Transmission of modified symbols

Abstract

An apparatus (e.g. a UE 410) receives assistance information comprising phase shift and / or amplitude scaling parameters for subcarriers from a network node (e.g. gNb 420). The UE creates OFDM symbols

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This description relates to wireless communications. BACKGROUND

[0002] A communication system may be a facility that enables communication between two or more nodes or devices, such as fixed or mobile communication devices. Signals can be carried on wired or wireless carriers.

[0003] An example of a cellular communication system is an architecture that is being standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). A recent development in this field is often referred to as the long-term evolution (LTE) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio-access technology. EUTRA (evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is the air interface of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path for mobile networks. In LTE, base stations or access points (APs), which are referred to as enhanced Node AP (eNBs), provide wireless access within a coverage area or cell. In LTE, mobile devices, or mobile stations are referred to as user equipments (UE). LTE has included a number of improvements or developments. Aspects of LTE are also continuing to improve.

[0004] 5GNew Radio (NR) development is part of a continued mobile broadband evolution process to meet the requirements of 5G, similar to earlier evolution of 3G and 4G wireless networks. In addition, 5G is also targeted at the new emerging use cases in addition to mobile broadband. A goal of 5G is to provide significant improvement in wireless performance, which may include new levels of data rate, latency, reliability, and security. 5G NR may also scale to efficiently connect the massive Internet of Things (loT) and may offer new types of mission-critical services. For example, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) devices may require high reliability and very low latency. 6G and other networks are also being developed. SUMMARY

[0005] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an apparatus including: means for receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; means for modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; and means for transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol generated by the modified data symbol.

[0006] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an apparatus including: means for transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and means for receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0007] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method including: receiving, by a user device from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; and transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol generated by the modified data symbol.

[0008] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method including: transmitting, by a network node to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0009] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an apparatus including: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; and transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol.

[0010] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an apparatus including: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0011] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an apparatus including: means for transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and means for receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0012] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including program instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol.

[0013] Other example embodiments are provided or described for each of the example methods, including: means for performing any of the example methods; a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause a computing system to perform any of the example methods; and an apparatus including at least one processor, and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform any of the example methods.

[0014] The details of one or more examples of embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network 130.

[0016] FIG 2 is a graph illustrating gain of a power amplifier in a linear region and a non-linear region.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the PAPR of a modified OFDM symbol versus a an OFDM symbol without modification.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example embodiment for reducing the PAPR of a transmitted OFDM symbol.

[0019] FIG 5 is a diagram illustrating processing of a modified data symbol at the gNB.

[0020] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example embodiment for reducing the PAPR of a transmitted OFDM symbol.

[0021] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating operation of an apparatus (e.g., which may be a UE or user device, or other apparatus) according to an example embodiment.

[0022] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating operation of an apparatus (e.g., which may be a network node, eNB, gNB, or other apparatus) according to an example embodiment.

[0023] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a wireless station or node (e.g., UE, user device, AP, BS, eNB, gNB, RAN node, network node, TRP, or other node) 1300 according to an example embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] It shall be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,”..., etc., in front of noun(s) and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another and they do not limit the order of the noun(s). For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0025] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.

[0026] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network 130. In the wireless network 130 of FIG. 1, user devices 131, 132, 133 and 135, which may also be referred to as mobile stations (MSs) or user equipment (UEs), may be connected (and in communication) with a base station (BS) 134, which may also be referred to as an access point (AP), an enhanced Node B (eNB), a gNB or a network node. The terms user device and user equipment (UE) may be used interchangeably. A BS may also include or may be referred to as a RAN (radio access network) node, and may include a portion of a BS or a portion of a RAN node, such as e.g., such as a centralized unit (CU) and / or a distributed unit (DU) in the case of a split BS or split gNB. At least part of the functionalities of a BS (e.g., access point (AP), base station (BS) or (e)Node B (eNB), gNB, RAN node) may also be carried out by any node, server or host which may be operably coupled to a transceiver, such as a remote radio head. BS (or AP) 134 provides wireless coverage within a cell 136, including to user devices (or UEs) 131, 132, 133 and 135. Although only four user devices (or UEs) are shown as being connected or attached to BS 134, any number of user devices may be provided. BS 134 is also connected to a core network 150 via a SI interface 151. This is merely one simple example of a wireless network, and others may be used.

[0027] A base station (e.g., such as BS 134) is an example of a radio access network (RAN) node within a wireless network. A BS (or a RAN node) may be or may include (or may alternatively be referred to as), e.g., an access point (AP), a gNB, an eNB, or portion thereof (such as a centralized unit (CU) and / or a distributed unit (DU) in the case of a split BS or split gNB), or other network node.

[0028] Some functionalities of the communication network may be carried out, at least partly, in a central / centralized unit, CU, (e.g., server, host or node) operationally coupled to distributed unit, DU, (e.g., a radio head / node). Thus, 5G networks architecture may be based on a so-called CU-DU split. The gNB-CU (central node) may control a plurality of spatially separated gNB-DUs, acting at least as transmit / receive (Tx / Rx) nodes. In some embodiments, however, the gNB-DUs (also called DU) may comprise e.g., a radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC) layer and a physical (PHY) layer, whereas the gNB-CU (also called a CU) may comprise the layers above RLC layer, such as a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) and an internet protocol (IP) layer. Other functional splits are possible too.

[0029] According to an illustrative example, a BS node (e.g., BS, eNB, gNB, CU / DU, ...) or a radio access network (RAN) may be part of a mobile telecommunication system. A RAN (radio access network) may include one or more BSs or RAN nodes that implement a radio access technology, e.g., to allow one or more UEs to have access to a network or core network (CN). Thus, for example, the RAN (RAN nodes, such as BSs or gNBs) may reside between one or more user devices or UEs and a core network. According to an example embodiment, each RAN node (e g., BS, eNB, gNB, CU / DU, ...) or BS may provide one or more wireless communication services for one or more UEs or user devices, e.g., to allow the UEs to have wireless access to a network, via the RAN node. Each RAN node or BS may perform or provide wireless communication services, e.g., such as allowing UEs or user devices to establish a wireless connection to the RAN node, and sending data to and / or receiving data from one or more of the UEs. For example, after establishing a connection to a UE, a RAN node or network node (e.g., BS, eNB, gNB, CU / DU, ...) may forward data to the UE that is received from a network or the core network, and / or forward data received from the UE to the network or core network. RAN nodes or network nodes (e.g., BS, eNB, gNB, CU / DU, ...) may perform a wide variety of other wireless functions or services, e.g., such as broadcasting control information (e.g., such as system information or on-demand system information) to UEs, paging UEs when there is data to be delivered to the UE, assisting in handover of a UE between cells, scheduling of resources for uplink data transmission from the UE(s) and downlink data transmission to UE(s), sending control information to configure one or more UEs, and the like. These are a few examples of one or more functions that a RAN node or BS may perform.

[0030] A user device or user node (user terminal, user equipment (UE), mobile terminal, handheld wireless device, etc.) may refer to a portable computing device that includes wireless mobile communication devices operating either with or without a subscriber identification module (SIM), including, but not limited to, the following types of devices: a mobile station (MS), a mobile phone, a cell phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a device using a wireless modem (alarm or measurement device, etc.), a laptop and / or touch screen computer, a tablet, a phablet, a game console, a notebook, a vehicle, a sensor, and a multimedia device, as examples, or any other wireless device. It should be appreciated that a user device may also be (or may include) a nearly exclusive uplink only device, of which an example is a camera or video camera loading images or video clips to a network. Also, a user node may include a user equipment (UE), a user device, a user terminal, a mobile terminal, a mobile station, a mobile node, a subscriber device, a subscriber node, a subscriber terminal, or other user node. For example, a user node may be used for wireless communications with one or more network nodes (e.g., gNB, eNB, BS, AP, CU, DU, CU / DU) and / or with one or more other user nodes, regardless of the technology or radio access technology (RAT). In LTE (as an illustrative example), core network 150 may be referred to as Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which may include a mobility management entity (MME) which may handle or assist with mobility / handover of user devices between BSs, one or more gateways that may forward data and control signals between the BSs and packet data networks or the Internet, and other control functions or blocks. Other types of wireless networks, such as 5G (which may be referred to as New Radio (NR)) may also include a core network.

[0031] In addition, the techniques described herein may be applied to various types of user devices or data service types, or may apply to user devices that may have multiple applications running thereon that may be of different data service types. New Radio (5G) development may support a number of different applications or a number of different data service types, such as for example: machine type communications (MTC), enhanced machine type communication (eMTC), Internet of Things (loT), and / or narrowband loT user devices, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC). Many of these new 5G (NR) - related applications may require generally higher performance than previous wireless networks.

[0032] loT may refer to an ever-growing group of objects that may have Internet or network connectivity, so that these objects may send information to and receive information from other network devices. For example, many sensor type applications or devices may monitor a physical condition or a status and may send a report to a server or other network device, e.g., when an event occurs. Machine Type Communications (MTC, or Machine to Machine communications) may, for example, be characterized by fully automatic data generation, exchange, processing and actuation among intelligent machines, with or without intervention of humans. Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) may support much higher data rates than currently available in LTE.

[0033] Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) is a new data service type, or new usage scenario, which may be supported for New Radio (5G) systems. This enables emerging new applications and services, such as industrial automations, autonomous driving, vehicular safety, e-health services, and so on. 3GPP targets in providing connectivity with reliability corresponding to block error rate (BLER) of 10-5 and up to 1 ms U-Plane (user / data plane) latency, by way of illustrative example. Thus, for example, URLLC user devices / UEs may require a significantly lower block error rate than other types of user devices / UEs as well as low latency (with or without requirement for simultaneous high reliability). Thus, for example, a URLLC UE (or URLLC application on a UE) may require much shorter latency, as compared to an eMBB UE (or an eMBB application running on a UE).

[0034] The techniques described herein may be applied to a wide variety of wireless technologies or wireless networks, such as 5G (New Radio (NR)), cmWave, and / or mmWave band networks, loT, MTC, eMTC, eMBB, URLLC, 6G, etc., or any other wireless network or wireless technology. These example networks, technologies or data service types are provided only as illustrative examples.

[0035] A user device (or UE) may measure various signals and may transmit one or more measurement reports to the network. For example, a UE may measure reference signals received from one or more network nodes (e.g., gNBs or DUs), including channel state information-reference signals (CSI-RSs) and / or synchronization signal block (SSB) reference signals, demodulation references signals, and / or other reference signals. Based on received reference signals, the UE may measure various signal parameters, e.g., such as reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), or other signal parameter.

[0036] The PHY (physical) layer may refer to layer 1 (LI) and MAC (media access control) may refer to layer 2 (L2). RSRP, RSRQ, SINR and RSSI are signal quantities measured at layer 1 (LI). The UE may send LI measurement reports (e.g., CSLRS reports, which include measurements of one or more signal parameters for one or more cells) to a gNB, source DU or serving cell. These LI measurement reports may be sent periodically, for example, or aperiodically. L1 / L2 measurement reports may include no averaging or filtering of measurement values or may include less averaging or filtering than what is performed for L3 measurement reports. LI (or L1 / L2) measurement reports may be transmitted by a UE to a serving network node or source DU and may cause the network node to trigger or initiate a L1 / L2 triggered mobility (LTM) handover of the UE to another cell. LI measurements (e g., RSRP RSRQ, RSSI) may be provided or reported periodically to the DU (MAC / PHY).

[0037] In an example embodiment, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) may be type of digital transmission that may be employed in digital modulation for encoding digital (binary) data on multiple carrier frequencies. In an example, the OFDM may be a multicarrier modulation technique that may split data into small sub-carriers, or data streams, on adjacent or neighbouring frequencies over a single channel. This allows for higher data rates and more data to be sent than single carrier modulation techniques.

[0038] In an example embodiment, an OFDM waveform may be created by a sum of multiple sinusoidal signals that can exhibit a constructive and / or a destructive behaviour. As a result, at some time instances, the ratio between the maximum signal power to its average may become high. In an example, the ratio between the maximum signal power to its average may be referred to as peak to average power ratio (PAPR). A signal with a high PAPR may cause a power amplifier (PA) to operate in a non-linear region. Therefore, a high PAPR may lead to inefficient or poor transmission performance leading to potential distortions. In other words, system design for transmission of OFDM symbols may be challenging in particular due to an inherent wide dynamic variation between a signal’s peak and the average power e.g., PAPR.

[0039] In an example, a high PAPR may cause at least two problems. First, out-of-band distortion that may lead to adjacent-channel interference and spectral emission mask (SEM) violations. In an example, the SEM measurements may measure out-of-band emissions in the neighboring bands of a carrier. Second, in-band distortion that may degrade the throughput performance.

[0040] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating gain of a power amplifier in a linear region and a non-linear region. In an example, to tackle the aforementioned problems, a power amplifier (PA) may be required to operate below its 1 dB compression point (PldB). When the PA operates below the PldB, the PA operation may be in the linear region. In an example, the PA should operate at high efficiency while maintaining (good or sufficient) linearity.

[0041] In an example, in order for an amplifier or a PA to operate in the linear region, the PA may be required to provide a constant gain over a specific frequency range. In other words, a representation of the input power versus the output power of the PA on a graph (e.g., a gain), should be a linear relationship e.g., a straight line.

[0042] In an example, as the input power level increases, at some point the output power of the PA no longer increases linearly and the PA output power starts to saturate. The 1 dB compression point (PldB) may be the output power level at which the gain decreases 1 dB from its constant value. Once an amplifier reaches its PldB the PA may go into compression and may become a non-linear device or a non-linear PA. As a result, the output of the PA may be distorted.

[0043] To compensate for non-linearity of the PA, techniques such as digital predistortion (DPD) may be employed.

[0044] In an example, when the PA operates in a non-linear region, the non-linearity may cause distortions in the transmitted signal leading to spectral regrowth that may be observed as an error vector magnitude (EVM) in the constellation and an increased adjacent channel interference (ACLR).

[0045] In an example, the EVM may be a measure that may be employed to quantify the performance of a digital communication system. The EVM may be defined as the difference between the ideal (or reference) signal and the actual measured signal after an equalization process at a receiver. The difference between the ideal (or reference) signal and the actual measured signal may be represented as a vector in a complex plane, wherein the EVM is the magnitude of the vector. For example, the EVM may be expressed as a percentage or in decibel (dB). In an example, the smaller the EVM, the closer the transmitted signal is to the ideal signal, that may indicate a better transmission quality.

[0046] In an example, the ACLR, or adjacent channel leakage ratio, may be a key performance metric used in communication systems to quantify the amount of power leaking from a transmitter's assigned channel into an adjacent channel. The ACLR may be crucial because it helps in assessing or determining a potential for interference with adjacent channels, which may be vital for maintaining the quality and reliability of the communication systems.

[0047] In an example, the DPD may include applying the inverse model of the PA’s nonlinearity to the input signal and pre-distorting it in such a way that the combined effect of the PA’s non-linearity and pre-distortion results in a linear output signal. In other words, the DPD may apply inverse distortion, using a pre-distorter, at the input signal of the PA to cancel the distortion generated by the power amplifier. In an example, DPD methods may include adaptive algorithms to continuously update the pre-distortion model based on the feedback from the output signal. However, implementing the existing DPD implementations is not practical due to the following reasons: 1) DPD algorithms are computationally complex and difficult to implement, 2) implementations of DPD algorithms involve multiple stages and iterations including at least one of signal processing, error calculation, adaptive filtering, and / or the like. Therefore, each stage requires significant computational resources and expertise, leading to higher costs and longer development times. 3) being computationally intensive, the DPD algorithms require high-performance processors that may lead to increased power consumption and hence not practical for implementation on battery powered devices such as UEs, or devices that are power constrained.

[0048] In an example embodiment, a neural receiver may be employed to enhance the operation of a communication system. In an example, the neural receiver may refer to a signal processing component or module in a communication system that may leverage deep learning models, or other learning models. For example, the neural receiver may employ neural networks to perform demodulation, channel estimation, decoding, and / or the like of received signals in one step. Unlike conventional or traditional receivers that rely on manually designed algorithms and signal processing techniques, a neural receiver may learn to perform the signal processing tasks directly from data, feedback, and / or training. Therefore, the performance of the neural receiver may be optimized through end-to-end training, feedback, and / or the like.

[0049] In an example, implementation of existing technologies causes high PAPR at the PA stage of a UE when OFDM symbols are transmitted. In an example, existing algorithms for reduction of high PAPR is not practical due to being highly complex and resource intensive in particular when implemented on the UE that is battery operated and / or with limited capability (or memory and computation resources). As a result, when existing algorithms are complex, additional delays may occur when such algorithms run on the UE. In addition, running processing (or processor) intensive algorithms may cause drainage of battery power of the UE and thus reduce the battery life.

[0050] In other words, transmission of OFDM symbols may be subject to high PAPR because the PA may be forced to operate in a non-linear region and therefore the PA output may be distorted. In an example, the distortions may be in-band distortions that may lead to high EVM. In another example, the distortions may be out-of-band distortions that may lead to ACLR. Since existing algorithms to reduce the EVM and the ACLR are not practical for implementation on devices with limited power such as battery operated UEs, loT devices that are of low complexity with limited battery and processing power, and / or the like.

[0051] Example embodiments are directed to enhance the PA performance by reduction of the PAPR without running complex and computationally extensive (or intensive) algorithms on the UE side, thereby preserving the performance and battery life of the UE. Additionally, or alternatively, the example embodiments are directed to enhance the PA performance by reduction of causalities that contribute to the EVM and / or the ACLR. In other words, the example embodiments are directed to improvements in EVM and ACLR measurements thereby improving the performance of the PA.

[0052] In other words, example embodiments enhance the signalling between the UE and the network node (or a gNB) and improve internal UE behaviour. For example, the UE may receive from a network node (e.g., a base station, or a gNB), information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol (or information associated with transmitting a data symbol). For example, the information (e.g., the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol) may include signal modification information associated with transmitting the data symbol. In an example, the information may include at least one of: a set of phase shift values, a set of scaling parameters, and / or the like. The signal modification may include modifications of a subcarrier that corresponds to the data symbol. For example, the modifications may include shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value. In another example, the modification may include scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter (or an amplitude scaling parameter, a scaling factor, and / or the like). For example, the scale of amplitude may be performed by adjustments to a gain of a PA. For example, a selective gain adjustment may be performed where each subcarrier is scaled by a corresponding scaling parameter. In other words, the UE may modify the data symbol based on the information. For example, to modify the symbol, the UE may modify a subcarrier associated with the data symbol. For example, the UE may shift a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values. In another example, the UE may scale an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters. In an example, the UE may generate a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol based on the modified data symbol. For example, the modified OFDM symbol may include one or more modified data symbols. In an example, the UE may transmit to the network node (or the gNB), the modified data symbol. In an example, the UE may transmit the modified OFDM symbol to the gNB. Therefore, when an example embodiment is implemented, the modified symbol and / or the modified OFDM symbol may be transmitted via the PA and a transmitter of the UE with a reduced PAPR.

[0053] In an example, the information may include configuration information for modification of the data symbol to reduce a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol. Then, when the modified symbols are combined and an OFDM symbol (the modified OFDM) is generated, the PAPR of the uplink transmission may be reduced. In an example, the UE may generate a modified data symbol based on the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol (or the configuration information), and then generate a modified OFDM symbol (that includes the modified data symbols and corresponding subcarriers).

[0054] In an example embodiment, modifying a data symbol may include modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol. For example, the subcarrier may be modified by shifting a phase of the subcarrier or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier. The scaling may be done based on a positive or negative value, e.g., the amplitude of the subcarrier may be scaled by decreasing and / or increasing the amplitude.

[0055] Example embodiments are directed to reduction of the PAPR based on a selected mapping (SLM) method. In an example, the SLM method or algorithm may be based on evaluating the PAPR performance of a symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) with different combinations of phase shifts and scaling factors and determining a best set of parameters for the phase shift and the scaling factor that yields the best PAPR performance (e.g., the lowest PAPR). In an example implementation, the SLM algorithm may be performed by a gNB and with a neural receiver component of the gNB. Once the best parameters for the phase shift and the scaling parameters are determined, the gNB may provide the best parameters to the UE as part of the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol.

[0056] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the PAPR of a modified OFDM symbol versus a an OFDM symbol without modification. The modified OFDM symbol is shown to have a better PAPR, e g., a lower PAPR. In an example, the modified OFDM symbol may be generated based on a phase shift value (or a phase shift parameter) and a scaling factor determined by a scaling parameter. The phase shift value (or phase shift parameter) and the scaling parameter may be determined based on the SLM algorithm. The SLM algorithm may be performed by the network node or the gNB.

[0057] In an example, the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol may include assistance information. In other words, the gNB may send to the UE, assistance information, wherein the assistance information (or the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol) may include a set of phase shifts [(p^ ..., (pN] that are to be applied to the data symbols or subcarriers of the data symbols, e.g., subsequent uplink (UL) OFDM transmission symbol that may include N data symbols on N subcarriers 1, ..., N. For example, if there are N subcarriers in the OFDM symbol, then a kth element of the phase shift may correspond to a k111 subcarrier, wherein the k* subcarrier may correspond to a kth data symbol.

[0058] For example, the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol may include a set of phase shift values associated with transmitting the one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values may correspond to a subcarrier (frequency) of one of the one or more data symbols.

[0059] In an example, the UE may generate a modified data symbol by shifting a phase of a subcarrier associated with the data symbol, by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values.

[0060] In an example, the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol (or the assistance information) may include a set of scaling parameters [alt..., aw] to be applied to the data symbol, e.g., the subsequent UL OFDM transmission symbol that may include N data symbols on N subcarriers 1, ..., N. For example, the scaling parameters may be used for scaling an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with a data symbol.

[0061] For example, the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol may include a set of scaling parameters associated with transmitting the one or more data symbols (e.g., within an OFDM symbol), wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters may correspond to an amplitude of a subcarrier of a data symbol.

[0062] The UE may generate a modified data symbol by scaling an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with the data symbol, by a scaling value (or a scaling parameter) of the set of scaling parameters.

[0063] In an example embodiment, the modified data symbol may include a modified subcarrier, wherein the modified data symbol may be Xk as follows: Xk=akXkeJ<^k , wherein, Xk is the data symbol, (pk may be a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier that may correspond to a kth data symbol Xk where k= 1,..., N, and afcmay be a scaling parameter (or a scaling factor) by which (an amplitude of) the k* subcarrier may be scaled.

[0064] In another example embodiment, the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol may include assistance information, wherein the assistance information may include a codebook associated with a PAPR (e.g., a PAPR codebook). In an example the information, or the assistance information may include a codebook associated with a PAPR reduction. In an example, the codebook may be determined or derived by the gNB and may be transmitted to the UE prior to transmission of the data symbol (by the UE), e.g., an UL data symbol transmission, or prior to a transmission of the modified OFDM symbol. In an example, the gNB may transmit to the UE an index value associated with an element of the codebook. The UE may then perform a modification of the data symbol based on the element of the codebook identified by the index value. For example, the codebook may include a list. The list may include one or more elements, wherein each element of the list may include an index value, and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols, and / or the like.

[0065] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example embodiment for reducing the PAPR of a transmitted OFDM symbol. In an example, the gNB 420 may utilize the SLM algorithm or technique to determine a set of parameters for reduction of the PAPR. The gNB may provide the set of parameters to the UE 410.

[0066] At step 1 of FIG. 4. the gNB 420 may send or transmit assistance information (or the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol) to the UE 410. The assistance information may include the information associated with transmitting the data symbol. The assistance information may include a set of phase shift values and scaling parameters to be applied to the subcarrier of the data symbol. At step 2, the UE 410 may modify the data symbol based on the received assistance information and before performing an uplink transmission. At step 3, the UE 410 may transmit the modified data symbol to the gNB 420 as part of a modified OFDM symbol. For example, the UE may perform an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of the modified data symbol and then transmit the modified data symbol. In another example, the UE may perform an IFFT of the modified OFDM symbol and then transmit the modified OFDM symbol. At step 4, the gNB 420 may employ a neural receiver to process the received modified data symbol(s) and compensate for the applied modifications. Therefore, according to an example embodiment, the modified symbol(s) may be transmitted via the PA of a transmitter (of the UE) with a reduced PAPR.

[0067] In an example, to obtain the phase shift value (or phase shift parameter) and / or the scaling parameter per subcarrier, the gNB may implement a version of the SLM algorithm. The SLM algorithm may include a probabilistic technique that reduces PAPR by generating multiple candidate OFDM symbols (or OFDM signals) that may include modified data symbols with phase shift values (or phase shift parameters) and scaling parameters in a sequence. In an example, the SLM may select one candidate out of multiple candidate OFDM symbols that yield the lowest PAPR for transmission.

[0068] In other words, the proposed method is a modified version of the SLM, where the gNB assists the UE by providing optimized phase shift values (or phase shift parameters) and scaling parameters to enhance the PAPR reduction process in the UE. Therefore, when example embodiments are implemented, the process may be simplified for determining a set of optimal parameters for PAPR reduction, by offloading part of the computation to the gNB and utilizing a collaborative framework that may use or utilize a neural receiver.

[0069] In an example, the assistance information that is sent by the gNB to the UE, may be a combination of: a set of phase shifts (pk that are to be applied to the subsequent UL OFDM transmission on subcarriers 1, ..., N. For example, each data symbol Xk may be scaled by a scaling factor or a scaling parameter ak. Therefore, according to an example embodiment, the modified data symbol Xk may be given by Xk=akXke^k.

[0070] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating processing of a modified data symbol at the gNB. In an example, the processing at the gNB may be performed with the neural receiver 510. For example, the gNB may receive the modified data symbol (e.g., as part of the OFDM signal, or the modified OFDM symbol). In an example, the neural receiver 510 may be configured with the same assistance information (phase shift values / parameters and scaling parameters) that was sent to the UE by the gNB. Since the neural receiver 510 is configured with the same parameters that were sent to the UE, the neural receiver 510 may be able to retrieve the data symbol. In other words, the neural receiver 510 may perform compensation for modifications performed on the data symbol (by the UE). To perform the compensation, the neural receiver 510 may employ the received signal, e.g., the modified data symbol, or the modified OFDM symbol (from the UE) and the assistance information (received from the gNB) to compensate for the modifications applied by the UE. In other words, the compensation may include reversing the phase shifts and scaling that were performed on the data symbol(s) (e.g., within the modified OFDM symbol). Therefore, each received data symbol Yk may be processed to revert the phase shift (pk and scaling factor ak. Therefore, the compensated data symbol Xk may be obtained by: Y - Yk Ak '

[0071] In an example, the neural receiver 510 may then employ the received data symbol(s) Ykand the compensated data symbol(s) Xk as inputs and may produce the demapped (un-mapped) symbols. In another example embodiment, the neural receiver may employ the original received subcarriers Yk and the vectors of phase shifts and scaling factors.

[0072] In an example, demodulation and decoding may be performed by a decoder 520 at the gNB. The neural receiver 510 may demodulate the compensated symbol (data symbol, or demodulated signal) to obtain data and may transfer the data to a low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder 520 for error correction and data recovery.

[0073] In an example, processing and compensating for the modified data symbol (e.g., PAPR-reduced OFDM signals), may be based on a method that is based on a DeepRX architecture. In an example, the DeepRX may include neural network NN based solutions such as convolutional layers and residual neural network (ResNet) blocks. The NN based neural receiver may be designed to handle both PAPR-reduced carriers (using techniques like SLM) and regular OFDM carriers, ensuring accurate demodulation and decoding of received signals by learning the characteristics and differences between these two types of carriers. In an example, the NN based solutions may employ a comprehensive dataset of OFDM symbols (or OFDM signals), including both PAPR-reduced and regular signals, that may be generated and pre-processed by normalizing and splitting into training, validation, and test sets.

[0074] In an example, processing and compensating for the modified symbol (e.g., PAPR-reduced OFDM signals, PAPR-reduced OFDM symbols, and / or the like), may employ a method that is based on a standard DeepRX or a generic DeepRX. The generic DeepRX architecture may include at least one of input layers that accept the received OFDM symbol (or OFDM signal) and convolutional layers that extract low-level features, ResNet blocks that learn deeper representations, and fully connected layers that interpret high-level features. The final output layer may predict the real and imaginary parts of transmitted symbols. The neural network may process the input signal through these layers. The training may be performed on a bit-metric decoding (BMD) rate which may be computed from the transmitted bits and log-likelihood ratios (LLRs). The BMD rate may provide a measure of how effectively the neural receiver can decode the transmitted bits based on the LLRs. In an example, higher BMD rates may indicate better decoding performance and higher achievable information rates. In an example, the rate may be as follows: S-l N—l M-l K—l R “ 1 "SNMK s=0 n=O m=O fc=0 where S is the batch size, N is the number of subcarriers, M is the number of OFDM symbols and K is the number of bits per symbol, B is the kth coded transmission on the resource element (n,m) for the sth batch example. In an example, the LLR may be the logit computed by the neural receiver corresponding to the kth coded bit transmitted on the resource element (n,m) and for the sth batch example. In an example, a binary cross-entropy (BCE) function may be a the binary cross-entropy in log base 2.

[0075] In an example, the loss may be calculated using the BMD rate which may use the binary cross-entropy (BCE) function to compute the entropy loss between the bits and LLRs, giving the rate of information through the network. In an example, the BMD may be the rate known to be achievable for information rate for bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) systems which is a reason it is used in end-to-end learning of neural receiver systems. In an example, backpropagation may be used to adjust and update the network's weights to minimize a loss using an end-to-end training approach. Other types of neural network architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) may also be utilized instead of DeepRX as neural receivers trained using a similar approach tailored to their architecture requirements.

[0076] In an example, a modified DeepRX may be employed. In an example embodiment, at the gNB, after cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) demodulation, the received subcarriers may be processed and compensated for scaling and phase adjustments to reduce the PAPR. In an example, the compensated symbols or subcarriers of the OFDM symbol(s) may be fed into the DeepRX. In an example, the DeepRX may decode, de-map, and may use a decoder to determine the received bits. The loss function may be based on log-likelihood ratios (LLR) that may be used to minimize the error in the soft decoder decisions, to improve the accuracy of the received bits.

[0077] Therefore, when an example embodiment is implemented, it may result in robust and efficient signal processing capabilities, leveraging the strengths of deep learning and residual networks to achieve high-quality reception and decoding of the OFDM symbol(s) (or OFDM signals) in various communication scenarios.

[0078] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example embodiment for reducing the PAPR of a transmitted OFDM symbol. In an example, the gNB 420 may configure the UE 410 by a codebook of phase shift values / parameters and scaling parameters. In an example, each entry in the codebook may correspond to a combination of phase shifts and scaling parameters (scaling factors) for each subcarrier, wherein each subcarrier may correspond to a data symbol. In an example, the codebook may be sent by the gNB 420 to the UE 410, after the UE 410 establishes a radio resource configuration (RRC) connection and transitions to a RRC connected mode or a RRC connected state. In an example, whenever the UE 410 is being allocated resources for an UL transmission (of a data symbol, or an OFDM symbol), the gNB 420 may transmit a message to the UE 410 indicating an index value. The UE 410 may use the index value to select an entry of the codebook. For example, the UE 410 may modify the data symbols (that may be part of a modified OFDM symbol) based on the phase shift values / parameters and the scaling parameters that correspond to the index value in the codebook.

[0079] At step 1 of FIG. 6, the gNB 420 may determine a codebook. In an example, the codebook may include a list. In an example, the list may include one or more elements, wherein each element of the list may include at least one of an index value, a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier frequencies of one or more data symbol(s), a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more (subcarrier) amplitudes of the one or more data symbols. At step 2, the UE 410 may receive from the gNB 420, the codebook as part of the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol (or as part of a configuration information of a peak to average power ratio reduction associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol). In an example, the configuration information may include the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol, the information associated with transmitting the data symbol, and / or the like. In an example, the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol (or the information associated with transmitting the data symbol) may include the codebook. At step 3, the gNB 420 may send to the UE 410, an index value to be used by the UE for modifying the data symbol (e.g., to generate the modified OFDM symbol). In an example, the UE 410 may generate a modified data symbol based on the information associated with transmitting the symbol (or the configuration information). The UE may then generate the modified OFDM symbol based on one or more modified data symbols (based on the information). At step 4, the UE 410 may transmit to the gNB 420, the modified data symbol as part of the modified OFDM symbol. At step 5, the gNB 420 may employ a neural receiver to process the received modified data symbol (or the received modified OFDM symbol) and compensate for the applied modifications. Therefore, according to an example embodiment, the modified data symbol (or the modified OFDM symbol) is transmitted via the PA of a transmitter (of the UE) with a reduced PAPR.

[0080] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating operation of an apparatus (e.g., which may be a UE or user device, or other apparatus) according to an example embodiment. At step 710, the method includes receiving, by a user device from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters. At step 720, the method includes modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters. At step 730, the method includes transmitting, by the user device to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol.

[0081] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: wherein: the data symbol includes one or more data symbols; and the modified data symbol includes one or more modified data symbols.

[0082] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified subcarriers, wherein each of the one or more modified subcarriers corresponds to one of the one or more modified data symbols.

[0083] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the method further including modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by shifting a phase of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values.

[0084] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the method further including modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by scaling an amplitude of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters.

[0085] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: wherein the information associated with the uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value, and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0086] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: receiving, by the user device from the network node, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0087] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: performing an inverse fast Fourier transform of the modified data symbol.

[0088] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: transmitting the modified data symbol within the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol and via a power amplifier of a transmitter with a reduced peak to average power ratio.

[0089] With respect to the method of FIG. 7, the method may further include: wherein the modified data symbol Xk is based on Xk=akXkej(f>k, wherein: Xk is the data symbol; <pk is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier that corresponds to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0090] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating operation of an apparatus (e.g., which may be a network node, eNB, gNB, or other apparatus) according to an example embodiment. At step 810, the method includes transmitting, by a network node to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters. At step 820, the method includes receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0091] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: wherein the data symbol includes one or more data symbols.

[0092] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and each of the one or more modified data symbols is transmitted via its associated one or more modified subcarriers.

[0093] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values corresponds to a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0094] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters corresponds to an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0095] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value; and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0096] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: transmitting, to the user device, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0097] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: sending the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol to a neural receiver of the network node.

[0098] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: performing at least one of: a fast Fourier transform of a modified data symbol; or sending the modified data symbol to a neural receiver of the network node, wherein the neural receiver performs at least one of: shifting a phase on the modified data symbol to compensate for a phase shift applied to the data symbol; or scaling an amplitude of the modified data symbol to compensate for an amplitude scale applied to the data symbol.

[0099] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: at least one of: demodulating the modified data symbol; and performing decoding and error correction to obtain data.

[0100] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: compensating for a modification of a modified symbol based on at least one of a shift in phase of a subcarrier or a scale of an amplitude of the subcarrier based on Xk = , wherein: Yk is the modified symbol that was received; Xk is the data symbol; 0kis a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier corresponding to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0101] With respect to the method of FIG. 8, the method may further include: wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol is determined based on an algorithm of a neural receiver of the network node, wherein the network node includes at least one of: a base station; an eNodeB; a gNB; a base station distributed unit; or a base station centralized unit.

[0102] Some examples will now be described, based on the description and figures provided herein.

[0103] Example 1. An apparatus including: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; generating a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol; and transmitting to the network node, the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol.

[0104] Example 2. The apparatus of example 1, wherein: the data symbol includes one or more data symbols; and the modified data symbol includes one or more modified data symbols.

[0105] Example 3. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 2, wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified subcarriers, wherein each of the one or more modified subcarriers corresponds to one of the one or more modified data symbols.

[0106] Example 4. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 3, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the apparatus is further caused to perform modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by shifting a phase of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values.

[0107] Example 5. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 4, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the apparatus is further caused to perform modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by scaling an amplitude of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters.

[0108] Example 6. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 5, wherein the information associated with the uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value, and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0109] Example 7. The apparatus of example 6, further including: receiving from the network node, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0110] Example 8. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 7, further including performing an inverse fast Fourier transform of the modified data symbol.

[0111] Example 9. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 8, further including transmitting the modified data symbol within the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol and via a power amplifier of a transmitter with a reduced peak to average power ratio.

[0112] Example 10. The apparatus of any of examples 1 to 9, wherein the modified data symbol Xk is based on Xk=akXkej<t}k, wherein: Xk is the data symbol; < / >fcis a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier that corresponds to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0113] Example 11. An apparatus including: means for receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; means for modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; means for generating a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol; and means for transmitting to the network node, the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol.

[0114] Example 12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including program instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; generating a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol; and transmitting to the network node, the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol.

[0115] Example 13. An apparatus including: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0116] Example 14. The apparatus of example 13, wherein the data symbol includes one or more data symbols.

[0117] Example 15. The apparatus of any of examples 13 to 14, wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and each of the one or more modified data symbols is transmitted via its associated one or more modified subcarriers.

[0118] Example 16. The apparatus of example 15, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values corresponds to a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0119] Example 17. The apparatus of any of examples 15 to 16, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters corresponds to an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0120] Example 18. The apparatus of any of examples 13 to 17, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value; and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0121] Example 19. The apparatus of example 18, further including: transmitting, to the user device, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0122] Example 20. The apparatus of any of examples 13 to 19, further including sending the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol to a neural receiver of the apparatus.

[0123] Example 21. The apparatus of any of examples 13 to 20, further including performing at least one of: a fast Fourier transform of a modified data symbol; or sending the modified data symbol to a neural receiver of the apparatus, wherein the neural receiver performs at least one of: shifting a phase on the modified data symbol to compensate for a phase shift applied to the data symbol; or scaling an amplitude of the modified data symbol to compensate for an amplitude scale applied to the data symbol.

[0124] Example 22. The apparatus of example 21, further including at least one of: demodulating the modified data symbol; and performing decoding and error correction to obtain data.

[0125] Example 23. The apparatus of any of examples 13 to 22, further including compensating for a modification of a modified symbol based on at least one of a shift in phase of a subcarrier or a scale of an amplitude of the subcarrier based on Xk = Y1L , Ot]^* O 1* wherein: Yk is the modified symbol that was received; Xk is the data symbol; is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier corresponding to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0126] Example 24. The apparatus of any of examples 13 to 23, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol is determined based on an algorithm of a neural receiver of the apparatus, wherein the apparatus includes at least one of: a base station; an eNodeB; a gNB; a base station distributed unit; or a base station centralized unit.

[0127] Example 25. An apparatus including: means for transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and means for receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0128] Example 26. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including program instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform: transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0129] Example 27. A method including: receiving, by a user device from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; generating, by the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol; and transmitting, by the user device to the network node, the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol.

[0130] Example 28. The method of example 27, wherein: the data symbol includes one or more data symbols; and the modified data symbol includes one or more modified data symbols.

[0131] Example 29. The method of any of examples 27 to 28, wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified subcarriers, wherein each of the one or more modified subcarriers corresponds to one of the one or more modified data symbols.

[0132] Example 30. The method of any of examples 27 to 29, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the method further including modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by shifting a phase of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values.

[0133] Example 31. The method of any of examples 27 to 30, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the method further including modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by scaling an amplitude of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters.

[0134] Example 32. The method of any of examples 27 to 31, wherein the information associated with the uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value, and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0135] Example 33. The method of example 32, further including: receiving, by the user device from the network node, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0136] Example 34. The method of any of examples 27 to 33, further including performing an inverse fast Fourier transform of the modified data symbol.

[0137] Example 35. The method of any of examples 27 to 34, further including transmitting the modified data symbol within the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol and via a power amplifier of a transmitter with a reduced peak to average power ratio.

[0138] Example 36. The method of any of examples 27 to 35, wherein the modified data symbol Xk is based on wherein: Xk is the data symbol; (pk is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier that corresponds to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0139] Example 37. An apparatus including means for performing a method of any of examples 27 to 36.

[0140] Example 38. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause a computing system to perform a method of any of examples 27 to 36.

[0141] Example 39. A method including: transmitting, by a network node to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0142] Example 40. The method of example 39, wherein the data symbol includes one or more data symbols.

[0143] Example 41. The method of any of examples 39 to 40, wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and each of the one or more modified data symbols is transmitted via its associated one or more modified subcarriers.

[0144] Example 42. The method of example 41, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values corresponds to a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0145] Example 43. The method of any of examples 41 to 42, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters corresponds to an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0146] Example 44. The method of any of examples 39 to 43, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value; and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0147] Example 45. The method of example 44, further including: transmitting, to the user device, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0148] Example 46. The method of any of examples 39 to 45, further including sending the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol to a neural receiver of the network node.

[0149] Example 47. The method of any of examples 39 to 46, further including performing at least one of: a fast Fourier transform of a modified data symbol; or sending the modified data symbol to a neural receiver of the network node, wherein the neural receiver performs at least one of: shifting a phase on the modified data symbol to compensate for a phase shift applied to the data symbol; or scaling an amplitude of the modified data symbol to compensate for an amplitude scale applied to the data symbol.

[0150] Example 48. The method of example 47, further including at least one of: demodulating the modified data symbol; and performing decoding and error correction to obtain data.

[0151] Example 49. The method of any of examples 39 to 48, further including compensating for a modification of a modified symbol based on at least one of a shift in phase of a subcarrier or a scale of an amplitude of the subcarrier based on Xk = , wherein: Yk is the modified symbol that was received; Xk is the data symbol; (pk is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier corresponding to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0152] Example 50. The method of any of examples 39 to 49, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol is determined based on an algorithm of a neural receiver of the network node, wherein the network node includes at least one of: a base station; an eNodeB; a gNB; a base station distributed unit; or a base station centralized unit.

[0153] Example 51. An apparatus including means for performing a method of any of examples 39 to 50.

[0154] Example 52. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause a computing system to perform a method of any of examples 39 to 50.

[0155] Example Al. An apparatus including: means for receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; means for modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; and means for transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol generated by the modified data symbol.

[0156] Example A2. The apparatus of example Al, wherein: the data symbol includes one or more data symbols; and the modified data symbol includes one or more modified data symbols.

[0157] Example A3. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A2, wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified subcarriers, wherein each of the one or more modified subcarriers corresponds to one of the one or more modified data symbols.

[0158] Example A4. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A3, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the apparatus further including means for modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by shifting a phase of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values.

[0159] Example A5. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A4, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; and the apparatus further including means for modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by scaling an amplitude of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters.

[0160] Example A6. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A5, wherein the information associated with the uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value, and at least one of a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0161] Example A7. The apparatus of example A6, further including: means for receiving, by the apparatus from the network node, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0162] Example A8. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A7, further including means for performing an inverse fast Fourier transform of the modified data symbol.

[0163] Example A9. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A8, further including means for transmitting the modified data symbol within the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol and via a power amplifier of a transmitter with a reduced peak to average power ratio.

[0164] Example A10. The apparatus of any of examples Al to A9, wherein the modified data symbol Xk is based on wherein: Xk is the data symbol; (pk is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier that corresponds to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0165] Example Al 1. An apparatus including: means for transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and means for receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0166] Example A12. The apparatus of example All, wherein the data symbol includes one or more data symbols.

[0167] Example A13. The apparatus of any of examples Al 1 to A12, wherein: the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol includes one or more modified data symbols; and each of the one or more modified data symbols is transmitted via its associated one or more modified subcarriers.

[0168] Example A14. The apparatus of example A13, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values corresponds to a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0169] Example A15. The apparatus of any of examples A13 to A14, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters corresponds to an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

[0170] Example A16. The apparatus of any of examples All to A15, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol includes a codebook including a list including one or more elements, wherein each element of the list includes: an index value; and at least one of: a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; or a set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

[0171] Example A17. The apparatus of example A16, further including: means for transmitting, to the user device, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

[0172] Example Al 8. The apparatus of any of examples Al 1 to Al 7, further including means for sending the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol to a neural receiver of the apparatus.

[0173] Example A19. The apparatus of any of examples All to A18, further including means for performing at least one of: a fast Fourier transform of a modified data symbol; or sending the modified data symbol to a neural receiver of the apparatus, wherein the neural receiver performs at least one of: shifting a phase on the modified data symbol to compensate for a phase shift applied to the data symbol; or scaling an amplitude of the modified data symbol to compensate for an amplitude scale applied to the data symbol.

[0174] Example A20. The apparatus of example A19, further including at least one of: means for demodulating the modified data symbol; and means for performing decoding and error correction to obtain data.

[0175] Example A21. The apparatus of any of examples Al 1 to A20, further including means for compensating for a modification of a modified symbol based on at least one of a shift in phase of a subcarrier or a scale of an amplitude of the subcarrier based on Xk = y. -..............., wherein: Yk is the modified symbol that was received; Xk is the data symbol; ( / ) k is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier corresponding to a kth data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

[0176] Example A22. The apparatus of any of examples Al 1 to A21, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol is determined based on an algorithm of a neural receiver of the apparatus, wherein the apparatus includes at least one of: a base station; an eNodeB; a gNB; a base station distributed unit; or a base station centralized unit.

[0177] Example A23. A method including: receiving, by a user device from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; and transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol generated by the modified data symbol.

[0178] Example A24. A method including: transmitting, by a network node to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; and receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

[0179] Example A25. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including program instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information includes at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters; modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying includes modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of: shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; or scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol.

[0180] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a wireless station or node (e.g., UE, user device, AP, BS, eNB, gNB, RAN node, network node, TRP, or other node) 1300 according to an example embodiment. The wireless station 1300 may include, for example, one or more (e.g., two as shown in FIG. 9) RF (radio frequency) or wireless transceivers 1302A, 1302B, where each wireless transceiver includes a transmitter to transmit signals and a receiver to receive signals. The wireless station also includes a processor or control unit / entity (controller) 1304 to execute instructions or software and control transmission and receptions of signals, and a memory 1306 to store data and / or instructions.

[0181] Processor 1304 may also make decisions or determinations, generate frames, packets or messages for transmission, decode received frames or messages for further processing, and other tasks or functions described herein. Processor 1304, which may be a baseband processor, for example, may generate messages, packets, frames or other signals for transmission via wireless transceiver 1302 (1302A or 1302B). Processor 1304 may control transmission of signals or messages over a wireless network, and may control the reception of signals or messages, etc., via a wireless network (e.g., after being down-converted by wireless transceiver 1302, for example). Processor 1304 may be programmable and capable of executing software or other instructions stored in memory or on other computer media to perform the various tasks and functions described above, such as one or more of the tasks or methods described above. Processor 1304 may be (or may include), for example, hardware, programmable logic, a programmable processor that executes software or firmware, and / or any combination of these. Using other terminology, processor 1304 and transceiver 1302 together may be considered as a wireless transmitter / receiver system, for example.

[0182] In addition, referring to FIG. 9, a controller (or processor) 1308 may execute software and instructions, and may provide overall control for the station 1300, and may provide control for other systems not shown in FIG. 9, such as controlling input / output devices (e.g., display, keypad), and / or may execute software for one or more applications that may be provided on wireless station 1300, such as, for example, an email program, audio / video applications, a word processor, a Voice over IP application, or other application or software.

[0183] In addition, a storage medium may be provided that includes stored instructions, which when executed by a controller or processor may result in the processor 1304, or other controller or processor, performing one or more of the functions or tasks described above.

[0184] According to another example embodiment, RF or wireless transceiver(s) 1302A / 1302B may receive signals or data and / or transmit or send signals or data. Processor 1304 (and possibly transceivers 1302A / 1302B) may control the RF or wireless transceiver 1302A or 1302B to receive, send, broadcast or transmit signals or data.

[0185] Example embodiments are provided or described for each of the example methods, including: An apparatus (e.g., 1300, FIG. 9) including means (e.g., processor 1304, RF transceivers 1302A and / or 1302B, and / or memory 1306, in FIG. 9) for carrying out any of the methods; a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g., memory 1306, FIG. 9) comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one processor (processor 1304, FIG. 9), are configured to cause a computing system (e.g., 1300, FIG. 9) to perform any of the example methods; and an apparatus (e.g., 1300, FIG. 9) including at least one processor (e.g., processor 1304, FIG. 9), and at least one memory (e.g., memory 1306, FIG. 9) including computer program code, the at least one memory (1306) and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor (1304), cause the apparatus (e.g., 1300) at least to perform any of the example methods.

[0186] Embodiments of the various techniques described herein may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Embodiments may be implemented as a computer program product, i .e., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. Embodiments may also be provided on a computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium, which may be a non-transitory medium. Embodiments of the various techniques may also include embodiments provided via transitory signals or media, and / or programs and / or software embodiments that are downloadable via the Internet or other network(s), either wired networks and / or wireless networks. In addition, embodiments may be provided via machine type communications (MTC), and also via an Internet of Things (IOT).

[0187] As used in this application, the term ‘circuitry’ or “circuit” refers to all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations, such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry, and (b) combinations of circuits and soft-ware (and / or firmware), such as (as applicable): (i) a combination of processor(s) or (ii) portions of processor(s) / software including digital signal processor(s), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus to perform various functions, and (c) circuits, such as a microprocessor s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that require software or firmware for operation, even if the software or firmware is not physically present. This definition of ‘circuitry’ applies to all uses of this term in this application. As a further example, as used in this application, the term ‘circuitry’ would also cover an implementation of merely a processor (or multiple processors) or a portion of a processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term ‘circuitry’ would also cover, for example and if applicable to the particular element, a baseband integrated circuit or applications processor integrated circuit for a mobile phone or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or another network device.

[0188] The computer program may be in source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and / or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer, or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers.

[0189] Furthermore, embodiments of the various techniques described herein may use a cyber-physical system (CPS) (a system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities). CPS may enable the embodiment and exploitation of massive amounts of interconnected ICT devices (sensors, actuators, processors microcontrollers, ...) embedded in physical objects at different locations. Mobile cyber physical systems, in which the physical system in question has inherent mobility, are a subcategory of cyber-physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robotics and electronics transported by humans or animals. The rise in popularity of smartphones has increased interest in the area of mobile cyber-physical systems. Therefore, various embodiments of techniques described herein may be provided via one or more of these technologies.

[0190] A computer program, such as the computer program(s) described above, can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit or part of it suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

[0191] Method steps may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program or computer program portions to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Method steps also may be performed by, and an apparatus may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).

[0192] Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer, chip or chipset. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. Elements of a computer may include at least one processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer also may include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magnetooptical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

[0193] To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments may be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a user interface, such as a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

[0194] Embodiments may be implemented in a computing system that includes a backend component, e g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a frontend component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an embodiment, or any combination of such backend, middleware, or frontend components. Components may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet.

[0195] While certain features of the described embodiments have been illustrated as described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes and equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the various embodiments.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:means for receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information comprises at least one of: a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters;means for modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying comprises modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of:shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; orscaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; andmeans for transmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol generated based on the modified data symbol.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the data symbol comprises one or more data symbols; andthe modified data symbol comprises one or more modified data symbols.

3. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 2, wherein:the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol comprises one or more modified data symbols; andthe modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol comprises one or more modified subcarriers, wherein each of the one or more modified subcarriers corresponds to one of the one or more modified data symbols.

4. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; andthe apparatus further comprising means for modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by shifting a phase of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values.

5. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters is associated with a corresponding subcarrier of one of the one or more data symbols; andthe apparatus further comprising means for modifying the one of the one or more data symbols by scaling an amplitude of a corresponding subcarrier associated with the one of the one or more data symbols, by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters.

6. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the information associated with the uplink transmission of the data symbol comprises a codebook including a list comprising one or more elements, wherein each element of the list comprises:an index value, andat least one of:a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; ora set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising:means for receiving, from the network node, the index value; and wherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

8. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 7, further comprising means for performing an inverse fast Fourier transform of the modified data symbol.

9. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 8, further comprising means for transmitting the modified data symbol within the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol and via a power amplifier of a transmitter with a reduced peak to average power ratio.

10. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the modified data symbol Xk is based on Xk=akXkej^k, wherein:Xk is the data symbol;(pk is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier that corresponds to a k* data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; andak is a scaling parameter by which the k* subcarrier is scaled.

11. An apparatus comprising:means for transmitting to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information comprises at least one of:a set of phase shift values; ora set of scaling parameters; andmeans for receiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the data symbol comprises one or more data symbols.

13. The apparatus of any of claims 11 to 12, wherein:the modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol comprises one or more modified data symbols; andeach of the one or more modified data symbols is transmitted via its associated one or more modified subcarriers.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the set of phase shift values is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each phase shift value of the set of phase shift values corresponds to a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

15. The apparatus of any of claims 13 to 14, wherein the set of scaling parameters is associated with one or more data symbols, wherein each scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters corresponds to an amplitude of a subcarrier associated with one of the one or more data symbols.

16. The apparatus of any of claims 11 to 15, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol comprises a codebook including a list comprising one or more elements, wherein each element of the list comprises:an index value; andat least one of:a set of phase shift values identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarriers of one or more data symbols; ora set of scaling parameters identified by the index value and associated with one or more subcarrier amplitudes of the one or more data symbols.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising:means for transmitting, to the user device, the index value; andwherein the data symbol is modified based on an element of the codebook identified by the index value.

18. The apparatus of any of claims 11 to 17, further comprising means for sending the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol to a neural receiver of the apparatus.

19. The apparatus of any of claims 11 to 18, further comprising means for performing at least one of:a fast Fourier transform of a modified data symbol; orsending the modified data symbol to a neural receiver of the apparatus, wherein theneural receiver performs at least one of:shifting a phase on the modified data symbol to compensate for a phase shiftapplied to the data symbol; orscaling an amplitude of the modified data symbol to compensate for an amplitude scale applied to the data symbol.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising at least one of:means for demodulating the modified data symbol; andmeans for performing decoding and error correction to obtain data.

21. The apparatus of any of claims 11 to 20, further comprising means for compensating for a modification of a modified symbol based on at least one of a shift in phase of a subcarrier or a scale of an amplitude of the subcarrier based on Xk = -........., wherein:Yk is the modified symbol that was received;Xk is the data symbol;(pk is a kth phase shift value of the set of phase shift values applied to a kth subcarrier corresponding to a k111 data symbol Xk, where k= 1,..., N; and ak is a scaling parameter by which the kth subcarrier is scaled.

22. The apparatus of any of claims 11 to 21, wherein the information associated with uplink transmission of the data symbol is determined based on an algorithm of a neural receiver of the apparatus, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one of:a base station;an eNodeB;agNB;a base station distributed unit; or a base station centralized unit.

23. A method compri sing:receiving, by a user device from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information comprises at least one of:a set of phase shift values; or a set of scaling parameters;modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying comprises modifying a subcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of:shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set of phase shift values; orscaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the set of scaling parameters; andtransmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol generated based on the modified data symbol.

24. A method comprising:transmitting, by a network node to a user device, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information comprises at least one of:a set of phase shift values; ora set of scaling parameters; andreceiving, from the user device, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the information.5 25. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising program instructions,when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform:receiving from a network node, information associated with uplink transmission of a data symbol, wherein the information comprises at least one of:a set of phase shift values; or10 a set of scaling parameters;modifying the data symbol, wherein the modifying comprises modifying asubcarrier associated with the data symbol by at least one of:shifting a phase of the subcarrier by a phase shift value of the set ofphase shift values; or15 scaling an amplitude of the subcarrier by a scaling parameter of the setof scaling parameters; andtransmitting to the network node, a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol based on the modified data symbol.45

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