of claims 18 or 19, wherein in the event that hot water is planned or actually drawn into a usage unit (2) of the building (1), the decentralized heat pumps (5) of the building services systems (7) of the building services system network (11) remain switched on.

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