METHOD FOR DETERMINING HEALTH RISKS RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION

Abstract

TITLE OF THE INVENTION: METHOD FOR DETERMINING HEALTH RISKS RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION The method (100) for determining health risks related to air pollution comprises: - a first step of extracting (105), from a first database, a set of values ​​representing the quantity of at least one air pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates, according to a first spatial resolution, each said pollutant being represented, in the first database, by a numerical identifier of the air pollutant, - a step of determining (110), by a computing device, a second spatial resolution, higher than the first spatial resolution, said second spatial resolution being formed of cells representing elementary geographical subsets corresponding to a set of geographical coordinates, - a first calculation step (115), by a computing device,of representative values ​​of the quantity of at least one air pollutant, according to the second spatial resolution, as a function of at least one numerical identifier of the air pollutant and at least one representative value of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution and - a registration step (120), in a second database, of the representative value of the quantity of at least one air pollutant during the first calculation step (115). Figure for the abstract: Figure 1,

Description

Title of the invention: METHOD FOR DETERMINING HEALTH RISKS LINKED TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION Technical field of the invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for determining health risks linked to atmospheric pollution. It applies in particular to the field of public health. State of the art

[0002] The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been conceived or pursued previously. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section constitute prior art solely because of its inclusion in this section.

[0003] In the field of public health, the impact of the environment on human health is a major issue. Air pollution is an important environmental factor in the development of health problems such as respiratory diseases, and on mortality. Different pollutants are present in the air and can be chemical such as hydrocarbon molecules, physical such as fine particles, or biological such as pollen.

[0004] Studies are known that assess the health impacts of ambient air pollution on regional geographical scales and over a limited period.

[0005] Prospective assessments of the health impact of implementing a low emission zone (LEZ) on urban geographical scales are known.

[0006] We know of scientific publications studying excess mortality linked to atmospheric pollution on metropolitan geographical scales.

[0007] However, the current solutions cited above are based on data from ground sensor networks, which are heterogeneous data, as well as on data preprocessing models which are not state-of-the-art.

[0008] Furthermore, they do not allow the entire European territory to be covered or mortality to be estimated on a very fine geographical scale.

[0009] Also, they are not dynamic in the sense that they do not allow the user to work on future scenarios and do not offer any other measure of health impact than excess mortality.

[0010] Finally, they are not compatible with the European technical framework for interoperability FIWARE. Summary of the invention

[0011] The general concept of the invention consists of predicting the occurrence and / or impact of a health risk, in particular through a dynamic mapping tool for excess mortality linked to atmospheric pollution, for several pollutants, at a fine geographical scale (neighborhood) and covering the whole of Europe, for several past years and for a certain number of prospective scenarios.

[0012] Thanks to the advantages granted by the implementation of the present invention, alerts relating to the presence of health risks can, for example, be issued to populations subject to these health risks or be communicated to administrators of the territories housing these populations. Brief description of the figures

[0013] Other advantages, aims and particular characteristics of the invention will emerge from the following non-limiting description of at least one particular embodiment of the method which is the subject of the present invention, with reference to the appended drawings, in which:

[0014] [Fig.l] represents, schematically and in the form of a flowchart, a succession of particular steps of the method which is the subject of the present invention,

[0015] [Fig.2] represents, schematically and in the form of a flowchart, a succession of particular steps of the method which is the subject of the present invention,

[0016] [Fig.3] schematically represents a representation of a cell of the second spatial resolution of the method for determining health risks linked to atmospheric pollution which is the subject of the present invention,

[0017] [Fig.4] represents a computer system capable of implementing a mode of implementation of the method which is the subject of the present invention,

[0018] [Fig.5] represents a health risk map obtained by the implementation of the method which is the subject of the present invention and

[0019] [Fig.6] represents a computer system capable of implementing a mode of implementation of the method which is the subject of the present invention. Description of the embodiments

[0020] The present description is given without limitation, each characteristic of an embodiment being able to be combined with any other characteristic of any other embodiment in an advantageous manner.

[0021] It should be noted, from now on, that the figures are not to scale.

[0022] As understood from the present description, various inventive concepts may be implemented by one or more methods or devices described below, several examples of which are provided herein. The actions or steps performed in carrying out the method or device may be ordered in any suitable manner. Accordingly, it is possible to construct embodiments in which the actions or steps are performed in a order different from that illustrated, which may include performing certain acts simultaneously, even if they are presented as sequential acts in the illustrated embodiments.

[0023] The indefinite articles "a" and "an", as used in the description and claims, are to be understood as meaning "at least one", unless otherwise clearly indicated.

[0024] The expression "and / or", as used herein and in the claims, is to be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements which are present conjunctively in some cases and disjunctively in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and / or" are to be interpreted in the same way, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present, other than the elements specifically identified by the "and / or" clause, whether or not they are related to these specifically identified elements.Thus, by way of non-limiting example, a reference to "A and / or B", when used in conjunction with open language such as "comprising" may refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

[0025] As used herein in the description and claims, "or" is to be understood inclusively.

[0026] As used in this specification and in the claims, the expression "at least one", with reference to a list of one or more elements, is to be understood to mean at least one element selected from one or more elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each element specifically listed in the list of elements and not excluding any combination of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows for the optional presence of elements other than the specifically identified elements in the list of elements to which the expression "at least one" refers, whether or not related to those specifically identified elements.Thus, by way of non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently, "at least one of A or B", or, equivalently, "at least one of A and / or B") may refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, without B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, without A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, . possibly comprising more than one, B (and possibly comprising other elements); etc.

[0027] In the claims, as well as in the description below, all transitional expressions such as "comprising", "including", "carrying", "having", "containing", "involving", "holding", "composed of", and the like, are to be understood as being open, i.e., as meaning including but not limited to. Only the transitional expressions "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" are to be understood as closed or semi-closed transitional expressions, respectively.

[0028] As used herein, the terms "computing device", "computer interface" or "computer system" refer to any electronic computing device, unitary or distributed, capable of receiving digital inputs and providing digital outputs through and to any kind of interface, digital and / or analog. Generally, a computer system refers to either a computer running software that has access to data storage, or a client-server architecture in which data and / or computations are performed at the server while the client serves as the interface.

[0029] As used herein, the term "digital identifier" means any computerized representation identifier, such as one used in a computer database, representing a physical object, such as an air pollutant. A digital representation identifier may be a label representative of the name or chemical structure of the air pollutant. Such a representation is bijective, meaning that a physical air pollutant corresponds to an air pollutant digital representation identifier and vice versa.

[0030] [Fig.l] shows a schematic view in the form of a flowchart of an embodiment of a method 100 for determining health risks related to atmospheric pollution. The method 100 as represented in [Fig.l] is capable of being implemented by a device 400 as represented in [Fig.4]. This method 100 comprises a first step 105 of extracting, from a first database 410, a set of values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates, according to a first spatial resolution, each said pollutant being represented, in the first database 410, by a digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant.

[0031] The first extraction step 105 is performed, for example, using any extraction means 440 associated with a computer system 605, such as those illustrated in [Fig. 4] and [Fig. 6]. The first extraction step 105 is performed, for example, by executing a set of computer instructions, forming a computer software, by a calculation device, corresponding to the extraction means 440, such a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with regard to [Fig.6].

[0032] The first database 410 is, for example, a computer memory in which data on concentrations of atmospheric pollutants are stored on the scale of a territory, such as Europe for example. This data may come from public sources. Such a computer memory may be associated with a computer server on the cloud, for example.

[0033] The pollutants are, for example, pollutants regulated or not by public organizations such as ammonia, carbon monoxide or glyoxal. Preferably, the extracted atmospheric pollutant concentration data are fine particles whose diameter is less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (03). The first database 410 may contain concentration data of a single atmospheric pollutant or of several atmospheric pollutants.

[0034] The data can be acquired by sensors in the air or in the oceans. Preferably, such data is acquired by satellite images delivering measurements by image processing.

[0035] In variants, the data may be acquired by ground sensors.

[0036] The first database 410 may contain geographic coordinates associated with each quantity value of an atmospheric pollutant. Such coordinates comprise at least the longitude and latitude for a quantity value of an atmospheric pollutant. The extracted geographic coordinates depend, for example, on a first spatial resolution. Such a first spatial resolution may be a low spatial resolution, i.e., global. In other words, the quantity values ​​of an atmospheric pollutant extracted from the first database 410 are, for example, on a global, continental or national scale.

[0037] This first spatial resolution can be considered low in the sense that this spatial resolution is lower than a spatial resolution of interest, that is to say that this resolution does not allow fine, or local, determination of the presence of pollutants. For example, a first spatial resolution may correspond to a national resolution, from which it is not possible to determine the presence of pollutant at the level of a particular city in the national territory.

[0038] In addition, the extracted geographic coordinates may depend, for example, on the territorial division of the first spatial resolution. Such territorial division may be at the scale of countries or regions.

[0039] For example, during this extraction step 105, the software associates at least one digital atmospheric pollutant identifier with each pollutant extracted from a list of digital identifiers of air pollutants.

[0040] Such a digital identifier may correspond to a label with the name of the air pollutant or the chemical structure of this air pollutant.

[0041] In variants, a user can associate, on a computer interface, at least one digital identifier of an atmospheric pollutant with each pollutant extracted from a list of digital identifiers of atmospheric pollutants.

[0042] In embodiments, as illustrated in [Fig.l] and [Fig.3], this method 100 also comprises a step 110 of determining, by a calculation device, a second spatial resolution 300, higher than the first spatial resolution, said second spatial resolution 300 being formed of cells 305 representative of elementary geographic subsets corresponding to a set of geographic coordinates.

[0043] The determining step 110 is performed, for example, using any determining means 445 associated with a computer system 605, such as those illustrated in [Fig. 4] and in [Fig. 6]. The determining step 110 is performed, for example, by executing a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a computing device, corresponding to the determining means 445, such a computing device being, for example, a processor 610 as described with respect to [Fig. 6].

[0044] Conceptually, such a second spatial resolution 300 corresponds to an increase in the precision of the first spatial resolution.

[0045] The second spatial resolution can form a mesh, each mesh being a cell 305. Each cell 305 can be a geographical subset such as a part of a territory. In other words, the second spatial resolution 300 is, for example, a division of the territory into elementary parcels. Preferably, such cells 305 are at the scale of the Regrouped Blocks for Statistical Information (IRIS) as defined by the INSEE (for “National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies”). This scale is used by the INSEE for the population census. An IRIS constitutes the finest geographical scale of the territory. For example, the cells are at the scale of the IRIS on the French territory.

[0046] In variants, the cells are at the scale of the Nomenclatures of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) as defined by the European Commission. For example, the cells are at the scale of the NUTS on the territory constituted by the other countries of Europe except the French territory.

[0047] Each cell 305 has geographic coordinates defining its outline. A cell 305 can be of any size and shape. Preferably, the size and shape of a cell 305 are defined by the number of inhabitants of the population present in the part of the territory that it surrounds.

[0048] In variants, a user can define cells from a graphical interface by delineating on a map the contours of said cells. These contours can then be associated with geographic coordinates.

[0049] The method 100 then comprises a first step 115 of calculating, by a calculating device, values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant, according to the second spatial resolution 300, as a function of at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution.

[0050] The first calculation step 115 is carried out, for example, using any determination means 450 associated with a computer system 605, such as those illustrated in [Fig. 4] and in [Fig. 6]. The first calculation step 115 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device, corresponding to the extraction means 450, such a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with respect to [Fig. 6].

[0051] In embodiments, such as those illustrated in [Fig.l] and in [Fig.3], during the method 100, during the first calculation step 115, at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell 305 is calculated by implementing the following equation: ys 2— 0 j

[0052] in which: - Zo corresponds to the representative value of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for said cell 305, - dj corresponds to the geographical distance 315, 320, 325 and 330 separating the centroid 310 of said cell 305 from at least two geographical coordinates 335, 340, 345 and / or 350 each associated with at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, - Z, corresponds to said values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, -s corresponds to the number of geographical coordinates 335, 340, 345 and / or 350 each associated with at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, - k corresponds to a positive real number, called the “power parameter”.

[0053] During step 110, upstream of the first calculation step 115, the values ​​representative of the quantity of a pollutant extracted may have geographical coordinates dependent on the first spatial resolution. During the first step 115 of calculation, the values ​​representative of the quantity of a pollutant are calculated according to the second spatial resolution 300, that is to say according to a cell 305. Such a cell 305 may have a point, located inside this cell, corresponding to its centroid 310. During this same step 115, the distances 315, 320, 325 and 330 separating this centroid and the geographical coordinates of a value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution are calculated. From representative values ​​of distances 315, 320, 325 and 330, and the representative values ​​of the quantity of a pollutant extracted, corresponding to Zi above, the equation above can calculate, for a cell 305, a representative value of the quantity of a pollutant, corresponding to Zo above, according to this cell 305.The value representative of the quantity of a pollutant may have geographic coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300, based on at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant. Preferably, the value of the parameter k is equal to 2.

[0054] In variants (not shown), other equations, different from the above equation, are used to calculate at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell 305.

[0055] In simplified variants, the calculation executed during the first calculation step 115 can be an algebraic expression containing two numerical variables A and B, as well as a constant k being a factor of B, such as the following equation: A = kB

[0056] in which, depending on at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant: - the constant k corresponds to the calculated coefficient, - variable B corresponds to a value representative of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution and - variable A corresponds to a value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the second spatial resolution 300.

[0057] The method 100 also comprises a step 120 of recording, in a second database 415, the value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant calculated during the first calculation step 115.

[0058] The writing step 120 is carried out, for example, using any writing means 455 associated with a computer system 605, such as those illustrated in [Fig. 4] and in [Fig. 6]. The writing step 120 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a computing device, corresponding to the writing means 455, such a computing device being for example a processor 610 as described with respect to [Fig. 6] associated with a memory 625. Such computer instructions may cor respond, for example, to instructions for writing data to memory.

[0059] [Fig.2] and [Fig.3] show a schematic view in the form of a flowchart of a particular embodiment of a method 200 which comprises, downstream of the registration step 220, a second step 225 of extraction, from a second database 415, of at least one value representative of human excess mortality for at least one cell 305. The method 200 as represented in [Fig.2] is capable of being implemented by a device 400 as represented in [Fig.4].

[0060] The second extraction step 225 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with regard to [Fig.6].

[0061] The second database 415 is, for example, a computer memory in which human excess mortality data is stored. This data may come from public sources. Such a computer memory may be associated with a cloud computing server, for example.

[0062] The second database 415 may contain geographic coordinates associated with each human excess mortality value. In other words, the human excess mortality values ​​extracted from the second database 415 are, for example, defined according to a spatial resolution that may be on a global, continental, national or regional scale. Preferably, such a spatial resolution is on a European scale.

[0063] The spatial resolution has a territorial mesh whose mesh can be at the scale of countries or regions. The geographic coordinates can be defined according to a spatial resolution lower than the second spatial resolution 300.

[0064] In variants (not shown), the method 200 comprises an additional calculation step making it possible to define values ​​representative of the excess human mortality, according to the second spatial resolution 300, as a function of at least one value representative of the excess human mortality according to the spatial resolution of the data of the second base 415. Such an additional calculation step is similar to step 115 or 215.

[0065] In simplified variants (not shown), the calculation performed during the additional calculation step may be an algebraic expression containing two numerical variables A and B, as well as a constant k being a factor of B, such as the following equation: A = kB

[0066] in which, depending on at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant: - the constant k corresponds to a coefficient representing a mathematical relationship between the two variables, - variable B corresponds to a representative value of excess human mortality according to the spatial resolution of the data of the second base 415 and - variable A corresponds to a representative value of excess human mortality, according to the second spatial resolution 300.

[0067] In other variants (not shown), the geographic coordinates may be defined according to a spatial resolution similar to the second spatial resolution 300, formed of cells identical to the cells 305.

[0068] The method 200 also comprises a second step 230 of calculation, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305, of a coefficient representative of the mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of excess human mortality and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant.

[0069] The second calculation step 230 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with regard to [Fig.6].

[0070] This step 230 performs a calculation from a value representative of the excess human mortality extracted from the second database 415 and a value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant extracted from the first database 410, according to the same numerical identifier of atmospheric pollutant and the same cell 305. In other words, the coefficient is calculated for two extracted data having the same geographical coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300.

[0071] Such a coefficient is, preferably, a value representative of excess human mortality attributable to an atmospheric pollutant.

[0072] In embodiments, such as that illustrated in [Fig. 2], during the method 200, during the second calculation step 230, at least one coefficient representative of the mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of excess human mortality and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell 305, is calculated by implementing the following equation: PAF -

[0073] Or : - Pi corresponds to a proportion of the population at current exposure to a value representative of the quantity of said atmospheric pollutant, - A Xj corresponds to a current exposure difference and - RR\\ corresponds to a relative risk for the difference in exposure.

[0074] From at least one value representative of the quantity of a pollutant calculated during the first calculation step 215, and from at least one value representative of the excess human mortality extracted during the extraction step 225, the above equation can calculate, for a cell 305, a coefficient corresponding to the PAF in the above equation, of mathematical relationship between the two values ​​according to this cell 305. In variants (not shown), the method 200 comprises an additional extraction step, upstream of the second calculation step 230, making it possible to extract values ​​representative of the target quantity of an atmospheric pollutant. In other words, the target quantity of an atmospheric pollutant is, preferably, the quantity of this pollutant not representing a health risk for the population. For example, a value representative of a target quantity is associated with each atmospheric pollutant identifier.

[0075] In variants (not shown), the method 200 comprises an additional calculation step, upstream of the second calculation step 230, making it possible to calculate a difference in exposure A. For example, a value representative of the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant, calculated during the calculation step 215, can be subtracted from a value representative of a target quantity of said pollutant in order to obtain the difference in exposure according to said pollutant.

[0076] In simplified variants (not shown), the calculation executed during the additional calculation step, upstream of the second calculation step 230, can be an algebraic expression containing three numerical variables A, B and C, such as the following equation: A = BC

[0077] in which, as a function of at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305: - variable A corresponds to the difference in exposure, - variable B corresponds to a value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant and - variable C corresponds to a value representative of the target quantity of said atmospheric pollutant.

[0078] In variants (not shown), the method 200 comprises an additional definition step, upstream of the second calculation step 230, making it possible to define at least one value representative of a relative risk, corresponding to the RR&x, for an atmospheric pollutant. For example, a relative risk is associated with each atmospheric pollutant identifier. Preferably, a relative risk corresponds to a measure of the risk of excess human mortality in a proportion of the population exposed to a value representative of the quantity of said atmospheric pollutant in relation to a proportion of the population exposed to a value representative of the target quantity of said pollutant.

[0079] In simplified variants (not shown), the calculation executed during the second calculation step 230 can be an algebraic expression containing two numerical variables A and B, as well as a constant k being a factor of B, such as the following equation: A = kB

[0080] in which, as a function of at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305: - the constant k corresponds to the coefficient, - variable B corresponds to a value representative of excess human mortality and - variable A corresponds to a value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant.

[0081] In embodiments, the method 200 then comprises a step 235 of storing, in a third database 420, the coefficient calculated during the second calculation step 230.

[0082] The storage step 235 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with regard to [Fig.6] associated with a memory 625.

[0083] Each calculated coefficient value can be stored in the third database 420 and each of these values ​​can be linked to a digital atmospheric pollutant identifier and to a cell 305, i.e. to a set of geographic coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300.

[0084] In embodiments, such as those illustrated in [Fig.2] and in [Fig.3], during the method 200, during the second extraction step 225, at least one value representative of excess human mortality for at least one cell 305 is associated with a numerical identifier representative of an age group class. The second calculation step 230 is configured to determine for at least one numerical identifier of atmospheric pollutant, for at least one cell 305 and for at least one age group class, a coefficient.

[0085] During the second extraction step 225, the values ​​representative of the excess human mortality extracted from the second database 415 can be associated with data of values ​​representative of the age. These values ​​are, for example, grouped by age groups by the software associating at least one numerical identifier of age groups with each age extracted from a list of numerical identifiers of age groups. A value representative of the excess human mortality and a value representative of an age group are associated according to the same cell 305, that is to say to the same set of geographical coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300. During the second calculation step 230, these two values ​​being associated for each of the cells 305 during step 225, the coefficient can be calculated for a digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and / or a digital identifier of age groups corresponding to a said cell 305.

[0086] In embodiments, such as that illustrated in [Fig.2], during the method 200, during the second calculation step 230, at least one coefficient representative of the mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of excess human mortality and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell 305, is calculated by implementing the following equation:

[0087] where: - Pi corresponds to a proportion of the population at a current exposure to a value representative of the quantity of said atmospheric pollutant, - A Xj corresponds to a current exposure difference and - RR^ corresponds to a relative risk for the difference in exposure.

[0088] During step 210, upstream of the first calculation step 215, the values ​​representative of the quantity of a pollutant extracted may have geographical coordinates dependent on the first spatial resolution. During the first calculation step 215, the values ​​representative of the quantity of a pollutant are calculated according to the second spatial resolution 300, that is to say according to a cell 305. Such a cell 305 may have a point, located inside this cell, corresponding to its centroid 310. During this same step 215, the distances 315, 320, 325 and 330 separating this centroid and the geographical coordinates of a value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution are calculated.From representative values ​​of distances 315, 320, 325 and 330, and the representative values ​​of the quantity of a pollutant extracted, corresponding to above, the equation above can calculate, for a cell 305, a representative value of the quantity of a pollutant, corresponding to Zo above, according to this cell 305. The representative value of the quantity of a pollutant can have geographical coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300, according to at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant.

[0089] In variants (not shown), other equations, different from the equation above, are used to calculate at least one representative coefficient of mathematical relationship between at least one representative value of human excess mortality and at least one representative value of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell 305.

[0090] In embodiments, such as those illustrated in [Fig.2] and in [Fig.3], the method 200 comprises, downstream of the registration step 220, a step 240 of definition, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305, of a value representative of an alert threshold corresponding to a predetermined value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant.

[0091] The definition step 240 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with regard to [Fig.6].

[0092] During this definition step 240, a limit value for the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant, corresponding to an alert threshold, is for example defined via a graphical user interface. Such an alert threshold can be defined for each atmospheric pollutant and for each cell 305. This alert threshold is, for example, data extracted from a database listing the thresholds representing a health risk defined by public health organizations. The value of this alert threshold for an atmospheric pollutant can be identical for several cells 305. Preferably, the value of an alert threshold for a pollutant is the same for a set of cells 305 making up at least part of a territory corresponding to a country.

[0093] In variants, an alert threshold is, for example, predetermined or determined by a user, via a configuration interface of the computer interface type or application interface of the API type.

[0094] In embodiments, the method 200 also comprises a third step 245 of calculation, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305, of a duration during which a value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant is greater than the value representative of an alert threshold.

[0095] Such a duration may be defined by a number of hours, days, weeks and / or months. Preferably, such a duration corresponds to the number of days during which the value representative of the alert threshold, for at least one atmospheric pollutant identifier and for at least one cell 305, has been reached and / or exceeded.

[0096] In variants, the values ​​representative of an alert threshold are stored directly in the third database 420.

[0097] In simplified variants (not shown), the calculation performed during the third step 245 of calculation can be an algebraic expression containing two numerical variables A and B, as well as a constant k being a factor of B, such as the following equation: A = kB

[0098] in which, as a function of at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305: - the constant k corresponds to a coefficient representing the mathematical relationship between the two variables A and B, - variable B corresponds to a value representative of a quantity of the said atmospheric pollutant and - variable A corresponds to a duration.

[0099] In embodiments, the method 200 also comprises a storage step 235, in a fourth database 425, of the duration calculated during the third calculation step 245.

[0100] The storage step 235 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with regard to [Fig.6] associated with a memory 625.

[0101] In variants, the fourth database 425 is the third database 420. In other words, the representative values ​​of coefficients and the durations are stored in the same third database 420.

[0102] In other variants, the representative values ​​of coefficients and the representative values ​​of alert thresholds are stored in the same database 420.

[0103] In embodiments, such as those illustrated in [Fig.2], in [Fig.3] and in [Fig.4], the method 200 comprises, downstream of the definition step 240, a step 250 of extraction, from a fifth database 430, of at least one value representative of a population statistic associated with at least one cell 305.

[0104] The fifth database 430 is, for example, a computer memory in which data of values ​​representative of a population statistic are stored. This data may come from public sources. Such a computer memory may be associated with a cloud computing server, for example.

[0105] The fifth database 430 may contain geographic coordinates associated with each value representative of a population statistic. In other words, the human excess mortality values ​​extracted from the fifth database 430 are, for example, defined according to a spatial resolution that may be on a global, continental, national or regional scale. Preferably, such a spatial resolution is on a European scale. In other words, the mesh may be formed of cells identical to the cells 305, one mesh corresponding to one cell 305.

[0106] The spatial resolution has a territorial mesh whose mesh can be at the scale of countries or regions. Preferably, the fifth database 430 contains values ​​representative of a population statistic associated with geographic coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300.

[0107] Such a population statistic is, for example, a distribution of the population by sex, a distribution by standard of living or a distribution by income. Preferably, the population statistic is a statistic concerning the size of the population over the entire territory, that is to say over each cell 305. In other words, such a statistic may be a proportion of the population present in each cell 305.

[0108] In variants, the fifth database 430 contains values ​​representative of a population statistic associated with geographic coordinates according to a spatial resolution lower than the second spatial resolution 300.

[0109] In these variants, the method 200 comprises, downstream of the extraction step 250, an additional calculation step making it possible to define values ​​representative of a population statistic, according to the second spatial resolution 300, as a function of at least one value representative of a population statistic according to the spatial resolution of the data of the fifth base 430. Such a calculation step is similar to step 115 or 215.

[0110] In embodiments, the method 200 also comprises at least one of the following steps: - a fourth step 255 of calculation, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305, of a value representative of a statistic of the population associated with said cell 305, exposed to a quantity of pollutant greater than the value representative of an alert threshold and / or - a step 235 of storing, in a sixth database 435, the representative value of a statistic of the population calculated during the fourth calculation step 255.

[0111] The fourth calculation step 255 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a calculation device being for example a processor 610 as described with reference to the figure.

[0112] This step 255 performs a calculation from a value representative of a population statistic extracted from the fifth database 430 and a value representative of an alert threshold of at least one atmospheric pollutant defined during step 240, according to the same digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and the same cell 305. In other words, the coefficient is calculated for two extracted data having the same geographic coordinates according to the second spatial resolution 300.

[0113] In simplified variants (not shown), the calculation executed during the fourth calculation step 255 can be an algebraic expression containing two numerical variables A and B, as well as a constant k being a factor of B, such as the following equation: A — kB

[0114] in which, as a function of at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell 305: - the constant k corresponds to a coefficient, - variable B corresponds to a quantity of pollutant greater than the value representing an alert threshold and - variable A corresponds to a value representative of a statistic of the population associated with said cell 305 exposed to a quantity of pollutant greater than the value representative of an alert threshold.

[0115] In variants, the sixth database 435 is the third database 420. In other words, the representative values ​​of coefficients and the representative values ​​of a statistic of the population, exposed to a quantity of pollutant greater than the representative value of an alert threshold, are stored in the same third database 420.

[0116] In embodiments, such as those illustrated in [Fig.2] and in [Fig.3], the method 200 comprises, downstream of the determination step 210, a detection step 260, by an image processing algorithm executed by a computing device, of at least one value representative of the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographic coordinates. This set is obtained, according to a spatial resolution, as a function of a satellite photograph of a territory corresponding to each said set of geographic coordinates.

[0117] In preferred variants, the spatial resolution of a satellite photograph is lower than the second spatial resolution 300. The values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant, according to the spatial resolution of a satellite photograph, can be calculated according to the second spatial resolution 300 during the first calculation step 215.

[0118] In other variants (not shown), the spatial resolution of a satellite photograph is the same as the second spatial resolution 300. The values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographic coordinates, according to the spatial resolution of a satellite photograph, can be used in the first calculation step 215.

[0119] In other variants (not shown), the spatial resolution of a photograph satellite is higher than the second spatial resolution 300. The values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographic coordinates, according to the spatial resolution of a satellite photograph, can be used in the first calculation step 215.

[0120] Satellite photography is, for example, a spatial image operating across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. In particular, the digitized radiation may be part of the infrared, ultraviolet and / or visible spectrum.

[0121] The satellite photograph may be captured by a capture device such as an optical instrument. The optical instrument is, for example, a still camera or a video camera. The capture is performed, for example, by an input device 640 as described with respect to [Fig.6].

[0122] During this detection step 260, the captured image makes it possible, by processing, to recover values ​​representative of the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant depending on geographic coordinates according to the first spatial resolution.

[0123] In variants, the detection step is carried out based on terrestrial sensors such as ground sensors, sensors in the air or in the oceans.

[0124] In embodiments, such as those illustrated in [Fig.2], in [Fig.4] and in [Fig.5], the method 200 comprises a step 265 of selecting, on a graphical interface 500, a digital identifier of an atmospheric pollutant.

[0125] The selection step 265 is carried out, for example, using any input means associated with a computer system 600, such as that illustrated in [Fig. 6]. For example, during this selection step 265, a user can select, on a graphical interface 500, at least one digital identifier of an atmospheric pollutant from a list of digital identifiers of an atmospheric pollutant. This identifier can be, for example, a label representative of the name of an atmospheric pollutant or a reference representative of this atmospheric pollutant.

[0126] Such a graphical interface 500 is, for example, a web application. The graphical interface 500 may have a column 511 positioned on a part of the application. The column 511 may have a graphical interface component 512 comprising the list of digital air pollutant identifiers. Such a component 512 comprising the list of digital air pollutant identifiers is, for example, a push button or a drop-down list. Preferably, the component 512 is a set of check boxes, each box being linked to a digital air pollutant identifier.

[0127] In variants, column 511 has several graphical interface components. For example, a second component 513, such as a drop-down list, includes different scales that may be global, continental, national, regional and / or local. A third component 514, such as a text input field, may allow the user to input a specific location. A fourth component 515, such as a drop-down list, may include a time range. A fifth component 516, such as a set of checkboxes, may include different themes related to the third database 420, the fourth database 425 or the sixth database 435.

[0128] In embodiments, the method 200 also comprises a step 270 of extracting, from a third base 420, fourth base 425 and / or sixth base 435 of data, at least one value stored as a function of said digital atmospheric pollutant identifier and for at least one cell 305.

[0129] The extraction step 270 is carried out, for example, using any extraction means 440 associated with a computer system 605, such as those illustrated in [Fig. 4] and in [Fig. 6]. The first extraction step 105 is carried out, for example, by the execution of a set of computer instructions, forming computer software, by a computing device being for example a processor 610 as described with respect to [Fig. 6].

[0130] For a digital identifier of an atmospheric pollutant, the extracted values ​​may be a value representative of excess human mortality, a value representative of a statistic of the population exposed to a quantity of pollutant greater than the value representative of an alert threshold and / or a duration during which a value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant is greater than the value representative of an alert threshold, depending on at least one cell 305.

[0131] In embodiments, such as those represented in [Fig.2] and in [Fig.5], the method 200 then comprises a step 275 of displaying, on a screen 405, a map 510 of health risks as a function of at least one extracted value.

[0132] The display step 275 is performed, for example, by any computer interface suitable for the particular use case. As such, this computer interface may be a graphical interface or an API, for example.

[0133] The map 510 is displayed in a display area 526 on a portion of the graphical interface 500.

[0134] Such a map 510 is, for example, a part of territory on a global, continental, national, regional or local scale. Preferably, the map 510 presents a set of cells 305 defining the part of territory.

[0135] Preferably, such a health risk is represented by a coloring of the cells 305 present on the map 510, as a function of the coefficient calculated for each cell 305, during the calculation step 230, according to the digital identifier of the pollutant selected by the user during the step 265. For example, for a digital identifier of an atmospheric pollutant: - if the health risk is significant, that is to say if the coefficient is high, the cells 305 concerned will have a dark color 527, - if the health risk is minimal, that is to say if the coefficient is low, the cells 305 concerned will have a light color 528 and - if the health risk is moderate, that is to say if the coefficient is average, cells 305 will have an intermediate color 529.

[0136] For example, a vertical gauge 525 is positioned near the map 510, in the display area 526. It may represent an interval in which the calculated coefficients are included, for a selected atmospheric pollutant. The gauge 525 may include the different colors linked to the coefficients.

[0137] In variants, a cursor 505 may represent the representative value of an alert threshold according to the selected atmospheric pollutant.

[0138] In variants, the values ​​extracted during step 270 are displayed in a column 521 positioned on a portion of the graphical interface 500. The column 521 may have graphical interface components 522, 523 and / or 524, each component being linked to an extracted value. Such components 522, 523 and / or 524 are, for example, graphical indicators which may be gauges, diagrams or bars comprising the exact values ​​noted numerically or in percentage form.

[0139] Generally, shown in [Fig. 6], which is not to scale, is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system with which an embodiment may be implemented. In the example of [Fig. 6], a computer system 605 and instructions for implementing the disclosed technologies in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software are shown schematically, for example, as boxes and circles, at the same level of detail that is commonly used by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure relates to communicate about computer architecture and computer system implementations.

[0140] The computer system 605 includes an input / output (FO) subsystem 620 that may include a bus and / or one or more other communication mechanisms for communicating information and / or instructions between components of the computer system 605 over electronic signal paths. The input / output subsystem 620 may include an input / output controller, a memory controller, and at least one input / output port. The electronic signal paths are shown schematically in the drawings, for example, as lines, one-way arrows, or two-way arrows.

[0141] At least one processor 610, or computing device, is coupled to the FO subsystem 620 to process information and instructions. The processor 610 may include, for example, a general-purpose microprocessor or microcontroller and / or a microprocessor. special purpose processor such as an embedded system or graphics processing unit (GPU) or digital signal processor or ARM processor. The processor 610 may have an integrated arithmetic logic unit (ALU) or may be coupled to a separate ALU.

[0142] The computer system 605 includes one or more memories 625, such as a main memory, which is coupled to the I / O subsystem 620 to electronically digitally store data and instructions to be executed by the processor 610. The memory 625 may include volatile memory such as various forms of random access memory (RAM) or any other dynamic storage device. The memory 625 may also be used to store temporary variables or other intermediate information during the execution of the instructions to be executed by the processor 610. Such instructions, when stored in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium accessible to the processor 610, may transform the computer system 605 into a special purpose machine that is customized to perform the operations specified in the instructions.

[0143] The computer system 605 further includes non-volatile memory such as a read-only memory (ROM) 630 or other static storage device coupled to the I / O subsystem 620 for storing information and instructions for the processor 610. The ROM 630 may include various forms of programmable ROM (PROM) such as erasable PROM (EPROM) or electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM). A persistent storage unit 615 may include various forms of non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), such as FLASH memory, or solid state storage, a magnetic disk, or an optical disk such as a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM and may be coupled to the FO subsystem 620 for storing information and instructions.Memory 615 is an example of a non-transitory computer-readable medium that may be used to store instructions and data that, when executed by processor 610, cause execution of computer-implemented methods for performing the techniques of this document.

[0144] The instructions in memory 625, ROM 630, or storage 615 may comprise one or more sets of instructions that are organized into modules, methods, objects, functions, routines, or calls. The instructions may be organized as one or more computer programs, operating system services, or application programs, including mobile applications. The instructions may comprise an operating system and / or system software; one or more libraries to support multimedia, programming, or other functions; instructions or data protocol stacks forimplement TCP / IP, HTTP, or other communication protocols; file format processing instructions for parsing or rendering files encoded using HTML, XML, JPEG, MPEG, or PNG; user interface instructions for rendering or interpreting commands for a graphical user interface (GUI), command-line interface, or text-based user interface; application software such as an office suite, Internet access applications, design and manufacturing applications, graphics applications, audio applications, software engineering applications, educational applications, games, or miscellaneous applications. The instructions may implement a web server, a web application server, or a web client.The instructions can be organized as a presentation layer, an application layer, and a data storage layer such as a relational database system using Structured Query Language (SQL) or no SQL, an object store, a graph database, a flat file system, or any other data storage.

[0145] The computer system 605 may be coupled via the I / O subsystem 620 to at least one output device 635. In one embodiment, the output device 635 is a digital computer display. Exemplary displays that may be used in various embodiments include a touchscreen or a light-emitting diode (LED) display or a liquid crystal display (LCD) or an e-paper display. The computer system 605 may include one or more other types of output devices 635, instead of or in addition to a display device. Examples of other output devices 635 include printers, ticket printers, plotters, projectors, sound cards or video cards, speakers, buzzers or piezoelectric devices or other audible devices, LED or LCD lamps or indicators, haptic devices, actuators, or servos.

[0146] At least one input device 640 is coupled to the I / O subsystem 620 to communicate signals, data, command selections, or gestures to the processor 610. Examples of input devices 640 include touchscreens, microphones, digital still and video cameras, alphanumeric and other keys, keyboards, graphics tablets, image scanners, joysticks, clocks, switches, buttons, dials, sliders.

[0147] Another type of input device is a controller 645, which may perform cursor control or other automated control functions such as navigating a graphical interface 500 on a display screen 405, alternatively or in addition to the input functions. The controller 645 may be a touchpad, mouse, trackball, or cursor direction keys to communicate directional information and control selections to the processor 610 and to control cursor movement on the screen 635. The input device may have at least two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), which allows the device to specify positions in a plane. Another type of input device is a wired, wireless, or optical control device, such as a joystick, wand, console, steering wheel, foot pedal, gearshift mechanism, or other type of control device. An input device 640 may include a combination of several different input devices, such as a video camera and a depth sensor.

[0148] In another embodiment, the computer system 605 may include an Internet of Things (IoT) device in which one or more of the output device 635, the input device 640, and the control device 645 are omitted. Or, in such an embodiment, the input device 640 may include one or more cameras, motion detectors, thermometers, microphones, seismic detectors, other sensors or detectors, measuring devices, or encoders, and the output device 635 may include a special-purpose display such as a single-line LED or LCD display, one or more indicators, a display panel, a meter, a valve, a solenoid, an actuator, or a servomotor.

[0149] The output device 635 may include hardware, software, firmware, and interfaces to generate position report packets, notifications, pulse or heartbeat signals, or other recurring data transmissions that specify a position of the computer system 605, alone or in combination with other application-specific data, directed to the host 650 or server 655.

[0150] The computer system 605 may implement the techniques described herein using custom hardwired logic, at least one ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) or FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), firmware, and / or program instructions or logic that, when loaded and used or executed in combination with the computer system, cause or program the computer system to operate as a special-purpose machine. In one embodiment, the techniques described herein are executed by the computer system 605 in response to the processor 610 executing at least one sequence of at least one instruction contained in the main memory 625. These instructions may be read into main memory 625 from another storage medium, such as memory 615. Execution of the instruction sequences contained in main memory 625 causes processor 610 to execute the process steps described herein. In other embodiments, hard-wired circuits may be used instead of or in combination with software instructions.

[0151] The term "storage medium," as used herein, refers to any non-transitory medium that stores data and / or instructions that enable a machine to operate in a specific manner. These storage media may include non-volatile media and / or volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as memory 615. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as memory 625. Common forms of storage media include, for example, a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive, a flash drive, a magnetic data storage medium, any optical or physical data storage medium, a memory chip, etc.

[0152] Storage media are distinct from, but may be used in conjunction with, transmission media. Transmission media participate in the transfer of information between storage media. For example, transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wires, and optical fibers, including the wires that constitute a bus of the I / O subsystem 620. Transmission media may also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio and infrared data communications.

[0153] Various forms of media may be involved in transporting at least one sequence of at least one instruction to the processor 610 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be transported on a magnetic disk or solid-state drive of a remote computer. The remote computer may load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a communications link such as a fiber optic or coaxial cable or a telephone line using a modem. A modem or router local to the computer system 605 may receive the data over the communications link and convert the data into a format that can be read by the computer system 605.For example, a receiver such as a radio frequency antenna or an infrared detector may receive the data carried in a wireless or optical signal and suitable circuitry may provide the data to the I / O subsystem 620, for example by placing the data on a bus. The I / O subsystem 620 transports the data to the memory 625, from which the processor 610 retrieves and executes the instructions. The ins . Instructions received by memory 625 may optionally be stored in memory 615 before or after execution by processor 610.

[0154] The computer system 605 also includes a communication interface 660 coupled to a bus 620. The communication interface 660 provides a bidirectional data communication coupling to the one or more network links 665 that are directly or indirectly connected to at least one communication network, such as a network 670 or a public or private cloud on the Internet. For example, the communication interface 660 may be an Ethernet network interface, an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) card, a cable modem, a satellite modem, or a modem for providing a data communication connection to a corresponding type of communication line, for example, an Ethernet cable or a metallic cable of any type or a fiber optic line or a telephone line.Network 670 broadly represents a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a campus network, an Internet network, or any combination thereof. Communication interface 660 may include a LAN card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, or a cellular radiotelephone interface that is wired to send or receive cellular data according to cellular radiotelephone wireless network standards, or a satellite radio interface that is wired to send or receive digital data according to satellite wireless network standards. In any such implementation, communication interface 660 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals over signal paths that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.

[0155] The network link 665 typically provides electrical, electromagnetic, or optical data communication directly or via at least one network to other data devices, using, for example, satellite, cellular, Wi-Fi, or BLUETOOTH technology. For example, the network link 665 may provide a connection through a network 670 to a host computer 650.

[0156] Further, the network link 665 may provide a connection via the network 670 or to other computing devices via interconnecting devices and / or computers that are operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 675. The ISP 675 provides data communication services via a global packet data communication network represented by the Internet 680. A server computer 655 may be coupled to the Internet 680. The server 655 broadly represents any computer, data center, virtual machine or virtual computing instance with or without a hypervisor, or computer running a containerized program system such as DOCKER or KUBERNETES. The server 655 may represent an electronic digital service that is implemented using more than one computer or instance and is accessed and used by transmitting web service requests, Uniform Resource Locator (URL) strings with parameters in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) payloads, application programming interface (API) calls, application service calls, or other service calls. The computer system 605 and the server 655 may form elements of a distributed computing system that includes other computers, a processing cluster,a server farm or other organization of computers that cooperate to perform tasks or run applications or services. The server 655 may include one or more sets of instructions that are organized as modules, methods, objects, functions, routines, or calls. The instructions may be organized as one or more computer programs, operating system services, or application programs, including mobile applications. The instructions may include an operating system and / or system software; one or more libraries to support multimedia, programming, or other functions; instructions or data protocol stacks to implement TCP / IP (Transmission control protocol / Internet protocol) communication protocols,HTTP or other; file format processing instructions for parsing or rendering files encoded using HTML (for "Hypertext markup language"), XML (for "Extensible markup language"), JPEG (for "Joint Photography Experts Group"), MPEG (for "Moving picture experts group") or PNG (for "Portable Networks Graphics"); user interface instructions for rendering or interpreting commands for a graphical user interface (GUI), a command-line interface or a text-based user interface; application software such as an office suite, Internet access applications, design and manufacturing applications, graphics applications,audio applications, software engineering applications, educational applications, games, or miscellaneous applications. The server 655 may include a web application server that hosts a presentation layer, an application layer, and a data storage layer such as a relational database system using a structured query language (called "SQL," for , "Structured Query Language") or any SQL, object store, graph database, flat file system, or other data storage.

[0157] The computer system 605 may send messages and receive data and instructions, including program code, via the network(s), the network link 665, and the communications interface 660. In the Internet example, a server 655 may transmit requested code for an application program via the Internet 680, the ISP 675, the local area network 670, and the communications interface 660. The received code may be executed by the processor 610 as it is received, and / or stored in memory 615, or other non-volatile memory for later execution.

[0158] The execution of instructions as described in this section may implement a process as an instance of a currently executing computer program consisting of program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may consist of multiple threads that execute instructions concurrently. In this context, a computer program is a passive collection of instructions, while a process may be the actual execution of those instructions. Multiple processes may be associated with the same program; for example, having multiple instances of the same program open often means that more than one process is running. Multitasking may be implemented to allow multiple processes to share the processor 610.Although each processor 610 or processor core executes only one task at a time, the computer system 605 may be programmed to implement multitasking to allow each processor to switch between currently executing tasks without having to wait for each task to complete. In one embodiment, the switches may be performed when tasks perform input / output operations, when a task indicates that it can be switched, or upon hardware interrupts. Time sharing may be implemented to allow rapid response to user interactive applications by rapidly performing context switches to give the appearance of simultaneous execution of multiple processes.In one embodiment, for security and reliability reasons, an operating system may prevent direct communication between independent processes, by providing strictly mediated and controlled interprocess communication functionality. Presentation of the invention

[0159] The present invention aims to remedy all or part of the drawbacks of the state of the art.

[0160] To this end, according to a first aspect, the present invention aims at a method for determining health risks linked to atmospheric pollution, which comprises: - a first step of extracting, from a first database, a set of values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates, according to a first spatial resolution, each said pollutant being represented, in the first database, by a digital atmospheric pollutant identifier, - a step of determining, by a calculation device, a second spatial resolution, higher than the first spatial resolution, said second spatial resolution being formed of cells representative of elementary geographic subsets corresponding to a set of geographic coordinates, - a first step of calculating, by a calculating device, values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant, according to the second spatial resolution, as a function of at least one numerical identifier of atmospheric pollutant and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution and - a step of entering, in a second database, the value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant calculated during the first calculation step.

[0161] Thanks to these provisions, the representative values ​​of the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant are calculated for a very precise spatial resolution.

[0162] These provisions make it possible to know these values ​​for geographic coordinates according to the smallest mesh scale of the territory. Indeed, such a fine scale makes it possible to better identify the details on a map and therefore to better understand the phenomena studied, because the analysis is the most fine and precise.

[0163] In embodiments, the method comprises, downstream of the registration step: - a second step of extraction, from a second database, of at least one value representative of excess human mortality for at least one cell, - a second step of calculation, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell, of a coefficient representative of mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of excess human mortality and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant and - a storage step, in a third database, of the coefficient calculated during the second calculation step.

[0164] These embodiments make it possible to know the cause-and-effect relationship between a quantity of an atmospheric pollutant in a part of territory, corresponding to at least one cell, and the excess human mortality in this part of territory. Indeed,

[0165]

[0166]

[0167]

[0168]

[0169] for a cell and for an atmospheric pollutant, the calculated coefficient corresponds to a value representative of the excess human mortality attributable to the atmospheric pollutant concerned. In embodiments, during the method, during the second extraction step, at least one value representative of excess human mortality for at least one cell is associated with a numerical identifier representative of an age group class, the second calculation step being configured to determine for at least one numerical identifier of atmospheric pollutant, for at least one cell and for at least one age group class, the coefficient. These methods make it possible to know, for a part of territory, or at least one cell, the excess human mortality caused by an atmospheric pollutant according to the age of individuals. In embodiments, the method, wherein, during the first calculation step, at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell is calculated by implementing the following equation: £s z-^ zo-“p— Or : - Zo corresponds to the representative value of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for said cell, - dt corresponds to the geographical distance separating the centroid of said cell from at least two geographical coordinates each associated with at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, - corresponds to the said values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, -s corresponds to the number of geographical coordinates each associated with at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, - k corresponds to a positive real number, called the “power parameter”. In embodiments, during the method 200, during the second calculation step 230, at least one coefficient representative of the mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of excess human mortality and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell 305, is calculated by implementing the following equation: PAF=^fi^

[0170] where: - Pi corresponds to a proportion of the population at a current exposure to a value representative of the quantity of said atmospheric pollutant, - A Xj corresponds to a current exposure difference and - RR^x corresponds to a relative risk for the difference in exposure.

[0171] These embodiments make it possible to calculate an estimated measure of a health risk linked to an atmospheric pollutant on a cell.

[0172] In embodiments, the method comprises, downstream of the registration step: - a step of definition, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell, of a value representative of an alert threshold corresponding to a predetermined value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant and - a third calculation step, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell, of a duration during which a value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant is greater than the value representative of an alert threshold and - a storage step, in a fourth database, of the duration calculated during the third calculation step.

[0173] These embodiments make it possible to define a threshold quantity of an atmospheric pollutant representing a health risk and to know the duration during which a part of the territory, i.e. at least one cell, is exposed to this threshold.

[0174] In embodiments, the method comprises, downstream of the definition step: - a step of extracting, from a fifth database, at least one value representative of a value representative of a population statistic associated with at least one cell, and at least one of the following steps: - a fourth step of calculation, by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell, of a value representative of a statistic of the population associated with said cell, exposed to a quantity of pollutant greater than the value representative of an alert threshold and / or - a storage step, in a sixth database, of the representative value of a population statistic calculated during the fourth calculation step.

[0175] These embodiments make it possible to know, for a part of the territory, or at least one cell, the population, concerned by a value representative of a statistic, which is exposed to this threshold, according to an atmospheric pollutant.

[0176] In embodiments, the method comprises, downstream of the determination step, a detection step, by an image processing algorithm executed by a calculating device, of at least one value representative of the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates. This set is obtained, according to a spatial resolution, based on a satellite photograph of a territory corresponding to each said set of geographical coordinates.

[0177] These embodiments make it possible to recover pollutant quantity value data on a very large scale and in a homogeneous manner.

[0178] In embodiments, the method comprises: - a selection step, on a graphical interface, of a digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant, - a step of extracting, from a database, at least one stored value as a function of said digital atmospheric pollutant identifier and for at least one cell and - a step of displaying, on a screen, a health risk map based on at least one extracted value.

[0179] These embodiments make it possible to provide a user with a dynamic online tool informing them about a potential health risk, based on the values ​​calculated during the method of the present invention. Indeed, the user will be able to interact with the map comprising a part of the territory and know the health risk at a very precise resolution.

[0180] According to a second aspect, the present invention aims at a system for determining health risks linked to atmospheric pollution, which comprises: - a first means of extracting, from a first database, a set of values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates, according to a first spatial resolution, each said pollutant being represented, in the first database, by a digital atmospheric pollutant identifier, - a means of determining, by a calculation device, a second spatial resolution, higher than the first spatial resolution, said second spatial resolution being formed of cells representative of elementary geographic subsets corresponding to a set of geographic coordinates, - a first means of calculating, by a calculating device, values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant, according to the second spatial resolution, as a function of at least one numerical identifier of atmospheric pollutant and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution and - a means of recording, in a second database, the representative value of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant calculated during the first step of calculation.

[0181] The advantages, aims and particular characteristics of this molded element and of this vehicle being similar to those of the device for ejecting water near a vehicle windshield, object of the invention, they are not recalled here.

Claims

Claims

1. Method (100, 200) for determining health risks linked to atmospheric pollution, characterized in that it comprises: - a first step of extracting (105, 205), from a first database (410), a set of values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates, according to a first spatial resolution, each said pollutant being represented, in the first database (410), by a digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant, - a step of determining (110, 210), by a computing device, a second spatial resolution (300), higher than the first spatial resolution, said second spatial resolution (300) being formed of cells (305) representative of elementary geographical subsets corresponding to a set of geographical coordinates (335, 340, 345, 350), - a first step of calculating (115, 215), by a calculating device, values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant, according to the second spatial resolution (300), as a function of at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution and - a step of recording (120, 220), in a second database (415), the value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant calculated during the first calculation step (115, 215).

2. Method (100, 200) according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises, downstream of the registration step (120, 220): - a second extraction step (225), from a second database (415), of at least one value representative of human excess mortality for at least one cell (305), - a second calculation step (230), by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell (305), of a coefficient representative of the mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of excess human mortality and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant and - a storage step (235), in a third database (420), from the coefficient calculated during the second calculation step (230).

3. Method (100, 200) according to one of claims 1 or 2, in which, during the second extraction step (225), at least one value representative of excess human mortality for at least one cell (305) is associated with a digital identifier representative of an age group class, the second calculation step (230) being configured to determine for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant, for at least one cell (305) and for at least one age group class, the coefficient.

4. Method (100, 200) according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, during the first calculation step (115, 215), at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell (305) is calculated by implementing the following equation: ry 1 d, 0 ~ y-' ;where: - Zo corresponds to the value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for said cell (305), - df corresponds to the geographical distance (315, 320, 325, 330) separating the centroid (310) of said cell (305) from at least two associated geographical coordinates (335, 340, 345, 350), each, with at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, - corresponds to said values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, -s corresponds to the number of associated geographical coordinates (335, 340, 345, 350), each, with at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant according to the first resolution, - k corresponds to a positive real number, called "power parameter".;

5. Method (100, 200) according to one of claims 1 to 4, in which, during the second calculation step (230), at least one coefficient representative of mathematical relationship between at least one value representative of human excess mortality and at least one value representative- representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant in a cell (305), is calculated by implementing the following equation: PAF — Or :

6.

7. - Pi corresponds to a proportion of the population at a current exposure to a value representative of the quantity of said atmospheric pollutant, - A Xj corresponds to a current exposure difference and ■ R^AX corresponds to a relative risk for the difference in exposure. Method (100, 200) according to one of claims 1 to 5, which comprises, downstream of the registration step (120, 220): - a step of definition (240), by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell (305), of a value representative of an alert threshold corresponding to a predetermined value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant and - a third calculation step (245), by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell (305), of a duration during which a value representative of a quantity of said atmospheric pollutant is greater than the value representative of an alert threshold and - a storage step (235), in a fourth database (425), of the duration calculated during the third calculation step (245). Method (100, 200) according to claim 6, which comprises, downstream of the definition step (240): - an extraction step (250), from a fifth database (430), of at least one value representative of a value representative of a statistic of the population associated with at least one cell (305), and at least one of the following steps: - a fourth calculation step (255), by a calculation device, for at least one digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell (305), of a value representative of a statistic of the population associated with said cell (305), exposed to a quantity of pollutant greater than the value representative of an alert threshold and / or - a storage step (235), in a sixth database (435), of the representative value of a population statistic calculated during the fourth calculation step (255).

8. Method (100, 200) according to one of claims 1 to 7, which comprises, downstream of the determination step (110, 210), a detection step (260), by an image processing algorithm executed by a calculation device, of at least one value representative of the quantity of an atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates. This set is obtained, according to a spatial resolution, as a function of a satellite photograph of a territory corresponding to each said set of geographical coordinates.

9. Method (100, 200) according to one of claims 1 to 8, which comprises: - a step of selecting (265), on a graphical interface (500), a digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant, - a step of extracting (270), from a database (420, 425, 435), at least one value stored as a function of said digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant and for at least one cell (305) and - a step of displaying (275), on a screen (405), a map (510) of health risks as a function of at least one extracted value.

10. System (100, 200) for determining health risks linked to atmospheric pollution, characterized in that it comprises: - a first means of extraction (440), from a first database, of a set of values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant for at least one set of geographical coordinates, according to a first spatial resolution, each said pollutant being represented, in the first database, by a digital identifier of atmospheric pollutant, - a means of determination (445), by a calculation device, of a second spatial resolution, higher than the first spatial resolution, said second spatial resolution being formed of cells representative of elementary geographical subsets corresponding to a set of geographical coordinates, - a first calculation means (450), by a calculation device,of values ​​representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant, according to the second spatial resolution, based on at least one digital identifier of an atmospheric pollutant and at least one value representative of the quantity of at least one pollutant according to the first spatial resolution and, - a means of recording (455), in a second database, the value representative of the quantity of at least one atmospheric pollutant calculated during the first calculation step.

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