Transmitter structures for low power devices
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-05-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-25
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Figure CN2023094439_21112024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TRANSMITTER STRUCTURES FOR LOW POWER DEVICES INTRODUCTION
[0001] Field of the Disclosure
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to transmitter structures.
[0003] Description of Related Art
[0004] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users
[0005] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect provides a method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device. The method includes segmenting a first set of bits into a plurality of blocks of bits; encoding each block of bits of the plurality of blocks of bits to generate a plurality of encoded blocks of bits; concatenating the plurality of encoded blocks of bits to generate a second set of bits; interleaving the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits; modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the third set of bits; and transmitting the modulated carrier waveform.
[0007] Another aspect provides a method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device. The method includes encoding a single set of bits to generate a single encoded set of bits; interleaving the single encoded set of bits to generate a second set of bits; modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the second set of bits; and transmitting the modulated carrier waveform.
[0008] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0009] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0012] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0013] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example base station and an example user equipment (UE) .
[0014] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0015] FIG. 5 depicts an example backscattering wireless communications device.
[0016] FIGs. 6A-6E depict example deployment scenarios for a backscattering wireless communications device.
[0017] FIG. 7 depicts an example transmitter structure.
[0018] FIG. 8 depicts an example transmitter structure.
[0019] FIG. 9 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0020] FIG. 10 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0021] FIG. 11 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0022] FIG. 12 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for generating and transmitting signals using a transmitter structure. In particular, certain aspects provide a transmitter structure that may be suitable for low power devices, such as ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices. Though certain aspects are discussed herein with respect to using the transmitter structure for AIoT devices, it should be noted that the transmitter structure discussed herein may similarly be used for other suitable wireless communications devices, such as other types of user equipments (UEs) , base stations (BSs) , etc.
[0024] AIoT devices typically have low complexity designs configured to use low power for communicating (e.g., transmitting and / or receiving) wireless signals. For example, AIoT devices may generally have limited energy storage capabilities, such as limited storage batteries or a capacitor or other short term energy storage device. In some cases, AIoT devices rely on energy harvesting from one or more external sources. The one or more external sources may include: solar energy, thermal energy, kinetic energy, radio frequency (RF) energy, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) , other types of ambient energy, and the like. For example, an AIoT device may include one or more components that allow the AIoT device to harvest energy, such as solar cells, RF power converters, and the like. Example AIoT devices include tags, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, passive UEs, backscattering UEs, and the like.
[0025] An AIoT device may not include active RF components, and instead may use passive radio equipment (e.g., a backscatter-type radio) for communicating. For example, AIoT devices are generally capable of asynchronous communication and may not have a power amplifier or a low-noise amplifier. AIoT UEs may generally utilize a light protocol stack.
[0026] In certain aspects, an AIoT device, using passive radio equipment, is configured to modulate and reflect incident RF signals (e.g., a carrier wave (CW) ) . For example, another device (e.g., UE, BS, etc. ) may transmit a CW in the direction of the AIoT device. The AIoT device, using the passive radio equipment, modulates and reflects the CW to communicate data.
[0027] A technical problem for low power devices, such as AIoT devices, is the tradeoff between power consumption of the device and capability of the device. For example, some low power devices do not support certain capabilities, such as channel coding to provide forward error correction (FEC) , in order to reduce power consumption. However, lack of such capabilities may make such low power devices not well suited for certain communication scenarios.
[0028] Accordingly, certain aspects herein solve the above technical problem by providing different transmitter structures that have the technical effect of providing additional capabilities to devices, while keeping low power consumption and complexity.
[0029] Certain aspects provide a transmitter design including a single interleaver to interleave bits corresponding to multiple blocks of bits. In particular, in certain aspects, multiple blocks of bits are concatenated into a single set of bits that is then input into the single interleaver. Such use of a single interleaver, instead of a separate interleaver per block of bits, reduces design complexity of the transmitter design such as by reducing the number of parts needed for the transmitter design, and reduces power consumption by reducing the number of interleavers to be powered. Further, concatenating the multiple blocks of bits into a single set of bits may have lower complexity and power consumption than performing bit collection or other techniques to turn multiple sets of bits into a single set of bits. Further, the transmitter design may include a segmenter that segments a set of bits including information bits into the blocks of bits. Segmenting the set of bits into blocks of bits may reduce block encoding size for encoding the blocks of bits, which may reduce decoding complexity for a device receiving the signal.
[0030] Certain aspects provide a transmitter design including a single encoder for encoding an entire bit-stream. Use of a single encoder may increase coding gains, as opposed to segmenting the bit-stream into multiple blocks. Further, use of a single encoder allows use of a single interleaver, instead of a separate interleaver per block of bits, reduces design complexity of the transmitter design such as by reducing the number of parts needed for the transmitter design, and reduces power consumption by reducing the number of interleavers to be powered. The transmitter design may further not perform segmentation or bit collection, which may further reduce power consumption and complexity of the transmitter design.
[0031] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0032] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and / or 5G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0033] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0034] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs.
[0035] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0036] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104, which may more generally include: a cellular phone, smart phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite radio, global positioning system, multimedia device, video device, digital audio player, camera, game console, tablet, smart device, wearable device, vehicle, electric meter, gas pump, large or small kitchen appliance, healthcare device, implant, sensor / actuator, display, internet of things (IoT) devices, always on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, or other similar devices. UEs 104 may also be referred to more generally as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0037] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. The communications links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0038] BSs 102 may generally include: a NodeB, enhanced NodeB (eNB) , next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , access point, base transceiver station, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, transmission reception point, and / or others. Each of BSs 102 may provide communications coverage for a respective coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0039] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. More generally, a base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as a disaggregated radio access network architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0040] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0041] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24, 250 MHz –52, 600 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0042] The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and, for example, UEs 104, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other MHz) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0043] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming 182 with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182’ . UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182” . UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182” . BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182’ . BS 180 and UE 104 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0044] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0045] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0046] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172, such as in the depicted example. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0047] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0048] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0049] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0050] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0051] Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0052] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0053] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0054] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0055] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0056] The DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0057] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0058] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0059] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0060] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0061] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS 102 and a UE 104.
[0062] Generally, BS 102 includes various processors (e.g., 320, 330, 338, and 340) , antennas 334a-t (collectively 334) , transceivers 332a-t (collectively 332) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 312) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 339) . For example, BS 102 may send and receive data between BS 102 and UE 104. BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0063] Generally, UE 104 includes various processors (e.g., 358, 364, 366, and 380) , antennas 352a-r (collectively 352) , transceivers 354a-r (collectively 354) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 362) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 360) . UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0064] In regards to an example downlink transmission, BS 102 includes a transmit processor 320 that may receive data from a data source 312 and control information from a controller / processor 340. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0065] Transmit processor 320 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 320 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0066] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 332a-332t. Each modulator in transceivers 332a-332t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 332a-332t may be transmitted via the antennas 334a-334t, respectively.
[0067] In order to receive the downlink transmission, UE 104 includes antennas 352a-352r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 102 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 354a-354r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 354a-354r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0068] RX MIMO detector 356 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 354a-354r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 358 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 360, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 380.
[0069] In regards to an example uplink transmission, UE 104 further includes a transmit processor 364 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the PUSCH) from a data source 362 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 380. Transmit processor 364 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS) ) . The symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 366 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 354a-354r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 102.
[0070] At BS 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 may be received by antennas 334a-t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 332a-332t, detected by a RX MIMO detector 336 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 339 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 340.
[0071] Memories 342 and 382 may store data and program codes for BS 102 and UE 104, respectively.
[0072] Scheduler 344 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0073] In various aspects, BS 102 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 312, scheduler 344, memory 342, transmit processor 320, controller / processor 340, TX MIMO processor 330, transceivers 332a-t, antenna 334a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 334a-t, transceivers 332a-t, RX MIMO detector 336, controller / processor 340, receive processor 338, scheduler 344, memory 342, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0074] In various aspects, UE 104 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 362, memory 382, transmit processor 364, controller / processor 380, TX MIMO processor 366, transceivers 354a-t, antenna 352a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 352a-t, transceivers 354a-t, RX MIMO detector 356, controller / processor 380, receive processor 358, memory 382, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0075] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0076] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0077] In particular, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0078] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0079] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be time division duplex (TDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0080] In FIG. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0081] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 5. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=5 has a subcarrier spacing of 480 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0082] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0083] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0084] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0085] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0086] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0087] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0088] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0089] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0090] Aspects Related to Backscattering
[0091] FIG. 5 depicts an example backscattering wireless communications device 506. The backscattering wireless communications device 506 may be an AIoT device, a UE (e.g., similar to UE 104 of FIG. 1) , or the like.
[0092] As shown, backscattering wireless communications device 506 includes an antenna 552, an energy harvesting (EH) circuit 554, a microcontroller 556, a switch 558, and impedance circuits 560. In other aspects, backscattering wireless communications device 506 may include additional components (e.g., a battery or capacitor) , or fewer components (e.g., removal of EH circuit 554) .
[0093] Antenna 552 may be similar to antenna 352a of FIG. 3. Antenna 552 is coupled to EH circuit 554. EH circuit 554 may include one or more power converters and / or the like for receiving (e.g, RF) energy and converting it into usable energy for backscattering wireless communications device 506. EH circuit 554 is further coupled to microcontroller 556. In other aspects, microcontroller 556 may be directly coupled to antenna 552.
[0094] Microcontroller 556 is coupled to switch 558 and configured to control switch 558 to selectively couple impedance circuits 560 to the circuit including antenna 552. Impedance circuits 560 may be any components that provide impedance.
[0095] FIG. 5 further depicts a wireless communications device 501, such as a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or the like. Wireless communications device 501 further includes antennas 534a and 534b, which may be similar to antennas 334a and 334b of FIG. 3.
[0096] In certain aspects, wireless communications device 501 is configured to transmit a carrier wave from antenna 534a. A carrier wave is a waveform (e.g., sinusoidal waveform) that can be modulated with data (e.g., an information-bearing signal) to generate a modulated signal that conveys the data.
[0097] In certain aspects, backscattering wireless communications device 506 is configured to receive the carrier wave, transmitted by wireless communications device 501, at antenna 552. Backscattering wireless communications device 506 modulates the carrier wave be switching the switch 558 to vary the impedance coupled to the antenna 552. In particular, the switch 558 varies the impedance by switching a number or size of impedance circuits 560 coupled to antenna 552. Varying the impedance coupled to the antenna 552 varies an amplitude and / or phase of the carrier wave. For example, when the antenna 552 is coupled to a high impedance, the mismatch between the antenna and load impedance reflects all the power received on antenna 552 back. When the antenna 552 is coupled to an impedance matched to an impedance of the antenna, the match between the antenna and load impedances causes the power to be absorbed at backscattering wireless communications device 506 and little power is reflected on antenna 552. Therefore, switching between a high impedance and matched impedance modulates an amplitude of the carrier wave reflected. The frequency of switching between the impedances may be associated with a data rate of communicating data.
[0098] Accordingly, the microcontroller 556 controls the switch 558 to modulate the carrier wave with data, to generate a modulated backscattered signal. For example, microcontroller 556 controls the switch 558 to perform amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave and or phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation to vary the phase of the carrier wave. Backscattering wireless communications device 506 transmits (e.g., reflects) the modulated backscattered signal via antenna 552.
[0099] In certain aspects, wireless communications device 501 is configured to receive the modulated backscattered signal on antenna 534b. The wireless communications device 501 may process the modulated backscattered signal to decode the data transmitted by backscattering wireless communications device 506.
[0100] FIGs. 6A-6E depict example deployment scenarios for a backscattering wireless communications device.
[0101] FIG. 6A depicts a monostatic deployment scenario, whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 (e.g., backscattering wireless communications device 506 of FIG. 5) is configured to receive a carrier wave from and reflect a modulated backscattered signal to the same wireless communications device 601 (e.g., UE 104 or BS 102 of FIG. 1, wireless communications device 501 of FIG. 5) . For example, wireless communications device 601 may be capable of full duplex communications. As shown, wireless communications device 601 transmits a signal to backscattering wireless communications device 606 that serves as both a carrier wave (CW) and a forward link (FL) signal that carries control signaling. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the signal as a backstatter link (BL) signal that carries data. In certain aspects, the CW and FL signals may be sent separately.
[0102] FIGs. 6B-6E depict different bi-static deployment scenarios, whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a carrier wave from one device and reflect a modulated backscattered signal to a different device, such as for half-duplex communications.
[0103] FIG. 6B illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a signal that serves as both a CW and FL signal from BS 602 (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) . Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the signal as a BL signal that carries data to UE 604 (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) . In certain aspects, the CW and FL signals may be sent separately.
[0104] FIG. 6C illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a signal that serves as both a CW and FL signal from UE 604. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the signal as a BL signal that carries data to BS 602. In certain aspects, the CW and FL signals may be sent separately.
[0105] FIG. 6D illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a CW from BS 602. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the CW signal as a BL signal that carries data to UE 604. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 further receives an FL signal from UE 604.
[0106] FIG. 6E illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a CW from UE 604. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the CW signal as a BL signal that carries data to BS 602. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 further receives an FL signal from BS 602.
[0107] Aspects Related to a Transmitter Structure
[0108] FIG. 7 depicts an example transmitter structure 700. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 may be used in a backscattering wireless communications device, such as backscattering wireless communications device 506 of FIG. 5 or backscattering wireless communications device 606 of FIG. 6. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 may be used in another wireless communications device, such as a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or other network entity.
[0109] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 is used in a wireless communications device for downlink (DL) transmissions. For example, transmitter structure 700 may be used in a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or other network entity to transmit data to a backscattering wireless communications device or other UE. For example, the encoding schemes used to encode data by transmitter structure 700 may reduce a required complexity of a decoder at backscattering wireless communications device or other UE to decode the data, thereby reducing complexity and power consumption at the backscattering wireless communications device or other UE.
[0110] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 may be used for uplink (UL) transmissions.
[0111] Transmitter structure 700 is configured to modulate information bits onto a carrier wave. In certain aspects, such as where transmitter structure 700 is in a backscattering wireless communications device, the carrier wave may be received from another wireless communications device. In certain aspects, where transmitter structure 700 is in a non-backscattering wireless communications device, such as a UE, BS, or other network entity, the carrier wave may be generated at the non-backscattering wireless communications device.
[0112] Each of the components in transmitter structure 700 may be its own individual circuit, chip, or processor, or multiple components may be integrated into a single circuit, chip, or processor.
[0113] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 is configured to transmit a fixed number of information bits per transmission (e.g., per transport block) , such as to reduce the need for control signaling indicating the number of information bits per transmission. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 may include a padding component (not shown) to add one or more padding bits as additional information bits to one or more information bits, such as if the actual number of information bits to be transmitted is less than the fixed number of information bits per transmission.
[0114] Transmitter structure 700 optionally includes a CRC component 702. CRC component 702 is configured to add bits (e.g., 11-bits) as a CRC (a type of error-detecting code) to the information bits, thereby generating a first set of bits. Where transmitter structure 700 does not include CRC component 702, the information bits may be the first set of bits.
[0115] Transmitter structure 700 further includes a segementer 704, either coupled to the CRC component 702, the padding component, or which directly receives the first set of bits. Segmenter 704 may be a demultiplexer. Segementer 704 is configured to segment the first set of bits into a plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x. In particular, segmenter 704 segments the first set of bits into two or more blocks of bits. Segmenting refers to dividing the first set of bits into multiple blocks of bits. In some cases, each of the plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x is of the same size, as in each includes the same number of bits.
[0116] Each of the plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x is further input (e.g., directly) from segementer 704 into a corresponding encoder of a plurality of encoders 708a-708x. In particular, transmitter structure 700 includes a plurality of encoders 708a-708x, such as two or more encoders. Each of the encoders 708a-708x is configured to encode the corresponding block of bits of the plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x input into the encoder. Encoding a block of bits refers to encoding the block of bits from a first number of bits included in the block of bits to a second number of bits included in a corresponding encoded block of bits.
[0117] The plurality of encoders 708a-708x may use any suitable encoding scheme to encode the plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x. For example, the plurality of encoders 708a-708x may utilize block codes with a small size based on the plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x including a smaller number of bits than the entire first set of bits, which reduces the complexity required to decode the encoded plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x at a receiving device. Therefore, segmenting the first set of bits and separately encoding each of the blocks of bits provides the technical effect of reducing decoding complexity.
[0118] In certain aspects, the plurality of encoders 708a-708x use Golay codes for encoding the plurality of blocks of bits 706a-706x. For example, Golay codes may be capable of correcting three errors in a block of bits including 23 bits, which provides good error correcting.
[0119] Backscattering wireless communication devices, such as RFID tags, may not conventionally use encoders such as encoders 708a-708x or be able to decode encoded bits. By utilizing such encoding for backscattering wireless communication devices, forward error correction capabilities can be achieved for backscattering wireless communication devices, thereby providing the technical effect of improved error correcting for backscattering wireless communication devices, which reduced overhead for retransmitting data.
[0120] Transmitter structure 700 further includes a concatenator 710. Concatenator 710 is configured to receive as input a plurality of encoded blocks of bits from the plurality of encoders 708a-708x. In certain aspects, concatenator 710 is coupled directly to each of the plurality of encoders 708a-708x. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the plurality of encoded blocks of bits prior to being input into concatentor 710, however, notably, interleaving may not be performed on the plurality of encoded blocks of bits prior to being input into concatentor 710. Concatentator 710 may be a multiplexer.
[0121] Concacatentor 710 is configured to concatenate the plurality of encoded blocks of bits into a second set of bits. Concatentation refers to linking the plurality of encoded blocks of bits into a single series of bits. For example, where there are three encoded blocks of bits, 000111, 010101, and 111000, concatenating the three encoded blocks of bits results in a set of bits 000111010101111000.
[0122] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 uses concatentor 710 to generate a set of bits from a plurality of encoded blocks of bits as opposed to more complex techniques such as bit collection which may rearrange the order of the bits in the set of bits such that they are not in the same order as in the plurality of encoded blocks of bits. Concatentation provides the technical effect of reduced complexity and power consumption to generate the set of bits, as compared to bit collection.
[0123] Transmitter structure 700 further includes an interleaver 712. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 700 includes a single interleaver. Interleaver 712 is configured to receive as input the concatenated second set of bits from concatenator 710 and output a third set of bits. In certain aspects, interleaver 712 is coupled directly to concatentor 710. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the concatenated second set of bit prior to being input into interleaver 712, however, notably, interleaving may not be performed by transmitter structure 700 prior to interleaver 712. By first concatenating the plurality of encoded blocks of bits into the second set of bits, and inputting the entire second set of bits into single interleaver 712, a single interleaver can be used for interleaving all of the plurality of encoded blocks of bits, as opposed to using a separate interleaver to interleave each of the plurality of encoded blocks of bits individually. This provides the technical effect of reducing complexity and power consumption of transmitter structure 700 by reducing a number of interleavers implemented at transmitter structure 700 to power and run.
[0124] In certain aspects, interleaving jumbles the second set of bits, which may help deal with burst errors in transmitted data. Burst errors are errors that happen in consecutive bits. Accordingly, interleaver 712 alters the sequence of bits in the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits. In certain aspects, interleaver 712 is a rectangle interleaver, such as an N row by L column interleaver. Accordingly, the second set of bits may be written to the rectangle interleaver row by row, and read from the interleaver column by column, thus altering the sequence of the bits in the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits.
[0125] Optionally, transmitter structure 700 includes a scrambler 714. Scrambler 714 is configured to receive as input the third set of bits from interleaver 712. In certain aspects, scrambler 714 is coupled directly to interleaver 712. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the third set of bits prior to being input into scrambler 714.
[0126] Scrambler 714 is configured to scramble the third set of bits, such as by using bit-level scrambling, a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, a random sequence, a Zadoff-Chu sequence, a golden sequence, or the like. Scrambling the bits may help avoid interference with other signals. For example, where a receiving device receives multiple signals that are scrambled, the scrambling helps to differentiate the signals at the receiver.
[0127] Transmitter structure 700 further includes modulator 716 configured to modulate a carrier waveform with data. Modulator 716 may be configured to perform one or more types of modulation and may be a single component or multiple components (e.g., each performing a separate modulation) . Modulator 716 is configured to receive as input the third set of bits from interleaver 712 or the scrambled third set of bits from scrambler 714. In certain aspects, modulator 716 is coupled directly to interleaver 712. In certain aspects, modulator 716 is coupled directly to scrambler 714. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the third set of bits or scrambled third set of bits prior to being input into modulator 716.
[0128] In certain aspects, modulator 716 is configured to modulate the carrier waveform with the data (e.g., the third set of bits or scrambled third set of bits) using pulse interval encoding (PIE) , fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like. In certain aspects, performing PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like, refers to encoding the data. In certain aspects, use of PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, or Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding provides backward compatibility with other systems, such as RFID systems. In certain aspects, modulator 716 specifically uses PIE.
[0129] In certain aspects, modulator 716 is configured to modulate the carrier waveform with the data using any suitable modulation scheme, such as after performing PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like, or without performing PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like. For example, modulator 716 may modulate the carrier waveform using ASK and / or PSK. In certain aspects, use of ASK and / or PSK provides backward compatibility with other systems, such as RFID systems. As another example, modulator 716 may additionally or alternatively modulate the carrier waveform using quadrature modulation (QAM) , such as 16QAM, 64QAM, etc. As another example, modulator 716 may additionally or alternatively modulate the carrier waveform using quadrature PSK (QPSK) .
[0130] FIG. 8 depicts another example transmitter structure 800. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 may be used in a backscattering wireless communications device, such as backscattering wireless communications device 506 of FIG. 5 or backscattering wireless communications device 606 of FIG. 6. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 may be used in another wireless communications device, such as a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or other network entity.
[0131] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 is used in a wireless communications device for UL transmissions. For example, transmitter structure 800 may be used in a backscattering wireless communications device or other UE to transmit data to a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or other network entity. For example, the encoding schemes used to encode data by transmitter structure 800 may have reduced encoding complexity (e.g., as compared to transmitter structure 700 of FIG. 7) , thereby reducing complexity and power consumption at the backscattering wireless communications device or other UE.
[0132] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 may be used for DL transmissions.
[0133] Transmitter structure 800 is configured to modulate information bits onto a carrier wave. In certain aspects, such as where transmitter structure 800 is in a backscattering wireless communications device, the carrier wave may be received from another wireless communications device. In certain aspects, where transmitter structure 800 is in a non-backscattering wireless communications device, such as a UE or BS, the carrier wave may be generated at the non-backscattering wireless communications device.
[0134] Each of the components in transmitter structure 800 may be its own individual circuit, chip, or processor, or multiple components may be integrated into a single circuit, chip, or processor.
[0135] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 is configured to transmit a fixed number of information bits per transmission (e.g., per transport block) , such as to reduce the need for control signaling indicating the number of information bits per transmission. In certain aspects, more than one fixed number of information bits per transmission can be supported using blind detection at a receiver for decoding.
[0136] In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 may include a padding component (not shown) to add one or more padding bits as additional information bits to one or more information bits, as discussed.
[0137] Transmitter structure 800 optionally includes a CRC component 802, such as CRC component 702 of FIG. 7. CRC component 802 is configured to add bits (e.g., 11-bits) as a CRC to the information bits, thereby generating a single set of bits. Where transmitter structure 800 does not include CRC component 802, the information bits may be the single set of bits.
[0138] Transmitter structure 800 further includes an encoder 808, either coupled to the CRC component 802, the padding component, or which directly receives the single set of bits. Encoder 808 is configured to encode the single set of bits into a single encoded set of bits. Encoder 808 may perform any suitable type of encoding, such as similar to encoder 708a of FIG. 7. In certain aspects, a single encoder 808 is used to encode the single set of bits, and accordingly the information bits, as opposed to a plurality of encoders 708a-708x as in transmitter structure 700 of FIG. 7. Use of a single encoder 808 provides the technical effect of large coding gain, as compared to separately encoding separate sets of bits and the technical effect of reducing complexity and power consumption for multiple encoders. Further, use of a single encoder 808 eliminates the need for a segmenter and concatentor, which provides the technical effect of reducing complexity and power consumption needed for the segmenter and concatentor. In certain aspects, encoder 808 uses one or more of Golay codes, convolutional codes, polar codes, or low-density parity check (LDPC) codes for encoding the single set of bits. In certain aspects, encoder 808 uses polar codes or LDPC codes for encoding the single set of bits.
[0139] Transmitter structure 800 further includes an interleaver 812, such as interleaver 712 of FIG. 7. In certain aspects, transmitter structure 800 includes a single interleaver. Interleaver 812 is configured to receive as input the single encoded set of bits from encoder 808 and output a second set of bits. In certain aspects, interleaver 812 is coupled directly to encoder 808. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the single encoded set of bits prior to being input into interleaver 812, however, notably, interleaving may not be performed by transmitter structure 800 prior to interleaver 812. By avoiding segmenting the single set of bits, and inputting the entire single set of bits into single interleaver 812, a single interleaver can be used for interleaving all of the bits of the transmission, as opposed to using a separate interleaver to interleave different blocks of bits individually. This provides the technical effect of reducing complexity and power consumption of transmitter structure 800 by reducing a number of interleavers implemented at transmitter structure 800 to power and run.
[0140] Optionally, transmitter structure 800 includes a scrambler 814, such as scrambler 714 of FIG. 7. Scrambler 814 is configured to receive as input the second set of bits from interleaver 812. In certain aspects, scrambler 814 is coupled directly to interleaver 812. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the second set of bits prior to being input into scrambler 814.
[0141] Transmitter structure 800 further includes modulator 816 configured to modulate a carrier waveform with data. Modulator 816 may be configured to perform one or more types of modulation and may be a single component or multiple components (e.g., each performing a separate modulation) . Modulator 816 is configured to receive as input the second set of bits from interleaver 812 or the scrambled second set of bits from scrambler 814. In certain aspects, modulator 816 is coupled directly to interleaver 812. In certain aspects, modulator 816 is coupled directly to scrambler 814. In certain aspects, additional processing may be performed on the second set of bits or scrambled second set of bits prior to being input into modulator 816.
[0142] In certain aspects, modulator 816 is configured to modulate the carrier waveform with the data (e.g., the second set of bits or scrambled second set of bits) using PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like. In certain aspects, performing PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like, refers to encoding the data. In certain aspects, use of PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, or Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding provides backward compatibility with other systems, such as RFID systems. In certain aspects, modulator 816 specifically uses fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, or Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding.
[0143] In certain aspects, modulator 816 is configured to modulate the carrier waveform with the data using any suitable modulation scheme, such as after performing PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like, or without performing PIE, fm0 encoding, Manchester encoding, Miller 2, 4, or 8 encoding, or the like. For example, modulator 816 may modulate the carrier waveform using ASK and / or PSK. In certain aspects, use of ASK and / or PSK provides backward compatibility with other systems, such as RFID systems. As another example, modulator 816 may additionally or alternatively modulate the carrier waveform using QAM, such as 16QAM, 64QAM, etc. As another example, modulator 816 may additionally or alternatively modulate the carrier waveform using QPSK.
[0144] Example Operations by a Wireless Communications Device
[0145] FIG. 9 shows a method 900 for wireless communications by a wireless communications device. In some aspects, the wireless communications device may include transmitter structure 700 of FIG. 7. In some aspects, the wireless communications device may be a backscattering device, such as the backscattering device 506 or 606 of FIGS. 5-6. In some aspects, the wireless communications device may be a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or other network entity.
[0146] Method 900 begins at step 905 with segmenting a first set of bits into a plurality of blocks of bits. For example, step 905 may perform segmenting as described with respect to segmenter 704 of FIG. 7.
[0147] Method 900 then proceeds to step 910 with encoding each block of bits of the plurality of blocks of bits to generate a plurality of encoded blocks of bits. For example, step 910 may perform encoding as described with respect to encoders 708a-708x of FIG. 7.
[0148] Method 900 then proceeds to step 915 with concatenating the plurality of encoded blocks of bits to generate a second set of bits. For example, step 915 may perform concatenation as described with respect to concatenator 710 of FIG. 7.
[0149] Method 900 then proceeds to step 920 with interleaving the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits. For example, step 920 may perform interleaving as described with respect to interleaver 712 of FIG. 7. In certain aspects, the interleaving is performed by a single interleaver.
[0150] Method 900 then proceeds to step 925 with modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the third set of bits. For example, step 925 may perform modulation as described with respect to modulator 716 of FIG. 7.
[0151] Method 900 then proceeds to step 930 with transmitting the modulated carrier waveform.
[0152] In one aspect, method 900 further includes adding one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the first set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.
[0153] In one aspect, the first set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.
[0154] In one aspect, each of the plurality of blocks of bits includes a first number of bits.
[0155] In one aspect, the plurality of encoded blocks of bits are encoded using Golay codes.
[0156] In one aspect, step 920 includes interleaving the second set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.
[0157] In one aspect, method 900 further includes scrambling the third set of bits to generate a fourth set of bits, wherein the data being based on the third set of bits comprises the data being based on the fourth set of bits.
[0158] In one aspect, scrambling the third set of bits comprises: bit-level scrambling the third set of bits.
[0159] In one aspect, step 925 includes using one or more of: pulse interval encoding; amplitude-shift keying; or phase-shift keying.
[0160] In one aspect, method 900, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1100 of FIG. 11, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 900. Communications device 1100 is described below in further detail.
[0161] Note that FIG. 9 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0162] FIG. 10 shows a method 1000 for wireless communications by a wireless communications device. In some aspects, the wireless communications device may include transmitter structure 800 of FIG. 8. In some aspects, the wireless communications device may be a backscattering device, such as the backscattering device 506 or 606 of FIGS. 5-6. In some aspects, the wireless communications device may be a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or other network entity.
[0163] Method 1000 begins at step 1005 with encoding a single set of bits to generate a single encoded set of bits. For example, step 1005 may perform encoding as described with respect to encoder 808 of FIG. 8. In certain aspects, the encoding is performed by a single encoder.
[0164] Method 1000 then proceeds to step 1010 with interleaving the single encoded set of bits to generate a second set of bits. For example, step 1010 may perform interleaving as described with respect to interleaver 812 of FIG. 8. In certain aspects, the interleaving is performed by a single interleaver.
[0165] Method 1000 then proceeds to step 1015 with modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the second set of bits. For example, step 1015 may perform modulation as described with respect to modulator 816 of FIG. 8.
[0166] Method 1000 then proceeds to step 1020 with transmitting the modulated carrier waveform.
[0167] In one aspect, method 1000 further includes adding one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the single set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.
[0168] In one aspect, the single set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.
[0169] In one aspect, the single encoded set of bits is encoded using one or more of: polar codes, or LDPC codes.
[0170] In one aspect, step 1010 includes interleaving the single encoded set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.
[0171] In one aspect, method 1000 further includes scrambling the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein the data being based on the second set of bits comprises the data being based on the third set of bits.
[0172] In one aspect, scrambling the second set of bits comprises: bit-level scrambling the second set of bits.
[0173] In one aspect, step 1015 includes using one or more of: fm0 encoding; Manchester encoding; Miller encoding; amplitude-shift keying; or phase-shift keying.
[0174] In one aspect, method 1000, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1100 of FIG. 11, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1000. Communications device 1100 is described below in further detail.
[0175] Note that FIG. 10 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0176] Example Communications Devices
[0177] FIG. 11 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1100. In some aspects, communications device 1100 is a backscattering device, such as the backscattering device 506 or 606 of FIGS. 5-6. In some aspects, communications device 1100 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3. In some aspects, communications device 1100 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0178] The communications device 1100 includes a processing system 1102 coupled to a transceiver 1142 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1142 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1100 via an antenna 1144, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1146 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1100 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1102 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1100, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1100.
[0179] The processing system 1102 includes one or more processors 1104. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1104 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 338, receive processor 358, transmit processor 320, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 330, TX MIMO processor 366, controller / processor 340, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1104 may be representative of components of transmitter 700 of FIG. 7. The one or more processors 1104 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1122 via a bus 1140. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1122 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1104, enable and cause the one or more processors 1104 to perform the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it, including any additional steps or sub-steps described in relation to FIG. 9. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1100 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1100, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0180] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1122 stores code for segmenting 1124, code for encoding 1126, code for concatenating 1128, code for interleaving 1130, code for modulating 1132, code for transmitting 1134, code for adding 1136, and code for scrambling 1138. Processing of the code 1124-1138 may enable and cause the communications device 1100 to perform the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it.
[0181] The one or more processors 1104 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1122, including circuitry for segmenting 1106, circuitry for encoding 1108, circuitry for concatenating 1110, circuitry for interleaving 1112, circuitry for modulating 1114, circuitry for transmitting 1116, circuitry for adding 1118, and circuitry for scrambling 1120. Processing with circuitry 1106-1120 may enable and cause the communications device 1100 to perform the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it.
[0182] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include: the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3; the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3;and transceiver 1142 and / or antenna 1144 of the communications device 1100 in FIG. 11, and / or one or more processors 1104 of the communications device 1100 in FIG. 11. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include: the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, receive processor 358, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3; the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, receive processor 338, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3; and transceiver 1142 and / or antenna 1144 of the communications device 1100 in FIG. 11, and / or one or more processors 1104 of the communications device 1100 in FIG. 11.
[0183] FIG. 12 depicts aspects of an example communications device. In some aspects, communications device 1200 is a backscattering device, such as the backscattering device 506 or 606 of FIGS. 5-6. In some aspects, communications device 1200 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3. In some aspects, communications device 1200 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0184] The communications device 1200 includes a processing system 1202 coupled to a transceiver 1234 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1238. The transceiver 1234 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1200 via an antenna 1236, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1238 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1200 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1202 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1200, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1200.
[0185] The processing system 1202 includes one or more processors 1204. In various aspects, one or more processors 1204 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 338, receive processor 358, transmit processor 320, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 330, TX MIMO processor 366, controller / processor 340, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1204 may be representative of components of transmitter 800 of FIG. 8. The one or more processors 1204 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1218 via a bus 1232. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1218 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1204, enable and cause the one or more processors 1204 to perform the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it, including any additional steps or sub-steps described in relation to FIG. 10. Note that reference to a processor of communications device 1200 performing a function may include one or more processors of communications device 1200 performing that function, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0186] In the depicted example, the computer-readable medium / memory 1218 stores code for encoding 1220, code for interleaving 1222, code for modulating 1224, code for transmitting 1226, code for adding 1228, and code for scrambling 1230. Processing of the code 1220-1230 may enable and cause the communications device 1200 to perform the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it.
[0187] The one or more processors 1204 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1218, including circuitry for encoding 1206, circuitry for interleaving 1208, circuitry for modulating 1210, circuitry for transmitting 1212, circuitry for adding 1214, and circuitry for scrambling 1216. Processing with circuitry 1206-1216 may enable and cause the communications device 1200 to perform the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it.
[0188] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include: the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3; the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3; and transceiver 1234 and / or antenna 1236 of the communications device 1200 in FIG. 12, and / or one or more processors 1204 of the communications device 1200 in FIG. 12. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include: the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, receive processor 358, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3; the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, receive processor 338, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3; and transceiver 1234 and / or antenna 1236 of the communications device 1200 in FIG. 12, and / or one or more processors 1204 of the communications devie 1200 in FIG. 12.
[0189] Example Clauses
[0190] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0191] Clause 1: A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device comprising: segmenting a first set of bits into a plurality of blocks of bits; encoding each block of bits of the plurality of blocks of bits to generate a plurality of encoded blocks of bits; concatenating the plurality of encoded blocks of bits to generate a second set of bits; interleaving the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits; modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the third set of bits; and transmitting the modulated carrier waveform.
[0192] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, further comprising: adding one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the first set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.
[0193] Clause 3: The method of Clause 2, wherein the first set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.
[0194] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-3, wherein each of the plurality of blocks of bits includes a first number of bits.
[0195] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 1-4, wherein the plurality of encoded blocks of bits are encoded using Golay codes.
[0196] Clause 6: The method of any one of Clauses 1-5, wherein interleaving the second set of bits comprises: interleaving the second set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.
[0197] Clause 7: The method of any one of Clauses 1-6, further comprising: scrambling the third set of bits to generate a fourth set of bits, wherein the data being based on the third set of bits comprises the data being based on the fourth set of bits.
[0198] Clause 8: The method of Clause 7, wherein scrambling the third set of bits comprises: bit-level scrambling the third set of bits.
[0199] Clause 9: The method of any one of Clauses 1-8, wherein modulating the carrier waveform comprises using one or more of: pulse interval encoding; amplitude-shift keying; or phase-shift keying.
[0200] Clause 10: A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device comprising: encoding a single set of bits to generate a single encoded set of bits; interleaving the single encoded set of bits to generate a second set of bits; modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the second set of bits; and transmitting the modulated carrier waveform.
[0201] Clause 11: The method of Clause 10, further comprising: adding one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the single set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.
[0202] Clause 12: The method of Clause 11, wherein the single set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.
[0203] Clause 13: The method of any one of Clauses 10-12, wherein the single encoded set of bits is encoded using one or more of: polar codes, or LDPC codes.
[0204] Clause 14: The method of any one of Clauses 10-13, wherein interleaving the single encoded set of bits comprises: interleaving the single encoded set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.
[0205] Clause 15: The method of any one of Clauses 10-14, further comprising: scrambling the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein the data being based on the second set of bits comprises the data being based on the third set of bits.
[0206] Clause 16: The method of Clause 15, wherein scrambling the second set of bits comprises: bit-level scrambling the second set of bits.
[0207] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 10-16, wherein modulating the carrier waveform comprises using one or more of: fm0 encoding; Manchester encoding; Miller encoding; amplitude-shift keying; or phase-shift keying.
[0208] Clause 18: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-17.
[0209] Clause 19: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-17.
[0210] Clause 20: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-17.
[0211] Clause 21: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-17.
[0212] Additional Considerations
[0213] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0214] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration.
[0215] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0216] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0217] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0218] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or processor.
[0219] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within a claim, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” For example, reference to “a processor, ” “a controller, ” “a memory, ” etc., unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to “one or more processors, ” “one or more controllers, ” “one or more memories, ” etc. Further, where reference is made in a claim to one or more elements performing functions, it should be understood, unless otherwise specifically stated, that each function need not be performed by each of the one or more elements, but rather the functions may be performed by the one or more elements in a distributed fashion. For example, in a claim with a first processor and a second processor configured to perform a first function and a second function, the first function may be performed by the first processor, the second processor, or both the first processor and the second processor, and the second function may be performed by first processor, the second processor, or both the first processor and the second processor. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.A wireless communications device comprising: one or more memories comprising processor-executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to:segment a first set of bits into a plurality of blocks of bits;encode each block of bits of the plurality of blocks of bits to generate a plurality of encoded blocks of bits;concatenate the plurality of encoded blocks of bits to generate a second set of bits;interleave the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits;modulate a carrier waveform with data based on the third set of bits; andtransmit the modulated carrier waveform.2.The wireless communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and further cause the wireless communications device to:add one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the first set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.3.The wireless communications device of claim 2, wherein the first set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.4.The wireless communications device of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of blocks of bits includes a first number of bits.5.The wireless communications device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of encoded blocks of bits are encoded using Golay codes.6.The wireless communications device of claim 1, wherein to interleave the second set of bits, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to:interleave the second set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.7.The wireless communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and further cause the wireless communications device to:scramble the third set of bits to generate a fourth set of bits, wherein the data being based on the third set of bits comprises the data being based on the fourth set of bits.8.The wireless communications device of claim 7, wherein to scramble the third set of bits, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to:bit-level scramble the third set of bits.9.The wireless communications device of claim 1, wherein to modulate the carrier waveform, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to use one or more of:pulse interval encoding;amplitude-shift keying; orphase-shift keying.10.A wireless communications device comprising: one or more memories comprising processor-executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to:encode a single set of bits to generate a single encoded set of bits;interleave the single encoded set of bits to generate a second set of bits;modulate a carrier waveform with data based on the second set of bits; andtransmit the modulated carrier waveform.11.The wireless communications device of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and further cause the wireless communications device to:add one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the single set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.12.The wireless communications device of claim 11, wherein the single set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.13.The wireless communications device of claim 10, wherein the single encoded set of bits is encoded using one or more of:polar codes, orlow-density parity check (LDPC) codes.14.The wireless communications device of claim 10, wherein to interleave the single encoded set of bits, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to:interleave the single encoded set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.15.The wireless communications device of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and further cause the wireless communications device to:scramble the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein the data being based on the second set of bits comprises the data being based on the third set of bits.16.The wireless communications device of claim 15, wherein to scramble the second set of bits, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to:bit-level scramble the second set of bits.17.The wireless communications device of claim 10, wherein to modulate the carrier waveform, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the wireless communications device to use one or more of:fm0 encoding;Manchester encoding;Miller encoding;amplitude-shift keying; orphase-shift keying.18.A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device comprising:segmenting a first set of bits into a plurality of blocks of bits;encoding each block of bits of the plurality of blocks of bits to generate a plurality of encoded blocks of bits;concatenating the plurality of encoded blocks of bits to generate a second set of bits;interleaving the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits;modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the third set of bits; andtransmitting the modulated carrier waveform.19.The method of claim 18, further comprising:adding one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the first set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the first set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.21.The method of claim 18, wherein each of the plurality of blocks of bits includes a first number of bits.22.The method of claim 18, wherein the plurality of encoded blocks of bits are encoded using Golay codes.23.The method of claim 18, wherein interleaving the second set of bits comprises: interleaving the second set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.24.The method of claim 18, further comprising:scrambling the third set of bits to generate a fourth set of bits, wherein the data being based on the third set of bits comprises the data being based on the fourth set of bits.25.A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device comprising:encoding a single set of bits to generate a single encoded set of bits;interleaving the single encoded set of bits to generate a second set of bits;modulating a carrier waveform with data based on the second set of bits; andtransmitting the modulated carrier waveform.26.The method of claim 25, further comprising:adding one or more bits as a cyclic redundancy check to one or more information bits, the single set of bits comprising the one or more information bits and the one or more bits.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the single set of bits further comprises one or more padding bits.28.The method of claim 25, wherein the single encoded set of bits is encoded using one or more of: polar codes or LDPC codes.29.The method of claim 25, wherein interleaving the single encoded set of bits comprises: interleaving the single encoded set of bits using a rectangular interleaver.30.The method of claim 25, further comprising:scrambling the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein the data being based on the second set of bits comprises the data being based on the third set of bits.