Use of secreted cdcp1 for improved treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-01
AI Technical Summary
Current diagnostic methods for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are invasive, costly, and lack specificity, making them impractical for widespread use and necessitating the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.
The use of secreted CDCP1 as a biomarker for detecting NASH through immunoassays in bodily fluids, combined with a clinical scoring algorithm (C-DAS) that integrates CDCP1 levels with clinical variables, to select subjects for pharmacological and lifestyle interventions.
This approach allows for the non-invasive selection and treatment of NASH patients by reducing CDCP1 expression, potentially alleviating the disease's progression and improving diagnostic accuracy compared to existing methods.
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Abstract
Description
USE OF SECRETED CDCP1 FOR IMPROVED TREATMENT OF NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITISFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The disclosed invention is generally in the field of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and specifically in the area of selecting and treating subjects suffering NASH.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease posing a significant public health burden worldwide. The global prevalence of NAFLD is approximately 25%in the general population and reaches up to 75%in the obese population. Whilst non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) has a relatively benign course, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is strongly associated with fatal hepatic outcomes and are the leading indications for liver transplantation. To date, histological assessment of liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of NASH and staging of liver fibrosis. However, the drawbacks of biopsy, such as sampling error, high cost, invasiveness, procedure-related complications, time-consuming and inter-observer variability restricted its routine use in the diagnosis of such a prevalent disease. There is urgent need to develop non-invasive diagnostic tools and therapeutics for NASH.
[0003] The prevalence of NAFLD has reached an epidemic proportion globally due to exponential rise in obesity and diabetes. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis (SS) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) . Whilst SS is a benign, reversible condition, NASH is advanced form of NAFLD with markedly increased risk of progression into end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Therefore, the key challenge for NAFLD management is to stratify those patients with NASH for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention. However, the current diagnosis of NASH is based on histological evaluation of liver biopsies, which is invasive, subjective and expensive, and is therefore not practical for population-based screening of this common disease. Furthermore, there is no approved pharmacotherapy available for treatment of NASH.
[0004] To date, histological assessment of liver biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of steatohepatitis and for staging of liver fibrosis. However, the drawbacks of biopsy, such as sampling error, high cost, invasiveness, procedure-related complications, time-consuming and interobserver variability (Spengler and Loomba, 2015) , restrict its widespread and routine use. Despite recent advances (Ajmera and Loomba, 2021) , imaging-based diagnostic tools, such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , are mainly used for the detection of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, but cannot reliably differentiate NASH from NAFL. An MRI-based scoring system was recently developed for identification of patients with NASH and significant fibrosis (Noureddin et al., 2022) , but it has not been externally validated in different populations and is limited by cost and availability considerations. Although a number of circulating biomarkers have been identified for the potential diagnosis of NASH (Angelini et al., 2022; Wong et al., 2018) , their specificity, reproducibility and accuracy remain to be confirmed in independent liver biopsy-proven NAFLD cohorts.
[0005] Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to solve these problems by (1) discovery of robust biomarkers for NASH; (2) development of biomarker-based immunoassay for non-invasive diagnosis of NASH; and (3) searching for new therapeutic target for treatment of NASH.
[0006] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Disclosed are methods for selecting subjects in need of treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) . Also disclosed are methods for treating subjects having NASH with a therapy that reduces the expression and / or normal function of CDCP1.
[0008] In some forms, the method involves detecting sCDCP1 in a bodily fluid of a subject, where the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) when:
[0009] (a) the level of sCDCP1 detected in the bodily fluid of the subject is elevated compared to the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH and / or
[0010] (b) a numerical score calculated by using the level of sCDCP1 in an algorithm is elevated compared to the numerical score calculated by using the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH in the algorithm of sCDCP1.
[0011] In some forms, the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for NASH when level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of the subject is greater than the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH by at least 153.3 pg / mL.
[0012] In some forms, the algorithm is C-DAS that uses the sCDCP1 level in combination with one or more clinical variables to calculate a numerical score (C-DAS score) for the subject. In some forms, the clinical variables include one or more of diabetes status, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, sex, or a combination thereof. In some forms, the presence of NASH in the subject is indicated when the C-DAS score is greater than the numerical score calculated by using the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH in the algorithm of sCDCP1 by at least 0.393.
[0013] In some forms, the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for NASH when the level of sCDCP1 protein in the bodily fluid of the subject is greater by at least 153.3 pg / mL and / or the C-DAS score is greater by at least 0.393.
[0014] In some forms, the subject has one or more indications of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) . In some forms, the subject has one or more indications of liver fibrosis. In some forms, the subject has one or more indications of Fibrotic NASH.
[0015] In some forms, the method also involves treating the selected subject for NASH. In some forms, the subject is treated with a therapy that reduces CDCP1 expression. In some forms, the therapy involves administering to the selected subject siRNA targeting CDCP1 gene sequence. In some forms, the therapy involves administering to the selected subject a molecule that binds CDCP1 protein. In some forms, the therapy involves genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in the subject.
[0016] In some forms, the method involves treating a subject for NASH with a therapy that reduces CDCP1 expression. In some forms, the therapy involves administering to the subject siRNA targeting CDCP1 gene sequence. In some forms, the therapy involves administering to the subject a molecule that binds CDCP1 protein. In some forms, the therapy involves genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in the subject.
[0017] In some forms, the method involves detecting sCDCP1 in a bodily fluid of a subject, where the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) when level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of the subject is elevated compared to the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering NASH.
[0018] In some forms, the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) when the level of sCDCP1 protein in the bodily fluid of the subject is greater than 153.3 pg / mL or the C-DAS score is greater than 0.393.
[0019] In some forms, the subject has one or more indications of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) . In some forms, the subject has one or more indications of liver fibrosis.
[0020] In some forms, the method also includes treating the selected subject for NASH. In some forms, the subject is treated with a therapy that reduces CDCP1 expression. In some forms, the therapy comprises administering to the selected subject siRNA targeting CDCP1 gene sequence. In some forms, the therapy comprises a molecule that binds CDCP1 protein.
[0021] Additional advantages of the disclosed method and compositions will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be understood from the description, or can be learned by practice of the disclosed method and compositions. The advantages of the disclosed method and compositions will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the disclosed method and compositions and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed method and compositions.
[0023] Figures 1A-1H. Olink proteomics-based identification of serum sCDCP1 as the top performer in identifying NASH in liver biopsy-confirmed NAFLD cohort. (A) . Random Forest feature selection (left) and support-vector machine (SVM) learning (right) showing sCDCP1 was the top-ranked protein in identifying NASH. (B) . Violin plot showing the distribution of sCDCP1 levels in patients with biopsy-proven NL (n = 36) , NAFL (n = 100) or NASH (n = 102) . (C) . Heatmap based on the sCDCP1 expression level and the distribution of clinicopathological features. The P value of logistic regression between sCDCP1 and features were shown. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. (D) . The spearman correlation plot of sCDCP1 with clinical indicators that closely correlated with NAFLD. (E) . Odds ratio (OR) for NASH with models being controlled for established risk factors in a stepwise manner. T1 (reference) , the first tertile of sCDCP1 (-1.124 -0.203 NPX) ; T2, the second tertile of sCDCP1 (0.203 -0.971 NPX) ; T3, the third tertile of sCDCP1 (0.971 -3.562 NPX) . Model 1, non-adjusted; Model 2, adjusted for sex, age and BMI; Model 3, adjusted for sex, age, BMI, ALT, AST and HOMA-IR. (F) . Interaction of sCDCP1 with CK18, FGF21 and THBS2. Spearman’s r and P values were shown within each rectangle, with colour intensity indicating the strength of association. (G-H) . Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicating the performance of sCDCP1, CK18, THSB2 and FGF21 in the diagnosis of NASH and NASH with significant fibrosis (F2-4) . ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 in Delong’s test compared with sCDCP1. NPX, Normalized Protein eXpression, the Olink's arbitrary unit.
[0024] Figures 2A-2H. Validation of circulating sCDCP1 as a robust biomarker for NASH by quantitative ELISA in multiple cohorts. Data were collected from the main cohort (n = 489) (A-D) and external validation cohort (n = 135) (E-H) . (A, E) . Box plot showing the distribution of serum sCDCP1 levels in patients with biopsy-proven NL, NAFL, or NASH (75 / 223 / 191 in main cohort, 30 / 62 / 43 in external validation cohort) . Adj. P for trend was calculated after adjustment of age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR. ns, p≥0.05; *, p< 0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001 in Dunn’s test. (B, F) . Heatmap based on serum sCDCP1 level and the distribution of histopathological features. The P value of logistic regression between sCDCP1 and features were shown. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P <0.05. (C, G) . Odds ratio (OR) for NASH with models being controlled for established risk factors in a stepwise manner. T1 (reference) , the first tertile of sCDCP1; T2, the second tertile of sCDCP1; T3, the third tertile of sCDCP1; T1 / T2 / T3, 15.63-69.08 / 69.08-170.01 / 170.01-935.24 pg / ml in main cohort and 15.63-57.78 / 57.78-125.98 / 125.98-690.56 pg / ml in external validation cohort. Model 1, non-adjusted; Model 2, adjusted for sex, age and BMI; Model 3, adjusted for sex, age, BMI, ALT, AST and HOMA-IR. (D, H) . RCS curve showing odds ratio (OR) of NASH according to serum sCDCP1 levels, after adjustment of age, sex, BMI, ALT, AST and HOMA-IR. Dotted lines indicate the corresponding 95%confidence interval.
[0025] Figures 3A and 3B. The decline in serum sCDCP1 was closely associated with decreases in CK18 and liver enzymes after bariatric surgery. (A) Line plot showing paired sCDCP1 serum levels at baseline and follow-up after the surgical intervention in patients with (n = 75) and without (n = 76) NASH. (B) Correlations heatmap. Delta values (△) = Post-operation values -Pre-operation values.
[0026] Figures 4A-4D. Comparison of the performance of sCDCP1 with CK18 and other non-invasive tests in diagnosing NASH. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of NASH diagnosis in training set (A) , test set (B) , multicentre validation cohort (C) and pooled validation cohort (D) . The training set (n = 326) and test set (n = 163) were split from the main cohort (n = 489) recruited from First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University in a ratio of 2: 1. External validation cohort (n = 135) were enrolled from three independent centres. The test set and external validation cohort were combined to the pooled validation cohort (n = 298) . NCSS, NASH clinical scoring system.
[0027] Figures 5A-5E. The hepatic CDCP1 mRNA expression was elevated and closely associated with serum sCDCP1 in NASH patients. (A) Box plot showing the distribution of CDCP1 mRNA levels in patients with biopsy-proven NL (n = 16) , NAFL (n = 44) and NASH (n = 38) determined by RNA-seq analysis. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test) . Age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR were adjusted in the analysis of P for trend (adj. P for trend) . (B) Heatmap based on the CDCP1 mRNA expression level and the distribution of clinicopathological features. The P value of logistic regression between sCDCP1 and features were shown. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P <0.05. (C) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicating the performance of liver CDCP1 mRNA levels in the diagnosis of NASH. (D) Correlations between CDCP1 mRNA levels and circulating sCDCP1 protein determined by Olink proteomics. NPX, Normalized Protein eXpression. (E) Comparison of the CDCP1 mRNA abundance among patients with NL, NAFL and NASH, as determined by real-time PCR. The data were normalized to the NL group. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test) . Age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR were adjusted in the analysis of P for trend (adj. P for trend) .
[0028] Figures 6A-6B. Serum sCDCP1 in NASH patients stratified according to fibrosis stage in the main cohort (A) and external validation cohort (B) . Data are shown as Tukey box plots. Level of significance: ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test) .
[0029] Figures 7A-7D. Boxplot of C-DAS score versus each histological feature in the training set. (A) Steatosis score, (B) Ballooning score, (C) Inflammation score, (D) Fibrosis score. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test) .
[0030] Figure 8. Decision curves for identification of NASH. C-DAS had the highest clinical net benefit compared with sCDCP1 alone, CK18, Nice model and NCSS. All, Treat all; None, Treat none. sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; CK18, M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18; Nice model and NASH clinical scoring system (NCSS) ; AIC, Akaike Information Criterion.
[0031] Figures 9A-9B. ROC analysis of sCDCP1, C-DAS model and CK18 for identifying NASH patients in subgroups. (A) Training set of the main cohort, (B) Pooled validation cohort combing the test set of the main cohort and external validation cohort. sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; CK18, M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18; BMI, Body mass index; MetS, Metabolic syndrome. Median value was used as the cut-off of age (years) and BMI (kg / m2) .
[0032] Figure 10. Comparison of the performance of sCDCP1 and C-DAS algorithm with other non-invasive tests in diagnosing fibrotic NASH (n = 49) in the pooled validation cohort (n = 298) . sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; CK18, M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18; APRI, AST-to-platelet ratio index; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4 index.
[0033] Figure 11. Decision curves for identification of fibrotic NASH. C-DAS had the highest clinical net benefit compared with sCDCP1 alone, CK18, APRI, FIB-4 and NFS. All, Treat all; None, Treat none. sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; CK18, M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18; APRI, AST-to-platelet ratio index; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4 index; AIC, Akaike Information Criterion.
[0034] Figures 12A-12D. Genetic ablation of CDCP1 alleviated CDAHF60 diet-induced NASH and liver fibrosis. Eight-week-old CDCP1 knockout mice (KO) in C57BL / 6J background and wildtype mice (WT) were fed with standard chow (STC) or choline-deficient; L-amino acid-defined, high-fat (CDAHF60) diet for 8 weeks. (A) Representative figures of H &E staining, Sirius Red and Oil Red O staining of liver sections (200×; scale bar: 100 um) . The black arrow in the H &E images indicates inflammatory foci. (B) NAS and fibrosis score. The NAS is calculated by adding the scores for steatosis (0-3) , lobular inflammation (0-3) , and hepatocyte ballooning (0-2) , and can range from 0 to 8. (C, D) Serum levels of liver enzymes ALT and AST. n = 6 mice for each group. Statistical calculations were performed by Mann-Whitney test using Prism 9.5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Data are presented as the means ± SEM. STC, standard chow; CDAHF60, choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat (60%kcal) ; NAS, NAFLD Activity Score; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase.
[0035] Figures 13A-13D. CDCP1 knockout mice were resistant to HFHC diet-induced NASH and liver fibrosis. Eight-week-old CDCP1 knockout (KO) mice C57BL / 6J background and wildtype (WT) littermates were fed with STC or HFHC diet for 20 weeks. (A) Representative figures of H &E staining, Sirius Red and Oil Red O staining of liver sections (200×; scale bar: 100 um) . The black arrow in the H &E images indicates inflammatory foci. (B) NAS and fibrosis score. The NAS is calculated by adding the scores for steatosis (0-3) , lobular inflammation (0-3) , and hepatocyte ballooning (0-2) , and can range from 0 to 8. (C, D) Serum levels of liver enzymes ALT and AST. n = 5 mice for each group. Statistical calculations were performed by Mann-Whitney test using Prism 9.5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Data are presented as the means ± SEM. STC, standard chow; HFHC, high-fat high cholesterol; NAS, NAFLD Activity Score; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase.
[0036] Figure 14A-14C. CDCP1 deficiency alleviates HFHC diet-induced recruitment and activation of hepatic macrophages. 8-week-old CDCP1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates were fed a standard chow (STC) or high fat high cholesterol diet (HFHC, Research diets, Cat no. D12079B) for 20 weeks. After sacrificing the mice, the livers were subjected to fractionation into parenchymal cells and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) . (A) Representative images of hepatic macrophages in NPCs by flow cytometry. total macrophages were defined as CD45+F4 / 80+CD11b+. (B) A significantly lower percentage of hepatic macrophages in non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) was observed in the CDCP1 knockout (KO) mice compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts. (C) Reduced mRNA expression of the macrophage-related surface biomarker F4 / 80 in NPCs of CDCP1 KO mice compared to WT counterparts. Differences between groups were determined by Student's t-test and all data are presented as mean ±SEM (n = 4-6) . *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
[0037] Figure 15A-15D. sCDCP1-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages can be blocked by an anti-sCDCP1 antibody. Bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from 10-week-old C57BL / 6J mice were starved in serum-free medium for 6 hours, followed by treatment with various concentrations of endotoxin-free recombinant human sCDCP1 (expressed and purified from CHO cells, comprising amino acids 30-367 with a 6xHis tag at the C-terminus) for 1 hour, followed by extraction of total RNA and real-time PCR analysis for mRNA abundance of TNF-α and IL-1β (normalized against β-actin gene) (A and B) . (C and D) Serum-starved macrophages, as described in (A) , were treated with 1 μg / mL of recombinant sCDCP1 along with varying molecular ratios of an affinity-purified rabbit anti-human sCDCP1 IgG or non-immune IgG as a control for 1 hour. The relative mRNA abundance of TNF-α and IL-1β was determined by real-time PCR, as shown in panels A &B. Differences between groups were assessed using Student ‘st-test, and all data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5) . *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant. IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0038] The disclosed method and compositions can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of particular embodiments and the Example included therein and to the Figures and their previous and following description.
[0039] The study described herein found that sCDCP1 is much more robust than available biomarkers (such as THBS2, FGF21, CK18) in diagnosis of NASH with respect to specificity and sensitivity. The study described herein discovered that sCDCP1 as a most robust biomarker for NASH.
[0040] The purpose of this study was to identify a robust blood biomarker from NASH patients using state-of-art proteomics technology, and to develop immunoassays for non-invasive diagnosis and risk screening of NASH as well as therapeutic intervention of this disease. To this end, multi-center study was conducted and it was discovered that soluble CUB Domain Containing Protein 1 (sCDCP1) as the best biomarker in identifying NASH patients. Furthermore, highly specific antibodies against sCDCP1 and sandwich immunoassays were developed for quantitative measurement of sCDCP1 in bloodstream and validated the excellent performance of this assay for non-invasive diagnosis of NASH in four clinical centers involving over 500 liver biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. Furthermore, preclinical studies showing that genetic ablation of this gene can prevent the development of NASH in two different animal models were conducted. Therefore, the findings described herein solves a major issue for non-invasive liquid-biopsy-based diagnosis of NASH as well as provides a potential therapeutic intervention for this disease.
[0041] The invention disclosed herein includes a new diagnostic product as well as composition of matter for therapeutic application. It is new use and is expected to provide a powerful method for management of common chronic diseases.
[0042] This issue was sorted by discovery of sCDCP1 as a robust top-ranked blood biomarker which can stratify NASH patients from simple steatosis with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, immunoassay was developed for quantitative measurement of blood sCDCP1 using proprietary antibodies and validated the diagnostic values of assay described herein in over 500 patients. The results showed that the method used herein is much more accurate than all the other methods for early diagnosis of NASH, Furthermore, preclinical evidence was obtained supporting the development of pharmacological inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies against sCDCP1 for treatment of NASH and its complications.
[0043] 1. Soluble CDCP1 (sCDCP1) was identified as the best classifier of NASH by Olink-based serum proteomics analysis.
[0044] 2. Both circulating sCDCP1 protein and hepatic mRNA abundance of CDCP1 were markedly elevated in NASH patients.
[0045] 3. Serum sCDCP1 as a standalone marker for NASH was superior to CK18 and other non-invasive tests.
[0046] 4. An sCDCP1-based algorithm showed excellent performance for personalized risk-stratification of NASH in several independent cohorts with histologically confirmed NAFLD.
[0047] The current gold standard for diagnosing NASH is histological evaluation of liver biopsy which is invasive, expensive, and subjective. In this study, sCDCP1 was identified as a robust serum biomarker for NASH in obese individuals through an Olink-based proteomics study and performed multicentre validation studies showing that the diagnostic performance of sCDCP1 for NASH is superior to existing biomarkers such as CK18. Furthermore, an algorithm (C-DAS) was developed combining sCDCP1 and three clinical parameters which can be clinically implemented as a non-invasive test to rule-in and rule-out NASH patients with a minimum grey zone (< 20%) .
[0048] Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) the inflammatory form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associates with an increased risk of progression to liver-related mortality. However, the definitive diagnosis of NASH relies on invasive and labour-intensive liver biopsy. This study aimed to identify novel circulating biomarkers for NASH and to develop a personalized non-invasive test for identification and risk stratification of NASH. Serum samples from a discovery cohort comprising 238 individuals with biopsy-based histological assessment and total RNA from liver biopsies of 98 paired cases were subjected to quantitative proteomics and transcriptomics analysis, respectively. A top-ranked serum biomarker for NASH was selected by machine learning, and its diagnostic potential was verified by quantitative ELISA in multiple cross-sectional cohorts (n = 489 in main cohort and 135 in external validation cohort) and a longitudinal cohort including 151 cases followed for 5 to 15 months after bariatric surgery. The diagnostic algorithm for predicting NASH was constructed based on logistic bootstrap. Algorithm performance in diagnosing fibrotic NASH (NASH + NAS≥4 + F≥2) was also evaluated and compared with existing clinical tests. Quantitative proteomics analysis for 1104 proteins identified the soluble CUB Domain Containing Protein 1 (sCDCP1) as the best performer in identifying NASH. Both its circulating concentration and mRNA abundance in liver were markedly elevated in NASH patients and closely correlated with each histological feature. Similar results were observed in both the main cohort and an external validation cohort; the decline in serum sCDCP1 closely paralleled decreases in M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and liver enzymes after bariatric surgery. The C-DAS model established by the combination of sCDCP1 with diabetes, AST and sex showed a AUROC of 0.893 (95%CI 0.859 -0.927) in the pooled validation cohort, and significantly outperformed CK18 and other tests for NASH. Cut-offs of C-DAS were 0.393 for NASH rule-in (sensitivity 72.5%, specificity 81.5%, and positive predictive value 69.3%) and 0.235 for NASH rule-out (sensitivity 90.8%, specificity 71.4%and negative predictive value 93.1%) , with an indeterminate zone of 12.8%. Moreover, the C-DAS score demonstrated high accuracy in identifying fibrotic NASH in the pooled validation cohort and was significantly superior to CK18, AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) , Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) . Overall, sCDCP1 is a robust circulating biomarker for NASH and the C-DAS score is a promising non-invasive test for personalized early diagnosis and risk stratification of NASH in obese individuals, thus avoiding unnecessary liver biopsy in low-risk individuals.
[0049] A. Methods of treatment
[0050] Methods of treating a subject in need thereof are provided.
[0051] 1. Diseases to be Treated
[0052] Methods of treating diseases and / or disorders in a subject in need thereof are provided. The subject to be treated can have a disease, disorder, or condition such as but not limited to, liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , liver fibrosis, fibrotic NASH, cancer, an immune system disorder such autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neuronal disorder, HIV / AIDS, diabetes, a cardiovascular disease, an infectious disease, or combinations thereof.
[0053] Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
[0054] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , also called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) , is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver in individuals who consume little to no alcohol. It is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, which includes conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia (abnormal cholesterol levels) . NAFLD encompasses a range of liver conditions, from simple steatosis (fat accumulation) to more severe forms like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer.
[0055] Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
[0056] Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , a condition in which the liver builds up excessive fat deposits. It is characterized by liver inflammation and damage due to fat accumulation. It poses significant health risks due to its potential to progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
[0057] Liver Fibrosis
[0058] Liver fibrosis is the result of chronic liver damage, where the normal liver tissue is progressively replaced by scar tissue (fibrotic tissue) . It is not a disease itself but a pathological process that occurs in response to long-term liver injury from various causes, including chronic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , alcoholic liver disease, and other conditions.
[0059] Fibrosis of the liver leads to liver damage as hepatocytes are replaced by non-functional scar tissue in a process known as cirrhosis (Masuoka, et al. Ann NY Acad. Sci., 1281: 106-122 (2013) ) . Liver fibrosis and the resulting cirrhosis represent the final common pathway of virtually all chronic liver diseases and can lead to liver failure, liver cancer, and liver-related death. Liver cirrhosis occurs as scar tissue replaces normal parenchyma. Following acute liver injury (e.g., viral hepatitis) , parenchymal cells regenerate and replace necrotic or apoptotic cells in a process associated with an inflammatory response. If hepatic injury persists, the liver regeneration process eventually fails and hepatocytes are substituted with abundant extracellular matrix, including fibrillar collagen. Advanced fibrosis is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins rich in fibrillar collagens (predominantly collagen I and collagen III) (reviewed in Iredale, J Clin Invest., 117 (3) : 529-548 (2007) ; Bataller and Brenner, J Clin Invest, 115 (2) : 209-218 (2005) ) . Inflammatory cells which activate hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to secrete collagen are an important factor in fibrotic liver disease. Increasing monocyte numbers have been associated with disease progression, specifically with the progression from non-cirrhotic to cirrhotic disease.
[0060] Fibrotic NASH
[0061] Fibrotic NASH refers to a stage of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) where significant liver fibrosis (scarring) has developed. This condition represents an advanced and more severe form of NASH, where ongoing liver inflammation and damage have led to the formation of scar tissue in the liver. Fibrotic NASH is a concern because it increases the risk of progression to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
[0062] 2. Therapeutic Agents and Targets
[0063] Therapeutic agents for use in the disclosed methods for treatment of the disclosed subjects are provided. The therapeutic agents are typically administered to a subject in an effective amount to treat the disease or disorder of the subject. The therapeutic agent can be in a pharmaceutical composition.
[0064] In some forms, the target molecule is sCDCP1 (soluble CUB Domain-Containing Protein 1) . sCDCP1 is involved in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling processes. Its soluble form in the blood has been found to correlate strongly with the severity of NASH, including liver inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis. Elevated levels of sCDCP1 are associated with increased liver damage, making it a valuable non-invasive marker for diagnosing and monitoring NASH progression.
[0065] The therapeutic agent is most typically a compound that reduces the biological activity of a target molecule. Thus, compounds for decreasing the bioactivity of target molecules, and formulations formed therewith are provided. The inhibitor can be a functional nucleic acid. Functional nucleic acids are nucleic acid molecules that have a specific function, such as binding a target molecule or catalyzing a specific reaction. As discussed in more detail below, functional nucleic acid molecules can be divided into the following non-limiting categories: antisense molecules, siRNA, miRNA, aptamers, ribozymes, triplex forming molecules, RNAi, and external guide sequences. The functional nucleic acid molecules can act as effectors, inhibitors, modulators, and stimulators of a specific activity possessed by a target molecule, or the functional nucleic acid molecules can possess a de novo activity independent of any other molecules.
[0066] Functional nucleic acid molecules can interact with any macromolecule, such as DNA, RNA, polypeptides, or carbohydrate chains. Thus, functional nucleic acids can interact with the mRNA or the genomic DNA of a target polypeptide or they can interact with the polypeptide itself. Often functional nucleic acids are designed to interact with other nucleic acids based on sequence homology between the target molecule and the functional nucleic acid molecule. In other situations, the specific recognition between the functional nucleic acid molecule and the target molecule is not based on sequence homology between the functional nucleic acid molecule and the target molecule, but rather is based on the formation of tertiary structure that allows specific recognition to take place.
[0067] Therefore, the compositions can include one or more functional nucleic acids designed to reduce expression of the target molecule’s gene, or a gene product thereof. For example, the functional nucleic acid or polypeptide can be designed to target and reduce or inhibit expression or translation of target molecule’s mRNA; or to reduce or inhibit expression, reduce activity, or increase degradation of target molecule protein. In some forms, the composition includes a vector suitable for in vivo expression of the functional nucleic acid.
[0068] Examples of functional nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, external guide sequences. External guide sequences (EGSs) , ribozymes, aptamers, and CRISPR / Cas technology.
[0069] In some forms, the compound is an inhibitory polypeptide such as, but not limited to, an antibody; a small molecule or peptidomimedic, or an inhibitory nucleic acid that targets genomic or expressed nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) encoding the target molecule, or a vector that encodes an inhibitory nucleic acid. The compound can reduce the expression or bioavailability of the target molecule. The inhibition can be competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive, or product inhibition. Thus, an inhibitor can directly inhibit the target molecule, an inhibitor can inhibit another factor in a pathway that leads to induction, persistence, or amplification of the target molecule’s expression, or a combination thereof. Thus, the therapeutic agents can be and are also referred to herein as inhibitors.
[0070] In some forms, the therapeutic agent is a protein binder that specifically binds to the target molecule, or a ligand or receptor thereof important for activity of the target molecule. In some forms, the protein binder is an antibody. Antibodies include not only intact antibodies, but also antibody fragments and antigen-binding components thereof, and fusion proteins including antigen binding fragments that are capable of immuno-specifically binding to the target molecule (or its counterpart ligand or receipt) . The antibodies can be a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a recombinant antibody, an antigen-binding antibody fragment, a single chain antibody, a monomeric antibody, a diabody, a triabody, a tetrabody, a Fab fragment, an IgD antibody, an IgE antibody, an IgM antibody, an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, and an IgG4 antibody, or a fragment thereof, and fusion proteins formed therefrom. The antibodies and antigen binding fragments can be monospecific, bispecific, trispecific or multispecific.
[0071] In some forms, CRISPR-mediated knockout can be used for genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in a subject. The term “CRISPR” (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is an acronym for DNA loci that contain multiple, short, direct repetitions of base sequences. The prokaryotic CRISPR / Cas system has been adapted for use as gene editing (silencing, enhancing or changing specific genes) for use in eukaryotes (see, for example, Cong, Science, 15: 339 (6121) : 819–823 (2013) and Jinek, et al., Science, 337 (6096) : 816-21 (2012) ) . Methods of preparing compositions for use in genome editing using the CRISPR / Cas systems are described in detail in WO 2013 / 176772 and WO 2014 / 018423, which are specifically incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
[0072] In general, the term “CRISPR system” refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated ( “Cas” ) genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a tracr (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g., tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA) , a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a “direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system) , a guide sequence (also referred to as a “spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system) , or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus. One or more tracr mate sequences operably linked to a guide sequence (e.g., direct repeat-spacer-direct repeat) can also be referred to as pre-crRNA (pre-CRISPR RNA) before processing or crRNA after processing by a nuclease. Typically, a CRISPR-Cas9 system includes a guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 nuclease, which together form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The presence of a specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the genomic DNA is required for the gRNA to bind to the target sequence. The Cas9 nuclease then makes a double-strand break in the DNA. Endogenous repair mechanisms triggered by the double-strand break may result in gene knockout via a frameshift mutation or knock-in of a desired sequence if a DNA template is present.
[0073] In some forms, a tracrRNA and crRNA are linked and form a chimeric crRNA-tracrRNA hybrid where a mature crRNA is fused to a partial tracrRNA via a synthetic stem loop to mimic the natural crRNA: tracrRNA duplex as described in Cong, Science, 15: 339 (6121) : 819–823 (2013) and Jinek, et al., Science, 337 (6096) : 816-21 (2012) ) . A single fused crRNA-tracrRNA construct can also be referred to as a guide RNA or gRNA (or single-guide RNA (sgRNA) ) . Within an sgRNA, the crRNA portion can be identified as the ‘target sequence’ and the tracrRNA is often referred to as the ‘scaffold’ .
[0074] CRSIPR systems having enhanced editing activity and high genome-wide targeting specificity typically include two components: (1) a single guide RNA configured for enhanced editing activity; and (2) a Cas enzyme.
[0075] In some forms, TALEN-mediated knockout can be used for genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in a subject. In some forms, the element that induces a single or a double strand break in the target cell’s genome is a nucleic acid construct or constructs encoding a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) . TALENs have an overall architecture similar to that of ZFNs, with the main difference that the DNA-binding domain comes from TAL effector proteins, transcription factors from plant pathogenic bacteria. The DNA-binding domain of a TALEN is a tandem array of amino acid repeats, each about 34 residues long. The repeats are very similar to each other; typically they differ principally at two positions (amino acids 12 and 13, called the repeat variable diresidue, or RVD) . Each RVD specifies preferential binding to one of the four possible nucleotides, meaning that each TALEN repeat binds to a single base pair, though the NN RVD is known to bind adenines in addition to guanine. TAL effector DNA binding is mechanistically less well understood than that of zinc-finger proteins, but their seemingly simpler code could prove very beneficial for engineered-nuclease design. TALENs also cleave as dimers, have relatively long target sequences (the shortest reported so far binds 13 nucleotides per monomer) and appear to have less stringent requirements than ZFNs for the length of the spacer between binding sites. Monomeric and dimeric TALENs can include more than 10, more than 14, more than 20, or more than 24 repeats.
[0076] Methods of engineering TAL to bind to specific nucleic acids are described in Cermak, et al, Nucl. Acids Res. 1-11 (2011) . US Published Application No. 2011 / 0145940, which discloses TAL effectors and methods of using them to modify DNA. Miller et al. Nature Biotechnol 29: 143 (2011) reported making TALENs for site-specific nuclease architecture by linking TAL truncation variants to the catalytic domain of Fokl nuclease. The resulting TALENs were shown to induce gene modification in immortalized human cells. General design principles for TALE binding domains can be found in, for example, WO 2011 / 072246.
[0077] In some forms, ZFN-mediated knockout can be used for genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in a subject. In some embodiments, the element that induces a single or a double strand break in the target cell’s genome is a nucleic acid construct or constructs encoding a zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) . ZFNs are typically fusion proteins that include a DNA-binding domain derived from a zinc-finger protein linked to a cleavage domain.
[0078] The most common cleavage domain is the Type IIS enzyme Fokl. Fok1 catalyzes double-stranded cleavage of DNA, at 9 nucleotides from its recognition site on one strand and 13 nucleotides from its recognition site on the other. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,356,802; 5,436,150 and 5,487,994; as well as Li et al. Proc., Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) : 4275-4279; Li et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 2764-2768 (1993) ; Kim et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 883-887 (1994a) ; Kim et al. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 31 , 978-31, 982 (1994b) . One or more of these enzymes (or enzymatically functional fragments thereof) can be used as a source of cleavage domains.
[0079] The DNA-binding domain, which can, in principle, be designed to target any genomic location of interest, can be a tandem array of Cys2His2 zinc fingers, each of which generally recognizes three to four nucleotides in the target DNA sequence. The Cys2His2 domain has a general structure: Phe (sometimes Tyr) -Cys- (2 to 4 amino acids) -Cys- (3 amino acids) -Phe (sometimes Tyr) - (5 amino acids) -Leu- (2 amino acids) -His- (3 amino acids) -His. By linking together multiple fingers (the number varies: three to six fingers have been used per monomer in published studies) , ZFN pairs can be designed to bind to genomic sequences 18-36 nucleotides long.
[0080] Engineering methods include, but are not limited to, rational design and various types of empirical selection methods. Rational design includes, for example, using databases including triplet (or quadruplet) nucleotide sequences and individual zinc finger amino acid sequences, in which each triplet or quadruplet nucleotide sequence is associated with one or more amino acid sequences of zinc fingers which bind the particular triplet or quadruplet sequence. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,140,081; 6,453,242; 6,534,261; 6,610,512; 6,746,838; 6,866,997; 7,067,617; U.S. Published Application Nos. 2002 / 0165356; 2004 / 0197892; 2007 / 0154989; 2007 / 0213269; and International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 98 / 53059 and WO 2003 / 016496.
[0081] In some forms, the genome editing composition optionally includes a donor polynucleotide. The modifications of the target DNA due to NHEJ and / or homology-directed repair can be used to induce gene correction, gene replacement, gene tagging, transgene insertion, nucleotide deletion, gene disruption, gene mutation, etc.
[0082] Accordingly, cleavage of DNA by the genome editing composition can be used to delete nucleic acid material from a target DNA sequence by cleaving the target DNA sequence and allowing the cell to repair the sequence in the absence of an exogenously provided donor polynucleotide. Thus, the subject methods can be used to knock out a gene (resulting in complete lack of transcription or altered transcription) or to knock in genetic material into a locus of choice in the target DNA.
[0083] Alternatively, if the genome editing composition includes a donor polynucleotide sequence that includes at least a segment with homology to the target DNA sequence, the methods can be used to add, i.e., insert or replace, nucleic acid material to a target DNA sequence (e.g., to “knock in” a nucleic acid that encodes for a protein, an siRNA, an miRNA, etc. ) , to add a tag (e.g., 6xHis, a fluorescent protein (e.g., a green fluorescent protein; a yellow fluorescent protein, etc. ) , hemagglutinin (HA) , FLAG, etc. ) , to add a regulatory sequence to a gene (e.g., promoter, polyadenylation signal, internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES) , 2A peptide, start codon, stop codon, splice signal, localization signal, etc. ) , to modify a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., introduce a mutation) , and the like. As such, the compositions can be used to modify DNA in a site-specific, i.e., “targeted” , way, for example gene knock-out, gene knock-in, gene editing, gene tagging, etc. as used in, for example, gene therapy.
[0084] In applications in which it is desirable to insert a polynucleotide sequence into a target DNA sequence, a polynucleotide including a donor sequence to be inserted is also provided to the cell. By a “donor sequence” or “donor polynucleotide” or “donor oligonucleotide” it is meant a nucleic acid sequence to be inserted at the cleavage site. The donor polynucleotide typically contains sufficient homology to a genomic sequence at the cleavage site, e.g., 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%homology with the nucleotide sequences flanking the cleavage site, e.g., within about 50 bases or less of the cleavage site, e.g., within about 30 bases, within about 15 bases, within about 10 bases, within about 5 bases, or immediately flanking the cleavage site, to support homology-directed repair between it and the genomic sequence to which it bears homology. The donor sequence is typically not identical to the genomic sequence that it replaces. Rather, the donor sequence may contain at least one or more single base changes, insertions, deletions, inversions or rearrangements with respect to the genomic sequence, so long as sufficient homology is present to support homology-directed repair. In some embodiments, the donor sequence includes a non-homologous sequence flanked by two regions of homology, such that homology-directed repair between the target DNA region and the two flanking sequences results in insertion of the non-homologous sequence at the target region.
[0085] Donor sequences can also include a vector backbone containing sequences that are not homologous to the DNA region of interest and that are not intended for insertion into the DNA region of interest. Generally, the homologous region (s) of a donor sequence will have at least 50%sequence identity to a genomic sequence with which recombination is desired. In certain embodiments, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%sequence identity is present. Any value between 1%and 100%sequence identity can be present, depending upon the length of the donor polynucleotide.
[0086] The donor sequence can include certain sequence differences as compared to the genomic sequence, e.g., restriction sites, nucleotide polymorphisms, selectable markers (e.g., drug resistance genes, fluorescent proteins, enzymes etc. ) , etc., which can be used to assess for successful insertion of the donor sequence at the cleavage site or in some cases may be used for other purposes (e.g., to signify expression at the targeted genomic locus) . In some cases, if located in a coding region, such nucleotide sequence differences will not change the amino acid sequence, or will make silent amino acid changes (i.e., changes which do not affect the structure or function of the protein) . Alternatively, these sequences differences may include flanking recombination sequences such as FLPs, loxP sequences, or the like, that can be activated at a later time for removal of the marker sequence.
[0087] The donor sequence can be a single-stranded DNA, single-stranded RNA, double-stranded DNA, or double-stranded RNA. It can be introduced into a cell in linear or circular form. If introduced in linear form, the ends of the donor sequence can be protected (e.g., from exonucleolytic degradation) by methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, one or more dideoxynucleotide residues are added to the 3' terminus of a linear molecule and / or self-complementary oligonucleotides are ligated to one or both ends. See, for example, Chang et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 4959-4963 (1987) ; Nehls et al. Science 272: 886-889 (1996) . Additional methods for protecting exogenous polynucleotides from degradation include, but are not limited to, addition of terminal amino group (s) and the use of modified internucleotide linkages such as, for example, phosphorothioates, phosphor amidates, and O-methyl ribose or deoxyribose residues.
[0088] As an alternative to protecting the termini of a linear donor sequence, additional lengths of sequence can be included outside of the regions of homology that can be degraded without impacting recombination. A donor sequence can be introduced into a cell as part of a vector molecule having additional sequences such as, for example, replication origins, promoters and genes encoding antibiotic resistance.
[0089] 3. Effective Amounts
[0090] In some forms the methods administer the CDCP1 inhibitors in an effective amount. The effective amount or therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositions can be a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder, such as NALD or NASH or liver firbosis or fibrotic NASH or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and / or physiologic effect, for example, reducing, inhibiting, or reversing one or more of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a disease or disorder.
[0091] The effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, weight and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disorder being treated, and its mode of administration. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact amount for every pharmaceutical composition. However, an appropriate amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation given the teachings herein. For example, effective dosages and schedules for administering the pharmaceutical compositions can be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art.
[0092] The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, and sex of the patient, route of administration, whether other drugs are included in the regimen, and the type, stage, and location of the disease to be treated. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any counter-indications. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the composition used for treatment can increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage can result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays.
[0093] Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes of pharmaceutical products. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the subject or patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages can vary depending on the relative potency of individual pharmaceutical compositions, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
[0094] 4. Modes of Administration
[0095] The pharmaceutical compositions can include, but are not limited to, carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the therapeutic (s) of choice.
[0096] Pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to the subject in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Thus, for example, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered as an intravenous infusion, or directly injected into a specific site, for example, into or surrounding target aggregates. Moreover, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject as an ophthalmic solution and / or ointment to the surface of the eye, vaginally, rectally, intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example, by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrarectal, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intravenous, intrathecal and intratracheal routes. In some forms, the compositions are administered directly into a tumor or tissue, e.g., stereotactically.
[0097] Parenteral administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,610,795, which is incorporated by reference herein. Suitable parenteral administration routes include intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature) ; peri-and intra-tissue injection (e.g., intraocular injection, intra-retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection) ; subcutaneous injection or deposition including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps) ; direct application by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., an implant including a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material) .
[0098] Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic / aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose) , and the like. Preservatives and other additives can also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.
[0099] It is to be understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific analytical techniques, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, and, as such, can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0100] 5. Combination therapy
[0101] Any of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can be used alone, or in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatment modalities, for example, conventional medications. As used herein, “combination” or “combined” refer to either concomitant, simultaneous, or sequential administration of the therapeutics.
[0102] In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through the same route of administration. In other forms, pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through different routes of administration. The combinations can be administered either concomitantly (e.g., as an admixture) , separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenous lines into the same subject; one agent is given orally while the other agent is given by infusion or injection, etc., ) , or sequentially (e.g., one agent is given first followed by the second) .
[0103] Examples of preferred additional therapeutic agents include other conventional therapies known in the art for treating the desired disease, disorder or condition. In some forms, the therapeutic agent is one or more other targeted therapies.
[0104] The compositions and methods described herein may be used as a first therapy, second therapy, third therapy, or combination therapy with other types of therapies known in the art, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, gene therapy, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapy, cryotherapy, ultrasound therapy, photodynamic therapy, radio-frequency ablation or the like, in an adjuvant setting or a neoadjuvant setting.
[0105] The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and / or other therapeutic agents, procedures or modalities can be administered during periods of active disease, or during a period of remission or less active disease. The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered before the additional treatment, concurrently with the treatment, post-treatment, or during remission of the disease or disorder. When administered in combination, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and the additional therapeutic agents (e.g., second or third agent) , or all, can be administered in an amount or dose that is higher, lower or the same than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy. In certain forms, the administered amount or dosage of the disclosed pharmaceutical composition, the additional therapeutic agent (e.g., second or third agent) , or all, is lower (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%) than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy (e.g., required to achieve the same therapeutic effect) .
[0106] It is to be understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific analytical techniques, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, and, as such, can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0107] Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.
[0108] Throughout this specification the word “comprise, ” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising, ” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
[0109] The term “hit” refers to a test compound that shows desired properties in an assay. The term “test compound” refers to a chemical to be tested by one or more screening method (s) as a putative modulator. A test compound can be any chemical, such as an inorganic chemical, an organic chemical, a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a lipid, or a combination thereof. Usually, various predetermined concentrations of test compounds are used for screening, such as 0.01 micromolar, 1 micromolar and 10 micromolar. Test compound controls can include the measurement of a signal in the absence of the test compound or comparison to a compound known to modulate the target.
[0110] The terms “high, ” “higher, ” “increases, ” “elevates, ” or “elevation” refer to increases above basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control. The terms “low, ” “lower, ” “reduces, ” or “reduction” refer to decreases below basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control.
[0111] The term “modulate” as used herein refers to the ability of a compound to change an activity in some measurable way as compared to an appropriate control. As a result of the presence of compounds in the assays, activities can increase or decrease as compared to controls in the absence of these compounds. Preferably, an increase in activity is at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 100%compared to the level of activity in the absence of the compound. Similarly, a decrease in activity is preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 100%compared to the level of activity in the absence of the compound. A compound that increases a known activity is an “agonist. ” One that decreases, or prevents, a known activity is an “antagonist. ”
[0112] The term “inhibit” means to reduce or decrease in activity or expression. This can be a complete inhibition of activity or expression, or a partial inhibition. Inhibition can be compared to a control or to a standard level. Inhibition can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%.
[0113] The term “monitoring” as used herein refers to any method in the art by which an activity can be measured.
[0114] The term “providing” as used herein refers to any means of adding a compound or molecule to something known in the art. Examples of providing can include the use of pipettes, pipettemen, syringes, needles, tubing, guns, etc. This can be manual or automated. It can include transfection by any mean or any other means of providing nucleic acids to dishes, cells, tissue, cell-free systems and can be in vitro or in vivo.
[0115] The term “preventing” as used herein refers to administering a compound prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of a disease or conditions so as to prevent a physical manifestation of aberrations associated with the disease or condition.
[0116] The term “in need of treatment” as used herein refers to a judgment made by a caregiver (e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, or individual in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals) that a subject requires or will benefit from treatment. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of a care giver's expertise, but that include the knowledge that the subject is ill, or will be ill, as the result of a condition that is treatable by the disclosed compounds.
[0117] As used herein, “subject” includes, but is not limited to, animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, parasites and any other organism or entity. The subject can be a vertebrate, more specifically a mammal (e.g., a human, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, non-human primate, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent) , a fish, a bird or a reptile or an amphibian. The subject can be an invertebrate, more specifically an arthropod (e.g., insects and crustaceans) . The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. A patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term “patient” includes human and veterinary subjects.
[0118] By “treatment” and “treating” is meant the medical management of a subject with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder. This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. In addition, this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. It is understood that treatment, while intended to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, need not actually result in the cure, amelioration, stabilization or prevention. The effects of treatment can be measured or assessed as described herein and as known in the art as is suitable for the disease, pathological condition, or disorder involved. Such measurements and assessments can be made in qualitative and / or quantitative terms. Thus, for example, characteristics or features of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder and / or symptoms of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder can be reduced to any effect or to any amount.
[0119] A cell can be in vitro. Alternatively, a cell can be in vivo and can be found in a subject. A “cell” can be a cell from any organism including, but not limited to, a bacterium.
[0120] In one aspect, the compounds described herein can be administered to a subject comprising a human or an animal including, but not limited to, a mouse, dog, cat, horse, bovine or ovine and the like, that is in need of alleviation or amelioration from a recognized medical condition.
[0121] By the term “effective amount” of a compound as provided herein is meant a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the compound to provide the desired result. As will be pointed out below, the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease that is being treated, the particular compound used, its mode of administration, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact “effective amount. ” However, an appropriate effective amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.
[0122] The dosages or amounts of the compounds described herein are large enough to produce the desired effect in the method by which delivery occurs. The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, sex and extent of the disease in the subject and can be determined by one of skill in the art. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician based on the clinical condition of the subject involved. The dose, schedule of doses and route of administration can be varied.
[0123] The efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the compounds or compositions according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the particular aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need therapy for the treatment of NASH. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the particular disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field. For example, if, based on a comparison with an appropriate control group and / or knowledge of the normal progression of the disease in the general population or the particular individual: (1) a subject’s physical condition is shown to be improved (e.g., a tumor has partially or fully regressed) , (2) the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious.
[0124] By “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material can be administered to a subject along with the selected compound without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.
[0125] Any of the compounds having the formula I can be used therapeutically in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compounds described herein can be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, by E.W. Martin Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that can be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the compounds described herein. These most typically would be standard carriers for administration of compositions to humans. In one aspect, humans and non-humans, including solutions such as sterile water, saline, and buffered solutions at physiological pH. Other compounds will be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art.
[0126] The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can include, but are not limited to, carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the molecule of choice. Pharmaceutical compositions can also include one or more active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like.
[0127] The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered to the subject in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Moreover, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject vaginally, rectally, intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example, by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrarectal, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intravenous, intrathecal and intratracheal routes. Parenteral administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection and includes intravenous (IV) , subcutaneous (SC) , intramuscular (IM) , epidural and intra-articular injection, as well as surgical insertion of depots in the organ or tissue of interest (Bittner, et al., BioDrugs., 32: 425-440 (2018) ; Lee et al., J. Pharm. Investig., 49: 459-476 (2019) ; Chaudhary et al., Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., 36: 137-181 (2019) ) . Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions (Park et al., J Control Release, 342: 53-65 (2022) ; Nkanga, et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 167: 19-46, (2020) ; Sheikh, et al., Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 10 (4) : S465-S471 (2016) ; Rhee et al., Pharmaceutical Technology Drug Delivery, p. S6 (2010) ) . An exemplary approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained. See for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,700,630, WO 2006 / 125620, and KR 101898816.
[0128] Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic / aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose) , and the like. Preservatives and other additives can also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.
[0129] Compositions for oral administration can include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets, or tablets. Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders can be desirable.
[0130] Examples
[0131] Example 1: Development of NASH-related Serological Biomarkers
[0132] To search for NASH-related serological biomarkers, an unbiased quantitative proteomics analysis was conducted with a proximity extension assay-based Olink platform in a liver biopsy-proven NAFLD cohort with the full histological spectrum of this disease and identified soluble CUB domain containing protein 1 (sCDCP1) as a top candidate for differentiating NASH from NAFL and normal liver. A highly specific and sensitive immunoassay was subsequently developed for quantification of human sCDCP1 and validated its diagnostic performance in biopsy-confirmed NAFLD cohorts collected from several different clinical centres across China.
[0133] Materials and Methods
[0134] Discovery cohort
[0135] A total of 302 patients with obesity were screened for eligibility from the bariatric surgery clinic at the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, China, during the period January 2017 to January 2019. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria were as follows:
[0136] Inclusion: (1) older than 18 years; (2) alcohol consumption less than 140 g / week for males or 70 g / week for females.
[0137] Exclusion: (1) positive for HBsAg or anti-HCV Ab; (2) hepatocellular carcinoma or any other cancer; (3) other chronic liver disease including viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson’s disease; (4) liver cirrhosis-related complications including ascites and portal hypertension; (5) unqualified liver biopsy that was not adequate in length or was uninterpretable.
[0138] A total of 238 participants spanning the full spectrum of NAFLD were enrolled, referred discovery cohort, and subjected to Olink proteomic screening. 98 subjects were randomly selected from this cohort, according to a balanced distribution of histological stages for further RNA sequencing analysis.
[0139] Main cohort
[0140] A prospective cohort from the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University was recruited From January 2019 to March 2022. A total of 621 consecutive cases were evaluated with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria as above; 489 patients with qualifying liver biopsy samples were finally enrolled into the main cohort for biomarker validation and model establishment. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Jinan University (2016-017) and the University of Hong Kong / Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (UW 20-700) .
[0141] Independent external validation cohort
[0142] A total of 135 cases for external validation were enrolled from 3 independent centres from March 2021 to January 2022 with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria as above, including i) Department of Hepatobiliary and intestinal Hernia Surgery, Zhengzhou Second Hospital, Zhengzhou, China (n = 43) ; ii) Department of General surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (n = 56) ; and iii) Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, General hospital of Ningxia Medical University, YinChuan, China (n = 36) . This study was approved by the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University (YX2021-099 (F1) ) , Zhengzhou Second Hospital (2020-003) and General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University (KYLL-2020-11) .
[0143] All studies were in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
[0144] Liver biopsy and histology
[0145] All liver biopsies were taken from the middle of the right lobe during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. An Hematoxylin-eosin–stained and Masson trichrome–stained slides were evaluated in a masked manner by 3 independent liver pathologists. Steatosis, ballooning, lobular inflammation and fibrosis were semi-quantitatively evaluated according to the NASH CRN scoring system (Kleiner et al., 2005) . Slides were read centrally, and discussions were held until consensus was reached. The definition of histologically normal liver (NL) , NAFL and NASH were based on the Fatty Liver Inhibition of Progression (FLIP) algorithm (Bedossa and Consortium, 2014) . NASH activity was graded according to the Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score (NAS) (Brunt et al., 2011) . Fibrotic NASH was defined as NASH with NAS score of ≥ 4 with fibrosis stage of ≥ 2 (Schwabe et al., 2020) . The definition of metabolic comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome in this cohort has been shown (Wu et al., 2022) .
[0146] Quantification of biomarkers related to NASH
[0147] Serum samples were collected in overnight fasting patients and stored at -80℃ for biochemical tests, Olink proteomics analysis (Uppsala, Sweden) and ELISA tests. For the Olink assay, quality control and data normalization according to internal and external controls were carried out using the Normalized Protein eXpression (NPX) software, Olink NPX Manager (version 2.1.0.224) . Proteins not detected in >25%of the total sample were excluded from the analysis. A final 874 proteins from 12 panels were included for further analyses. The median intra-assay coefficient of variability (CV) was 10%, as assessed by multiple replicates of a pooled sample included in the experiment. For biomarker validation, a highly specific and sensitive ELISA for quantification of circulating sCDCP1 in humans was developed. The M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) was analysed using an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Cat #: P10011, Diapharma) . Total liver RNA was extracted from frozen liver tissues in TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) using the Allprep DNA / RNA Micro Kit (Qiagen) and processed for RNA-Sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System. The PCR primers for human CDCP1 were 5’-GTTCAAGCTGGAGGACAAGC-3’ (forward) and 5’-CATGGCTCGCTCATTACTCA-3’ (reverse) .
[0148] Follow-up evaluation after bariatric surgery
[0149] A total of 151 patients recruited in the main cohort were followed up for 5-15 months (median: 12 months) after bariatric surgery. Fasting blood specimens were collected for biochemical tests and measurements of serum protein biomarkers with ELISA as described above.
[0150] Quantification and Statistical Analysis
[0151] The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to check the data distribution. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard error or as median (inter-quartile range) if skewed. Categorical data are shown as counts and valid percentages. Continuous variables were compared by Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD or Kruskal–Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s test, as appropriate. Categorical variables were compared by the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the changes of continuous parameters before and after bariatric surgery.
[0152] Olink data was in the arbitrary unit NPX. Random forest and support vector machines (SVM) methods were employed to assess the relative importance of each feature to classify NASH. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between sCDCP1 levels and the disease stage (NL, NAFL and NASH) , grade of each histological feature and the presence / absence of metabolic comorbidities (Bedossa and Consortium, 2014) . Given the non-linear association of sCDCP1 with NASH, patients were divided into tertiles and the lowest tertile was used as a reference when calculating odds ratios (ORs) by logistic regression. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) with 3 knots (25th, 50th and 75th) were employed to flexibly model the association between continuous sCDCP1 and NASH without assuming linearity.
[0153] Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and its 95%CI from 1000 times bootstrap were used to evaluate the predictive power. For diagnostic scoring model construction of NASH, in addition to sCDCP1, 122 clinical features were assessed, and 104 parameters with less than 25%missing values were included in this study (Table 1) . Further missing data imputation was conducted with missForest package in R (version 4.0.4) . The top 10 features with highest mean decrease in accuracy in random forest were included in univariate logistic regression statistics. The variables with P < 0.01 in univariate analysis were then input to multivariate logistic regression analysis. Two scoring algorithms were constructed by using the classic forward or backward stepwise approach, and the model with a lower Akaike information criterion (AIC) was selected as the best-fitting model (Bozdogan, 1987) . AUROCs were compared using DeLong’s test. One optimal cut-off value was selected according to maximized Youden index. Two cut-offs were determined corresponding to 90%sensitivity (rule-out cut-off) and 90%specificity (rule-in cut-off) . Values between these 2 cut-offs are referred to as indeterminate or “grey” zone. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated at different cut-offs of predicted probabilities. AIC and the decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the model performance (Fitzgerald et al., 2015) . Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and R software (version 4.0.4) .
[0154] Table 1. Clinical parameters screened for the NASH diagnostic model building.
[0155] Definition of metabolic comorbidities
[0156] According to the standards of the American Diabetes Association, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was defined as fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol / L or HbA1C ≥ 6.5%or having T2DM history and receiving hypoglycaemic treatment (American Diabetes, 2019) . Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80 mmHg or with self-reported hypertension or current use of antihypertensive drugs (Flack and Adekola, 2020) . Dyslipidaemia was defined as the presence of hyper-non-HDL-C (non-HDL-C ≥ 4.14 mmol / L) (Navar-Boggan et al., 2015) or hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride ≥ 1.7 mmol / L) (2020) . The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined as meeting 3 or more of the following criteria: (1) waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for male or ≥ 80 cm for female; (2) triglyceride ≥ 1.7 mmol / L; (3) HDL-C < 1.03 mmol / L for men or <1.3mmol / L for women; (4) SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg; and (5) fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol / L (Alberti et al., 2005) .
[0157] Olink panels tested in this study
[0158] Olink CARDIOMETABOLIC (v. 3602)
[0159] Olink CARDIOVASCULAR II (v. 5004)
[0160] Olink CARDIOVASCULAR III (v. 6112)
[0161] Olink CELL REGULATION (v. 3702)
[0162] Olink DEVELOPMENT (v. 3511)
[0163] Olink IMMUNE RESPONSE (v. 3202)
[0164] Olink INFLAMMATION (v. 3012)
[0165] Olink METABOLISM (v. 3403)
[0166] Olink NEURO EXPLORATORY (v. 3901)
[0167] Olink NEUROLOGY (v. 8012)
[0168] Olink ONCOLOGY II (v. 7003)
[0169] Olink ORGAN DAMAGE (v. 3311)
[0170] Development of ELISA for quantitative measurements of sCDCP1
[0171] Recombinant soluble amino-terminal fragment corresponding to 30-367 amino acid residues of human CDCP1 (Immunodiagnostics, Hong Kong) were used as antigens for production of antibodies in New Zealand Rabbits and as ligand for affinity purification of anti-human sCDCP1 IgG. The affinity-purified IgG and corresponding biotin-labelled IgG were used for establishment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits as described previously (Yu et al., 2011) (Antibody and Immunoassay Services, University of Hong Kong) . 100 μL of diluted human serum samples (1: 4) , calibrators, and quality control samples were applied to 96-well microtiter plates pre-coated with an affinity-purified rabbit anti-human sCDCP1 antibody. A calibration curve was constructed by plotting the absorbance values at 450 nm vs. the human sCDCP1 concentrations of the calibrators, and concentrations of unknown samples were obtained using this calibration curve. The intra-and inter-assay variations of the ELISA kits were evaluated by measuring 3 different samples in 10 replicates in a single assay, or in duplicate in 5 consecutive assays, respectively. The assay range of human sCDCP1 ELISA kit were 15.6-2000 pg / mL, and the lowest levels of human sCDCP1 that can be measured by the assays were 7.8 pg / mL. The intra-and inter-assay coefficient of variation for human sCDCP1 ELISA kit was 2.8-3.9%and 3.7-4.8%, respectively. The spiking recovery rate and linearity rate for human sCDCP1 ELISA kit was 96.4-104.6%and 94.3-114.5%respectively.
[0172] Detailed procedures for establishment of diagnostic model
[0173] Step 1. The 104 clinical indicators in Table 2 and sCDCP1 were incorporated into the random forest algorithm. Outcome of interest was the discrimination of non-NASH and NASH. According to the ranking of mean decrease accuracy, the top 10 variables were obtained as follows: soluble CUB domain containing protein 1 (sCDCP1) , alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , sex (female = 0, male = 1) , high density cholesterol (HDL-C) , y-Glutamyl transferase (y-GT) , body mass index (BMI) , diabetes (yes = 1, no = 0) , total triglyceride (TG) and insulin.
[0174] Step 2. The top 10 selected parameters were included in univariate logistic regression. The outcome of interest was the discrimination of non-NASH and NASH. sCDCP1, ALT, AST, HDL-C, y-GT, diabetes and TG showed significance in univariate logistic regression (P < 0.01, Table 8) .
[0175] Step 3. The variables with P < 0.05 in univariate analysis were then input to multivariate logistic regression analysis (Table 9) . Two logistic regression models, Model 1 and Model 2, were built implementing the forward and backward stepwise selection process, respectively. The criteria P values were 0.05 for forward and 0.01 for backward. The model 2, combining sCDCP1, Diabetes, AST and Sex (C-DAS in short) , was selected as the best-fitting model using the minimum Akaike information criterion (Bozdogan, 1987) (153.164 in model 1 vs. 142.127 in model 2) . No collinearity was found among the included variables (Variance Inflation Factor < 5) . The final formula was transformed by natural logarithm.
[0176] Results
[0177] Identification of serum sCDCP1 as the top-ranked biomarker of NASH by Olink proteomic screen.
[0178] To systematically identify new circulating biomarkers for NASH, Olink-based proteomics analysis was performed in the biomarker main cohort of 202 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (100 NAFL and 102 NASH) and 36 subjects with NL. The subjects in this cohort were 31 (26, 38) years old and 44%were men. The body mass index (BMI) was 40.85 (35.90, 45.82) and 35.83 (31.98, 40.73) kg / m2 in subjects with and without NASH, respectively (Table 2) .
[0179] Table 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics of discovery cohort.
[0180] Data are presented as n (%of available data) or median (IQR; non-normally distributed variables) . NAFL, Non-alcoholic fatty liver; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NAS, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score; BMI, Body mass index; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; y-GT, y-Glutamyl transferase; TG, Total triglyceride; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
[0181] Random forest feature selection showed sCDCP1 as the top-ranked protein selected from 987 proteins detected in identifying NASH with the highest mean decrease in accuracy of 0.005 and was also selected as the best identifier for NASH by SVM analysis (Fig 1A) . Compared with individuals with NL and patients with NAFL, NASH group displayed markedly elevated sCDCP1 levels [NL and NAFL vs. NASH, -0.003 (-0.289, -0.211) and 0.285 (0.009, -0.652) vs. 1.306 (0.749, 1.649) NPX, respectively; P <0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and P for trend < 0.0001; Fig. 1B] , which remained significant even after adjustment for age, sex, BMI and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (adj. P for trend < 0.0001) .
[0182] High sCDCP1 levels were positively associated with histological characteristics of NASH (steatosis (P < 0.001) , ballooning (P < 0.001) , inflammation (P < 0.001) ) and NAS scores (P < 0.001, Fig. 1C) . Remarkably, although sCDCP1 was picked based on NASH identification, it was also tightly correlated with the stage of fibrosis (P < 0.001, Fig. 1C) . Moreover, sCDCP1 exhibited significant correlations with the presence of several major NASH-related metabolic comorbidities, including diabetes (P < 0.001) , hypertension (P <0.001) , dyslipidaemia (P < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1C) .
[0183] Among the 104 biochemical and clinical parameters collected in our cohort, serum sCDCP1 showed the strongest positive correlation with the liver injury markers AST and ALT, followed by several parameters of glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, HbA1c and c-peptide) , BMI, waist circumference (WC) and total triglycerides (Fig. 1D) . After adjustment for sex, age, BMI, ALT, AST and HOMA-IR, high sCDCP1 levels (third tertile, T3) were associated with a roughly eleven-fold increased risk of NASH (T3: OR = 11.48, 95%CI 3.516-37.487 in model 3; P < 0.001; Fig. 1E) . Furthermore, there were strong positive correlation between sCDCP1 and several well-known serum biomarkers of NASH, including CK18, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) (Spearman’s P for each < 0.001, R > 0.3 for all; Fig. 1F) . Notably, sCDCP1 showed better performance in diagnosing NASH (AUROC =0.851, 95%CI 0.802-0.901) and fibrotic NASH (n = 33, AUROC = 0.851, 95%CI 0.769 -0.934) , compared with CK18, FGF21 and THBS2 (P < 0.05 for each, Delong’s test; Figs. 1G and 1H) .
[0184] Increased CDCP1 mRNA expression in the liver in close association with elevated circulating sCDCP1 in NASH patients
[0185] To investigated whether the liver is an important production site for elevated circulating sCDCP1 in NASH patients, mRNA abundance of the CDCP1 gene in the liver of 98 subjects (16 NL, 44 NAFL and 38 NASH, Table 3) was investigated. The RNA-seq-based transcriptomics results showed CDP1 to be progressively increased with the histological classification and was also able to differentiate NASH from non-NASH at the AUROC of 0.724 (95%CI 0.618-0.829) (Figs. 5A-5C) . Furthermore, there was a close correlation between the CDCP1 mRNA expression levels in the liver and circulating sCDCP1 concentrations measured by Olink analysis (Spearman's P < 0.001, R = 0.40; Fig. 5D) , supporting the liver as an important source for elevated serum sCDCP1 in NASH. Real-time PCR analysis further validated significantly higher hepatic mRNA of CDCP1 in NASH patients than in individuals with NL and NAFL (Fig. 5E) .
[0186] Table 3. Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects with liver transcriptomics and real-time PCR.
[0187] Data are presented as n (%of available data) or median (IQR; non-normally distributed variables) . NAFL, Non-alcoholic fatty liver; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NAS, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score; BMI, Body mass index; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; y-GT, y-Glutamyl transferase; TG, Total triglyceride; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
[0188] Verification of sCDCP1 as a robust biomarker for NASH in multiple cohorts Cross-sectional studies
[0189] Another biopsy-proven NAFLD cohort (Main cohort, n = 489 including 191 NASH) and an external validation cohort (n = 135 including 43 NASH) were used for biomarker validation. As shown in Table 4, both the main and external validation cohorts shared similar demographic, metabolic and biochemical characteristics and histologic features of NAFLD. Serum sCDCP1 levels ranged from 15.625 to 935.235 pg / mL in these patients.
[0190] Table 4. Demographic and clinical characteristics of main and external validation cohort accessed by sCDCP1 ELISA.
[0191] NL, normal liver; NAFL, Non-alcoholic fatty liver; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) . BMI, Body mass index; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; y-GT, y-Glutamyl transferase; TG, Total triglyceride; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
[0192] In the main cohort, consistent with the findings from Olink proteomics analysis, serum sCDCP1 in NASH patients (223.01 (125.47, 352.59) pg / mL) was markedly higher than in individuals with NL (52.311 (25.812, 74.525) pg / mL) and NAFL (72.843 (48.543, 102.6) pg / mL) (P < 0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and P for trend < 0.001) and this significance remained robust even after adjustment for age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR (adj. P for trend < 0.001, Fig. 2A) . Serum sCDCP1 levels were closely correlated with more severe histological features of NASH and fibrosis, as well as higher risks of having diabetes (Fig. 2B) . The risk of NASH exhibited a successive increase with the elevation in serum sCDCP1 levels, reflected by higher OR on both categorical (T3: OR = 4.995, 95%CI 3.390-7.361 after adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ALT, AST and HOMA-IR; P < 0.001) and continuous scales (Figs. 2C-2D) . When further stratifying the 191 NASH patients according to fibrosis stage, F0-1 (n = 102) and F2-4 (n = 89) , sCDCP1 was significantly elevated in those with significant fibrosis (F 0-1, 153.53 (96.89, 250.42) pg / mL vs. F 2-4, 304.63 (188.06, 478.71) pg / mL, P = 0.001; Fig. S2A) .
[0193] Similarly, sCDCP1 levels were elevated progressively across disease spectrum in the external validation cohort (NL and NAFL vs. NASH, 59.12 (42.64, 77.74) and 77.19 (50.45, 115.61) vs. 186.55 (110.84, 347.34) pg / mL, respectively; P < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and P for trend < 0.001 before and 0.002 after adjustment for age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR; Fig. 2E) . Significant positive correlations were also observed between sCDCP1 and each histological feature as well as diabetes (Fig. 2F) . Patients in the highest sCDCP1 tertile displaying a 2.08-fold (95%CI 1.27 –2.35, P < 0.001) increased risk of NASH after multivariable adjustment (Fig. 2G, H) . Higher sCDCP1 in NASH patients with significant fibrosis (n = 19) than those with no / mild fibrosis (n = 24) was also observed (F0-1, 111.40 ± 91.55 pg / mL vs. F2-4, 258.58 ± 159.12 pg / mL, P = 0.001, Fig. S2B) .
[0194] Longitudinal measurements of sCDCP1 levels before and after bariatric surgery
[0195] In addition to cross-sectional studies, the sCDCP1 levels before and after bariatric surgery were compared in 151 obese patients (including 75 NASH) who were prospectively followed-up for 5-15 months (median: 12 months) . As expected, the BMI of the patients decreased (average 8.9 kg / m2) , accompanied by significant improvements in glucose and lipid profiles and reduction in insulin, HOMA-IR, liver enzymes and CK18 after the operation (Table 5) . Compared to the baseline level, the overall sCDCP1 levels decreased from 170.01 (82.69, 354.54) to 91.50 (28.305, 188.21) pg / mL with ΔsCDCP1 of -97.73 (95%CI -118.28, -80.40) pg / mL (P < 0.001) . Notably, the magnitude of decrease in sCDCP1 levels in patients with NASH was much greater than those without NASH (△sCDCP1, -161.19 (95%CI -187.23, -135.45) in NASH vs. -40.50 (95%CI -54.75, -25.60) pg / mL in non-NASH; P = 0.002, Fig. 3A) , which remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c, type of surgery and changes in BMI after surgery (P = 0.006) . Interestingly, changes in serum sCDCP1 closely paralleled reductions in CK18 levels (Spearman's P < 0.001, R = 0.56) and liver injury markers ALT (Spearman's P < 0.001, R = 0.67) and AST (Spearman's P < 0.001, R = 0.61) , further suggesting that sCDCP1 is a robust marker closely related to NASH remission (Fig. 3B) .
[0196] Table 5. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at baseline and follow up after bariatric surgery.
[0197] Data are presented as n (%of available data) or median (IQR; non-normally distributed variables) . NAFL, Non-alcoholic fatty liver; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; BMI, Body mass index; sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; CK18, M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; y-GT, y-Glutamyl transferase; TG, Total triglyceride; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
[0198] sCDCP1 and sCDCP1-based algorithms for identification and risk stratification of NASH.
[0199] sCDCP1 as a single biomarker
[0200] To assess the diagnostic potential of sCDCP1 for NASH, the main cohort was randomly divided into a training set (n = 326, including 125 NASH) and a test set (n = 163, including 66 NASH) (Table 4) , which resulted in AUROC values of 0.874 (95%CI 0.835-0.913) and 0.848 (95%CI 0.788-0.908) , respectively. In the external validation cohort, the AUROC was 0.816 (95%CI 0.731-0.901) . When combining the test set and external validation cohort into a pooled validation cohort, sCDCP1 showed an AUROC of 0.838 (95%CI 0.789-0.887) , which outperformed several existing tests for NASH, including CK18 (0.779, 95%CI 0.724-0.833) , Nice model (Anty et al., 2010) (0.783, 95%CI 0.728-0.837) and NASH clinical scoring system (NCSS) (Campos et al., 2008) (0.643, 95%CI 0.580-0.706) . When the Youden criterium was adopted, sCDCP1 exhibited the highest sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV compared to the above tests (Table 6) . Moreover, sCDCP1 was the best-fitting model as it resulted in the lowest AIC (Table 6) .
[0201] Table 6. ROC analysis of sCDCP1 and other non-invasive tests for identifying patients with NASH.
[0202] The cut-off values were determined corresponding to the maximal Youden index (Se + Sp-1) . Se, sensitivity; Sp, specificity; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; CK18, M30 fragment of cytokeratin 18; NCSS, NASH clinical scoring system. P values were calculated with the Delong’s test, compared with sCDCP1. AIC, Akaike information criterion. The lowest AIC is indicative of the best fit.
[0203] Using the dual threshold approach, the cut-off of sCDCP1 for NASH rule-out was < 76.0 pg / mL, with a sensitivity of 90.4%, specificity of 62.2%and NPV of 90.0%, while the cut-off for NASH rule-in was ≥ 153.3 pg / mL with a sensitivity of 64.8%, specificity of 90.1%and PPV of 80.2%in the training set. When applying these two cut-offs to the test set and external validation cohort, similar NPV and PPV were observed (Table 7) . Approximately 70%of patients were classified, with a "grey area" of 34.4%, 25.8%, 41.5%and 34.2%in training set, test set, external validation cohort and pooled validation cohort, respectively.
[0204] Table 7. Diagnostic performance of sCDCP1 single marker for identifying patients with NASH.
[0205] sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. Pooled validation cohort combined the test set of main cohort and external validation cohort.
[0206] sCDCP1-based algorithm for identification of NASH
[0207] To further improve the efficiency in diagnosing NASH, two models were constructed and compared (Materials and Methods and Tables 8-9) .
[0208] Table 8. Univariate logistic regression for variate selection.
[0209] sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; y-GT, y-Glutamyl transferase; BMI, Body mass index; TG, Total triglyceride; OR, Odds ratio.
[0210] Table 9. Multivariate logistic regression for establishment of diagnostic models.
[0211] sCDCP1, soluble CUB domain containing protein 1; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; OR, Odds ratio; VIF, Variance Inflation Factor; AIC, Akaike information criterion. The Model 2 with a lower AIC was chosen as the best-fitting model.
[0212] The C-DAS model, combining sCDCP1 and 3 clinical variables (Diabetes (yes =1 and no = 0) , AST and Sex (female = 0 and male = 1) , was finally selected to predict the outcome of interest. The C-DAS score is defined as:
[0213] The C-DAS score was sensitive to each individual histological feature (Fig. 7) . Compared with sCDCP1 as a single marker, the diagnostic accuracy of C-DAS model for NASH further improved AUROCs to 0.911 (95%CI 0.881 -0.941) , 0.891 (95%CI 0.844 -0.939) and 0.895 (95%CI 0.844 -0.946) in the training set, test set and external validation cohort, respectively (Table 10) . In the pooled validation cohort, C-DAS model showed an AUROC of 0.893 (95%CI 0.859 -0.927) , significantly outperformed sCDCP1 alone (0.838, 95%CI 0.789 -0.887, P = 0.004) , CK18 (0.779, 95%CI 0.724 -0.833, P < 0.001) , Nice model (0.783, 95%CI 0.728 -0.837, P < 0.001) and NCSS (0.643, 95%CI 0.580 -0.706, P < 0.001) (Fig. 4) . Moreover, C-DAS had the lowest AIC indicating the best fit, and decision curve analyses showed C-DAS had the highest clinical net benefit, further supporting that this algorithm will lead to the best clinical results (Fig. 8) . Notably, the results of sensitivity analyses showed the AUROCs of C-DAS remained stable (> 0.80) regardless of sex, age, BMI and presence / absence of diabetes, hypertension or metabolic syndrome in both the training set and pooled validation cohort and were significantly superior to the performance of sCDCP1 alone and CK18 (Fig. 9) .
[0214] Table 10. Diagnostic performance of C-DAS algorithm for identifying patients with NASH.
[0215] PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. Pooled validation cohort combined the test set of main cohort and external validation cohort.
[0216] In the pooled validation cohort, a cut-off of 0.235 gave a sensitivity of 90.8%, a specificity of 71.4%, and an NPV of 93.1%for ruling-out NASH. Conversely, a cut-off of 0.393 gave a specificity of 81.5%, sensitivity of 72.5%and a PPV of 69.3%for ruling-in NASH. The “grey zone” was 15.0%, 12.9%, 11.9%and 12.8%in the training set, test set, external validation cohort and pooled validation cohort, respectively, indicating the C-DAS algorithm yielded actionable clinical results in approximately 90%patients. (Table 10) .
[0217] C-DAS algorithm for risk stratification of fibrotic NASH
[0218] Fibrotic NASH are at higher risk of disease progression and are candidates for clinical trials and emerging pharmacotherapies 14. Therefore, the efficiency of C-DAS for identification of fibrotic NASH from all obese individuals (n = 54 in training set and 49 in pooled validation cohort) was subsequently evaluated. The AUROC was 0.913 (95%CI 0.874 -0.952) in the training set, 0.900 (95%CI 0.843 -0.957) in the test set and 0.934 (95%CI 0.885 -0.982) in the external validation cohort. In the pooled validation cohort, the AUROCs obtained from C-DAS algorithm was 0.908 (95%CI 0.869 -0.948) , which was significantly higher than the AUROCs obtained with the other indices 15: AUROC CK18 = 0.811 (95%CI 0.742 -0.880) (P = 0.017) , AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) = 0.815 (95%0.753 -0.878) (P = 0.002) , Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) = 0.652 (95%CI 0.564 -0.741) (P < 0.001) and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) = 0.588 (95%CI 0.489 -0.677) (P <0.001) (Fig. 10) . Decision curves also indicated that C-DAS had the highest clinical net benefit compared with the other tests. Cut-off for rule-out of at-risk NASH was 0.342 and for rule-in was 0.632 in the training set, with full diagnostic performance detailed Table 11. In the training set, the NPV and PPV were 92.8%and 60.3%, respectively, and 56 (17.2%) patients were in the indeterminate zone. When these cut-offs were applied to the pooled validation cohort, the PPV and NPV were 56.5%and 91.6%, respectively, with 56 (18.8%) patients in the indeterminate zone.
[0219] Table 11. Diagnostic performance of C-DAS algorithm for identifying patients with fibrotic NASH.
[0220] PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. Pooled validation cohort combined the test set of main cohort and external validation cohort.
[0221] Discussion
[0222] The lack of reliable, non-invasive tests for the early diagnosis and risk stratification of NASH represents a major challenge for clinical management. In this study, serum sCDCP1 was identified as a top-ranked biomarker for stratifying NASH from NL and NAFL, and observed a close association between increased CDCP1 mRNA expression in the liver and elevated circulating sCDCP1 in NASH patients. Furthermore, a highly sensitive ELISA was developed for quantitative measurement of circulating sCDCP1 and validated its diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for NASH in liver biopsy-proven NAFLD cohorts recruited from four different clinical centres across different geographic regions in China.
[0223] CDCP1 is a 135-150 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein comprising 836 amino acids also known as CD318, SIMA135, gp140 and Trask (Enyindah-Asonye et al., 2017; Hooper et al., 2003) . It has 3 extracellular domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain that is highly tyrosine-phosphorylated and overexpressed in several types of cancers (Lim et al., 2022) . sCDCP1 is a 65 kDa amino-terminal fragment cleaved from the ectodomain at R368 or K369 of CDCP1 by proteases such as urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin (Kryza et al., 2021) . Proteomic cleavage of CDCP1 is obligatory for dimerization of the membrane-spanning carboxyl-terminal fragment, which in turn triggers tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of several key oncogenic and metastatic signalling cascades (Wright et al., 2016) . However, the functional role of sCDCP1 shed from the plasma membrane remains largely elusive, except one report showing that it acts as a potential ligand for CD6 involved in development of autoimmune diseases (Enyindah-Asonye et al., 2017) . Several recent omics-based studies have identified serum sCDCP1 as a reliable biomarker for hepatic steatosis closely associated with liver fat deposition and liver enzymes in NAFLD patients (Lovric et al., 2018; Zeybel et al., 2021; Zeybel et al., 2022) . However, diagnosis of NAFLD was made by various imaging methods in the aforementioned studies, without reference to liver histological parameters. In the current study, sCDCP1, out of 987 serum proteins, was identified as the most discriminatory biomarker for identification of NASH, and observed a close correlation of serum sCDCP1 with several key histological features of NASH (lobular inflammation and ballooning) and fibrosis. Furthermore, the results demonstrated herein markedly increased CDCP1 gene expression in the liver as an important source for the elevated circulating sCDCP1 in NASH patients.
[0224] Notably, several known inducers of CDCP1 gene expression, such as hypoxia (Emerling et al., 2013; Park et al., 2012) , Ras / ERK 1 / 2 signalling (Uekita et al., 2014) , ADAM9 metallopeptidase (Lin et al., 2014; Schmidt-Arras and Rose-John, 2019) and Calveolin-1 (Fernandez-Rojo and Ramm, 2016; Han et al., 2020) , have been reported to promote NASH development. The downstream signalling pathways of CDCP1, including PKCδ and ERK1 / 2, have been implicated in the onset and progression of steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis (Foglia et al., 2019) , suggesting the possible involvement of CDCP1 and / or its secreted form in the pathogenesis of NASH. Indeed, preliminary animal study found the CDCP1 knock-out mice are resistant to diet-induced NASH and fibrosis, supporting the causal role of this protein in the pathogenesis of this disease (unpublished observation) . In line with previous reports showing the positive correlation of circulating sCDCP1 with impaired insulin secretion (Magnusson et al., 2020) , insulin resistance (Gummesson et al., 2021; Herder et al., 2021) , body fat and ectopic visceral fat deposition (Klevebro et al., 2021; Lovric et al., 2018; Zeybel et al., 2021) , current study found a close association of high serum sCDCP1 with the presence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome, well-known metabolic contributors to NASH development.
[0225] Although a number of protein biomarkers for NASH have been reported, none of them has been implemented clinically due to the lack of specificity, reproducibility, accuracy and independent validation. The M30 fragment of CK18, which is cleaved by caspases during cell apoptosis into the bloodstream, has been extensively validated as a NASH biomarker with reasonable diagnostic accuracy, and has been used as a surrogate marker for NASH-related clinical trials (Rinella et al., 2022) . Nevertheless, it has not been introduced into the clinic due to the lack of standardized cut-offs (spanning from 111 to 670 U / L in different studies) , and its diagnostic performance for NASH varies considerably among different cohorts, ranging from 0.66 to 0.93 (He et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2020) . In both training and validation cohorts, it was found that sCDCP1 as a standalone biomarker can identify NASH patients with excellent reproducibility and accuracy with much better diagnostic performance than CK18 and the CK18-based Nice model and NCSS, as determined by comparison of AUROCs, NPV, PPV, AIC and clinical net benefits.
[0226] To further improve the diagnostic performance of sCDCP1 for NASH, the C-DAS model was constructed which integrated sCDCP1 with three routine clinical parameters (diabetes, AST and sex) , which are well-established risk factors for NASH development. In the pooled validation cohort, the C-DAS algorithm further improved the diagnostic performance for NASH identification from AUROC of 0.838 of sCDCP1 as a standalone marker to 0.893 with stable performance across all subgroups classified by age, sex, BMI or other metabolic comorbidities. Furthermore, compared with sCDCP1, CK18, APRI, FIB-4 and NFS, the sCDCP1-based C-DAS algorithm exhibited the best performance in identifying fibrotic NASH, demonstrating its clinical applicability as a non-invasive test for screening both early and fibrotic NASH in high-risk populations such as obese individuals. In the clinic, patients with a C-DAS score of < 0.235 can be effectively ruled out for NASH and avoid further invasive liver biopsy examination. Those patients with a C-DAS score of ≥ 0.632 (rule-in cut off value of fibrotic NASH) should be referred to hepatologists for further evaluation and timely therapeutic and lifestyle interventions. The C-DAS score can also be used to assist the selection of NASH patients for evaluation of pharmacotherapies in clinical trials. NIS4, an algorithm recently developed based on a four-biomarker panel blood test (miR-34a-5p, alpha-2 macroglobulin, YKL-40 and HbA1c) , has also been validated in several large-scale cohorts for non-invasive diagnosis of fibrotic NASH in the European population (Harrison et al., 2020) . However, unlike our cohorts, only fibrotic NASH was included for establishment of the NIS4 algorithm, and it remains unclear whether NIS4 can detect NASH without fibrosis. Further studies are warranted to compare the performance of C-DAS calculated herein and NIS4 in diagnosis of NASH and fibrotic NASH in different populations.
[0227] Although there are currently no FDA-approved drugs available for treatment of NASH, bariatric surgery has been shown to be highly effective in ameliorating NASH in obese individuals (Lassailly et al., 2020) . Longitudinal study observed marked decreases in circulating sCDCP1 after bariatric surgery, independent of weight loss. Furthermore, the magnitude of decreases in sCDCP1 is more obvious than CK18 and is closely associated with the liver injury markers ALT and AST even after adjustment for multiple cofactors, further supporting the use of sCDCP1 as a robust biomarker for surrogate end points to monitor NASH progression in clinical trials.
[0228] This study has a number of strengths, including multicentre cohorts with liver histology-confirmed NAFLD by three independent pathologists, relatively large sample sizes, unbiased large-scale proteomics screening, biological plausibility demonstrated by paired hepatic transcripts, and high diagnostic performance of sCDCP1 and a sCDCP1-based algorithm for detection and risk stratification of NASH. The sCDCP1 immunoassay and C-DAS algorithm established in this study may represent a highly promising non-invasive tool for clinical management of NASH in obese individuals.
[0229] In conclusion, study conducted herein demonstrated that sCDCP1 is associated with the activity of NASH, and the sCDCP1-based algorithm outperformed CK18 for both early diagnosis and risk stratification of NASH. These data support the use of sCDCP1 and the C-DAS model as easy-to-implement tools to identify patients with NASH who are eligible for inclusion in clinical trials and to avoid unnecessary liver biopsy in low-risk individuals.
[0230] Example 2: Animal Studies
[0231] To investigate the role of CDCP1 in the development of NASH, two diet-induced NASH mice models were employed to study the phenotypes of wild type and CDCP1 knock-out mice: the choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat (CDAHF60) diet for 8 weeks, and the high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 20 weeks (Gallage et al. ) . In the CDAHF60 diet-induced model, the results showed that CDCP1 knock-out significantly decreased diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis, as observed through H&E, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red staining (Figures 12A, 12B) , indicating a reduced severity of NASH as determined by NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) (Brunt et al. ) and fibrosis. Additionally, the serum levels of ALT and AST, well-known liver injury indicators, were significantly reduced in CDCP1 knock-out mice with diet-induced NASH (Figures 12C, 1D) . Similar results were obtained in the HFHC diet-induced NASH model (Figure 13) , supporting the notion that inhibition of CDCP1 led to resistance against diet-induced NASH and fibrosis, supporting the causal role of this protein in the pathogenesis of the disease.
[0232] Example 3: Intrahepatic macrophages mediate the pro-inflammatory effect of CDCP1 in NASH
[0233] The liver cell populations encompass parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells, the latter of which are composed of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells (KCs) and other types of immune cells. In NASH, the most prominent histological features are loci inflammation and an imbalance of immune cells within the NPCs. Macrophages, the most abundant liver immune cells, play an important role in maintaining hepatic homeostasis. The crosstalk between hepatocytes and macrophages, mediated by extracellular signals, contributes to both the onset and exacerbation of NASH.
[0234] In this study, NPCs were extracted from mice fed with either high-fat high-cholestrole (HFHC) diet or standard chow (STC) for 20 weeks, and conducted flow cytometry experiments to investigate changes in hepatic macrophages (CD45+F4 / 80+CD11b+) in both CDCP1 knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Flow cytometry results showed a lower percentage of hepatic macrophages in the CDCP1 KO mice compared to their WT counterparts (Figure 14A -14B) . qPCR experiments were then performed to assess the mRNA expression of the macrophage-related surface biomarker F4 / 80 in liver NPCs, revealing a decreased level in CDCP1 KO mice (Figure 14C) . These results indicate that CDCP1 deficiency alleviates HFHC diet-induced recruitment and activation of hepatic macrophages.
[0235] Subsequently, the stimulatory effects of recombinant sCDCP1 protein on bone marrow-derived macrophages were investigated for in vitro validation. The results revealed that recombinant sCDCP1 protein significantly promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (Figure 15A -15B) . Upon administering a dose of 100 ng / mL, pro-inflammatory effects began to be observed, and the peak effects were noted when the protein concentration was increased to 1 μg / mL, resulting in a substantial increase (approximately 6-10 fold) in the mRNA levels of these cytokines (Figure 15A -15B) . Next, various molecular ratios of a rabbit anti-sCDCP1 neutralizing antibody (protein to antibody ratio: 1: 0, 1: 1.5, 1: 3, and 1: 6, with non-immune IgG serving as the control group) were added to the in vitro system. Notably, significant blocking effects were observed when the ratio of recombinant protein to the neutralization antibody reached 1: 3 (Figure 15C-15D) . The findings presented herein suggest that the potent stimulatory effect of recombinant sCDCP1 on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages can be effectively inhibited by an anti-sCDCP1 neutralization antibody.
[0236] Overall, the results presented herein provide valuable insights into the role of sCDCP1 in modulating macrophage function and the potential theraputical implications of anti-sCDCP1 antibodies for NASH.
[0237] Abbreviations
[0238] NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NAFL, Non-alcoholic fatty liver; NL, Normal liver; CDCP1, CUB Domain Containing Protein 1; CK18, Cytokeratin 18; FGF21, Fibroblast growth factor 21; THBS2, Thrombospondin 2; NAS, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score; NCSS, NASH clinical scoring system; APRI, AST-to-platelet ratio index; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; BMI, Body mass index; NPV, Negative Predictive Value; PPV, Positive Predictive Value; ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic; AUROC, Area under the ROC; OR, odds ratio; RCS, Restricted cubic splines; AIC, Akaike information criterion; DCA, Decision curve analysis.
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[0295] It is understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described as these can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
[0296] Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed method and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, is this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Further, each of the materials, compositions, components, etc. contemplated and disclosed as above can also be specifically and independently included or excluded from any group, subgroup, list, set, etc. of such materials. These concepts apply to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.
[0297] “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event, circumstance, or material may or may not occur or be present, and that the description includes instances where the event, circumstance, or material occurs or is present and instances where it does not occur or is not present.
[0298] Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of the word “can” indicates an option or capability of the object or condition referred to. Generally, use of “can” in this way is meant to positively state the option or capability while also leaving open that the option or capability could be absent in other forms or embodiments of the object or condition referred to. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of the word “may” indicates an option or capability of the object or condition referred to. Generally, use of “may” in this way is meant to positively state the option or capability while also leaving open that the option or capability could be absent in other forms or embodiments of the object or condition referred to. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of “may” herein does not refer to an unknown or doubtful feature of an object or condition.
[0299] Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, also specifically contemplated and considered disclosed is the range from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about, ” it will be understood that the particular value forms another, specifically contemplated embodiment that should be considered disclosed unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It should be understood that all of the individual values and sub-ranges of values contained within an explicitly disclosed range are also specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Finally, it should be understood that all ranges refer both to the recited range as a range and as a collection of individual numbers from and including the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint. In the latter case, it should be understood that any of the individual numbers can be selected as one form of the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. In this way, a range describes a set of numbers or values from and including the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint from which a single member of the set (i.e. a single number) can be selected as the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. The foregoing applies regardless of whether in particular cases some or all of these embodiments are explicitly disclosed.
[0300] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed method and compositions belong. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present method and compositions, the particularly useful methods, devices, and materials are as described. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of references states what their authors assert, and applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of publications are referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art.
[0301] Although the description of materials, compositions, components, steps, techniques, etc. can include numerous options and alternatives, this should not be construed as, and is not an admission that, such options and alternatives are equivalent to each other or, in particular, are obvious alternatives.
[0302] Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the method and compositions described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
Claims
1.A method comprising detecting sCDCP1 in a bodily fluid of a subject, wherein the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) when:(a) the level of sCDCP1 detected in the bodily fluid of the subject is elevated compared to the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH and / or(b) a numerical score calculated by using the level of sCDCP1 in an algorithm is elevated compared to the numerical score calculated by using the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH in the algorithm of sCDCP1.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for NASH when level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of the subject is greater than the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH by at least 153.3 pg / mL.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the algorithm is C-DAS that uses the sCDCP1 level in combination with one or more clinical variables to calculate a numerical score (C-DAS score) for the subject.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the clinical variables include one or more of diabetes status, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, sex, or a combination thereof.5.The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the presence of NASH in the subject is indicated when the C-DAS score is greater than the numerical score calculated by using the average level of sCDCP1 in the bodily fluid of subjects not suffering from NASH in the algorithm of sCDCP1 by at least 0.393.6.The method of any one of claims 3-5, wherein the subject is selected for early pharmacological and / or lifestyle intervention for NASH when the level of sCDCP1 protein in the bodily fluid of the subject is greater by at least 153.3 pg / mL and / or the C-DAS score is greater by at least 0.393.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the subject has one or more indications of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) .8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the subject has one or more indications of liver fibrosis.9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the subject has one or more indications of Fibrotic NASH.10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, further comprising treating the selected subject for NASH.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the subject is treated with a therapy that reduces CDCP1 expression.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the therapy comprises administering to the selected subject siRNA targeting CDCP1 gene sequence.13.The method of claim 11, wherein the therapy comprises administering to the selected subject a molecule that binds CDCP1 protein.14.The method of claim 11, wherein the therapy comprises genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in the subject.15.A method of treating a subject for NASH, the method comprising treating the subject with a therapy that reduces CDCP1 expression.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the therapy comprises administering to the subject siRNA targeting CDCP1 gene sequence.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the therapy comprises administering to the subject a molecule that binds CDCP1 protein.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the therapy comprises genetically ablating CDCP1 gene in the subject.