Method, apparatus and system for data transmission
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-13
AI Technical Summary
Current data transmission methods in 4G and 5G wireless communication systems lack flexibility in transmitting DCI, and the blind detection schemes in these systems result in high decoding complexity at the UE, leading to increased energy consumption.
The method involves encoding information bits into a code block consisting of sub-code blocks, which are transmitted over multiple transmission resources. The number of sub-code blocks is determined by the number of transmission resources, allowing for flexible transmission and reduced decoding complexity.
This approach enables early successful decoding of the code block, reducing energy consumption and improving data transmission efficiency by allowing UEs to decode the information bits using fewer sub-code blocks.
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Figure CN2024090946_16012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD, APPARATUS AND SYSTEM FOR DATA TRANSMISSION
[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 526,094, filed on July 11, 2023, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 553,217, filed on February 14, 2024, the disclosures of which are incorporated, in their entireties, by this reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to the field of wireless communication, and in particular, to a method, apparatus and system for data transmission, and a computer readable storage medium.BACKGROUND
[0003] In 4G and 5G, the BS and UE jointly perform the blind detection in PDCCH. The PDCCH blind detection schemes offers great flexibility in the system design, and utilize the downlink channel resource very efficiently. However, transmission of DCI is lack of flexibility.
[0004] This background information is provided to reveal information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present disclosure. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present disclosure.SUMMARY
[0005] According to a first aspect, a method for data transmission is provided. The method may be implemented by a transmitting apparatus, or modules in the transmitting apparatus (such as circuits, chips, or chip systems) , or logic nodes, logic modules, or software that may perform all or some of the functions of the transmitting apparatus. In an example where the method is applied to a transmitting apparatus, the method comprises: encoding information bits into a code block, wherein the code block includes one or more sub-code blocks; and transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks over one or more transmission resources, wherein the number of sub-code blocks are determined according to the number of one or more transmission resources.
[0006] In this way, the number of sub-code blocks may be flexibly determined.
[0007] In some embodiments, a number of the one or more sub-code blocks is equal to or a multiple of a number of transmission resources.
[0008] In some embodiments, a number of transmission resources is equal to or a multiple of a number of the one or more sub-code blocks.
[0009] In some embodiments, the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of the code block, and the sub-code block of the code block is a redundancy version (RV) of the code block.
[0010] In some embodiments, at least one sub-code block is self-decodable, and the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of length larger than a length of the information bits.
[0011] In this way, the receiving device may decode the code block successfully without decoding the entire code block.
[0012] In some embodiments, a first sub-code block and a second sub-code block include common bits.
[0013] In this way, the receiving device may decode the code block successfully by decoding the first sub-code block or second sub-code block.
[0014] In some embodiments, the one or more sub-code blocks are transmitted in downlink control channel, and number of the one or more transmission resources is an aggregation level (AL) of the downlink control channel.
[0015] In some embodiments, the transmitting comprises: selecting a first number of transmission resources or a second number of transmission resources for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks, wherein the first number of transmission resources is multiple of the second number of transmission resources, and a first resource of the first number of transmission resources is the same as a first resource of the second number of transmission resources, and a same sub-code block is mapped to both the first resource of the first number of transmission resources and the first resource of the second number of transmission resources.
[0016] In this way, in a case where the code block is transmitted over the first number of transmission resources, the code block may be decoded successfully on the second number of transmission resources. Therefore, the code block may be decoded successfully at an earlier time.
[0017] In some embodiments, the transmitting comprises: transmitting a first sub-code block on the first number of transmission resources or transmitting a second sub-code block on the second number of transmission resources, the second number of transmission resources is a subset of the first number of transmission resources, and the second sub-code block is a subset of the first sub-code block.
[0018] In this way, in a case where the code block is transmitted over the first number of transmission resources, the code block may be decoded successfully on the second number of transmission resources. Therefore, the code block may be decoded successfully at an earlier time.
[0019] In some embodiments, the same sub-code block is mapped to the first resource independent of the number of transmission resources.
[0020] In this way, the code block may be decoded successfully at an earlier time.
[0021] In some embodiments, the transmitting comprises: transmitting each sub-code block of the one or more sub-code blocks according to a respective position of the one or more transmission resources.
[0022] In some embodiments, at least two sub-code blocks use a same rate matching scheme.
[0023] In this way, self-decodability for each sub-code blocks may be ensured.
[0024] In some embodiments, the rate matching scheme includes shortening, puncturing, or repetition.
[0025] In some embodiments, an index of the sub-code block to be transmitted over a transmission resource is determined based on an index of the transmission resource.
[0026] In such case, the index of the sub-code block to be transmitted may be determined in a simple and flexible way.
[0027] In some embodiments, wherein the index of the sub-code block to be transmitted over the transmission resource is represented as RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where RV_index is the index of the sub-code block, CCE_index is the index of the transmission resource, and Num_RV is the total number of the one or more sub-code blocks.
[0028] In some embodiments, wherein a starting CCE index is determined, based on at least one of m, NCCE and L, according to a look-up table, where NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.
[0029] In some embodiments, a starting CCE index is represented as:
[0030] wherein NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.
[0031] In some embodiments, the CCE index of the CCEs carrying PDCCH candidates is represented as:
[0032] wherein
[0033] for any Common Search Space (CSS) ,
[0034] for a UE Specific Search Space (USS) , Yp, -1=nRNTI≠0, Ap=39827 for pmod3=0, Ap=39829 for pmod3=1, Ap=39839 for pmod3=2, and D=65537;
[0035] Yp, -1 is an initial variable for recursive calculation of Y;
[0036] nRNTI is the index of Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) ;
[0037] i=0, …, L-1;
[0038] NCCE, p is a number of CCEs, numbered from 0 to NCCE, p-1, in CORESET p and, if any, per RB set; p is index of the CORESET;
[0039] RB is a resource block equal to a pre-defined number of sub-carriers in the frequency domain;
[0040] nCI is the carrier indicator field value if the UE is configured with a carrier indicator field by CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig for the serving cell on which PDCCH is monitored, except for scheduling of the serving cell from the same serving cell in which case nCI=0; otherwise, including for any CSS, nCI=0;
[0041] where is the number of PDCCH candidates the UE is configured to monitor for aggregation level L of a search space set s for a serving cell corresponding to nCI;
[0042] for any CSS,
[0043] for a USS, is the maximum of over all configured nCI values for a CCE aggregation level L of search space set s;
[0044] the RNTI value used for nRNTI is the Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) .
[0045] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more transmission resources is punctured.
[0046] In this way, the code block may be transmitted flexibly, and transmission resources may be utilized efficiently.
[0047] In some embodiments, at least two sub-code blocks of the one or more sub-code blocks are the same.
[0048] In such case, sub-code blocks may mapped to different resources repeatedly, thereby improving the possibility of successful decoding.
[0049] In some embodiments, the transmitting comprises: selecting a third number of transmission resources or a fourth number of transmission resources for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks, and the third number of transmission resources and the fourth number of transmission resources do not occupy common resources.
[0050] In such case, there may be no need to define nested candidates, and resource may be saved.
[0051] According to a second aspect, a method for data transmission is provided. The method may be implemented by a receiving apparatus, or modules in the receiving apparatus (such as circuits, chips, or chip systems) , or logic nodes, logic modules, or software that may perform all or some of the functions of the receiving apparatus. In an example where the method is applied to a receiving apparatus, the method comprises: receiving one or more sub-code blocks over one or more transmission resources; the one or more sub-code blocks belonging to a code block generated from encoded information bits; decoding, according to the number of transmission resources, a number of one or more sub-code blocks to retrieve the information bits according to the number of sub-code blocks.
[0052] In some embodiments, a number of the one or more sub-code blocks is equal to or a multiple of a number of transmission resources.
[0053] In some embodiments, a number of transmission resources is equal to or a multiple of a number of the one or more sub-code blocks.
[0054] In some embodiments, the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of the code block, and the sub-code block of the code block is a redundancy version (RV) of the code block.
[0055] In some embodiments, at least one sub-code block is self-decodable, and the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of length larger than a length of the information bits
[0056] In some embodiments, a first sub-code block and a second sub-code block include common bits.
[0057] In some embodiments, the one or more sub-code blocks are transmitted in downlink control channel, and number of the one or more transmission resources is an aggregation level (AL) of the downlink control channel.
[0058] In some embodiments, the receiving comprises: receiving the one or more sub-code blocks over a first number of transmission resources or a second number of transmission resources, wherein the first number of transmission resources is multiple of the second number of transmission resources, and a first resource of the first number of transmission resources is the same as a first resource of the second number of transmission resources, and a same sub-code block is mapped to both the first resource of the first number of transmission resources and the first resource of the second number of transmission resources.
[0059] In some embodiments, the receiving comprises: receiving a first sub-code block on the first number of transmission resources or receiving a second sub-code block on the second number of transmission resources; the second number of transmission resources is a subset of the first number of transmission resources; and the second sub-code block is a subset of the first sub-code block.
[0060] In some embodiments, the same sub-code block is mapped to the first resource independent of the number of transmission resources.
[0061] In some embodiments, the receiving comprises: receiving each sub-code block of the one or more sub-code blocks according to a respective position of the one or more transmission resources.
[0062] In some embodiments, at least two sub-code blocks use a same rate matching scheme.
[0063] In some embodiments, the rate matching scheme includes shortening, puncturing or repetition.
[0064] In some embodiments, an index of the sub-code block to be received over a transmission resource is determined based on an index of the transmission resource.
[0065] In some embodiments, the index of the sub-code block to be received over the transmission resource is represented as RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where RV_index is the index of the sub-code block, CCE_index is the index of the transmission resource, and Num_RV is the total number of the one or more sub-code blocks.
[0066] In some embodiments, a starting CCE index is determined, based on at least one of m, NCCE and L, according to a look-up table, where NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.
[0067] In some embodiments, a starting CCE index is represented as:
[0068] wherein NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.
[0069] In some embodiments, the CCE index of the CCEs carrying PDCCH candidates is represented as:
[0070] wherein
[0071] for any Common Search Space (CSS) ,
[0072] for a UE Specific Search Space (USS) , Yp, -1=nRNTI≠0, Ap=39827 for pmod3=0, Ap=39829 for pmod3=1, Ap=39839 for pmod3=2, and D=65537;
[0073] Yp, -1 is an initial variable for recursive calculation of Y;
[0074] nRNTI is the index of Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) ;
[0075] i=0, …, L-1;
[0076] NCCE, p is a number of CCEs, numbered from 0 to NCCE, p-1, in CORESET p and, if any, per RB set; p is index of the CORESET;
[0077] RB is a resource block equal to a pre-defined number of sub-carriers in the frequency domain;
[0078] nCI is the carrier indicator field value if the UE is configured with a carrier indicator field by CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig for the serving cell on which PDCCH is monitored, except for scheduling of the serving cell from the same serving cell in which case nCI=0; otherwise, including for any CSS, nCI=0;
[0079] where is the number of PDCCH candidates the UE is configured to monitor for aggregation level L of a search space set s for a serving cell corresponding to nCI;
[0080] for any CSS,
[0081] for a USS, is the maximum of over all configured nCI values for a CCE aggregation level L of search space set s;
[0082] the RNTI value used for nRNTI is the Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) .
[0083] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more transmission resources is punctured.
[0084] In some embodiments, a detected aggregation level is lower than the AL.
[0085] In some embodiments, at least two sub-code blocks of the one or more sub-code blocks are the same.
[0086] In some embodiments, the receiving comprises: receiving the one or more sub-code blocks over a third number of transmission resources or a fourth number of transmission resources, and the third number of transmission resources and the fourth number of transmission resources do not occupy common resources.
[0087] In some embodiments, the decoding comprises: decoding the one or more sub-code blocks over a third number of transmission resources; and decoding one or more subsets of the one or more sub-code blocks over one or more subsets of the third number of transmission resources.
[0088] According to a third aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a processor configured to cause the apparatus to perform the method for data transmission in the first aspect or the second aspect, or any possible implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0089] According to a fourth aspect, a computer-readable medium is provided. The computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon computer program instructions that, when executed by a processing circuit of a computer, cause the computer to implement the method for data transmission in the first aspect or the second aspect, or any possible implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0090] According to a fifth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product has instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to implement the method for data transmission in the first aspect or the second aspect, or any possible implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0091] According to a sixth aspect, a system is provided. The system comprises: a first apparatus for implementing the method for data transmission in the first aspect or any possible implementation of the first aspect; and a second apparatus for implementing the method for data transmission in the second aspect or any possible implementation of the second aspect.
[0092] The advantages brought by any design from the second to sixth aspects can be referred to the first aspect or the different designs of the first aspect, which will not be detailed here.
[0093] On the basis of the implementations provided in the above aspects, the present disclosure is able to provide more implementations by further combination.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0094] FIG. 1 shows a communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0095] FIGS. 2A and 2B each show another communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0096] FIG. 3 shows an apparatus that wirelessly communicates with at least one apparatus in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0097] FIG. 4A shows a block diagram of an electronic device or apparatus in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0098] FIG. 4B shows a block diagram of a sensing management function entity in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0099] FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of one CORESET and search spaces of the prior art;
[0100] FIG. 6 shows yet another communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0101] FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of a signaling chart of a method for data transmission in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0102] FIGS. 8-10 each show a schematic diagram of one CORESET and search spaces in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0103] FIGS. 11-14 each show a schematic diagram of redundancy versions (RVs) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0104] FIGS. 15-29 each show a schematic diagram of another CORESET and search spaces in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0105] FIG. 30 shows a schematic diagram of decoding window of the prior art;
[0106] FIG. 31 shows a schematic diagram of decoding windows in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0107] FIG. 32 shows a schematic diagram of yet another CORESET and search spaces in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0108] FIGS. 33-35 each show a schematic diagram of blind detection in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0109] FIG. 36 shows yet another communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0110] To solve the above problems, the present disclosure provides a method for data transmission, which includes multiple solutions. The solutions can be implemented in next-generation mobile and wireless network service, cloud and edge computing service, and sensing services. The method will be particularly useful for automated manufacturing systems in smart factories. It applies to other intelligent vertical scenarios such as ports, delivery systems and medical systems.
[0111] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electric device (ED) 110a-120j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also, the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0112] FIG. 2A illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast and unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0113] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a-110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a-120b, non-terrestrial communication network 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160. The RANs 120a-120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a-170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a-170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 120c, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0114] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any other T-TRP 170a-170b and NT-TRP 172, the internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over an interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over an interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0115] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0116] The air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs and one or multiple NT-TRPs for multicast transmission.
[0117] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or EDs 110a 110b, and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0118] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and a base station 170a, 170b and / or 170c. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , internet of things (IOT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0119] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, an industrial device, or apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base station 170a and 170b is a T-TRP and will hereafter be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0120] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0121] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processing unit (s) 210. Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0122] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, such as a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, or touch screen, including network interface communications.
[0123] The ED 110 further includes a processor 210 for performing operations including those related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, those related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, and those related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g. by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g. beam angle information (BAI) , received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g. using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170.
[0124] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0125] The processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) .
[0126] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) ) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , or a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, or a terrestrial base station, base band unit (BBU) , remote radio unit (RRU) , active antenna unit (AAU) , remote radio head (RRH) , central unit (CU) , distribute unit (DU) , positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be macro BSs, pico BSs, relay node, donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forging devices or apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0127] In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may also have different names, but a person skilled in the art may understand meanings thereof. For example, in an ORAN system, a CU may also be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may also be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may also be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) .
[0128] Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented by using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0129] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment housing the antennas over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0130] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates the indication of beam direction, e.g. BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Dynamic signaling may be transmitted in a control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , and static or semi-static higher layer signaling may be included in a packet transmitted in a data channel, e.g. in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0131] A scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170, which may schedule uplink, downlink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (“configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0132] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0133] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC.
[0134] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to:preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g. BAI) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0135] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0136] The processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0137] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0138] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4A. FIG. 4A illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in ED 110, in T-TRP 170, or in NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0139] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0140] 6G Intelligent Air Interface
[0141] An air interface generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g. data) over a wireless communications link. The wireless communications link may support a link between a radio access network and user equipment (e.g. a “Uu” link) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between device and device, such as between two user equipments (e.g. a “sidelink” ) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between a non-terrestrial (NT) -communication network and user equipment (UE) . The followings are some examples for the above components:
[0142] A waveform component may specify a shape and form of a signal being transmitted. Waveform options may include orthogonal multiple access waveforms and non-orthogonal multiple access waveforms. Non-limiting examples of such waveform options include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) , Time windowing OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) , Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) , Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) , Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) , Faster Than Nyquist (FTN) Waveform, and low Peak to Average Power Ratio Waveform (low PAPR WF) .
[0143] A frame structure component may specify a configuration of a frame or group of frames. The frame structure component may indicate one or more of a time, frequency, pilot signature, code, or other parameter of the frame or group of frames. More details of frame structure will be discussed below.
[0144] A multiple access scheme component may specify multiple access technique options, including technologies defining how communicating devices share a common physical channel, such as:Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) . Furthermore, multiple access technique options may include: scheduled access vs. non-scheduled access, also known as grant-free access; non-orthogonal multiple access vs. orthogonal multiple access, e.g., via a dedicated channel resource (e.g., no sharing between multiple communicating devices) ; contention-based shared channel resources vs. non-contention-based shared channel resources, and cognitive radio-based access.
[0145] A hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol component may specify how a transmission and / or a re-transmission is to be made. Non-limiting examples of transmission and / or re-transmission mechanism options include those that specify a scheduled data pipe size, a signaling mechanism for transmission and / or re-transmission, and a re-transmission mechanism.
[0146] A coding and modulation component may specify how information being transmitted may be encoded / decoded and modulated / demodulated for transmission / reception purposes. Coding may refer to methods of error detection and forward error correction. Non-limiting examples of coding options include turbo trellis codes, turbo product codes, fountain codes, low-density parity check codes, and polar codes. Modulation may refer, simply, to the constellation (including, for example, the modulation technique and order) , or more specifically to various types of advanced modulation methods such as hierarchical modulation and low PAPR modulation.
[0147] In some embodiments, the air interface may be a “one-size-fits-all concept” . For example, the components within the air interface cannot be changed or adapted once the air interface is defined. In some implementations, only limited parameters or modes of an air interface, such as a cyclic prefix (CP) length or a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) mode, can be configured. In some embodiments, an air interface design may provide a unified or flexible framework to support below 6GHz and beyond 6GHz frequency (e.g., mmWave) bands for both licensed and unlicensed access. As an example, flexibility of a configurable air interface provided by a scalable numerology and symbol duration may allow for transmission parameter optimization for different spectrum bands and for different services / devices. As another example, a unified air interface may be self-contained in a frequency domain, and a frequency domain self-contained design may support more flexible radio access network (RAN) slicing through channel resource sharing between different services in both frequency and time.
[0148] Frame Structure
[0149] A frame structure is a feature of the wireless communication physical layer that defines a time domain signal transmission structure, e.g. to allow for timing reference and timing alignment of basic time domain transmission units. Wireless communication between communicating devices may occur on time-frequency resources governed by a frame structure. The frame structure may sometimes instead be called a radio frame structure.
[0150] Depending upon the frame structure and / or configuration of frames in the frame structure, frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time-division duplex (TDD) and / or full duplex (FD) communication may be possible. FDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g. uplink vs. downlink) occur in different frequency bands. TDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g. uplink vs. downlink) occur over different time durations. FD communication is when transmission and reception occurs on the same time-frequency resource, i.e. a device can both transmit and receive on the same frequency resource concurrently in time.
[0151] One example of a frame structure is a frame structure in long-term evolution (LTE) having the following specifications: each frame is 10ms in duration; each frame has 10 subframes, which are each 1ms in duration; each subframe includes two slots, each of which is 0.5ms in duration; each slot is for transmission of 7 OFDM symbols (assuming normal CP) ; each OFDM symbol has a symbol duration and a particular bandwidth (or partial bandwidth or bandwidth partition) related to the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing; the frame structure is based on OFDM waveform parameters such as subcarrier spacing and CP length (where the CP has a fixed length or limited length options) ; and the switching gap between uplink and downlink in TDD has to be the integer time of OFDM symbol duration.
[0152] Another example of a frame structure is a frame structure in new radio (NR) having the following specifications: multiple subcarrier spacings are supported, each subcarrier spacing corresponding to a respective numerology; the frame structure depends on the numerology, but in any case the frame length is set at 10ms, and consists of ten subframes of 1ms each; a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols, and slot length depends upon the numerology. For example, the NR frame structure for normal CP 15 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 1” ) and the NR frame structure for normal CP 30 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 2” ) are different. For 15 kHz subcarrier spacing a slot length is 1ms, and for 30 kHz subcarrier spacing a slot length is 0.5ms. The NR frame structure may have more flexibility than the LTE frame structure.
[0153] Another example of a frame structure is an example flexible frame structure, e.g. for use in a 6G network or later. In a flexible frame structure, a symbol block may be defined as the minimum duration of time that may be scheduled in the flexible frame structure. A symbol block may be a unit of transmission having an optional redundancy portion (e.g. CP portion) and an information (e.g. data) portion. An OFDM symbol is an example of a symbol block. A symbol block may alternatively be called a symbol. Embodiments of flexible frame structures include different parameters that may be configurable, e.g. frame length, subframe length, symbol block length, etc. A non-exhaustive list of possible configurable parameters in some embodiments of a flexible frame structure include:
[0154] (1) Frame: The frame length need not be limited to 10ms, and the frame length may be configurable and change over time. In some embodiments, each frame includes one or multiple downlink synchronization channels and / or one or multiple downlink broadcast channels, and each synchronization channel and / or broadcast channel may be transmitted in a different direction by different beamforming. The frame length may be more than one possible value and configured based on the application scenario. For example, autonomous vehicles may require relatively fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 5ms for autonomous vehicle applications. As another example, smart meters on houses may not require fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 20ms for smart meter applications.
[0155] (2) Subframe duration: A subframe might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. For example, a frame may be defined to include slots, but no subframes. In frames in which a subframe is defined, e.g. for time domain alignment, then the duration of the subframe may be configurable. For example, a subframe may be configured to have a length of 0.1 ms or 0.2 ms or 0.5 ms or 1 ms or 2 ms or 5 ms, etc. In some embodiments, if a subframe is not needed in a particular scenario, then the subframe length may be defined to be the same as the frame length or not defined.
[0156] (3) Slot configuration: A slot might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. In frames in which a slot is defined, then the definition of a slot (e.g. in time duration and / or in number of symbol blocks) may be configurable. In one embodiment, the slot configuration is common to all UEs or a group of UEs. For this case, the slot configuration information may be transmitted to UEs in a broadcast channel or common control channel (s) . In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be UE specific, in which case the slot configuration information may be transmitted in a UE-specific control channel. In some embodiments, the slot configuration signaling can be transmitted together with frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In other embodiments, the slot configuration can be transmitted independently from the frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In general, the slot configuration may be system common, base station common, UE group common, or UE specific.
[0157] (4) Subcarrier spacing (SCS) : SCS is one parameter of scalable numerology which may allow the SCS to possibly range from 15 KHz to 480 KHz. The SCS may vary with the frequency of the spectrum and / or maximum UE speed to minimize the impact of the Doppler shift and phase noise. In some examples, there may be separate transmission and reception frames, and the SCS of symbols in the reception frame structure may be configured independently from the SCS of symbols in the transmission frame structure. The SCS in a reception frame may be different from the SCS in a transmission frame. In some examples, the SCS of each transmission frame may be half the SCS of each reception frame. If the SCS between a reception frame and a transmission frame is different, the difference does not necessarily have to scale by a factor of two, e.g. if more flexible symbol durations are implemented using inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) . Additional examples of frame structures can be used with different SCSs.
[0158] (5) Flexible transmission duration of basic transmission unit: The basic transmission unit may be a symbol block (alternatively called a symbol) , which in general includes a redundancy portion (referred to as the CP) and an information (e.g. data) portion, although in some embodiments the CP may be omitted from the symbol block. The CP length may be flexible and configurable. The CP length may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame, and the CP length may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling. The information (e.g. data) portion may be flexible and configurable. Another possible parameter relating to a symbol block that may be defined is ratio of CP duration to information (e.g. data) duration. In some embodiments, the symbol block length may be adjusted according to: channel condition (e.g. mulit-path delay, Doppler) ; and / or latency requirement; and / or available time duration. As another example, a symbol block length may be adjusted to fit an available time duration in the frame.
[0159] (6) Flexible switch gap: A frame may include both a downlink portion for downlink transmissions from a base station, and an uplink portion for uplink transmissions from UEs. A gap may be present between each uplink and downlink portion, which is referred to as a switching gap. The switching gap length (duration) may be configurable. A switching gap duration may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame, and a switching gap duration may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling.
[0160] Cell / Carrier / Bandwidth Parts (BWPs) / Occupied Bandwidth
[0161] A device, such as a base station, may provide coverage over a cell. Wireless communication with the device may occur over one or more carrier frequencies. A carrier frequency will be referred to as a carrier. A carrier may alternatively be called a component carrier (CC) . A carrier may be characterized by its bandwidth and a reference frequency, e.g. the center or lowest or highest frequency of the carrier. A carrier may be on licensed or unlicensed spectrum. Wireless communication with the device may also or instead occur over one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) . For example, a carrier may have one or more BWPs. More generally, wireless communication with the device may occur over spectrum. The spectrum may comprise one or more carriers and / or one or more BWPs.
[0162] A cell may include one or multiple downlink resources and optionally one or multiple uplink resources, or a cell may include one or multiple uplink resources and optionally one or multiple downlink resources, or a cell may include both one or multiple downlink resources and one or multiple uplink resources. As an example, a cell might only include one downlink carrier / BWP, or only include one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs. In some embodiments, a cell may instead or additionally include one or multiple sidelink resources, including sidelink transmitting and receiving resources.
[0163] A BWP is a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on a carrier, or a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on multiple carriers, or a set of non-contiguous or contiguous frequency subcarriers, which may have one or more carriers.
[0164] In some embodiments, a carrier may have one or more BWPs, e.g. a carrier may have a bandwidth of 20 MHz and consist of one BWP, or a carrier may have a bandwidth of 80 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous BWPs, etc. In other embodiments, a BWP may have one or more carriers, e.g. a BWP may have a bandwidth of 40 MHz and consists of two adjacent contiguous carriers, where each carrier has a bandwidth of 20 MHz. In some embodiments, a BWP may comprise non- contiguous spectrum resources which consists of non-contiguous multiple carriers, where the first carrier of the non-contiguous multiple carriers may be in mmW band, the second carrier may be in a low band (such as 2GHz band) , the third carrier (if it exists) may be in THz band, and the fourth carrier (if it exists) may be in visible light band. Resources in one carrier which belong to the BWP may be contiguous or non-contiguous. In some embodiments, a BWP has non-contiguous spectrum resources on one carrier.
[0165] Wireless communication may occur over an occupied bandwidth. The occupied bandwidth may be defined as the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage β / 2 of the total mean transmitted power, for example, the value of β / 2 is taken as 0.5%.
[0166] The carrier, the BWP, or the occupied bandwidth may be signaled by a network device (e.g. base station) dynamically, e.g. in physical layer control signaling such as DCI, or semi-statically, e.g. in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in the medium access control (MAC) layer, or be predefined based on the application scenario; or be determined by the UE as a function of other parameters that are known by the UE, or may be fixed, e.g. by a standard.
[0167] Timing Reference Point
[0168] In current networks, frame timing and synchronization is established based on synchronization signals, such as a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) . Notably, known frame timing and synchronization strategies involve adding a timestamp, e.g., (xx0: yy0: zz) , to a frame boundary, where xx0, yy0, zz in the timestamp may represent a time format such as hour, minute, and second, respectively.
[0169] It is anticipated that diverse applications and use cases in future networks may involve usage of different periods of frames, slots and symbols to satisfy the different requirements, functionalities and Quality of Service (QoS) types. It follows that usage of different periods of frames to satisfy these applications may present challenges for frame timing alignment among diverse frame structures. Consider, for example, frame timing alignment for a TDD configuration in neighboring carrier frequency bands or among sub-bands (or bandwidth parts) of one channel / carrier bandwidth.
[0170] The present disclosure relates, generally, to mobile, wireless communication and, in particular embodiments, to a frame timing alignment / realignment, where the frame timing alignment / realignment may comprise a timing alignment / realignment in terms of a boundary of a symbol, a slot or a sub-frame within a frame; or a frame (thus the frame timing alignment / realignment here is more general, not limiting to the cases where a timing alignment / realignment is from a frame boundary only) . Also, in this application, relative timing to a frame or frame boundary should be interpreted in a more general sense, i.e., the frame boundary means a timing point of a frame element with the frame such as (starting or ending of) a symbol, a slot or subframe within a frame, or a frame. In the following, the phrases “ (frame) timing alignment or timing realignment” and “relative timing to a frame boundary” are used in more general sense described in above.
[0171] In overview, aspects of the present application relate to a network device, such as a base station 170, referenced hereinafter as a TRP 170, transmitting signaling that carries a timing realignment indication message. The timing realignment indication message includes information allowing a receiving UE 110 (an example of ED 110) to determine a timing reference point. On the basis of the timing reference point, transmission of frames, by the UE 110, may be aligned. In some aspects of the present application, the frames that become aligned are in different sub-bands of one carrier frequency band. In other aspects of the present application, the frames that become aligned are found in neighboring carrier frequency bands.
[0172] On the TRP 170 side, aspects of the present application relate to use of one or more types of signaling to indicate the timing realignment (or / and timing correction) message. Two example types of signaling are provided here to show the schemes. The first example type of signaling may be referenced as cell-specific signaling, examples of which include group common signaling and broadcast signaling. The second example type of signaling may be referenced as UE-specific signaling. One of these two types of signaling or a combination of the two types of signaling may be used to transmit a timing realignment indication message. The timing realignment indication message may be shown to notify one or more UEs 110 of a configuration of a timing reference point. References, hereinafter, to the term “UE 110” may be understood to represent reference to a broad class of generic wireless communication devices within a cell (i.e., a network receiving node, such as a wireless device, a sensor, a gateway, a router, etc. ) , that is, being served by the TRP 170. A timing reference point is a timing reference instant and may be expressed in terms of a relative timing, in view of a timing point in a frame, such as (starting or ending boundary of) a symbol, a slot or a sub-frame within a frame; or a frame. For a simple description in the following, the term “aframe boundary” is used to represent a boundary of possibly a symbol, a slot or a sub-frame within a frame; or a frame. Thus, the timing reference point may be expressed in terms of a relative timing, in view of a current frame boundary, e.g., the start of the current frame. Alternatively, the timing reference point may be expressed in terms of an absolute timing based on certain standards timing reference such as a GNSS (e.g., GPS) , Coordinated Universal Time ( “UTC” ) , etc. In the absolute timing version of the timing reference point, a timing reference point may be explicitly stated.
[0173] The timing reference point may be shown to allow for timing adjustments to be implemented at the UEs 110. The timing adjustments may be implemented for improvement of accuracy for a clock at the UE 110. Alternatively, or additionally, the timing reference point may be shown to allow for adjustments to be implemented in future transmissions made from the UEs 110. The adjustments may be shown to cause realignment of transmitted frames at the timing reference point. Note that the realignment of transmitted frames at the timing reference point may comprise the timing realignment from (the starting boundary of) a symbol, a slot or a sub-frame within a frame; or a frame at the timing reference point for one or more UEs and one or more BSs (in a cell or a group of cells) , which applies across the application below.
[0174] At UE 110 side, the UE 110 may monitor for the timing realignment indication message. Responsive to receiving the timing realignment indication message, the UE 110 may obtain the timing reference point and take steps to cause frame realignment at the timing reference point. Those steps may, for example, include commencing transmission of a subsequent frame at the timing reference point.
[0175] Furthermore, or alternatively, before monitoring for the timing realignment indication message, the UE 110 may cause the TRP 170 to transmit the timing realignment indication message by transmitting, to the TRP 170, a request for a timing realignment, that is, a timing realignment request message. Responsive to receiving the timing realignment request message, the TRP 170 may transmit, to the UE 110, a timing realignment indication message including information on a timing reference point, thereby allowing the UE 110 to implement a timing realignment (or / and a timing adjustment including clock timing error correction) , wherein the timing realignment is in terms of (e.g., a starting boundary of) a symbol, a slot or a sub-frame within a frame; or a frame for UEs and base station (s) in a cell (or a group of cells) .
[0176] According to aspects of the present application, a TRP 170 associated with a given cell may transmit a timing realignment indication message. The timing realignment indication message may include enough information to allow a receiver of the message to obtain a timing reference point. The timing reference point may be used, by one or more UEs 110 in the given cell, when performing a timing realignment (or / and a timing adjustment including clock timing error correction) .
[0177] According to aspects of the present application, the timing reference point may be expressed, within the timing realignment indication message, relative to a frame boundary (where, as previously described and to be applicable below across the application, a frame boundary can be a boundary of a symbol, a slot or a sub-frame with a frame; or a frame) . The timing realignment indication message may include a relative timing indication, Δt. It may be shown that the relative timing indication, Δt, expresses the timing reference point as occurring a particular duration, i.e., Δt, subsequent to a frame boundary for a given frame. Since the frame boundary is important to allowing the UE 110 to determine the timing reference point, it is important that the UE 110 be aware of the given frame that has the frame boundary of interest. Accordingly, the timing realignment indication message may also include a system frame number (SFN) for the given frame.
[0178] It is known, in 5G NR, that the SFN is a value in range from 0 to 1023, inclusive. Accordingly, 10 bits may be used to represent a SFN. When a SFN is carried by an SSB, six of the 10 bits for the SFN may be carried in a Master Information Block (MIB) and the remaining four bits of the 10 bits for the SFN may be carried in a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) payload.
[0179] Optionally, the timing realignment indication message may include other parameters. The other parameters may, for example, include a minimum time offset. The minimum time offset may establish a duration of time preceding the timing reference point. The UE 110 may rely upon the minimum time offset as an indication that DL signaling, including the timing realignment indication message, will allow the UE 110 enough time to detect the timing realignment indication message to obtain information on the timing reference point.
[0180] 6G Integrated Sensing and Communication
[0181] Generic Background
[0182] User Equipment (UE) position information is often used in cellular communication networks to improve various performance metrics for the network. Such performance metrics may, for example, include capacity, agility, and efficiency. The improvement may be achieved when elements of the network exploit the position, the behavior, the mobility pattern, etc., of the UE in the context of a priori information describing a wireless environment in which the UE is operating.
[0183] A sensing system may be used to help gather UE pose information, including its location in a global coordinate system, its velocity and direction of movement in the global coordinate system, orientation information, and the information about the wireless environment. “Location” is also known as “position” and these two terms may be used interchangeably herein. Examples of well-known sensing systems include RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) . While the sensing system can be separate from the communication system, it could be advantageous to gather the information using an integrated system, which reduces the hardware (and cost) in the system as well as the time, frequency, or spatial resources needed to perform both functionalities. However, using the communication system hardware to perform sensing of UE pose and environment information is a highly challenging and open problem. The difficulty of the problem relates to factors such as the limited resolution of the communication system, the dynamicity of the environment, and the huge number of objects whose electromagnetic properties and position are to be estimated.
[0184] Accordingly, integrated sensing and communication (also known as integrated communication and sensing) is a desirable feature in existing and future communication systems Sensing Node, Sensing Management Function
[0185] Any or all of the EDs 110 and BS 170 may be sensing nodes in the system 100. Sensing nodes are network entities that perform sensing by transmitting and receiving sensing signals. Some sensing nodes are communication equipment that perform both communications and sensing. However, it is possible that some sensing nodes do not perform communications, and are instead dedicated to sensing. The sensing agent 174 is an example of a sensing node that is dedicated to sensing. Unlike the EDs 110 and BS 170, the sensing agent 174 does not transmit or receive communication signals. However, the sensing agent 174 may communicate configuration information, sensing information, signaling information, or other information within the communication system 100. The sensing agent 174 may be in communication with the core network 130 to communicate information with the rest of the communication system 100. By way of example, the sensing agent 174 may determine the location of the ED 110a, and transmit this information to the base station 170a via the core network 130. Although only one sensing agent 174 is shown in FIG. 2B, any number of sensing agents may be implemented in the communication system 100. In some embodiments, one or more sensing agents may be implemented at one or more of the RANs 120.
[0186] A sensing node may combine sensing-based techniques with reference signal-based techniques to enhance UE pose determination. This type of sensing node may also be known as a sensing management function (SMF) . In some networks, the SMF may also be known as a location management function (LMF) . The SMF may be implemented as a physically independent entity located at the core network 130 with connection to the multiple BSs 170. In other aspects of the present application, the SMF may be implemented as a logical entity co-located inside a BS 170 through logic carried out by the processor 260.
[0187] As shown in FIG. 4B, the SMF 176, when implemented as a physically independent entity, includes at least one processor 290, at least one transmitter 282, at least one receiver 284, one or more antennas 286, and at least one memory 288. A transceiver, not shown, may be used instead of the transmitter 282 and receiver 284. A scheduler 283 may be coupled to the processor 290. The scheduler 283 may be included within or operated separately from the SMF 176. The processor 290 implements various processing operations of the SMF 176, such as signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, or any other functionality. The processor 290 can also be configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described in more detail above. Each processor 290 includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processor 290 could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array, or application specific integrated circuit.
[0188] A reference signal-based pose determination technique belongs to an “active” pose estimation paradigm. In an active pose estimation paradigm, the enquirer of pose information (i.e., the UE) takes part in process of determining the pose of the enquirer. The enquirer may transmit or receive (or both) a signal specific to pose determination process. Positioning techniques based on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS) are other examples of the active pose estimation paradigm.
[0189] In contrast, a sensing technique, based on radar for example, may be considered as belonging to a “passive” pose determination paradigm. In a passive pose determination paradigm, the target is oblivious to the pose determination process.
[0190] By integrating sensing and communications in one system, the system need not operate according to only a single paradigm. Thus, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques can yield enhanced pose determination.
[0191] The enhanced pose determination may, for example, include obtaining UE channel sub-space information, which is particularly useful for UE channel reconstruction at the sensing node, especially for a beam-based operation and communication. The UE channel sub-space is a subset of the entire algebraic space, defined over the spatial domain, in which the entire channel from the TP to the UE lies. Accordingly, the UE channel sub-space defines the TP-to-UE channel with very high accuracy. The signals transmitted over other sub-spaces result in a negligible contribution to the UE channel. Knowledge of the UE channel sub-space helps to reduce the effort needed for channel measurement at the UE and channel reconstruction at the network-side. Therefore, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques may enable the UE channel reconstruction with much less overhead as compared to traditional methods. Sub-space information can also facilitate sub-space based sensing to reduce sensing complexity and improve sensing accuracy.
[0192] Sensing Channel
[0193] In some embodiments of integrated sensing and communication, a same radio access technology (RAT) is used for sensing and communication. This avoids the need to multiplex two different RATs under one carrier spectrum, or necessitating two different carrier spectrums for the two different RATs.
[0194] In embodiments that integrate sensing and communication under one RAT, a first set of channels may be used to transmit a sensing signal, and a second set of channels may be used to transmit a communications signal. In some embodiments, each channel in the first set of channels and each channel in the second set of channels is a logical channel, a transport channel, or a physical channel.
[0195] At the physical layer, communication and sensing may be performed via separate physical channels. For example, a first physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-C is defined for data communication, while a second physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-Sis defined for sensing. Similarly, separate physical uplink shared channels (PUSCH) , PUSCH-C and PUSCH-S, could be defined for uplink communication and sensing.
[0196] In another example, the same PDSCH and PUSCH could be also used for both communication and sensing, with separate logical layer channels and / or transport layer channels defined for communication and sensing. Note also that control channel (s) and data channel (s) for sensing can have the same or different channel structure (format) , occupy same or different frequency bands or bandwidth parts.
[0197] In a further example, a common physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a common physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) is used to carry control information for both sensing and communication. Alternatively, separate physical layer control channels may be used to carry separate control information for communication and sensing. For example, PUCCH-Sand PUCCH-C could be used for uplink control for sensing and communication respectively, and PDCCH-Sand PDCCH-C for downlink control for sensing and communication respectively.
[0198] Different combinations of shared and dedicated channels for sensing and communication, at each of the physical, transport, and logical layers, are possible.
[0199] Radar
[0200] The term RADAR originates from the phrase Radio Detection and Ranging; however, expressions with different forms of capitalization (i.e., Radar and radar) are equally valid and now more common. Radar is typically used for detecting a presence and a location of an object. A radar system radiates radio frequency energy and receives echoes of the energy reflected from one or more targets. The system determines the pose of a given target based on the echoes returned from the given target. The radiated energy can be in the form of an energy pulse or a continuous wave, which can be expressed or defined by a particular waveform. Examples of waveforms used in radar include frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and ultra-wideband (UWB) waveforms.
[0201] Radar systems can be monostatic, bi-static, or multi-static. In a monostatic radar system, the radar signal transmitter and receiver are co-located, such as being integrated in a transceiver. In a bi-static radar system, the transmitter and receiver are spatially separated, and the distance of separation is comparable to, or larger than, the expected target distance (often referred to as the range) . In a multi-static radar system, two or more radar components are spatially diverse but with a shared area of coverage. A multi-static radar is also referred to as a multisite or netted radar.
[0202] Terrestrial radar applications encounter challenges such as multipath propagation and shadowing impairments. Another challenge is the problem of identifiability because terrestrial targets have similar physical attributes. Integrating sensing into a communication system is likely to suffer from these same challenges, and more.
[0203] Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex
[0204] Communication nodes can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. A half-duplex node cannot both transmit and receive using the same physical resources (time, frequency, etc. ) ; conversely, a full-duplex node can transmit and receive using the same physical resources. Existing commercial wireless communications networks are all half-duplex. Even if full-duplex communications networks become practical in the future, it is expected that at least some of the nodes in the network will still be half-duplex nodes because half-duplex devices are less complex, and have lower cost and lower power consumption. In particular, full-duplex implementation is more challenging at higher frequencies (e.g. in the millimeter wave bands) , and very challenging for small and low-cost devices, such as femtocell base stations and UEs.
[0205] The limitation of half-duplex nodes in the communications network presents further challenges toward integrating sensing and communications into the devices and systems of the communications network. For example, both half-duplex and full-duplex nodes can perform bi-static or multi-static sensing, but monostatic sensing typically requires the sensing node have full-duplex capability. A half-duplex node may perform monostatic sensing with certain limitations, such as in a pulsed radar with a specific duty cycle and ranging capability.
[0206] Sensing Signal Waveform and Frame Structure
[0207] Properties of a sensing signal, or a signal used for both sensing and communication, include the waveform of the signal and the frame structure of the signal. The frame structure defines the time-domain boundaries of the signal. The waveform describes the shape of the signal as a function of time and frequency. Examples of waveforms that can be used for a sensing signal include ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse, Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) or “chirp” , orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) , cyclic prefix (CP) -OFDM, and Discrete Fourier Transform spread (DFT-s) -OFDM.
[0208] In an embodiment, the sensing signal is a linear chirp signal with bandwidth B and time duration T. Such a linear chirp signal is generally known from its use in FMCW radar systems. A linear chirp signal is defined by an increase in frequency from an initial frequency, fchirp0, at an initial time, tchirp0, to a final frequency, fchirp1, at a final time, tchirp1 where the relation between the frequency (f) and time (t) can be expressed as a linear relation of f-fchirp0=α (t-tchirp0) , where is defined as the chirp slope. The bandwidth of the linear chirp signal may be defined as B=fchirp1-fchirp0 and the time duration of the linear chirp signal may be defined as T=tchirp1-tchirp0. Such linear chirp signal can be presented as in the baseband representation.
[0209] Precoding
[0210] Precoding as used herein may refer to any coding operation (s) or modulation (s) that transform a […] input signal into a […] output signal. Precoding may be performed in different domains, and typically transform the input signal in a first domain to an output signal in a second domain. Precoding may include linear operations.
[0211] 6G Integrated TN &NTN
[0212] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge the coverage gaps for underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to ensuring global seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions, in this case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in the areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0213] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications using 5G technology and / or later generation wireless technology (e.g., 6G or later) . In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some legacy wireless technology (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications using the satellite constellations like conventional Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites which utilizing broadcast public / popular contents to a local server, Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites establishing a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay, stabilize satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) enabling technologies substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits, high altitude platforms (HAPs) providing a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system (UAS) ) achieving a dense deployment since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks emerging 3D vertical networks consist of many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0214] 6G MIMO
[0215] Multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) technology allows an antenna array of multiple antennas to perform signal transmissions and receptions to meet high transmission rate requirement. The above ED110 and T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP use MIMO to communicate over the wireless resource blocks. MIMO utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter and / or receiver to transmit wireless resource blocks over parallel wireless signals. MIMO may beamform parallel wireless signals for reliable multipath transmission of a wireless resource block. MIMO may bond parallel wireless signals that transport different data to increase the data rate of the wireless resource block.
[0216] In recent years, a MIMO (large-scale MIMO) wireless communication system with the above T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP 172 configured with a large number of antennas has gained wide attentions from the academia and the industry. In the large-scale MIMO system, the T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP 172 is generally configured with more than ten antenna units (such as 128 or 256) , and serves for dozens of the ED 110 (such as 40) in the meanwhile. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 can greatly increase the degree of spatial freedom of wireless communication, greatly improve the transmission rate, spectrum efficiency and power efficiency, and eliminate the interference between cells to a large extent. The increase of the number of antennas makes each antenna unit be made in a smaller size with a lower cost. Using the degree of spatial freedom provided by the large-scale antenna units, the T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 of each cell can communicate with many ED 110 in the cell on the same time-frequency resource at the same time, thus greatly increasing the spectrum efficiency. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP 172 also enable each user to have better spatial directivity for uplink and downlink transmission, so that the transmitting power of the T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP 172 and a ED 110 is obviously reduced, and the power efficiency is greatly increased. When the antenna number of the T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP 172 is sufficiently large, random channels between each ED 110 and the T-TRP 170, and / or NT-TRP 172 can approach to be orthogonal, and the interference between the cell and the users and the effect of noises can be eliminated. The plurality of advantages described above enable the large-scale MIMO to have a magnificent application prospect.
[0217] A MIMO system may include a receiver connected to a receive (Rx) antenna, a transmitter connected to transmit (Tx) antenna, and a signal processor connected to the transmitter and the receiver. Each of the Rx antenna and the Tx antenna may include a plurality of antennas. For instance, the Rx antenna may have an ULA antenna array in which the plurality of antennas are arranged in line at even intervals. When a radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted through the Tx antenna, the Rx antenna may receive a signal reflected and returned from a forward target.
[0218] A non-exhaustive list of possible unit or possible configurable parameters or in some embodiments of a MIMO system include:
[0219] Panel: unit of antenna group, or antenna array, or antenna sub-array which can control its Tx or Rx beam independently.
[0220] Beam: A beam is formed by performing amplitude and / or phase weighting on data transmitted or received by at least one antenna port, or may be formed by using another method, for example, adjusting a related parameter of an antenna unit. The beam may include a Tx beam and / or a Rx beam. The transmit beam indicates distribution of signal strength formed in different directions in space after a signal is transmitted through an antenna. The receive beam indicates distribution of signal strength that is of a wireless signal received from an antenna and that is in different directions in space. The beam information may be a beam identifier, or antenna port (s) identifier, or CSI-RS resource identifier, or SSB resource identifier, or SRS resource identifier, or other reference signal resource identifier.
[0221] 6G AI / ML
[0222] Artificial Intelligence technologies can be applied in communication, including artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) based communication in the physical layer and / or AI / ML based communication in the higher layer, e.g., medium access control (MAC) layer. For example, in the physical layer, the AI / ML based communication may aim to optimize component design and / or improve the algorithm performance. For the MAC layer, the AI / ML based communication may aim to utilize the AI / ML capability for learning, prediction, and / or making a decision to solve a complicated optimization problem with possible better strategy and / or optimal solution, e.g. to optimize the functionality in the MAC layer, e.g. intelligent TRP management, intelligent beam management, intelligent channel resource allocation, intelligent power control, intelligent spectrum utilization, intelligent modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , intelligent hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) strategy, intelligent transmit / receive (Tx / Rx) mode adaption, etc.
[0223] The following are some terminologies which are used in AI / ML field:
[0224] Data collection
[0225] Data is the very important component for AI / ML techniques. Data collection is a process of collecting data by the network nodes, management entity, or UE for the purpose of AI / ML model training, data analytics and inference.
[0226] AI / ML model training
[0227] AI / ML model training is a process to train an AI / ML Model by learning the input / output relationship in a data driven manner and obtain the trained AI / ML Model for inference.
[0228] AI / ML model inference
[0229] A process of using a trained AI / ML model to produce a set of outputs based on a set of inputs.
[0230] AI / ML model validation
[0231] As a sub-process of training, validation is used to evaluate the quality of an AI / ML model using a dataset different from the one used for model training. Validation can help selecting model parameters that generalize beyond the dataset used for model training. The model parameter after training can be adjusted further by the validation process.
[0232] AI / ML model testing
[0233] Similar with validation, testing is also a sub-process of training, and it is used to evaluate the performance of a final AI / ML model using a dataset different from the one used for model training and validation. Differently from AI / ML model validation, testing do not assume subsequent tuning of the model.
[0234] Online training:
[0235] Online training means an AI / ML training process where the model being used for inference is typically continuously trained in (near) real-time with the arrival of new training samples.
[0236] Offline training:
[0237] An AI / ML training process where the model is trained based on collected dataset, and where the trained model is later used or delivered for inference.
[0238] AI / ML model delivery / transfer
[0239] A generic term referring to delivery of an AI / ML model from one entity to another entity in any manner. Delivery of an AI / ML model over the air interface includes either parameters of a model structure known at the receiving end or a new model with parameters. Delivery may contain a full model or a partial model.
[0240] Life cycle management (LCM)
[0241] When the AI / ML model is trained and / or inferred at one device, it is necessary to monitor and manage the whole AI / ML process to guarantee the performance gain obtained by AI / ML technologies. For example, due to the randomness of wireless channels and the mobility of UEs, the propagation environment of wireless signals changes frequently. Nevertheless, it is difficult for an AI / ML model to maintain optimal performance in all scenarios for all the time, and the performance may even deteriorate sharply in some scenarios. Therefore, the lifecycle management (LCM) of AI / ML models is essential for sustainable operation of AI / ML in NR air-interface.
[0242] Life cycle management covers the whole procedure of AI / ML technologies which applied on one or more nodes. In specific, it includes at least one of the following sub-process: data collection, model training, model identification, model registration, model deployment, model configuration, model inference, model selection, model activation, deactivation, model switching, model fallback, model monitoring, model update, model transfer / delivery and UE capability report.
[0243] Model monitoring can be based on inference accuracy, including metrics related to intermediate key performance indicator (KPI) s, and it can also be based on system performance, including metrics related to system performance KPIs, e.g., accuracy and relevance, overhead, complexity (computation and memory cost) , latency (timeliness of monitoring result, from model failure to action) and power consumption. Moreover, data distribution may shift after deployment due to the environment changes, thus the model based on input or output data distribution should also be considered.
[0244] Supervised learning:
[0245] The goal of supervised learning algorithms is to train a model that maps feature vectors (inputs) to labels (output) , based on the training data which includes the example feature-label pairs. The supervised learning can analyze the training data and produce an inferred function, which can be used for mapping the inference data.
[0246] Supervised learning can be further divided into two types: Classification and Regression. Classification is used when the output of the AI / ML model is categorical i.e. with two or more classes. Regression is used when the output of the AI / ML model is a real or continuous value.
[0247] Unsupervised learning:
[0248] In contrast to supervised learning where the AI / ML models learn to map the input to the target output, the unsupervised methods learn concise representations of the input data without the labelled data, which can be used for data exploration or to analyze or generate new data. One typical unsupervised learning is clustering which explores the hidden structure of input data and provide the classification results for the data.
[0249] Reinforce learning:
[0250] Reinforce learning is used to solve sequential decision-making problems. Reinforce learning is a process of training the action of intelligent agent from input (state) and a feedback signal (reward) in an environment. In reinforce learning, an intelligent agent interacts with an environment by taking an action to maximize the cumulative reward. Whenever the intelligent agent takes one action, the current state in the environment may transfer to the new state, and the new state resulted by the action will bring to the associated reward. Then the intelligent agent can take the next action based on the received reward and new state in the environment. During the training phase, the agent interacts with the environment to collect experience. The environments often mimicked by the simulator since it is expensive to directly interact with the real system. In the inference phase, the agent can use the optimal decision-making rule learned from the training phase to achieve the maximal accumulated reward.
[0251] Federated learning:
[0252] Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning technique that is used to train an AI / ML model by a central node (e.g., server) and a plurality of decentralized edge nodes (e.g., UEs, next Generation NodeBs, “gNBs” ) .
[0253] According to the wireless FL technique, a server may provide, to an edge node, a set of model parameters (e.g., weights, biases, gradients) that describe a global AI / ML model. The edge node may initialize a local AI / ML model with the received global AI / ML model parameters. The edge node may then train the local AI / ML model using local data samples to, thereby, produce a trained local AI / ML model. The edge node may then provide, to the serve, a set of AI / ML model parameters that describe the local AI / ML model.
[0254] Upon receiving, from a plurality of edge nodes, a plurality of sets of AI / ML model parameters that describe respective local AI / ML models at the plurality of edge nodes, the server may aggregate the local AI / ML model parameters reported from the plurality of UEs and, based on such aggregation, update the global AI / ML model. A subsequent iteration progresses much like the first iteration. The server may transmit the aggregated global model to a plurality of edge nodes. The above procedure are performed multiple iterations until the global AI / ML model is considered to be finalized, e.g, the AI / ML model is converged or the training stopping conditions are satisfied.
[0255] Notably, the wireless FL technique does not involve exchange of local data samples. Indeed, the local data samples remain at respective edge nodes.
[0256] AI technologies (which encompass ML technologies) may be applied in communication, including AI-based communication in the physical layer and / or AI-based communication in the MAC layer. For the physical layer, the AI communication may aim to optimize component design and / or improve the algorithm performance. For example, AI may be applied in relation to the implementation of:channel coding, channel modelling, channel estimation, channel decoding, modulation, demodulation, MIMO, waveform, multiple access, physical layer element parameter optimization and update, beam forming, tracking, sensing, and / or positioning, etc. For the MAC layer, the AI communication may aim to utilize the AI capability for learning, prediction, and / or making a decision to solve a complicated optimization problem with possible better strategy and / or optimal solution, e.g. to optimize the functionality in the MAC layer. For example, AI may be applied to implement: intelligent TRP management, intelligent beam management, intelligent channel resource allocation, intelligent power control, intelligent spectrum utilization, intelligent MCS, intelligent HARQ strategy, and / or intelligent transmission / reception mode adaption, etc.
[0257] An AI architecture may involve multiple nodes, where the multiple nodes may possibly be organized in one of two modes, i.e., centralized and distributed, both of which may be deployed in an access network, a core network, or an edge computing system or third party network. A centralized training and computing architecture is restricted by possibly large communication overhead and strict user data privacy. A distributed training and computing architecture may comprise several frameworks, e.g., distributed machine learning and federated learning. In some embodiments, an AI architecture may comprise an intelligent controller which can perform as a single agent or a multi-agent, based on joint optimization or individual optimization. New protocols and signaling mechanisms are desired so that the corresponding interface link can be personalized with customized parameters to meet particular requirements while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the whole system spectrum efficiency by personalized AI technologies.
[0258] New protocols and signaling mechanisms are provided for operating within and switching between different modes of operation, including between AI and non-AI modes, and for measurement and feedback to accommodate the different possible measurements and information that may need to be fed back, depending upon the implementation.
[0259] An air interface that uses AI as part of the implementation, e.g. to optimize one or more components of the air interface, will be referred to herein as an “AI enabled air interface” . In some embodiments, there may be two types of AI operation in an AI enabled air interface: both the network and the UE implement learning; or learning is only applied by the network.
[0260] In downlink control channel, blind detection or blind decoding refers to the procedure that a BS sends a codeword comprising downlink control information (DCI) , but the UE does not know the coding parameters (code length N, information length K) and channel resource. Therefore, the UE has to blindly detect the coding parameters by searching from a set of possible candidates. Specifically, a UE tries to decode the signals received from a possible area consisting of several resource blocks, as if the assumed codeword is transmitted over that area. If the decoding fails (e.g., CRC check not passed) , this may imply that the DCI with the assumed coding parameters is not transmitted in the searched area. If the decoding succeeds (e.g., CRC check passed) , then we know the DCI with the assumed coding parameters is indeed transmitted in the searched area.
[0261] In 4G and 5G, the BS and UE jointly perform the above-mentioned blind detection in PDCCH. The search areas are called search spaces, and the combination of coding parameters and resource is called a PDCCH candidate.
[0262] To support flexible scheduling, a BS configures multiple search spaces for each UE. Each search space contains multiple PDCCH candidates. The decoder tries all possible candidates. In practice, a UE performs hundreds of blind decoding attempts in 1ms. With more MIMO configurations included, the blind detections incur a significant processing complexity at a UE. This is a major drawback from the energy saving perspective.
[0263] In 5G, the blind detection procedures and resource allocation are defined. In particular, a UE needs to determine the PDCCH assignment.
[0264] In general, the DCI is transmitted on COntrol Resource SET, or CORESET, which is a set of physical resources to carry DCI and a set of parameters that is used to specify DCI. The search spaces are defined within a CORESET.
[0265] To support DCI codewords of different code lengths, various number of resource blocks (RB) in CORESET are aggregated for the transmission of a particular DCI codeword. The number of RBs to be aggregated is called the Aggregation Level, or AL. The wireless system needs to support a range of ALs because UEs close to the BS can decode higher code rate, thus only requires a low AL; but the UEs located at cell edge may need lower code rate due to the path loss, thus requires a high AL.
[0266] A set of terminologies related to channel resource needs to be formally defined before we proceed.
[0267] A Resource Element (RE) is a resource grid in the time and frequency domain consisting one subcarrier in frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in time domain.
[0268] A Resource Block (RB) consists of 12 REs in frequency domain.
[0269] A Resource Element Group (REG) is one RB in frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in time domain.
[0270] A Control Channel Element (CCE) consists of multiple REGs, e.g., 6 REGs, and can take other numbers.
[0271] A Search Space is a set of resource in a CORESET that UE should attempt to decode a specific DCI codeword of certain (code length N, information length K) .
[0272] For a search space set associated with a CORESET, the CCE indexes for an aggregation level corresponding to PDCCH candidate of the search space set in a slot is given by a formula. In particular, we need to determine the starting positions of each search space. Then, based on the aggregation level, we know where the DCI is transmitted.
[0273] If we fix all other parameters, and only look at the parameters most relevant to our scheme, the starting CCE index is determined by NCCE the number of CCEs in the CORESET, and L the aggregation level, and M the max number of PDCCH candidates using that aggregation level.
[0274] The simplified formula for starting CCE index is
[0275] In the following example:
[0276] NCCE = 16;
[0277] L = 4, 2, 1;
[0278] M = 1, 2, 4; m = 0, …, M-1.
[0279] The CORESET and search spaces are illustrated in FIG. 5
[0280] The first row is the CCE indexes.
[0281] The second row corresponds to L = 4; M = 1; m = 0, and we can calculate istart = 0.
[0282] The third row corresponds to L = 2; M = 2; m = 0, 1, and we can calculate istart = 0, 8, respectively.
[0283] The fourth row corresponds to L = 1; M = 4; m = 0, 1, 2, 3, and we can calculate istart = 0, 4, 8, 12, respectively.
[0284] The BS could transmit the DCI codeword to a particular UE in all these possibilities, that is, one candidate for L=4, two candidates for L=2, and four candidates for L=1. Altogether there are 1+2+4=7 candidates.
[0285] The UE, on the other hand, needs to attempt to decode the 7 candidates to find out which one was actually transmitted by the BS.
[0286] Another relevant prior art is polar code. Because polar codes are used for control channel, these DCI codewords are encoded by polar codes. A novel polar coding design was proposed to obtain the flexible redundancy in terms of code bits. Generally speaking, a codeword can be divided into several parts, or redundancy versions (RV) . These RVs have the properties that:
[0287] Each RV is self-decodable in the sense that the payload bits (or information bits) can be fully recovered from the code bits in only one RV when the SNR is sufficiently high.
[0288] Any two or multiple RVs can be jointly decoded by combining their soft LLRs to obtain additional coding gain. The coding gain is higher than the chase combining coding gain where you simply repeat one RV multiple times.
[0289] As mentioned, the PDCCH blind detection schemes offers great flexibility in the system design, and utilize the downlink channel resource very efficiently. However, the cost is higher decoding complexity at the UE decoders. This is a major drawback from the energy saving perspective.
[0290] In 6G and future generations of wireless communication systems, with more MIMO configurations included (e.g., more ports and layers) , the number of PDCCU candidates (thus decoding attempts) are expected to further increase. This will further increase UE energy consumption and reduce battery life.
[0291] We hope to leverage the self-decodable and flexible-redundancy features provided by polar coding, to reduce the number of decoding attempts during PDCCH blind detection.
[0292] The proposed method is, through careful design of the mapping between code bits (RVs) and CCE indexes at the BS, combined with a proper decoding attempt order at the UE, in order to increase the chance of early successful decoding and thus detection of the transmitted PDCCH format.
[0293] In practice, the proposed scheme is expected to enjoy a good chance for early stop, due to the following two reasons.
[0294] The first reason is that there is no link adaption and HARQ for DCI. To guarantee reliability, DCI code rate is usually set very low, which gives plenty of room for early termination when decoding at a higher code rate (equivalently, lower aggregation level) .
[0295] For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the capacity of a downlink channel is R0 = 0.7, that is, the downlink channel is capable of transmission with code rate 0.7. In addition, the code rate corresponds to AL = 4 is set as R1 = 0.3 which is much lower than the channel capability. In such case, the code rate corresponds to AL = 2 will be R2 = 0.6. Since R2 is less than R0, the downlink channel is capable of transmission with code rate 0.6 and AL = 2. In such case, the UE may decode the code block successfully at code rate R2 (i.e., 0.6) , which is much higher than code rate R1 (i.e., 0.3) .
[0296] The second reason is that to notify a group of UEs (e.g., DCI format 2_0 / 2_1) , aggregation level is usually set high to cover cell-edge UEs. For example, in order to make sure the cell-edge UEs is able to decode the DCI successfully, the BS sets the transmission of the DCI at a high AL (e.g., AL = 4) . However, it may not necessary for the BS to set the transmission of the DCI at AL=4 for the UEs close to BS. In the present disclosure, UEs close to BS may decode at an AL lower than the AL that the DCI has been transmitted at. In this way, power saving will be guaranteed for UEs close to BS thanks to decoding complexity reduction.
[0297] Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below by way of example. The following embodiments will be illustrated by taking an example where the transmitting / encoding device is a BS and the receiving / decoding device is a UE. Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which shows a signaling chart of a method for data transmission in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling chart involves the BS and the UE.
[0298] In step 510, the BS encodes information bits into a code block (CB) . The code block includes one or more sub-code blocks. The BS may encode the information bits into the CB in one time, or encode the information bits into sub-code blocks respectively. A sub-code block refers to a sub set of coded bits in a CB.
[0299] In an implementation, the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of the code block. For example, a sub-code block of the code block is a redundancy version (RV) of the code block. The following embodiments will be illustrated by taking an example where the sub-code block is a RV.
[0300] In step 515, the BS transmits the one or more RVs over one or more transmission resources. Accordingly, the UE receives the one or more RVs over one or more transmission resources, the one or more RVs belonging to a code block generated from encoded information bits. In addition, compared to the conventional solutions where there is only one RV per (re) transmission, in some embodiments, there may be multiple RVs per transmission. The number of RVs are determined according to the number of one or more transmission resources. For example, the length of an RV is 108 bits, and a transmission resource is capable of transmission of 108bits. In a case where there are two vacant transmission resources, two RVs may be transmitted (the two RVs may be the same or different) . In a case where there are three vacant transmission resources, three RVs may be transmitted (the three RVs may be the same or different) . In a case where there are four vacant transmission resources, four RVs may be transmitted (the four RVs may be the same or different) .
[0301] In this way, more flexible rate matching for different number of RVs, will be achieved, and RVs will be transmitted in a more flexible way. In addition, The BS may encode the information bits for one time, and the coded bits may be segmented into different RVs. In such case, the BS may not need to encode the information bits many times for different numbers of transmission resources. Therefore, encoding complexity will be reduced.
[0302] A transmission resource may be a resource elements (RE) , a resource block (RB) , a resource element group (REG) , or a control channel element (CCE) . The following embodiments will be illustrated by taking an example where the transmission resource is a CCE.
[0303] In some embodiments, the one or more sub-code blocks are transmitted in downlink control channel, and number of the one or more transmission resources is an aggregation level (AL) of the downlink control channel. The following embodiments will be illustrated by taking an example where the number of the transmission resources to be aggregated is the AL.
[0304] In one embodiment, a number of the one or more sub-code blocks is equal to or a multiple of a number of transmission resources. In another embodiment, a number of transmission resource is equal to or a multiple of a number of the one or more sub-code blocks.
[0305] In one example, one RV is transmitted over one CCE. As shown in FIG. 8, RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 are transmitted over CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3 respectively at AL=4.
[0306] In another example, one RV is transmitted over a plurality of transmission resource. As shown in FIG. 9, one RV0 is transmitted over two CCEs. RV0 is transmitted over CCE0 and CCE1, and RV1 is transmitted over CCE2 and CCE3 at AL = 4.
[0307] In yet another example, a plurality of RVs are transmitted over one transmission resource. As shown in FIG. 10, two RVs are transmitted over one CCE. RV0 and RV1 is transmitted over CCE 0, and RV2 and RV3 are transmitted over CCE1 at AL = 2.
[0308] In some embodiments, the BS transmits each sub-code block of the one or more sub-code blocks according to a respective position of the one or more transmission resources. The position may be symbols in time domain and / or subcarriers in frequency resources. The BS may transmit each sub-code block of the one or more sub-code blocks according to the corresponding CCE index (es) .
[0309] In step 520, the UE decodes, according to the number of transmission resources, a number of one or more sub-code blocks to retrieve the information bits according to the number of sub-code blocks.
[0310] Optionally, in some embodiments, at least one sub-code block is self-decodable. The sub-code block may be a subset of code bits of length larger than the length of the information bits. For example, the information bits contains 100 bits, and the sub-code block may contain 150 bits. In this way, self-decodability for the sub-code block may be ensured.
[0311] To further ensure the self-decodability for the sub-code block, in some embodiments, a first sub-code block and a second sub-code block may include common bits. The common bits may be the information bits.
[0312] For example, the first sub-code block is RV0 and the second sub-code block is RV1. RV0 and RV1 may include common information bits. In such case, the UE may retrieve the information bits by decoding RV0 or RV1. Since the UE does not have to decode a certain sub-code block to retrieve the information bits, the decoding complexity will be reduced.
[0313] In some embodiments, the rate matching of each RV needs to be carefully designed to ensure self-decodability for each RV.
[0314] In an implementation, at least two sub-code blocks use a same rate matching scheme. The rate matching scheme includes shortening, puncturing and repetition, which is not limited in the present disclosure.
[0315] The same rate matching includes all shorten or all puncture or all repetition. In addition, different RVs may adopt the same rate matching pattern. For example, if all the RVs are to be shortened, bits on the same positions (e.g., the last 20bits) of each RV will be shortened.
[0316] The present disclosure provides another method for data transmission which involves RV design.
[0317] Embodiment 1 (RV design for polar codes)
[0318] If each RV has a power-of-2 length N.
[0319] For DCI with aggregation level L (L is power-of-2) , we construct a length-L×N mother polar code. Specifically, we order code bits by bit indices 0, 1, …, L×N, then the l-th RV (l is the ID / index of the RV) has code bits indexed by (L-l-1) ·N, …, (L-l) ·N-1.
[0320] For example, to transmit DCI with aggregation level L=4, the mother polar code has length 4N, and the 4 RVs are the 4 quarters in the polar code, as shown in FIG. 11.
[0321] RV0 has the code bits indexed by 3N, 3N+1, 3N+2, …, 4N-1; RV1 has the code bits indexed by 2N, 2N+1, 2N+2, …, 3N-1; RV2 has the code bits indexed by N, N+1, N+2, …, 2N-1; and RV3 has the code bits indexed by 0, 1, 2, …, N-1.
[0322] If each RV has a non-power-of-2 length M (e.g., in 5G, each CCE contains 108 code bits) .
[0323] Compute and construct an L×N mother polar code according to above.
[0324] Perform the same rate matching scheme for each length-N segment in the mother polar code, to obtain a length-M rate matched segment.
[0325] Since each code bits is identified by bit indices, rate matching may be performed based on the bit indices.
[0326] In the above example, M=108, and each RV is shortened from N=128, as shown in FIG. 12. In such case, the last 20 bits of each segment in the mother polar code will be shortened.
[0327] Alternatively, in an implementation, each RV may be punctured, and the Xth symbol in each RV will be punctured. For example, M=124, and each of the four RVs is punctured from N=128. In such case, 4 bits of the same position in each segment in the mother polar code will be punctured. Specifically, RV0 has the code bits indexed by 96, 97, 98, …, 127; RV1 has the code bits indexed by 64, 65, 66, …, 95; RV2 has the code bits indexed by 32, 33, 34, …, 63; and RV3 has the code bits indexed by 0, 1, 2, …, 31. The code bits indexed by 24, 26, 28, 30; 56, 58, 60, 62; 88, 90, 92, 94; 120, 122, 124 and 126 are punctured.
[0328] In another implementation, repetition is performed during rate matching. In an example, M=260, and each of the four RVs is repeated from N=256. In such case, 4 bits of the same position in each segment in the mother polar code will be repeated. Specifically, the first segment in the mother polar code has the code bits indexed by 768, 769, 770, …, 1023; the second segment in the mother polar code has the code bits indexed by 512, 513, 514, …, 767; the third segment in the mother polar code has the code bits indexed by 256, 257, 258, …, 511; and the fourth segment in the mother polar code has the code bits indexed by 0, 1, 2, …, 255. The code bits indexed by 252, 253, 254, 255; 508, 509, 510, 511; 764, 765, 766, 767; 1020, 1021, 1022 and 1023 are repeated. In such case, length of each RV will be 260 bits, which is repeated from 256 bits. The length of the 4-RV code will be (256+4) ×4=1040 bits.
[0329] In the case where each RV may have different length, a two-step rate matching can be performed.
[0330] The first step is using the same rate matching scheme to rate match each segment into length Mmax = max (M0, M1, …, ML-1) , i.e., the length of the longest RV.
[0331] In the second step, for each RV, further rate match into its own target length Ml, for l=0, 1, …, L-1.
[0332] In this way, multi-RV polar coding with self-decodability for individual RV are provided.
[0333] The self-decodable and flexible-redundancy polar codeword consisting of 4 RVs is illustrated in FIG. 13:
[0334] Note that other channel codes, such as LDPC codes, can also be designed in such a way. That is, self-decodable and flexible-redundancy LDPC codeword consisting of multiple RVs. Because now control channel uses polar codes, we will use polar codes as examples to describe our scheme. But we hope to clarify that other channel coding with these properties can also be used.
[0335] In some embodimemts, the flexible redundancy polar coding provides the code properties required to reduce DCI blind detection complexity. As illustrated in FIG. 14, a polar codeword is encoded to have length N, which can be divided into 4 RVs. Assume that the BS transmit the full codeword consisting of these 4 RVs. The UE, without the knowledge of which aggregation level is used, tries to decode a set of PDCCH candidates starting from the smallest aggregation level, i.e., 1 (4 attempts) → 2 (2 attempts) → 4 (1 attempt) . If the reception SNR or SINR is sufficiently high at the UE, the decoder is able to successfully decode as early as the 1st attempt. This is thanks to the self-decodable and flexible redundancy properties of polar codes. In the present disclosure, the new flexible redundancy polar coding are used to reduce DCI blind detection complexity.
[0336] In some embodiments, the BS selects a first number of transmission resources or a second number of transmission resources for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks. The first number of transmission resources is multiple of the second number of transmission resources, and a first resource of first number of transmission resources is the same as a first resource of the second number of transmission resources. A same sub-code block is mapped to both the first resource of the first number of transmission resources and the first resource of the second number of transmission resources.
[0337] Again referring to FIG. 8, in a first example, the BS selects four CCE (e.g., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) or two transmission resource (e.g., CCE0 and CCE1) or one transmission resource (e.g., CCE0) for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks (e.g., RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3) . CCE0 and CCE1 are common resources between the four transmission resources and the two transmission resources. CCE0 is the common resource among the four transmission resources (i.e., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) , the two transmission resources (i.e., CCE0 and CCE1) , and the one transmission resource (i.e., CCE0) .
[0338] In a second example, the BS selects four transmission resource (e.g., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) or two transmission resource (e.g., CCE0 and CCE1) for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks (e.g., RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3) . CCE0 and CCE1 are common resources between the four transmission resources and the two transmission resources.
[0339] In addition, RV0 and RV1 are mapped to common resources (i.e., CCE0 and CCE1) of the four transmission resources (i.e., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) as well as the two transmission resources (i.e., CCE0 and CCE1) . In such case, if the BS transmits RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 over CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3, and the UE assumes the sub-code blocks are transmitted over two transmission resources, the UE may try to decode RV0 and RV1 on CCE0, CCE1. In a case where RV0 and RV1 are self-decodable, the UE may decode RV0 and RV1 on resources CCE0 and CCE1 successfully.
[0340] In a third example, the BS selects four transmission resource (e.g., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) or one transmission resource (e.g., CCE0) for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks (e.g., RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3) . CCE0 is the common resource between the four transmission resources (i.e., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) and the one transmission resource (i.e., CCE0) .
[0341] In addition, RV0 is mapped to the common resource (i.e., CCE0) of the four transmission resources (i.e., CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3) as well as the one transmission resource (i.e., CCE0) . In such case, if the BS transmits RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 over CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3, and the UE assumes the sub-code block is transmitted over one transmission resources, the UE may try to decode RV0 on CCE0. In a case where RV0 is self-decodable, the UE may decode RV0 on resource CCE0 successfully.
[0342] In s fourth example, the BS selects two transmission resource (e.g., CCE0 and CCE1) or one transmission resource (e.g., CCE0) for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks (e.g., RV0, RV1) . CCE0 is the common resource between the two transmission resources (i.e., CCE0, CCE1) and the one transmission resource (i.e., CCE0) .
[0343] In addition, RV0 is mapped to the common resource (i.e., CCE0) between the two transmission resources (i.e., CCE0 and CCE1 and the one transmission resource (i.e., CCE0) . In such case, if the BS transmits RV0 and RV1 over CCE0 and CCE1, and the UE assumes the sub-code block is transmitted over one transmission resources, the UE may try to decode RV0 on CCE0. In a case where RV0 is self-decodable, the UE may decode RV0 on resource CCE0 successfully.
[0344] The RVs may be transmitted according to mapping relationships between the RV (s) and the transmission resources.
[0345] Embodiment 2 (RV-to-CCE mapping)
[0346] In this embodiment, we keep 5G CCE allocation, but add RV-to-CCE mapping rules, such that a UE knows which RV it is decoding for each PDCCH candidates. The RV-to-CCE mapping rules have simple description and are standard friendly.
[0347] For each PDCCH candidate, the RV ids are pre-determined by standard.
[0348] The mapping relationships may be one-to-one RV-to-CCE mapping. In such case, each CCE corresponds to one RV.
[0349] For example, for AL=L, the RV ids=0, 1, …, L-1 are allocated.
[0350] Blind decoder will try the pre-determined RV for each candidate. In other words, the blind decoder will try to decode the RVs on the CCEs for each PDCCH candidate. Because it knows which RV will be mapped to this CCE (e.g., according to the RV-to-CCE mapping rules) .
[0351] To illustrate, we have the following RV-to-CCE mapping in a CORESET, where the numbers in the boxed in the 2nd to 4th rows indicate RV index.
[0352] Again referring to FIG. 8, there are seven PDCCH candidates in the search space.
[0353] There is one PDCCH candidate (i.e., CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} ) at AL=4. In addition, RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 are mapped to CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3, respectively.
[0354] There are two PDCCH candidates (i.e., CCE sets {0, 1} , {8, 9} ) at AL=2. In addition, RV0 is mapped to CCE0, and CCE8; RV1 is mapped to CCE1 and CCE9.
[0355] There are four PDCCH candidates (i.e., CCE sets {0} , {4} , {9} , {13} ) at AL=1, RV0 is mapped to CCE0, CCE4, CCE9 and CCE13.
[0356] Put into the PDCCH blind detection context, the RV-to-CCE mapping in the CORESET is shown in FIG. 15.
[0357] As seen, the code bits (RVs) assigned to each CCE for each PDCCH candidates will be specified by standard or signaled by BS. This is different from existing wireless systems such as 5G, where no RV-to-CCE mapping exists. Given the new design, the UE will start to decode the candidates with aggregation level L=1, i.e., CCE0, CCE4, CCE8, CCE12. Then, the UE will continue to decode the candidates with aggregation level L=2, i.e., {CCE0, CCE1} , {CCE8, CCE9} . Finally, the UE will decode the candidates with aggregation level L=4, i.e., {CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, CCE3} . If any of the decoding attempts succeeds, then there is no need to decode the remaining candidates. Because now a candidate with aggregation level L=4 can be decoded as aggregation level L=1, or L=2, given sufficient SNR or SINR. In the best case, the 7 decoding attempts can be reduced to only 1 decoding attempt at minimum.
[0358] Embodiment 3 (different RV-to-CCE mappings)
[0359] So far, we talked about one-to-one RV-to-CCE mapping, which means one RV is mapped to one CCE only.
[0360] In practice, the RV to CCE mapping may not be one-to-one mapping, but can also be:
[0361] One-to-many mapping, where each RV occupies more than one CCEs.
[0362] Again referring to FIG. 9, in the example where AL=4, RV0 is mapped to {CCE0, CCE1} ; RV1 is mapped to {CCE2, CCE3} . In such case, transmission of RV0 may occupy CCE0 and CCE1. In another example where AL=2, RV0 is mapped to {CCE0, CCE1} and {CCE8, CCE9} . In such case, transmission of RV0 may occupy CCE0 and CCE1, or transmission of RV0 may occupy CCE8 and CCE9.
[0363] Many-to-one mapping, where multiple RVs together occupy one CCE.
[0364] Again referring to FIG. 10, in the example where AL=2, RV0 and RV1 are mapped to CCE0; RV2 and RV3 are mapped to CCE1. In such case, transmission of RV0 may occupy a part of CCE0, and transmission of RV1 may occupy another part of CCE0. Transmission of RV2 may occupy a part of CCE1, and transmission of RV3 may occupy another part of CCE1. In addition, RV0 and RV1 are also mapped to CCE8; RV2 and RV3 are also mapped to CCE9.
[0365] In another example where AL=1, RV0 and RV1 are mapped to CCE0, CCE4, CCE9, and CCE13. In such case, transmission of RV0 and RV1 may share the same CCE. For example, transmission of RV0 may occupy a part of one of CCE0, CCE4, CCE9, or CCE13; transmission of RV1 may occupy another part of one of CCE0, CCE4, CCE9, or CCE13.
[0366] Embodiment 4 (Additional RV-to-CCE mapping rules)
[0367] We may not be able to enumerate all possible RV-to-CCE mapping rules, but still hope to protect the following rules as examples.
[0368] In an implementation, sub-code blocks of a code block are different from each other. In such case, different RVs may be used for CCEs in the same AL. As shown in FIG. 16, different RVs (i.e., RV0, RV1, RV2 and RV3) are mapped to different CCEs in each of AL=4, AL=2, and AL=1.
[0369] In an implementation, at least two sub-code blocks of a code block are the same. In such case, the same RVs may be used for CCEs in the same AL. For example, some repetition of RV may be introduced: one RV covers more than one CCEs. In other words, one RV is mapped to different CCEs repeatedly.
[0370] In an example shown in FIG. 17, RV0 is mapped to both CCE0 and CCE8 repeatedly at AL=2; and RV1 is mapped to both CCE1 and CCE9 repeatedly at AL=2. RV0 is mapped to CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3 repeatedly at AL=1.
[0371] In a case where the search spaces are partially aligned, the same number of candidates may be used for different ALs. For example, the CCEs of different ALs are partially aligned (i.e., there are some common CCEs taken up by PDCCH candidates in different ALs) . The same number of candidates may be used for each AL. In an example shown in FIG. 18, CCE0 is a common CCE at AL=4, AL=2, and AL=1; and CCE9 is another common CCE at AL=4, AL=2, and AL=1. There are two PDCCH candidates for each of the ALs: RV0, RV1, RV2, RV3 on CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} and RV0, RV1, RV2, RV3 on CCE set {8, 9, 10, 11} for AL=4; RV0, RV1 on CCE set {0, 1} and RV0, RV1 on CCE set {8, 9} for AL=2; RV0 on CCE set {0} and RV0 on CCE set {9} for AL=1.
[0372] In an example shown in FIG. 19 where the search spaces are aligned, RV0 is mapped to CCE0 and CCE2 repeatedly at AL=2; and RV1 is mapped to CCE1 and CCE3 repeatedly at AL=2. RV0 is mapped to CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, and CCE3 repeatedly at AL=1.
[0373] In another example shown in FIG. 20 where the search spaces are aligned, RV0 is mapped to both CCE0 and CCE2 repeatedly at AL=4, AL=2, and AL=1, and RV1 is mapped to both CCE1 and CCE3 repeatedly at AL=4, AL=2, and AL=1.
[0374] In some embodiments, fixed RV-to-CCE mapping rules may be provided. An index of the sub-code block to be transmitted over a transmission resource is determined based on an index of the transmission resource. In this way, RV transmitted over a same CCE at different AL will have the same RV id. Therefore, the transmitted RVs may be successfully decoded at an AL lower than the actual AL that the RVs have been transmitted at.
[0375] Embodiment 5 (fixed RV-to-CCE mapping rules)
[0376] To simplify system design, we may let each CCE index be associated with a fixed RV number (i.e., index) , only dependent on the CCE index. This way, we decode each CCE or CCE set assuming the CCE or CCE set may be from (or part of) various PDCCH candidates, rather any specific candidate (i.e., without assuming any specific PDCCH candidate) . In other words, RV index is only directly associated to CCE index. This also simplifies description overhead.
[0377] When encoding and transmitting a DCI, each candidate will choose the RV id according to the CCE index only. The RVs allocated to the same CCE index will have the same RV id.
[0378] An example is shown in FIG. 21.
[0379] A general description is below.
[0380] In general, RV_index = f (CCE_index) .
[0381] In an implementation, the index of the sub-code block to be transmitted over the transmission resource is represented as RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where RV_index is the index of the sub-code block, CCE_index is the index of the transmission resource, and Num_RV is the total number of the one or more sub-code blocks.
[0382] One specific way to generate RV index is through the following formula:
[0383] RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where Num_RV is the number of RVs.
[0384] For example, the total number of the RVs (e.g., RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3) is 4. The index of RV mapped to CCE0 is mod (0, 4) = 0. Therefore, RV0 is mapped to CCE0. Likewise, RV indexes shown in the second row of FIG. 21 are determined by: RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where Num_RV equals to 4.
[0385] Naturally, if AL > Num_RV, the same RV will inevitably be allocated twice, leading to repetition. We know that repetition will lead up to 2~3dB loss from IR combining. A solution is to increase the total number of RVs for polar codes, e.g., Num_RV=8 or Num_RV=16 or Num_RV=Num_CCE. Note that the total number of RVs and the type of code are not limited in the present disclosure.
[0386] Embodiment 6 (new CCE allocation)
[0387] As mentioned above, PDCCH candidates with more overlapping CCE (s) will lead to more early termination opportunities. In other words, more PDCCH candidates sharing more common CCE index will lead to successful decoding in an earlier time.
[0388] Therefore, to further reduce blind detection by aligning the CCE resource of multiple PDCCH candidates, we can modify the existing CCE allocation rules.
[0389] Now, the new rules are as follows. Similarly, for each PDCCH candidate, the RV id is pre- determined by standard.
[0390] In an implementation, each CCE corresponds to one RV.
[0391] For AL=Lmax, the RV ids=0, 1, …, Lmax-1 are allocated.
[0392] For AL< Lmax, the RV ids is the same as AL=Lmax.
[0393] In an example shown in FIG. 22, for AL=4, the RV ids of the PDCCH candidates are 0, 1 , 2, and 3. For AL=2, the RV ids of the PDCCH candidates are 0, 1 , 2, and 3. For AL=1, the RV ids of the PDCCH candidates are 0, 1 , 2, and 3.
[0394] In an implementation, the BS transmits a first sub-code block on the first number of transmission resources or transmits a second sub-code block on the second number of transmission resources. The second number of transmission resources is a subset of the first number of transmission resources.
[0395] For example, for AL< Lmax, the allocated CCEs are a subset of those for AL=Lmax, or some of the allocated CCEs are a subset of those for AL=Lmax.
[0396] As shown in FIG. 22, in one example, for AL=2, some of the CCEs of the PDCCH candidates (i.e., {CCE0, CCE1} ) is a subset of the PDCCH candidates (i.e., {CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, CCE3} ) for AL=4. In another example, for AL=1, some of the CCEs of the PDCCH candidates (i.e., {CCE0} ) is a subset of the PDCCH candidates (i.e., {CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, CCE3} ) for AL=4. In yet another example, for AL=1, some of the CCEs of the PDCCH candidates (i.e., {CCE0} ) is a subset of the PDCCH candidates (i.e., {CCE0, CCE1} and {CCE2, CCE3} ) for AL=2.
[0397] In an implementation, the second sub-code block is a subset of the first sub-code block.
[0398] As shown in FIG. 22, in one example, {RV0, RV1} at AL=2 is a subset of {RV0, RV1, RV2, RV3} at AL=4. In another example, {RV0} at AL=1 is a subset of {RV0, RV1, RV2, RV3} at AL=4. In yet another example, {RV0} at AL=1 is a subset of {RV0, RV1} and {RV2, RV3} at AL=2.
[0399] In an implementation, the same sub-code block is mapped to the first resource independent of the number of transmission resources. As shown in FIG. 22, in one example, RV0 is mapped to CCE0 independent of the AL. In another example, {RV0, RV1} is mapped to {CCE0, CCE1} independent of the AL.
[0400] In some embodiments, during blind detection, a blind decoder will try (i.e., try to decode) the pre-determined RV for each candidate.
[0401] Therefore, the idea is to align the search spaces as much as possible. The more overlapping CCE (s) , the more opportunities for early stop. In other words, more PDCCH candidates sharing more common CCE index (es) will lead to successful decoding in an earlier time, which will reduce the time of blind detection.
[0402] An example is shown in FIG. 23, RVs at different ALs (i.e., AL=1, AL=2, and AL=4) are aligned. During blind detection, the UE tries to decode from AL=1 to higher AL until it achieves a successful decoding. For example, the UE first tries to decode RVs at CCE set {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} respectively with AL=1. If the UE has not achieved a successful decoding with AL=1, it will try to decode RVs at CCE set {0, 1} , {2, 3} with AL=2. If the UE still has not achieved a successful decoding, it will then try to decode RVs at CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} with AL=4.
[0403] As described above, the UE may decode successfully at an AL lower than the AL that RV (s) is / are transmitted with.
[0404] If AL=4 is transmitted (i.e., the code word is transmitted with AL=4) , the UE may successfully decode at AL=4, 2, 1, i.e. CCE sets {0, 1, 2, 3} , {0, 1} , {2, 3} , {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} . For example, in a case where RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 are transmitted over CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} with AL=4, the UE may successfully decode RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 at AL=4 over CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV0 and RV1 at AL=2 over CCE set {0, 1} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV2 and RV3 at AL=2 over CCE set {2, 3} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV0 at AL=1 over CCE set {0} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV1 at AL=1 over CCE set {1} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV2 at AL=1 over CCE set {2} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV3 at AL=1 over CCE set {3} .
[0405] If AL=2 is transmitted (i.e., the code word is transmitted with AL=2) , the UE may successfully decode at AL=2, 1, i.e. CCE sets {0, 1} , {0} , {1} , when {0, 1} is transmitted; and {2, 3} , {2} , {3} when {2, 3} is transmitted. For example, in a case where RV0 and RV1 are transmitted over CCE set {0, 1} with AL=2, the UE may successfully decode RV0 and RV1 over CCE set {0, 1} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV0 over CCE set {0} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV1 over CCE set {1} . In a case where RV2 and RV3 are transmitted over CCE set {2, 3} with AL=2, the UE may successfully decode RV2 and RV3 over CCE set {2, 3} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV2 over CCE set {2} ; or the UE may successfully decode RV3 over CCE set {3} .
[0406] If AL=1 is transmitted (i.e., the code word is transmitted with AL=1) , the UE may successfully decode at AL=1, i.e., CCE set {0} when {0} is transmitted, CCE set {1} when {1} is transmitted, CCE set {2} when {2} is transmitted, CCE set {3} when {3} is transmitted. For example, in a case where RV0 is transmitted in CCE set {0} , the UE may successfully decode RV0 over CCE set {0} with AL=1. In a case where RV1 is transmitted in CCE set {1} , the UE may successfully decode RV1 over CCE set {1} with AL=1. In a case where RV2 is transmitted in CCE set {2} , the UE may successfully decode RV2 over CCE set {2} with AL=1. In a case where RV3 is transmitted in CCE set {3} , the UE may successfully decode RV3 over CCE set {3} with AL=1.
[0407] The decoding attempts with underlined numbers above are additional early-stop opportunities.
[0408] In some embodiments, we modify 5G CCE allocation.
[0409] In some embodiments, a starting CCE index is represented as:
[0410] wherein NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for an AL.
[0411] For example, as shown in FIG. 24, for a CORESET with NCCE=18 CCEs, and PDCCH candidates with aggregation level L=4, and M=1, the starting CCE index is 0 the one candidates.
[0412] For the CORESET with NCCE=18 CCEs, and PDCCH candidates with aggregation level L=2, and M=2, the starting CCE indices are 0 and 1 for the two candidates, respectively, instead of 0 and 8 in the traditional design.
[0413] For the CORESET with NCCE=18 CCEs, and PDCCH candidates with aggregation level L=1, and M=4, the starting CCE indices are 0, 1, 2 and 3 for the four candidates, respectively, instead of 0, 4, 8 and 12 in the traditional design.
[0414] In such case, candidates with different AL may share common CCE (s) .
[0415] The starting CCE index may be determined, based on at least one of m, NCCE and L, according to a look-up table, where NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m =0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for an AL.
[0416] For example, Table 1 is a look-up table with inputs m, NCCE and L, and output istart. The output istart is determined based on m, NCCE and L, which can take various values.
[0417] Table1
[0418] In some embodiments, the CCE index (es) of the CCE (s) carrying PDCCH candidates is represented as:
[0419] wherein
[0420] for any Common Search Space (CSS) ,
[0421] for a UE Specific Search Space (USS) , Yp, -1=nRNTI≠0, Ap=39827 for pmod3=0, Ap=39829 for pmod3=1, Ap=39839 for pmod3=2, and D=65537;
[0422] Yp, -1 is an initial variable for recursive calculation of Y;
[0423] nRNTI is the index of Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) ;
[0424] i=0, …, L-1;
[0425] NCCE, p is a number of CCEs, numbered from 0 to NCCE, p-1, in CORESET p and, if any, per RB set; p is index of the CORESET;
[0426] RB is a resource block equals to a pre-defined number of carriers in the frequency domain;
[0427] nCI is the carrier indicator field value if the UE is configured with a carrier indicator field by CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig for the serving cell on which PDCCH is monitored, except for scheduling of the serving cell from the same serving cell in which case nCI=0; otherwise, including for any CSS, nCI=0;
[0428] where is the number of PDCCH candidates the UE is configured to monitor for aggregation level L of a search space set s for a serving cell corresponding to nCI;
[0429] for any CSS,
[0430] for a USS, is the maximum of over all configured nCI values for a CCE aggregation level L of search space set s;
[0431] the RNTI value used for nRNTI is the Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) .
[0432] In some embodiments, there are more flexibility in BS scheduling.
[0433] Embodiment 7 (BS scheduling: more flexibility)
[0434] In current standards, a BS will try to allocate the resource for a DCI in an opportunistic manner. Specifically, a BS will check if a possible set of CCEs is vacant to fit in a PDCCH codeword. If some or all required CCEs are occupied by other DCIs (e.g., DCI for another UE) , the BS will move on to try the next set of CCEs, until the current DCI can fit in a valid set of CCEs. Otherwise, the BS cannot find a spot to place the DCI, the allocation fails.
[0435] Our proposal is that we can allocate a DCI even part of the required CCEs are already occupied. This wouldn’ t work in current systems because the allocated part of the codeword will not be self-decodable, or having very poor performance. However, with the self-decodable channel codes with flexible redundancy, puncturing some of the CCEs will not affect the decodability of the DCI. Yet, the adaptive reduced allocation provides more flexibility.
[0436] In an implementation, at least one of the one or more transmission resources is punctured, whereas the number of actually transmitted resources is less than the AL. In other words, when the BS is to transmit a codeword at AL = L, it may transmit the codeword at an AL lower than L.
[0437] In conventional solutions, as shown in FIG. 25, when we want to allocate an AL=4 DCI, we need to have CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} all available. If only CCEs {1, 2, 3} are available (e.g., CCE {0} is already occupied by another UE) , then the scheduling will find the next available set of CCEs (e.g., CCEs {8, 9, 10, 11} ) .
[0438] Given the current polar coding design, when we want to allocate an AL=4 DCI, we can adaptively reduce to AL=3, and place 3 RVs in the CCEs {1, 2, 3} . In other words, when the BS is to transmitted RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 of DCI at AL = 4, it may transmit RV1, RV2, and RV3 of the DCI at AL=3 and may not transmit RV0. For example, as shown in FIG. 26, the BS gives up transmitting on the 4-th CCE (e.g., CCE {0} ) to avoid collision with another DCI (e.g., for another UE) . In such case, CCE {0} is considered punctured, and DCI is transmitted with AL = 3 instead of AL = 4. In this way, DCI may be transmitted by the BS at an earlier time since the BS does not have to find an available set of CCEs at a fixed AL. In addition, the next CCE set AL = 4 can be used by other UEs. Therefore, resource utilization will be improved. As described above, thanks to the self-decodable channel codes with flexible redundancy, puncturing some of the CCEs will not affect the decodability of the DCI. From the UE's perspective, it still has a good chance of soft combining the 3 RVs (RV1, RV2, and RV3) .
[0439] Embodiment 8 (UE behavior: ALdec<ALtx)
[0440] As mentioned in the overview, the UE may be able to detect a PDCCH candidate, i.e., recover all the DCI payload bits, at an AL lower than the actually transmitted AL (i.e., the actual AL that the DCI is transmitted with) .
[0441] In the following example shown in FIG. 27, if AL=4 with CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} is transmitted, UE doesn’t know and will sequentially scan the following CCE (s) from low-to-high AL:
[0442] {0} → {4} → {9} → {13} → {0, 1} → {8, 9} → {0, 1, 2, 3} .
[0443] Given the above CCE allocation, the UE may successfully detect the DCI at {0} or {0, 1} or {0, 1, 2, 3} . As described above, this is because CCE set {0} is the common CCE between PDCCH candidate at AL= 4 and PDCCH candidates in AL = 1; CCE set {0, 1} is the common CCE between PDCCH candidate at AL= 4 and PDCCH candidates at AL= 2; and CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} is the actual CCEs that the DCI is transmitted over.
[0444] If the DCI is detected at {0} , then the UE will perceive AL=1, which is smaller than the transmitted AL=4.
[0445] If the DCI is detected at {0, 1} , then the UE will perceive AL=2, which is smaller than the transmitted AL=4.
[0446] This implies a major change in understanding AL (UE behavior) : the detected AL may be smaller than the transmitted AL, or ALdec<ALtx.
[0447] Because now decoding at a lower AL may be success, for PDCCH candidates with overlapping CCE (s) , early termination can be performed. PDCCH candidates with overlapping CCE (s) refers to PDCCH candidates sharing at least one common CCE index.
[0448] Note that reduced blind detection is possible with overlapping CCE (s) . That is, at least two PDCCH candidates share at least one common CCE index. On the other hand, in the above examples shown in FIG. 27, if the PDCCH candidate is AL=4 with CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} , and the codeword is transmitted on CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} at AL=4, in this case, it is impossible to be decoded at AL=2 with CCE set {8, 9} . Because CCE set {8, 9} and CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} do not share common CCE (s) .
[0449] As shown in FIG. 28, if AL=4 is transmitted, UE may successfully decode at AL= 4, 2, 1, i.e. CCE sets {0, 1, 2, 3} , {0, 1} , {0} . If the codeword is transmitted at AL=4, the UE may successfully decode RV0, RV1, RV2, and RV3 at AL=4 on CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} which is the actual CCE set the codeword is transmitted over. The UE may also successfully decode RV0 and RV1 at AL= 2 on CCE set {0, 1} which is made up by the common CCEs between AL = 4 and AL = 2. In addition, the UE may successfully decode RV0 at AL= 1 on CCE set {0} which is made up by the common CCE between AL = 4 and AL = 1.
[0450] Likewise, if AL=2 is transmitted, UE may successfully decode at AL=2, 1, i.e. CCE sets {0, 1} , {0} . If the codeword is transmitted at AL = 2, the UE may successfully decode RV0 and RV1 at AL=2 on CCE set {0, 1} which is the actual CCE set the codeword is transmitted over. The UE may also successfully decode RV0 at AL = 1 on CCE set {0} which is made up by the common CCE between AL = 2 and AL = 1.
[0451] If AL=1 is transmitted, UE may successfully decode at AL=1, i.e. CCE set {0} which is the actual CCE set the codeword is transmitted over.
[0452] In some embodiments, the UE behavior may be different from the conventional solutions. While decoding at a lower AL, CRC should be checked for higher-AL RVs.
[0453] In this case, RV1 should be also checked after decoding CCE#9 as RV0, as shown in FIG. 29. For example, after decoding CCE#9 as RV0 at AL=1 has failed, the UE may decode CCE#9 as RV1 at AL=2.
[0454] In some embodiments, in a case where the UE assumes a codeword is transmitted at an AL (e.g., ALtrans) , it may not only try to decode the codeword on the resources corresponding to ALtrans, but also try to decode the codeword (s) on the subset of the resources corresponding to ALtrans.
[0455] Embodiment 9 (UE behavior: additional decoding opportunities)
[0456] This is partly revealed in previous embodiments. However, we still hope to separately propose this new UE behavior because it may significantly impact the PDCCH candidate design.
[0457] In an example shown in FIG. 30, in current standards, if the hypothesis of UE is that AL=4 is transmitted (i.e., a code word is transmitted with AL=4) and CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} are the resources corresponding to the PDCCH candidate at AL=4, the UE will only try to decode CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} as a single long polar code, illustrated by the red box shown in FIG. 30. In other words, when the UE tries to decode the codeword at AL = 4, it assumes that a single codeword is transmitted over CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} and tries to decode the single codeword over CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} .
[0458] With the introduction of self-decodable polar codes, there is a major change of UE behavior in this embodiment.
[0459] In an example shown in FIG. 31, if the hypothesis of UE is that AL=4 is transmitted (i.e., a code word is transmitted with AL=4) and CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} is the resources corresponding to the PDCCH candidate at AL=4, the UE will not only try to decode CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} as a single long polar code, but also its self-decodable subset (s) . They are {0, 1} , {2, 3} , {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} . This is illustrated by the black boxes in FIG 31. In other words, when the UE tries to decode the codeword at AL = 4, it not only tries to decode the single codeword over CCEs {0, 1, 2, 3} , but also tries to decode other single codewords over CCE set {0, 1} , {2, 3} , {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} respectively. Therefore, compared to the conventional solutions where there is only one decoding window for AL = 4, there are six additional decoding windows for AL = 4 in this embodiment. In this way, there will be additional decoding opportunities for the UE compared to the conventional solutions.
[0460] Embodiment 10 (fewer PDCCH candidates)
[0461] This is closely related to the above embodiment. Thanks to the additional decoding opportunities, we may reduce the total number of PDCCH candidates that a BS selects from, while preserving performance.
[0462] In current standards, transmitted AL = detected AL. Therefore, the number of candidates equals to the number of decoding opportunities. In the example shown in FIG. 27, 7 candidates provide 7 decoding opportunities. The 7 decoding opportunities are at: CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} at AL= 4; CCE sets {0, 1} , {8, 9} at AL = 2; and CCE sets {0} , {4} , {9} , {13} at AL = 1.
[0463] With self-decodable RVs, the number of candidates can be less than the number of decoding opportunities.
[0464] In the example shown in FIG. 32, 4 candidates can provide 12 decoding opportunities. The 4 candidates are on CCE {0, 1, 2, 3} at AL = 4; CCE {8, 9} at AL = 2; CCE {4} and CCE {13} at AL =1. The 12 decoding opportunities are at: CCE sets {0, 1, 2, 3} , {0, 1} , {2, 3} , {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} at AL= 4; CCE sets {8, 9} , {8} , {9} at AL = 2; and CCE sets {4} , {13} at AL = 1. Compared to the example shown in FIG. 27, there are five additional decoding opportunities: at CCE sets {2, 3} , {1} , {2} , {3} , and {8} .
[0465] In this way, fewer PDCCH candidates may provide more decoding opportunities compared to the conventional solutions.
[0466] In such case, we no longer need nested candidates, because each candidate natively supported multiple decoding opportunities. A nested candidate of a certain candidate refers to a candidate at lower AL sharing common CCE (s) with the certain candidate. The common CCE (s) is a subset of CCE (s) corresponding to the certain candidate. With the self-decodability, any nested candidates is decodable. Therefore, it may not be necessary to define every single candidate which is a nested candidate of another candidate.
[0467] For example, once an AL=4 candidate with CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} has been defined, there will be decoding opportunities at CCE sets {0, 1, 2, 3} , {0, 1} , {2, 3} , {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} . In such case, candidates on subset of CCE set {0, 1, 2, 3} with lower AL will no longer need to be defined. In such case, it may not be necessary to define an AL=2 candidate with CCE indices {0, 1} or {2, 3} or an AL=1 candidate with CCE index {0} , {1} , {2} , {3} .
[0468] As a result, we can reduce the number of candidates, without sacrificing any blind decoding performance. In addition, configuration overhead (e.g., in RRC configurations) will be saved.
[0469] In some embodiments, the UE may decide how many decoding opportunities it will take and / or which opportunities it will take. For example, in practice, UE can decide how many decoding attempts to perform based on its capability.
[0470] We give some specific examples below. The example each shows the early terminated blind detection.
[0471] In the first example, as shown in FIG. 33, a PDCCH candidate with aggregation level L=4 is transmitted on {CCE0, CCE1, CCE2, CCE3} , and the 5th decoding attempt (assuming L=2 with CCE0 and CCE1) succeeded. The blind detection is early terminated.
[0472] In the second example, as shown in FIG. 34, a PDCCH candidate with aggregation level L=2 is transmitted on {CCE0, CCE1} , and the 2nd decoding attempt (assuming L=1 with CCE1) succeeded. The blind detection is early terminated.
[0473] In the third example, as shown in FIG. 35, a PDCCH candidate with aggregation level L=2 is transmitted on {CCE2, CCE3} , and the 3rd decoding attempt (assuming L=1 with CCE2) succeeded. The blind detection is early terminated.
[0474] In an example shown in FIG. 36, the BS170a broadcasts control signaling (e.g., DCI) to UEs (e.g., UE110a, UE110b, and UE110c) within its coverage, and the control signaling is broadcasted with AL=4. Accordingly, the UEs attempt to decode the DCI by performing a process known as a blind decode, during which multiple decode attempts are carried out in the search spaces until the DCI is detected.
[0475] In conventional solutions, UE110a, UE110b, and UE110c need to try to decode the codeword from AL=1, then AL=2, at last AL=4, respectively until a successful decoding. Since the control signaling is broadcasted with AL=4, UE110a, UE110b, and UE110c are not able to decode the codeword successfully with AL=1 or AL=2. Since the control signaling is broadcasted with AL=4, UE110a, UE110b, and UE110c are only possible to decode the codeword successfully with AL=4.
[0476] In the present disclosure, UE110a, UE110b, and UE110c tries to decode the codeword from AL=1, then AL=2, at last AL=4 respectively until a successful decoding. Although the control signaling is broadcasted with AL=4, some of UE110a, UE110b, and UE110c may be able to decode the codeword successfully with AL=1 or AL=2 which is lower than AL=4. For example, the cell-edge UE110c may decode the codeword successfully at the seventh attempt with AL=4 due to poor channel conditions and low SINR. However, for the UEs (e.g., UE110a and UE110b) closer to the BS with better channel conditions and higher SINR, it may be possible to decode the codeword successfully earlier than the seventh attempt and with AL=1 or AL=2 thanks to the self-decodable property. For example, UE110b may decode the codeword successfully at the second attempt (e.g., with AL=1) , and UE110a may decode the codeword successfully at the third attempt (e.g., with AL=1) . In this way, the UE may stop decoding once the codeword is successfully decoded, and power may be reduced at the UE thanks to the early stop of UE decoding.
[0477] In the present disclosure, concept of redundancy version (RV) is introduced to PDCCH blind detection. RV-to-CCE mapping rules are provided. A new formula is provided to determine CCE index (es) for PDCCH candidates. Solutions provided by the present disclosure enables the decoding devices to decode the codeword successfully at an earlier time. The blind detection complexity will be reduced, and power of the device will be saved.
[0478] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium) . The computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon program instructions that, when run on a network device / terminal device, cause the network device / terminal device to execute one or more steps of the method for beam management as described in any one of the above embodiments.
[0479] For example, the computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, a magnetic storage device (e.g., a hard disk, a floppy disk or a magnetic tape) , an optical disk (e.g., a compact disk (CD) , or a DVD) , a smart card, and a flash memory device (e.g., an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , a card, a stick or a key driver) . Various computer-readable storage media described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may represent one or more devices and / or other machine-readable storage media, which are used for storing information. The term "computer-readable storage medium" may include, but is not limited to, wireless channels and various other media capable of storing, containing and / or carrying instructions and / or data.
[0480] Some embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a computer program product. The computer program product includes program instructions carried on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. When executed on a network device / terminal device, the computer program instructions cause the network device / terminal device to perform one or more steps of the method for data transmission as described in the above embodiments.
[0481] Beneficial effects of the computer-readable storage medium and the computer program product are the same as the beneficial effects of the method for data transmission as described in some of the above embodiments, and details will not be repeated here.
[0482] The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of the present disclosure, but the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Any changes or replacements within the technical scope of the present disclosure shall be included in the protection scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
[0483] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement a method of the present disclosure.
[0484] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit includes one or more logic circuits for executing the steps of the method for data transmission of the present disclosure.
[0485] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising means (e.g., at least one processor) to implement a method of the present disclosure. The apparatus may be device (that is, a terminal device or a network device) or a module or component in the device. The at least one processor may execute instructions stored in a computer-readable medium to implement the method.
[0486] The apparatus may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device. For example, the apparatus implemented in a communication device may be an integrated circuit, which in some contexts may be known by other colloquial names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip, or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus may comprise one or more integrated circuits or comprise one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components.
[0487] The solutions described in the disclosure is applicable to a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) network. The proposed method applies to a wide range of communication networks, such as 5G+, 6G, WiFi, NTN and distributed or self-organized networks.
[0488] It will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0489] It could be noted that the message in the disclosure could be replaced with information, which may be carried in one single message, or be carried in more than one separate message.
[0490] The terms “apparatus” and “device” are used exchangeable.
[0491] In the disclosure, the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” or “including” in the claims and / or the specification may mean “one” , but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more” , “at least one” , and “one or more than one” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Similarly, the word “another” may mean at least a second or more unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
[0492] In the disclosure, the words “first” , “second” , etc., when used before a same term (e.g., UE, or an operating step) does not mean an order or a sequence of the term. For example, the “first UE” and the “second UE” , means two different UEs without specially indicated, and similarly, the “first step” and the “second step” means two different operating steps without specially indicated, but does not mean the first step have to happen before the second step. The real order depends on the logic of the two steps.
[0493] The terms “coupled” , “coupling” or “connected” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, as used herein, the terms coupled, coupling, or connected can indicate that two elements or devices are directly connected to one another or connected to one another through one or more intermediate elements or devices via a mechanical element depending on the particular context.
[0494] Note that the expression “at least one of A or B” , as used herein, is interchangeable with the expression “A and / or B” . It refers to a list in which you may select A or B or both A and B. Similarly, “at least one of A, B, or C” , as used herein, is interchangeable with “A and / or B and / or C” or “A, B, and / or C” . It refers to a list in which you may select: A or B or C, or both A and B, or both A and C, or both B and C, or all of A, B and C. The same principle applies for longer lists having a same format.
[0495] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0496] The term “receive” , “detect” and “decode” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, without special note, the term “receive” may indicate that information (e.g., DCI, or MAC-CE, RRC signaling or TB) is received successfully by the receiving node, which means the receiving side correctly detect and decode it. In this scenario, “receive” may cover “detect” and “decode” or may indicates same thing, e.g., “receive paging” means decoding paging correctly and obtaining the paging successfully, accordingly, “the receiving side does not receive paging” means the receiving side does not detect and / or decoding the paging. “paging is not received” means the receiving side tries to detect and / or decoding the paging, but not obtain the paging successfully. The term “receive” may sometimes indicate that a signal arrives at the receiving side, but does not mean the information in the signal is detected and decoded correctly, then the receiving side need perform detecting and decoding on the signal to obtain the information carried in the signal. In this scenario, “receive” , “detect” and “decode” may indicate different procedure at receiving side to obtain the information. Although this disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. When combining two or more embodiments, not all the features in the embodiments to be combined are necessary for the combination.
[0497] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0498] The following acronyms and abbreviations may be used in the present disclosure:
Claims
1.A method for data transmission, comprising:encoding information bits into a code block, wherein the code block includes one or more sub-code blocks; andtransmitting the one or more sub-code blocks over one or more transmission resources, wherein the number of sub-code blocks are determined according to the number of one or more transmission resources.2.The method of claim 1, wherein a number of the one or more sub-code blocks is equal to or a multiple of a number of transmission resources.3.The method of claim 1, wherein a number of transmission resources is equal to or a multiple of a number of the one or more sub-code blocks.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of the code block, and the sub-code block of the code block is a redundancy version (RV) of the code block.5.The method of claim 1, wherein at least one sub-code block is self-decodable, and the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of length larger than a length of the information bits.6.The method of claim 5, wherein a first sub-code block and a second sub-code block include common bits.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more sub-code blocks are transmitted in downlink control channel, and number of the one or more transmission resources is an aggregation level (AL) of the downlink control channel.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting comprises: selecting a first number of transmission resources or a second number of transmission resources for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks,wherein the first number of transmission resources is multiple of the second number of transmission resources, and a first resource of the first number of transmission resources is the same as a first resource of the second number of transmission resources, and a same sub-code block is mapped to both the first resource of the first number of transmission resources and the first resource of the second number of transmission resources.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the transmitting comprises:transmitting a first sub-code block on the first number of transmission resources or transmitting a second sub-code block on the second number of transmission resources, the second number of transmission resources is a subset of the first number of transmission resources, and the second sub-code block is a subset of the first sub-code block.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the same sub-code block is mapped to the first resource independent of the number of transmission resources.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting comprises: transmitting each sub-code block of the one or more sub-code blocks according to a respective position of the one or more transmission resources.12.The method of claim 1, wherein at least two sub-code blocks use a same rate matching scheme.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the rate matching scheme includes shortening, puncturing, or repetition.14.The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein an index of the sub-code block to be transmitted over a transmission resource is determined based on an index of the transmission resource.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the index of the sub-code block to be transmitted over the transmission resource is represented as RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where RV_index is the index of the sub-code block, CCE_index is the index of the transmission resource, and Num_RV is the total number of the one or more sub-code blocks.16.The method of claim 15, wherein a starting CCE index is determined, based on at least one of m, NCCE and L, according to a look-up table, where NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.17.The method of claim 15, wherein a starting CCE index is represented as: wherein NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.18.The method of any one of claim 17, wherein the CCE index of the CCEs carrying PDCCH candidates is represented as: whereinfor any Common Search Space (CSS) , for a UE Specific Search Space (USS) , Yp, -1=nRNTI≠0, Ap=39827 for pmod3=0, Ap=39829 for pmod3=1, Ap=39839 for pmod3=2, and D=65537;Yp, -1 is an initial variable for recursive calculation of Y;nRNTI is the index of Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) ;i=0, …, L-1;NCCE, p is a number of CCEs, numbered from 0 to NCCE, p-1, in CORESET p and, if any, per RB set; p is index of the CORESET;RB is a resource block equal to a pre-defined number of sub-carriers in the frequency domain;nCI is the carrier indicator field value if the UE is configured with a carrier indicator field by CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig for the serving cell on which PDCCH is monitored, except for scheduling of the serving cell from the same serving cell in which case nCI=0; otherwise, including for any CSS, nCI=0;whereis the number of PDCCH candidates the UE is configured to monitor for aggregation level L of a search space set s for a serving cell corresponding to nCI;for any CSS, for a USS, is the maximum ofover all configured nCI values for a CCE aggregation level L of search space set s;the RNTI value used for nRNTI is the Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) .19.The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein at least one of the one or more transmission resources is punctured.20.The method of claim 1, wherein at least two sub-code blocks of the one or more sub-code blocks are the same.21.The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting comprises: selecting a third number of transmission resources or a fourth number of transmission resources for transmitting the one or more sub-code blocks, and the third number of transmission resources and the fourth number of transmission resources do not occupy common resources.22.A method for data transmission, comprising:receiving one or more sub-code blocks over one or more transmission resources; the one or more sub-code blocks belonging to a code block generated from encoded information bits;decoding, according to the number of transmission resources, a number of one or more sub-code blocks to retrieve the information bits according to the number of sub-code blocks.23.The method of claim 22, wherein a number of the one or more sub-code blocks is equal to or a multiple of a number of transmission resources.24.The method of claim 22, wherein a number of transmission resources is equal to or a multiple of a number of the one or more sub-code blocks.25.The method of any one of claims 22-24, wherein the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of the code block, and the sub-code block of the code block is a redundancy version (RV) of the code block.26.The method of claim 22, wherein at least one sub-code block is self-decodable, and the sub-code block is a subset of code bits of length larger than a length of the information bits.27.The method of claim 26, wherein a first sub-code block and a second sub-code block include common bits.28.The method of claim22, wherein the one or more sub-code blocks are transmitted in downlink control channel, and number of the one or more transmission resources is an aggregation level (AL) of the downlink control channel.29.The method of claim 22, wherein the receiving comprises: receiving the one or more sub-code blocks over a first number of transmission resources or a second number of transmission resources,wherein the first number of transmission resources is multiple of the second number of transmission resources, and a first resource of the first number of transmission resources is the same as a first resource of the second number of transmission resources, and a same sub-code block is mapped to both the first resource of the first number of transmission resources and the first resource of the second number of transmission resources.30.The method of claim 29, wherein the receiving comprises:receiving a first sub-code block on the first number of transmission resources or receiving a second sub-code block on the second number of transmission resources; the second number of transmission resources is a subset of the first number of transmission resources; and the second sub-code block is a subset of the first sub-code block.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the same sub-code block is mapped to the first resource independent of the number of transmission resources.32.The method of claim 22, wherein the receiving comprises: receiving each sub-code block of the one or more sub-code blocks according to a respective position of the one or more transmission resources.33.The method of claim 22, wherein at least two sub-code blocks use a same rate matching scheme.34.The method of claim 33, wherein the rate matching scheme includes shortening, puncturing or repetition.35.The method of any one of claims 22-25, wherein an index of the sub-code block to be received over a transmission resource is determined based on an index of the transmission resource.36.The method of claim 35, wherein the index of the sub-code block to be received over the transmission resource is represented as RV_index = mod (CCE_index, Num_RV) , where RV_index is the index of the sub-code block, CCE_index is the index of the transmission resource, and Num_RV is the total number of the one or more sub-code blocks.37.The method of claim 36, wherein a starting CCE index is determined, based on at least one of m, NCCE and L, according to a look-up table, where NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.38.The method of claim 36, wherein a starting CCE index is represented as: wherein NCCE is a number of CCEs in the CCE set, L is an aggregation level, m = 0, …, M-1, and M is a number of PDCCH candidates for the aggregation level.39.The method of any one of claim 38, wherein the CCE index of the CCEs carrying PDCCH candidates is represented as: whereinfor any Common Search Space (CSS) , for a UE Specific Search Space (USS) , Yp, -1=nRNTI≠0, Ap=39827 for pmod3=0, Ap=39829 for pmod3=1, Ap=39839 for pmod3=2, and D=65537;Yp, -1 is an initial variable for recursive calculation of Y;nRNTI is the index of Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) ;i=0, …, L-1;NCCE, p is a number of CCEs, numbered from 0 to NCCE, p-1, in CORESET p and, if any, per RB set; p is index of the CORESET;RB is a resource block equal to a pre-defined number of sub-carriers in the frequency domain;nCI is the carrier indicator field value if the UE is configured with a carrier indicator field by CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig for the serving cell on which PDCCH is monitored, except for scheduling of the serving cell from the same serving cell in which case nCI=0; otherwise, including for any CSS, nCI=0;whereis the number of PDCCH candidates the UE is configured to monitor for aggregation level L of a search space set s for a serving cell corresponding to nCI;for any CSS, for a USS, is the maximum ofover all configured nCI values for a CCE aggregation level L of search space set s;the RNTI value used for nRNTI is the Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) .40.The method of any one of claims 22-39, wherein at least one of the one or more transmission resources is punctured.41.The method of claim 28, wherein a detected aggregation level is lower than the AL.42.The method of claim 22, wherein at least two sub-code blocks of the one or more sub-code blocks are the same.43.The method of claim 22, wherein the receiving comprises: receiving the one or more sub-code blocks over a third number of transmission resources or a fourth number of transmission resources, and the third number of transmission resources and the fourth number of transmission resources do not occupy common resources.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the decoding comprises: decoding the one or more sub-code blocks over a third number of transmission resources; and decoding one or more subsets of the one or more sub-code blocks over one or more subsets of the third number of transmission resources.45.An apparatus, comprising a processor configured to cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 44.46.A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer program instructions that, when executed by a processing circuit of a computer, cause the computer to implement the method of any one of claims 1 to 44.47.A computer program product having instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to implement the method of any one of claims 1 to 44.48.A system comprising: a first apparatus for implementing the method of any one of claims 1 to 21; anda second apparatus for implementing the method of any one of claims 22 to 44.