Indoor evacuation shelter against tsunami, missile blast, etc.

Abstract

To provide a solution for the problem that immediate evacuation is required in the event of a sudden tsunami or missile blast; after an earthquake, evacuation is desirable within three minutes following a J-Alert and of course there is no time to escape outside; hotels, apartments, and buildings are sturdy, but ordinary homes are weak and will be blown to pieces and therefore measures must be taken for houses and rooms in which people live to save 320 thousand lives.SOLUTION: Hotels, apartments, and buildings are sturdy structures, and the rooms within can be considered the optimal evacuation sites in the shortest time possible. Rather than drilling holes in the walls, which are structural parts, a vertical shelter extending almost to the ceiling resists rotation or floating-up. Even in an ordinary house, even if the structure is reduced to pieces, the heavy concrete shelter with stable height inside the room will remain. Even if heavy tile roofs fall, people are not crushed to death. The greatest happiness is being able to live each day with peace of mind.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 9

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a small disaster shelter for tsunamis, missile blasts, etc., installed indoors in buildings such as hotels, condominiums, buildings, and ordinary houses.

Background Art

[0002] In recent years, in the J-alert of North Korean missiles, there has been an announcement to immediately evacuate to a safe place. In the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, a tsunami of up to 34.4 m arrives in the shortest time of 1 to 5 minutes. The number of deaths is predicted to be 323,000, and the building damage is 2,380,000 houses, with the maximum damage occurring in the middle of the night in the dead of winter. When will we be able to build flood control dikes 20 m and 30 m high? It's far to the tsunami evacuation tower. Anyway, it is said to escape, but even a 0.3 m tsunami can sweep one's feet away, and it is dangerous and there is no way out to go outside. Isn't there anything we can do? In seaside hotels and condominiums, in the case of a tsunami attack at night, the indoor shelter as it is is effective. During the day, an indoor shelter is effective in relatively small room-divided offices such as office buildings. It is a small shelter for a small number of people installed along the wall. By providing a range where countermeasures are possible even in ordinary houses where many people live, many lives can be saved. When searched for "tsunami shelter" on the Patent Office Patent Information Platform, there were two cases. Patent Document 1 provides a shelter with an airtight upper part above or below the living space, but it has an intake and exhaust device, so it is different from the present invention. Patent Document 2 provides a tsunami shelter in a building, but it installs an airtight shelter in a newly built building, which is different from the shelter installed in the existing rooms of hotels, condominiums, and buildings of the present invention using them to prevent floating debris.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0003]

Patent Document 1

Patent Document 2

[0004] [Non-Patent Document 1] Nakagawa Kogyosho Safety Documents [Non-Patent Document 2] Guidelines for Tsunami-Resistant Design of Breakwaters: Ports and Harbors Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, September 2013. [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0005] Both tsunamis and missiles strike suddenly. Immediate evacuation is necessary. Both, however, have warnings. For tsunamis, it's the shaking of an earthquake; for missiles, it's the J-Alert warning. This proposal aims to enable rapid evacuation within three minutes in both cases. Evacuating after a tsunami warning is issued means you've already been swallowed up. Going outside is dangerous. Even during the midnight hours of winter, when a Nankai Trough tsunami is expected to cause the greatest damage, and even while bathing, you can immediately evacuate to an indoor shelter or a nearby shelter. You can also stock up on warm clothing and emergency food. You can even turn on the heater. This means you can survive a disaster that could strike at any time, within 12 hours out of 24—half the normal time. An indoor shelter can increase your survival rate during your daily life to 50%. However, the damage varies greatly depending on the building's sturdiness and number of floors. Even wooden houses that would be reduced to rubble shouldn't be given up on. People on the first floor, which would be submerged, are at a significant disadvantage. Disasters are unequal and harsh on the vulnerable, and we must prepare accordingly. This proposal aims to utilize the existing building conditions as much as possible and provide indoor shelters tailored to those buildings. Even ordinary homes do not need to give up hope. While statistics exist on the types of buildings people live in, it would be a waste of time to grasp this information individually. We will provide options that allow for some degree of assumption and leave the decision to the residents. Sturdy hotels, condominiums, and buildings can be said to offer a certain degree of structural and strength protection against debris collisions and blast waves. The greatest weakness is water. It is obvious that humans cannot breathe air underwater. This means that in places higher than tsunami height, preparation only for missile blast waves may suffice. However, tsunami height is an estimate, and some margin of safety is necessary. There will be differences in external forces for people living in single-story buildings, lower floors, and higher floors. Survival is not guaranteed for those on higher floors. Complacency is the greatest enemy. People on middle floors also need to prepare for the unexpected. In the case of water, even if only 1 cm of water covers the mouth, survival is impossible. Even if you escape outside, a ripple of 0.3m could sweep you off your feet and sweep you away. But you know that as long as you have air, you can survive. You can somehow survive a missile unless it hits you directly or explodes like a nuclear bomb. If you can overcome these obstacles, you can somehow survive.The tsunami in Tonga in January 2022 demonstrated that even with early morning warnings, people were reluctant to flee in the cold winter, and would easily give up. It became clear that people don't take action as their own until the crisis is imminent. Was it a bias that they thought would be alright, or was it a case of rigidity? They should have known that it would be too late once the roar of the tsunami was imminent. This was especially true for the elderly. However, there is no clear answer or solution other than having secured a place to evacuate to instantly at the moment of the roar—in this case, an indoor shelter—in advance. Therefore, this application aims to create indoor evacuation shelters that can be accessed simultaneously with the roar of tsunamis and the impact of missiles in the face of impending disasters, minimizing differences in the sturdiness and structural strength of houses and rooms, and ensuring that as many of the 320,000 residents as possible, including those living in single-story homes, can be saved. Accordingly, residents of sturdy buildings should utilize the hard walls, ceilings, and floors, tolerate occupying space equivalent to that of a chest of drawers, and enjoy the arrangement if they think of it as purchasing new furniture. Empty rooms should be utilized, and residents of higher and lower floors should be able to choose from various entrance doors, with waterproof doors available for those who dislike getting wet, and for those living in ordinary houses that are shattered into pieces... For those who need shelters, it's necessary to tolerate the wide area occupied by a stable shape. Depending on the situation, this may involve expanding the floor area, reinforcing the floor foundation, raising the foundation by cutting out the tatami mats, or utilizing another room, an empty room that children have outgrown, and providing options that are wheelchair accessible and easy for the elderly to use. There are many options to choose from depending on the situation. In a typical house, the entire house will be swept away, so setting up a shelter on the second floor is dangerous. You should immediately run down the stairs and head to the shelter on the first floor. In an aging society, there is hope that there will be many empty rooms in even typical houses. Even in an old house, if you are living there, you can take refuge 24 hours a day. You can escape naked. On the other hand, waiting for relocation to higher ground or the construction of 20m or 30m high seawalls is uncertain. Shelters should be considered a valuable inheritance that can be left to descendants. If not invest in your life now, what will you invest in? It is clear that the sooner you invest without hesitation, the more days you will be able to live in peace. Conversely, living a life of complacency without investing means putting a life with little time left at risk of being extinguished in an instant. If lives are saved, the costs of national search and rescue, identification procedures, and crematorium construction will be significantly reduced. In other words, the establishment and deployment of individual shelters is a major undertaking that does not inconvenience others and contributes to society, making it worthwhile to develop. The challenge is to provide as many individuals as possible with shelters suitable for various types of housing, which could inspire those who have given up on life to rise again. Awakening this dormant motivation can help reduce the clear national loss and burden that lies ahead. In the last 10 years since the Cabinet Office's predictions were released, how many people have been saved? Has it remained at 320,000? If so, how many crematoriums have been built in parallel? Will it be their turn to be cremated within a year? Both seem to be progressing very slowly. The responsibility for simply telling people to escape without offering any solutions, instead fueling anxiety and crisis in a one-sided manner, is heavy. Having a shelter nearby, being able to evacuate immediately, being readily available 24 hours a day, utilizing its sturdy walls, and making the most of the spacious area can solve many survival challenges even in the event of an unexpectedly large-scale disaster. The wide variety of options available and the ease with which individuals can install the shelter also help save many lives. In apartments, drilling anchor holes in the room walls would also require drilling holes in the side walls of the shelter itself, potentially compromising the shelter's airtightness. This could lead to localized stress concentration. The hole-free method proposed in this invention has the significant advantage of not requiring structural analysis of the building and being easy to install without obtaining approval from the management association. There is also a method that does not use adhesive between the shelter and the wall. It can be moved when rearranging the room, allowing for a change of scenery. For those who dislike getting wet, a waterproof door can be selected. In sturdy buildings, shelters can mitigate direct impacts if placed in room corners, along walls, in storage rooms, or in rooms facing mountains. For a family of five, it is more effective to install two shelters rather than one 5-person shelter. It is structurally safer to install separate shelters for one person and three people. While tsunami water levels are unavoidable and the burden on residents on the first floor is heavy, the height of submersion and the duration of submersion decrease as you move to the second and third floors, increasing the chances of survival. Considering these factors, the shelter itself can be made smaller and simpler. In ordinary houses, it is necessary to accept that the house will be destroyed by the earthquake and swept away by the tsunami. Since it is not possible to reduce external forces, a sturdy shelter that makes use of the room's space remains. If the side walls of the shelter are too thin, they will likely sway in the water current, causing large air pockets to escape from the bottom. Also, buoyancy and the lateral force of a tsunami can cause the shelter to dent or deform, making it prone to tipping over. Therefore, the body and side walls of the shelter should be made thick to maintain their shape well. Furthermore, they should have the strength to withstand impacts from floating debris. In the event of cracks or damage, air will escape as bubbles in the water. Plastic bags and vinyl bags can be placed inside the shelter to provide double safety. Always ensuring double safety is necessary in the event of an unexpected disaster. The challenges to be addressed against external forces include preventing tipping due to horizontal forces such as wave forces, and countermeasures against buoyancy and lift that cause the structure to float. Common methods include driving anchors or wedges into the floor or walls. Heaven Methods such as reinforcing the well or wrapping weights around the shelter can be considered, but the former two require drilling holes in the building structure or extensive ceiling reinforcement, and altering the structure would require proof of seismic resistance. In particular, in condominiums, obtaining structural analysis, consent from the management association, noise countermeasures, and consent from neighbors is extremely difficult. Furthermore, buoyancy is the weight equivalent to the volume of water displaced by an object containing air, and it is maximum when the water level reaches the height of the top of the shelter. At tsunami heights higher than that, the air is compressed and its volume decreases, and the buoyancy decreases accordingly. If the volume of stored air in a one-person shelter is 1 m³, a buoyancy of over 1 ton will be applied, which is about the weight of a passenger car, and it is not easy to counteract this with weights.Therefore, the tipping prevention measures of this application take advantage of the height in sturdy buildings, as the interior walls are also rigid, and by making the shelter height high, roughly to the ceiling wall, and making it vertical, there is also the great advantage of not having to occupy a large room area. Specifically, in a vertically elongated shape where the shelter height is roughly the same as the ceiling height One approach is to utilize the fact that one end of the shelter's top surface will hit the ceiling when it tilts or rotates, or to limit the amount of rotation by inserting a facing material in the gap with the ceiling, or to use adhesive between the shelter surface and the room's wall and floor to prevent rotation through bonding force. On the other hand, in a typical house with wooden-paneled walls, there is no strong wall to lean against, and a vertically elongated shape would look unsettling. Therefore, one approach is to make the shelter shorter and wider for stability, increase its weight, or extend the base of the shelter with a protruding facing material to resist rotation. Furthermore, to address buoyancy and lift, for vertically elongated shelters, methods were found to physically restrict upward movement by inserting facing material in the gaps between the ceiling and walls, or by using adhesive between the shelter surface and the walls and floor to counteract the force of adhesion. For wide, stable shelters, methods were found to address buoyancy and lift by increasing the self-weight of the structure, such as using concrete, or by using an extended area at the base to absorb the weight of water equivalent to the buoyancy, thereby resisting buoyancy. Here, the concepts for countermeasures against tipping and lift caused by missile blasts are the same, so they were considered to be on the same level as tsunamis. The wall thickness and plate thickness of the shelters are generally 1 cm or more, and generally, for resins, polycarbonate, acrylic, and PVC are considered. For steel plates, the thickness is about 6 mm or more, which is necessary for factory welding. For concrete and precast products, the thickness is 6 cm or more. A stronger shelter can be made by wrapping tape, applying sheets, or overlapping thin steel plates on the inside. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The present invention provides a tsunami, missile blast, and other disaster evacuation shelter for indoor installation in buildings, hotels, condominiums, office buildings, and general residences. This shelter is designed for small groups of people and has an airtight internal volume to ensure sufficient evacuation space for the number of people present and the necessary amount of air for survival when the shelter is submerged. The shelter body is constructed from reinforced plastics such as glass fiber and carbon fiber, plastics, nonwoven fabrics, steel, or concrete, either individually, in combination, or in layers, providing excellent airtightness, rigidity, and fire resistance. The shelter's side walls have sufficient strength to resist external forces equivalent to tsunami height, debris impacts, or missile blasts. The side walls are thick enough to resist deformation and maintain their shape well, depending on the material strength. An entrance / exit is provided at the bottom of the shelter. To prevent tipping due to lateral forces such as wave pressure or blasts, the shelter is designed to be vertically elongated to the height of the ceiling in rooms with hard ceilings, so that when the shelter tilts, one end of the top of the shelter catches on the ceiling wall, preventing further tilting. Inserting a panel or other facing material into the gap between the top surface and the ceiling wall, or using adhesive to bond the shelter's side walls to the interior walls and floor, will help prevent tipping. If the interior ceiling is not made of hard material such as wood, a low, wide, and stable shelter shape, along with the heavy weight of the shelter, will help prevent tipping. The lift force against the blast is estimated to be about the same as the buoyancy when the shelter is submerged in water, and when the shelter is submerged, a buoyancy force equivalent to the volume of air it holds will act. To resist buoyancy and lift, the shelter is characterized by one of the following methods for preventing tipping, buoyancy, and lift: limiting the rise by inserting a surface material such as a plate into the gap between the top of the shelter and the ceiling wall; ensuring that the surface adhesion force of the adhesive between the shelter's side walls and the interior walls and floor surface is greater than the buoyancy and lift; ensuring that the weight of the shelter, made of heavy materials such as concrete and steel, is greater than the buoyancy and lift; or using the area of ​​the extended surface material at the bottom to account for the weight of the water when submerged, and ensuring that the resulting load is greater than the buoyancy and lift. Here, tsunami and missile blast evacuation shelters installed inside buildings include shelters for floods, river overflows, storm surges, typhoons, tornadoes, and strong winds, as well as shelters to prevent death by crushing from falling heavy roof tiles during earthquakes, and shelters to prevent damage from pyroclastic flows and rockfalls during volcanic eruptions and from landslides.

[0007] Furthermore, the shelter is characterized by having a perforated or gapped partition near the entrance, which serves as an access point to the upper evacuation space, and also mitigates direct impact, wave force, and blast in the event that floating debris or flying objects enter the shelter. Furthermore, the top of the shelter is characterized by being cylindrical or dome-shaped. [Effects of the Invention]

[0008] Surviving a disaster of unprecedented magnitude is not easy, but this invention provides an optimal solution for tsunami-vulnerable and disaster-vulnerable individuals, clearly giving them hope of survival. It is dangerous to go outside. An indoor shelter provides a readily available and immediate optimal solution. How reassuring it is to be able to evacuate immediately and to have it nearby 24 hours a day. Even if submerged by an unexpectedly high tsunami, there is enough air within the shelter's volume to survive. In apartment buildings, the building itself will not collapse if the windows break. Since the room is surrounded by the remaining solid walls, the shelter can be placed in a location that will not be directly hit. The strength of the walls can be utilized. It can be placed on the mountain side. Measures can be taken to prevent it from collapsing in a tsunami. There is no need to run up to the roof or upper floors. An unexpectedly high tsunami may strike. Imagine the terror of not being able to escape to the roof or any higher. It can be said that this cannot be ignored indefinitely by the nation. In ordinary houses, lives that had been given up on can be saved. It is tolerable to make the room a little smaller. You can sleep soundly without worrying about heavy roof tiles falling during an earthquake. If you can survive even if your house is swept away by a tsunami, you can see a glimmer of hope for survival. In a scenic hotel catering to tourists, there's no need to evacuate to unfamiliar territory outside. Hotel staff don't need to frantically guide guests. Travelers from all over the world can stay with peace of mind, even if they don't speak the language. The hotel can be promoted globally as a hotel equipped with safety shelters. It's a good way to prepare for inbound tourism. Residents of lower floors of apartment buildings, who feel anxious every day, can feel just as safe indoors as those on upper floors. There's no need to rush outside and cause a fuss. There's no need to drive a car to evacuate to a distant location. There's no risk of being swept away and adrift. You can even enjoy a drink in the evening. Being able to drink alcohol safely, even if you're drunk, is a great relief. How fortunate it is to be able to sleep without anxiety every day. You feel safe even while bathing or sleeping. Even if a single-story or two-story house is swept away, the heavy shelter on the first floor remains. You won't be crushed to death by falling tiles from heavy tiled roofs in earthquakes across Japan, eliminating daily fear and anxiety. If you use it as your regular bed with your upper body inside, you can evacuate in one second just by bending your legs. Ideas for actively utilizing empty rooms and spaces begin to flow. Money cannot be taken to heaven. Houses will eventually decay. If a shelter is set up now, one will have peace of mind for the long years to come. This leads to the decision to use one's assets effectively while one is alive. This is truly a way to spend money wisely. All you have to do is buy a shelter with money. It should be as easy as shopping at a supermarket. If you furnish it with one nice piece of furniture, it's a reward for yourself for having lived this long. Who could complain? Who else could help you? Life cannot be bought with any amount of money, but a shelter can be bought within the limits of the savings you have left for the remainder of your life, without having to dip into them. Even if you have a lot of savings, if it's not used wisely, it's rotten money. If each individual invests in saving their own life in this way, the enormous national cost of search and rescue will be eliminated. The enormous construction costs of a crematorium for 320,000 people will also be eliminated. The enormous time and tremendous cost of identification will also be eliminated. This is truly a form of social contribution through proactive investment and pre-death investment that each individual can make. Life insurance companies are also motivated if it means they can help people with their insurance claims. In condominiums other than hotels and buildings, when installing an anchor on the wall, since the wall becomes a common area, approval from the management association or neighbors is required. However, this is not necessary for the present application. The present invention will not fall even if the troublesome anchor cannot be removed. When will the floodwall be completed? The tsunami evacuation tower is also far away. Lives will be saved from tsunamis of any unexpectedly large size. In terms of the financial burden as the price for life, it can be said to be an excellent and very inexpensive product. With this, a part of the lives of 320,000 people, the lives of all those who wish to install it, the large number of lives that would be instantly lost by the dropping of an atomic bomb, and the lives that would be easily taken away will surely be saved. The earlier it is installed, the more the anxiety about when it will strike is eliminated, and the sooner One can live comfortably every day. One can sleep with a high pillow. Even if it is only for half of the 24 hours, at night. It is good for both mental and physical health. Life is precious and there is only one.

Brief Explanation of Drawings

[0009] [Figure 1] Side view of the vertical shelter in the condominium [Figure 2] Plan view of the vertical shelter in the condominium [Figure 3] Prevention of tipping by being able to hold on to the ceiling wall [Figure 4] Prevention of tipping by an adhesive on the wall surface [Figure 5] Prevention of tipping by a facing material sandwiched in the gap with the ceiling wall [Figure 6] Side view of the stable-shaped shelter in a general house [Figure 7] Plan view of the stable-shaped shelter in a general house [Figure 8] Prevention of tipping by weight [Figure 9] Prevention of tipping by the strut of the extended facing material [Figure 10] Resistance to floating by the water weight received by the extended facing material [Figure 11] Plan view of the arrangement of the extended facing material and the reinforcing ribs [Figure 12] How fortunate are those who can sleep soundly every day

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0010] Common reference numerals are used throughout the drawings and detailed descriptions to indicate the same elements.

[0011] The shape of a shelter and the volume of air required for survival can be determined by the internal volume calculated as base area * height. The internal volume depends on the number of evacuees. Ideally, one shelter should accommodate up to 5 people. For more than 5 people, consider dividing it into smaller shelters for 2 or 3 people depending on the size of the room. The planar projection of a shelter can be a wide variety of shapes, including squares, rectangles, equilateral triangles, right triangles, circles, ellipses, semicircles, quarter circles, and polygons. The shape of the shelter is also a matter of preference. If the height of the shelter is extended to the ceiling, it can hold more air, and for the same volume, the shelter's area relative to the room's area will be smaller. The base area is also smaller, and it occupies less interior space. The shape can be described as vertically elongated and slender. It is suitable for hotels, apartments, and buildings with solid walls, ceilings, and floors. The location of the shelter should be chosen mainly in relation to the walls, such as in a room corner, along a wall, in the back of the room, or in a storage room, to avoid the effects of the tsunami and blast wave. Avoid windows and the center of a room; the corners where the exterior and interior walls intersect, and along the wall separating your house from a neighbor's are preferable locations. Avoid partition walls and sliding doors facing windows, as they are weak and cannot withstand the intrusion of floating debris. In typical houses, the walls are thin, often made of wood, and their strength cannot be expected. In other words, they are weak against external forces and should be considered as likely to break. Shelters in such houses should be low and stable in shape so that they can stand on their own. Therefore, they should occupy a large area at the base. Those who do not want to get wet can use waterproof doors, but this will increase the cost as the walls of the shelter will be thicker. Assuming the required air volume and space volume of the shelter is 1 m³ / person·hour and the ceiling height is an average height of 2.4 m, a simplified calculation ignoring wall thickness gives a base area of ​​1 / 2.4 ≈ 0.417 m², with sides of a square of 0.645 m. Those who do not want to get wet can use waterproof doors. For those who don't mind getting wet, the entrance will be open to an opening 0.5m to 0.8m high. If the entrance height at the bottom of the shelter is 0.7m, the effective height where air can accumulate underwater is 2.4-0.7=1.7m above that. In a simplified calculation ignoring the thickness of the shelter walls, the base area is 1 / 1.7 ≈ 0.588m2, and assuming a square, each side is 0.767m. Even with strong materials, thin members are prone to swaying due to passing waves and wave pressure, so first, a thick cross-section is used to withstand direct collisions with floating objects, fluctuations in wave pressure, and tipping. For shelters of various shapes installed in a room, if the space is 0.588m2, a rectangular prism would have an inner side length of 0.767m, and a cylinder would have a diameter of 0.865m. A half-cylinder placed along the wall would have a radius of 0.612m. Installing shelters along the walls in the corners of the room is also effective in avoiding floating debris. The rectangular prism remains the same, but if the corner is made into a right triangle, the side length becomes 1.084m. If it is a quarter-cylinder at the corner, the radius is 0.865m. Also, if a rectangular prism with a long side of 1.0m is placed along the wall, the protrusion is small at 0.588m, which has the effect of mitigating collisions. Furniture such as chests of drawers in the room may swirl around and collide, so care must be taken with protruding shapes. Here, concrete encompasses a wide range of types, including unreinforced concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete, and precast concrete. At entrances and exits, either no doors are installed, or a net to prevent debris from entering, a gated door, a lattice door, a door to block glass or other shards, a door to block flying debris or a waterproof door, or a windbreak door is installed. If the main priority is to keep people dry, an intermediate design is also possible where the doors deform or break during a large tsunami, allowing water to enter. [Examples]

[0012] In shelters within sturdy buildings, the required interior space can be reduced while maintaining the same volume of air. In other words, for the same required volume, increasing the height reduces the floor area. To secure as much air as possible in a limited space, it is desirable to utilize the height from floor to ceiling. By making the shelter as tall as possible, ideally reaching near the ceiling, a vertically elongated shape can be created, securing unobtrusive space with minimal floor space. If the shelter is elongated with a height of 2.4m to the ceiling, the rigid walls of the ceiling can be utilized, meaning that even if it tilts or rotates, one end of the top surface of the shelter will hit the ceiling and it will not tip over. If the base is square relative to the 2.4m height to the ceiling, and the required interior space for 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 person shelters is 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 m³ respectively, then the interior dimensions will be 1.44m, 1.29m, 1.12m, 0.92m, and 0.65m on each side. The thickness of the vertically elongated shelter's panels can be determined from strength calculations. We can use the 5mm thickness of polycarbonate used in highway sound barriers as a reference. Generally speaking, a thickness of around 1cm is considered sufficient. For concrete, 13cm or more is appropriate for precast concrete, and for steel plates, 6mm or more is appropriate as required for factory welding. Calculating the weight of the 1cm, 6cm, and 6mm panels as a rectangular prism with a 1m square base and a height of 2.4m, we get 139kg for polycarbonate (specific gravity 1.2), 3.77 tons for concrete (specific gravity 2.5), and 542kg for steel plate (specific gravity 7.8). While resin materials are strong, they are lightweight and tend to float easily in water, making them suitable for robust structures. [Examples]

[0013] In typical residential homes, tall, vertical shelters are unlikely to be able to stand tall because they would likely to tip over during an earthquake and would also be unstable against the wave and lateral forces of a tsunami. If the shelter is cube-shaped, it will have a stable, low height. If it is a perfect cube, it can accommodate 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 people, with internal spaces of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 m³ respectively, so the internal dimensions will be 1.71 m, 1.59 m, 1.45 m, 1.26 m, and 1.0 m on each side. For illustrative purposes, assuming that the shelter's weight exceeds the buoyancy, and excluding strength calculations, the required wall and plate thicknesses for the shelter are 5 tons, 4 tons, 3 tons, 2 tons, and 1 ton or more, respectively. For polycarbonate sheets with a specific gravity of 1.2, these would be 20cm, 18cm, 16cm, 12cm, and 11cm. For reinforced concrete with a specific gravity of 2.5, these would be 10cm, 10cm, 8cm, 6cm, and 6cm. For steel plates with a specific gravity of 7.8, these would be 5cm, 4cm, 4cm, 4cm, and 4cm. To counteract buoyancy with weight alone would require a considerably thicker board, and it seems unlikely that a vertically oriented shelter could effectively counteract buoyancy with weight. Conversely, it would result in a heavy shelter, so larger families might need to carve out a base into the floor. Even if it means destroying a room, it would save lives. If that happens, it won't be a loss. There's also a possibility that the children's rooms will become available one after another. [Examples]

[0014] To prevent tipping due to lateral forces in a sturdy building, the system utilizes the fact that one end of the top surface of the shelter catches on the ceiling wall when it tilts or rotates. If the gap between the shelter and the ceiling is small at a height close to the ceiling, when tilted, the shelter rotates using one end of its base surface as a pivot point, and the opposite end of the top surface of the shelter catches on the ceiling wall, preventing it from tilting further and thus resisting tipping. Figure 3 shows an explanatory diagram of how tipping is prevented when tilted, by the opposite end of the pivot point of rotation catching on the ceiling wall. [Examples]

[0015] To prevent tipping due to lateral forces in sturdy buildings, the basic principle is to avoid drilling anchor holes in the walls. As shown in Figure 4, tipping is prevented by using adhesive to bond the shelter surface to the hard floor and wall surfaces inside the building, utilizing surface adhesion. This adhesive method also serves as a buoyancy countermeasure. See Example 8. [Examples]

[0016] As a way to prevent overturning due to lateral forces in a sturdy building, Figure 5 shows that a physical restriction can be achieved by inserting a surface material such as wood into the gap between the top surface of the shelter and the ceiling wall. [Examples]

[0017] To prevent overturning due to lateral forces in ordinary houses, increasing the weight of the shelter can also prevent it from tipping over. Using concrete or steel, which have a high specific gravity, increases the wall thickness of the shelter, making it heavier and less likely to tip over. By ensuring that the combined force of lateral force and weight does not generate a negative reaction force on the base members of the shelter, it will not tip over. An explanatory diagram is shown in Figure 8. [Examples]

[0018] In typical houses, there are no rigid walls, so even if glued, wooden boards cannot be expected to provide sufficient strength. There is no need to install them against a wall. They should be installed away from the wall. To prevent tipping due to lateral forces in typical houses, the base of the shelter can be extended outwards, or another facing material can be spread across the entire underside to provide resistance through the bracing provided by the extended facing material. An explanatory diagram is shown in Figure 9. [Examples]

[0019] This section describes buoyancy countermeasures. Inside a shelter, the necessary volume of air is preserved, and a buoyant force equivalent to that volume acts vertically, causing it to float. Buoyancy is the weight equivalent to the volume displaced by an object in water. Maximum buoyancy occurs when the water level reaches the top of the shelter. In the case of a larger tsunami, the internal air is compressed, and the volume displaced by 1 m³ is reduced, meaning the buoyancy decreases and the risk of floating is reduced. Since the specific gravity of water is 1.0, it can be said that the volume of air equivalent to the number of people acts as buoyancy. Buoyancy countermeasures for rooms with hard walls, such as apartments, assume that anchor holes are not drilled in the structural walls. Buoyancy countermeasures for tall, narrow shelters, such as apartments, include inserting a panel material such as wood between the ceiling wall and the top surface material as shown in Figure 4, and bonding to the floor and wall surfaces with adhesive as shown in Figure 5. For general houses, the adhesive strength cannot be expected to be sufficient because the walls are weak. There are two methods for countermeasures against buoyancy: one is to make the shelter's weight greater than the buoyancy, as shown in Figure 8; and the other is to extend the base of the shelter with an extension panel, as shown in Figure 9, to support the vertical load of water and cancel out the buoyancy. As a method that does not involve drilling anchor holes in the wall and does not affect the structure, we found a way to resist buoyancy by applying adhesive to the wall and creating shear resistance. The calculation of the adhesive area is as follows: assuming the tensile shear strength of the adhesive is 0.2 MPa, the required adhesive application area on the wall to withstand a buoyancy of 1 ton is 1000 / 2 = 500 cm2, and it can be said that applying adhesive in three places of 15 cm square will be sufficient to resist buoyancy. However, it should be noted that the shelter's position will need to remain fixed when rearranging the room, and it may be required to remove it when moving. [Examples]

[0020] As a countermeasure against buoyancy in ordinary houses, it is assumed that the weight of the shelter will overcome the buoyancy. This can be countered by increasing the wall thickness and plate thickness according to the specific gravity of the material. However, the properties of the material must also be considered. Resin has a low specific gravity, so the wall thickness will be large, and the weight will not be reliable. Concrete is weak in tension, so it requires a certain thickness. Steel plates have a high specific gravity and high strength, so they can be relatively thin. Assuming the shelter is a cube, and assuming that the weight will overcome the buoyancy, the weights required for a 5-person shelter to a 1-person shelter are 5 tons, 4 tons, 3 tons, 2 tons, and 1 ton or more, respectively, for the required air volume of 5m³, 4m³, 3m³, 2m³, and 1m³. For polycarbonate sheets with a specific gravity of 1.2, the plate thicknesses would be 20cm, 18cm, 16cm, 12cm, and 11cm. For reinforced concrete with a specific gravity of 2.5, the thicknesses would be 10cm, 10cm, 8cm, 6cm, and 6cm. With a steel plate having a specific gravity of 7.8, the thickness would be 5cm, 4cm, 4cm, 4cm, and 4cm. There is a possibility that the tatami mats and floor may not be able to withstand this weight. Consider cutting out the tatami mats and floor and installing an extended base underneath. [Examples]

[0021] To calculate the area of ​​the extension panels, assuming buoyancy of 5 tons, 4 tons, 3 tons, 2 tons, and 1 ton, and assuming the panel area is square, the side lengths L of the extension panels are 1.44, 1.83, 1.58, 1.29, 0.92 m, respectively. For example, for a single person, ignoring the 1 cm thickness of the shelter board, half of 0.92 - 0.65 = 0.27 m is used as the overhang length, resulting in 13.5 cm. For a 5-person, 4-person, 3-person, 2-person, and 1-person shelter, the overhang lengths are 30 cm, 27 cm, 23 cm, 18.5 cm, and 13.5 cm, respectively. In other words, if the extension support section on the floor is a square with sides of 92 cm, then 0.92 - 0.65 = 0.27 m, resulting in an overhang of 13.5 cm on both sides. Because it overhangs on all four sides, it cannot be installed against a wall. The base is roughly 1 m square, but since the thickness is the floor portion, it is not considered to be in the way. A benefit is that it can be easily moved in parallel when rearranging the room. Rather than extending the base member of the shelter, it is preferable to use a single extension base material and bond it to the surface of the shelter base member with two layers of adhesive. Stress concentrates at the corners of the shelter body wall and the extension base section, so triangular rib plate reinforcement is used. The surfaces of the two layers of material can be overlapped with adhesive or countersunk bolts. Since the extension panels are cantilevered and cantilevered members, they are subjected to large forces and moments. Therefore, it is advisable to provide reinforcing ribs and stress-relieving holes at the base of their corners to ensure smooth force transmission with the shelter. [Examples]

[0022] Compared to people on the first floor, the burden of tsunami water pressure decreases as you go to the second and third floors. In situations where the tsunami height is 10m, 20m, and 30m above the floor, in a shelter that can get wet, the volume of air above the entrance and the internal air height are compressed to 1 / 2, 1 / 3, and 1 / 4, respectively. In other words, the water level inside the shelter rises accordingly. As the water level rises, both short and tall people will no longer be able to breathe through their mouths. Naturally, it is necessary to be able to take a breath at this time, so a step ladder or stool should be prepared according to height, assuming that the head will reach the top of the shelter. In this case, it is easy to lose balance, so it is a good idea to prepare a pole of appropriate height to match the height of the shelter so that you do not have to lean against the inner wall of the shelter. This step ladder can also be used to prevent floating debris from entering the interior. [Examples]

[0023] Figure 4 shows a perforated partition wall installed above the height of the shelter's entrance, serving as an ascent opening. The space above effectively prevents further intrusion of drifting or flying debris and avoids direct hits. It can also be used to lie down. Of course, it also reinforces the structure of the shelter, killing two birds with one stone. [Examples]

[0024] We need to consider the construction, transportation, and installation of the shelter. If the shelter is as tall as 2.4m, it cannot be brought in. It cannot be brought in through the front door, and even if it is brought in through a window, it will hit the ceiling when erected. Therefore, for tall shelters, the shelter will have to be brought in in sections and assembled and joined inside the house. The joints must not be weak points. They should be below the height of the windows. Welding poses a fire risk due to sparks. There are methods such as splice construction, interlocking, or wrapping with a resin plate on the back and a resin sheet on the front. Since airtightness is required above the entrance, it is more convenient to divide the shelter horizontally below the entrance. Alternatively, although the air volume will be slightly reduced, the height of the shelter can be made slightly lower, and after bringing it inside, the shelter can be erected, and a facing material of about 10cm to 40cm in thickness can be inserted between the top surface and the ceiling, depending on the width of one side from 0.65m for a single person to 1.44m for a five-person shelter, but there is a risk that the volume will also be reduced if it is 40cm thick. It seems manageable if it's around 10cm. Alternatively, the top could be made into a cylindrical shape like a missile warhead or capsule to prevent it from getting caught on the ceiling when erecting. However, this wouldn't prevent it from tipping over, so countermeasures would be needed. One method is to place a horizontal cap, divided vertically into two sections, on top of the cylindrical tower. It would then be glued to the cylindrical surface. [Examples]

[0025] Furthermore, in case the shelter's side walls are punctured by sharp debris, having plastic bags lined up along the inside of the shelter walls will ensure a minimum amount of air is available in case of air leaking through cracks. This can be considered a double safety measure. As the water level rises, your body will get wet, and especially in winter, it will become unbearably cold. Therefore, having a plastic bag sack that covers you from your feet to your shoulders will allow you to wrap yourself in it. Various ingenious ideas can also be used to expand shelters for multiple people, such as infants, children, or couples, who are evacuating at the same time. In addition, having a small oxygen tank on hand is a thoughtful way to be fully prepared in case the tsunami lasts longer than expected. [Examples]

[0026] Even if the heavy tile roof falls, you won't be crushed to death, so there's no need to worry. As shown in Figure 12, if you sleep with your head and half your body inside the shelter on a daily basis, it's a prime spot with absolutely no anxiety. This alone can be said to alleviate the anxiety of many residents who live in gloomy conditions. Using damping mats or damping rubber would provide even greater peace of mind. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0027] 1. A tall, narrow shelter that is roughly the height of the ceiling. 2 Side wall section 3. Top surface member 4. Bottom member 5 doorways 6 floor walls 7 walls 8 Ceiling and Wall 9 Insertion Panel 10 Stable Shape Shelter 11 tatami mats 12 ceiling panels 13 Lateral force 14 revolutions moment 15 Extension Panels 16. Reinforcement of the foundation under the floor 17 Direction of buoyancy 18. Direction of water weight load 19. Adhesive bonding or countersunk bolt bonding 20 Rib Reinforcement 21 Stress concentration relief holes 22 perforated bulkheads 23 People who sleep soundly every night 24 wall thickness, plate thickness Center of rotation, pivot point Contact point with the ceiling at 26 rotations 27 Adhesive part 28 Gap with the ceiling 29 beds 30 floor base Apartment on the 31st floor The apartment building 32 floors below 33 window panes 34. Heavy tiled roofs of ordinary houses 35 Ascent 36 Shelter weight direction 37 Reinforced foundation

Claims

1. This is a disaster evacuation shelter for a small number of people to be installed inside buildings such as hotels, apartment buildings, buildings, and ordinary homes where people live, to protect against small tsunamis, missile blasts, floods, high tides, typhoons, tornadoes, gusts of wind, falling tiles, pyroclastic flows, rockfalls, or falling tiles. The shelter has an airtight volume that ensures evacuation space for the number of people inside and the amount of air necessary for survival when the shelter is submerged in water. The shelter body is made of reinforced plastics, typically glass fiber or carbon fiber, plastics, nonwoven fabrics, steel, or concrete, either alone, in combination, or in layers, and has excellent airtightness, rigidity, and fire resistance. The shelter side walls are formed to have the strength to withstand external forces equivalent to the height of a tsunami, collisions with drifting objects, missile blasts, floods, high tides, typhoons, tornadoes, gusts of wind, pyroclastic flows, falling rocks or falling tiles, and have a thick cross section of the side walls that are resistant to deformation and have excellent shape retention according to the strength of the material, and an entrance / exit is provided at the bottom of the shelter, and in order to prevent the shelter from falling due to the lateral force of tsunami wave pressure, collisions with drifting objects, missile blasts, floods, high tides, typhoons, tornadoes, gusts of wind, pyroclastic flows or falling rocks, if the indoor ceiling is hard like concrete, the shelter is made vertically long and approximately up to the ceiling height, and the shelter is designed to be able to withstand tilting. When the shelter is blasted, one end of the top edge of the shelter touches the ceiling wall, preventing it from tilting any further, and sandwiching a surface material in the gap between the top edge of the shelter and the ceiling wall, or the surface adhesive strength of adhesives between the shelter side walls and the interior walls and floor, contributes to preventing it from tipping over.If the interior ceiling is not as hard as wood, the shelter will not be high and will have a wide, stable shape, and will be able to stand on its own due to its weight, or the extended surface material that expands at the base of the shelter will help prevent it from tipping over.It is estimated that the lift force against the blast is about the same as the buoyancy when the shelter is submerged in water, and When the shelter is submerged, a buoyancy equivalent to the volume of air it holds acts, and to resist this buoyancy and lift, there are three ways to limit the rise: by inserting a surface material into the gap between the top of the shelter and the ceiling wall, by using adhesive to connect the side walls of the shelter with the interior walls and floor, so that the surface adhesive force exceeds the buoyancy and lift, by using the weight of the shelter made of heavy materials such as concrete and steel to exceed the buoyancy and lift, or by using the area of ​​the expanded surface material at the base to support the weight of water when it is submerged as an upper load, so that the buoyancy and lift are exceeded.Missile blast, flood, high tide, typhoon, tornado, gust of wind, pyroclastic flow, falling rocks or tiles disaster evacuation shelter.

2. A disaster evacuation shelter for installation inside a building as described in claim 1, characterized in that the shelter has a partition wall with holes or gaps near the top of the entrance to serve as an access point to the upper evacuation space, and also to mitigate direct hits, wave force, and blast force in the event of a drifting object or flying object crashing into the shelter, and further, the mouth can be brought close to the ceiling underwater, allowing a person to spend the evacuation time comfortably in a lying position without drowning.

3. An evacuation shelter for installation inside a building as described in claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the shelter has a shape that is inclined from the apex of the top end toward one end or both ends, in case of disasters such as tsunamis, missile blasts, floods, high tides, typhoons, tornadoes, gusts of wind, pyroclastic flows, falling rocks or falling tiles.

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