Modem configuration management for location-assisted in-vehicle systems (IVS)

Abstract

In one aspect, a vehicle user equipment (V-UE) determines availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network (NW) access subscription associated with a first SIM, a second NW access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE, and based on the availability of the C-V2X service, updates a configuration of the IVS modem, switches the C-V2X service from the first NW access subscription to the second NW access subscription or from the second NW access subscription to the first NW access subscription, or both.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-provisional Application No. 17 / 212,823, entitled “LOCATION-ASSISTED IN-VEHICLE SYSTEM (IVS) MODEM CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT,” filed March 25, 2021, which is assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications. [Background technology]

[0003] Wireless communication systems have evolved through various generations, including first-generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, Internet-enabled wireless service, and fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, there are many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular systems and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0004] The fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, called New Radio (NR), calls for higher data rates, a larger number of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard is designed to provide data rates of tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, providing one gigabit per second to a few dozen workers on an office floor, according to the Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance. To support large-scale sensor deployments, hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported. Thus, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly increased compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiency should be increased and latency should be significantly reduced compared to the current standard.

[0005] In particular, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications technologies are being implemented to leverage 5G's increased data rates and reduced latency to support autonomous driving applications, such as wireless communications between vehicles, between vehicles and roadside infrastructure, between vehicles and pedestrians, etc. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0006] [Non-Patent Document 1] 3GPP (registered trademark) Technical Specification (TS) 38.886 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] The following presents a simplified summary relevant to one or more aspects disclosed herein. As such, the following summary is not intended to be an extensive overview relevant to all contemplated aspects, nor is it intended to identify key or critical elements relevant to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope relevant to any particular aspect. As such, the following summary has the sole purpose of presenting some concepts relevant to one or more aspects of the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0008] In one aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a vehicle user equipment (V-UE) includes determining availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE; and updating a configuration of the IVS modem based on the availability of the C-V2X service, switching the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both.

[0009] In one aspect, a vehicle user equipment (V-UE) includes a memory, a modem, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the modem, where the at least one processor is configured to: determine availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE; and based on the availability of the C-V2X service, update a configuration of the IVS modem, switch the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both.

[0010] In one aspect, a vehicle user equipment (V-UE) includes means for determining availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE; and means for updating a configuration of the IVS modem, switching the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both, based on the availability of the C-V2X service.

[0011] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a vehicle user equipment (V-UE), determine availability of cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) services for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, to the vehicle user equipment (V-UE), where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with an in-vehicle system (SIM) of the V-UE. and, based on availability of the C-V2X service, updating a configuration of the IVS modem, switching the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both.

[0012] Other objects and advantages associated with the embodiments disclosed herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.

[0013] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the explanation of various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided only to illustrate, not limit, the aspects. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0014] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network structure according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 2B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network structure according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating various components of an example vehicle user equipment (V-UE), according to aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example scenario in which an IVS modem is associated with two subscriber identity modules (SIMs), according to an aspect of the disclosure. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 illustrates an example method of wireless communication according to an aspect of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0015] Aspects of the present disclosure are provided in the following description and associated drawings, directed to various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the present disclosure.

[0016] The words "exemplary" and / or "example" are used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Similarly, the term "aspects of the present disclosure" does not require that all aspects of the present disclosure include the described feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0017] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the following description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0018] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed, for example, by elements of a computing device. It will be appreciated that various actions described herein may be performed by specific circuitry (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or a combination of both. Additionally, a sequence of actions described herein may be considered to be fully embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or instruct the associated processors of the device to perform the functions described herein. Thus, various aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which are contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein, for example, as "logic configured to" perform the described actions.

[0019] The terms "user equipment" (UE), "vehicle UE" (V-UE), "pedestrian UE" (P-UE), and "base station" as used herein are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT) unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., vehicle-mounted computer, vehicle navigation device, mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, wearable (e.g., smart watch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE may be mobile or may be stationary (e.g., at some times) and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be referred to interchangeably as a "mobile device," "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber device," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal" or UT, "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof.

[0020] A V-UE is a type of UE and may be any in-vehicle wireless communication device, such as an in-vehicle system (IVS), a navigation system, a warning system, a heads-up display (HUD), an on-board computer, an in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) system, an automated driving system (ADS), an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), etc. Alternatively, a V-UE may be a portable wireless communication device (e.g., a cell phone, a tablet computer, etc.) carried by the driver of the vehicle or a passenger in the vehicle. The term "V-UE" may refer to an in-vehicle wireless communication device or the vehicle itself, depending on the context. A P-UE is a type of UE and may be a portable wireless communication device carried by a pedestrian (i.e., a user not driving or riding in a vehicle). In general, a UE can communicate with a core network via a RAN, through which the UE can be connected to external networks, such as the Internet, and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are possible for the UE, such as via a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.), etc.

[0021] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), network node, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB), next generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as gNB or gNode B), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functionality, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functionality. A communication link through which a UE may send signals to a base station is referred to as an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). A communication link through which a base station can send signals to a UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either a UL / reverse traffic channel or a DL / forward traffic channel.

[0022] The term "base station" may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be collocated. For example, if the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station that corresponds to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. If the term "base station" refers to multiple collocated physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be an array of antennas of the base station (e.g., as in the case of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or when the base station employs beamforming). If the term "base station" refers to multiple non-collocated physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, non-co-located physical TRPs may be serving base stations that receive measurement reports from the UE and neighboring base stations whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. As a TRP is a point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station should be understood as references to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0023] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by the UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but instead may transmit reference RF signals to the UE to be measured by the UE and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when it transmits RF signals to the UE) and / or a location measurement unit (e.g., when it receives and measures RF signals from the UE).

[0024] An "RF signal" includes electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transport information through space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through a multipath channel. The same RF signal transmitted over different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" when it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0025] 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system 100 according to an aspect of the disclosure. The wireless communication system 100 (sometimes referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macrocell base stations 102 may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0026] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and may interface with a core network 174 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122 and to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) through the core network 174. The location servers 172 may be part of the core network 174 or may be external to the core network 174. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions related to one or more of forwarding user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracing, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of alert messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through EPC / 5GC) via backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0027] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage to a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by the base stations 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over certain frequency resources referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, etc.) and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) to distinguish cells operating over the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because cells are supported by a particular base station, the term "cell" may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity supporting the cell and the base station, depending on the context. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to the geographic coverage area (e.g., sector) of a base station, so long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0028] The geographic coverage areas 110 of neighboring macrocell base stations 102 may overlap partially (e.g., in handover regions) and some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network including both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may serve closed groups known as closed subscriber groups (CSGs).

[0029] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102, and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for the downlink than for the uplink).

[0030] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure before communicating to determine if a channel is available.

[0031] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. A small cell base station 102' employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum may extend coverage to and / or increase capacity of an access network. NR in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0032] The wireless communication system 100 may further include an mmW base station 180 that may operate at mmW and / or near mmW frequencies while communicating with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz and is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency bands have high path losses and relatively short distances. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path losses and short distances. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or quasi-mmW and beamforming. Thus, it will be appreciated that the above illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting various aspects disclosed herein.

[0033] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a particular direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, the network node broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectional). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and launches a stronger downlink RF signal in that particular direction, thereby providing a faster speed and a stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate) to the receiving device. To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node may use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that creates beams of RF waves that can be "steered" to point in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas combine together to increase radiation in the desired direction while canceling out to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0034] A transmit beam may be quasi-co-located, meaning that the transmit beam appears to a receiver (e.g., a UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's transmit antennas themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a QCL relationship of a given type means that some parameters for a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0035] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses receive beams to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase its gain level) RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is higher relative to the beam gains along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gains in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of RF signals received from that direction.

[0036] The transmit beam and the receive beam may be spatially related. The spatial relationship means that the parameters for the second beam (e.g., transmit beam or receive beam) for the second reference signal may be derived from information about the first beam (e.g., receive beam or transmit beam) for the first reference signal. For example, the UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE may then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0037] Note that a "downlink" beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity that forms it. For example, if the base station forms a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, then the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE forms a downlink beam, then it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an "uplink" beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity that forms it. For example, if the base station forms an uplink beam, then it is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE forms an uplink beam, then it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0038] In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless nodes (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UEs 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (450 MHz to 6000 MHz), FR2 (24250 MHz to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). The mmW frequency band generally includes the FR2, FR3, and FR4 frequency ranges. Thus, the terms "mmW" and "FR2" or "FR3" or "FR4" may generally be used interchangeably.

[0039] In a multi-carrier system such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is called the "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell" and the remaining carrier frequencies are called the "secondary carrier" or "secondary serving cell" or "SCell". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by the UE 104 / 182 and on the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and may be (but is not always) a carrier among licensed frequencies. The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier among unlicensed frequencies. Since both the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE specific, the secondary carrier may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals, e.g., the signaling information and signals that are UE specific may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network may change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier on which some base station is communicating, terms such as "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency" and the like may be used interchangeably.

[0040] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (i.e., a "PCell"), and the other frequencies utilized by the macrocell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers allows the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or data reception rates. For example, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate achieved by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0041] In the example of FIG. 1, one or more Earth-orbiting satellite positioning system (SPS) space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites) may be used as independent sources of location information for any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity). The UE 104 may include one or more dedicated SPS receivers specifically designed to receive SPS signals 124 to derive geolocation information from the SVs 112. An SPS typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based at least in part on signals (e.g., SPS signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. Although typically located within the SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104.

[0042] Use of the SPS signals 124 may be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, the SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential corrections, and the like, such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS)-aided Geo-augmented navigation, or the GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN). Thus, as used herein, an SPS may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems and / or augmentation systems, and SPS signals 124 may include SPS, SPS-like signals, and / or other signals related to such one or more SPSs.

[0043] In particular, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technology is being implemented to leverage NR’s increased data rates and reduced latency to support intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, such as wireless communications between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle: V2V), between vehicles and roadside infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure: V2I), and between vehicles and pedestrians (vehicle-to-pedestrian: V2P). The goal is to enable vehicles to sense the environment around them and communicate that information to other vehicles, infrastructure, and personal mobile devices. Such vehicular communications will enable safety, mobility, and environmental improvements that current technologies cannot provide. When fully implemented, the technology is expected to reduce undamaged vehicle crashes by 80%.

[0044] Still referring to FIG. 1 , the wireless communication system 100 may include multiple V-UEs 160, which may communicate with the base station 102 over the communication link 120 (e.g., using the Uu interface). The V-UEs 160 may also communicate with each other over a wireless sidelink 162, with a roadside access point 164 (also referred to as a “roadside unit”) over a wireless sidelink 166, or directly with the UE 104 over a wireless sidelink 168. The wireless sidelink (or simply “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that enables direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication having to go through a base station. Sidelink communications may be unicast or multicast and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) medium sharing, V2V communications, V2X communications (e.g., cellular V2X (C-V2X) communications, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communications, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of the groups of V-UEs 160 utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 102. Other V-UEs 160 in such groups may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 102 or may not otherwise be able to receive transmissions from the base station 102. In some cases, the groups of V-UEs 160 communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each V-UE 160 transmits to every other V-UE 160 in the group. In some cases, the base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are performed between the V-UEs 160 without the involvement of the base station 102.

[0045] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may operate over an associated wireless communications medium that may be shared with other vehicular and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other wireless communications between other RATs. The "medium" may be comprised of one or more time, frequency, and / or spatial communications resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communications between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs.

[0046] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be C-V2X links. The first generation of C-V2X is standardized in LTE, and the next generation is expected to be defined in NR. C-V2X is a cellular technology that also enables device-to-device communication. In the United States and Europe, C-V2X is expected to operate in licensed ITS bands in the sub-6 GHz. Other bands may be allocated in other countries. Thus, as a specific example, the associated medium utilized by the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the sub-6 GHz licensed ITS frequency band. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this frequency band or cellular technology.

[0047] In one aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) links. DSRC is a one-way or two-way short-to-medium-range wireless communications protocol using the wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE) protocol, also known as IEEE 802.11p, for V2V, V2I, and V2P communications. IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard and operates in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz) in the United States. In Europe, IEEE 802.11p operates in the ITS G5A band (5.875-5.905 MHz). Other bands may be allocated in other countries. The V2V communications briefly described above occur over the Safety Channel, which in the United States is a 10 MHz channel that is typically dedicated to safety purposes. The remainder of the DSRC band (total bandwidth of 75 MHz) is intended for other driver-related services such as roadway enforcement, toll collection, automated parking, etc. Thus, as a specific example, the relevant medium utilized by the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the 5.9 GHz licensed ITS frequency band.

[0048] Alternatively, the medium concerned may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for some communication systems (e.g., by government agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, particularly those employing small cell access points, have recently extended their operation to unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most particularly the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi". Exemplary systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, etc.

[0049] Communications between V-UEs 160 are referred to as V2V communications, communications between V-UEs 160 and one or more roadside access points 164 are referred to as V2I communications, and communications between V-UEs 160 and one or more UEs 104 (when UEs 104 are P-UEs) are referred to as V2P communications. V2V communications between V-UEs 160 may include, for example, information about the position, speed, acceleration, heading, and other vehicle data of V-UEs 160. V2I information received at V-UEs 160 from one or more roadside access points 164 may include, for example, road regulations, parking automation information, and the like. V2P communications between V-UEs 160 and UEs 104 may include, for example, information about the position, speed, acceleration, and heading of V-UEs 160, and the position, speed (e.g., when UEs 104 are carried by a user on a bicycle), and heading of UEs 104.

[0050] It should be noted that while FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as V-UEs (V-UE 160), any of the illustrated UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190) may be V-UEs. Additionally, while only V-UE 160 and a single UE 104 are illustrated as connected on the sidelink, any of the illustrated UEs in FIG. 1 may be sidelink capable, whether a V-UE, a P-UE, etc. Furthermore, while only UE 182 has been described as being beamforming capable, any of the illustrated UEs, including V-UE 160, may be beamforming capable. If V-UE 160 is beamforming capable, V-UE 160 may beamform toward each other (i.e., toward other V-UEs 160), toward roadside access point 164, toward other UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190), etc. Thus, in some cases, V-UE 160 may utilize beamforming on sidelinks 162, 166, and 168.

[0051] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that indirectly connect to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "sidelinks"). In the example of FIG. 1, the UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 (e.g., through which the UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) in which one of the UEs 104 is connected to one of the base stations 102, and a D2D P2P link 194 (through which the UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity) in which the WLAN STA 152 is connected to the WLAN AP 150. In one example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported using any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth, etc. As another example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be sidelinks, as described above with respect to the sidelinks 162, 166, and 168.

[0052] 2A illustrates an exemplary wireless network structure 200. For example, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as Next Generation Core (NGC)) may be functionally viewed as a control plane function (C-plane) 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and a user plane function (U-plane) 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data network, IP routing, etc.) that operate cooperatively to form a core network. A user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and a control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, specifically to the user plane function 212 and the control plane function 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Additionally, the ng-eNB 224 may communicate directly with the gNB 222 via the backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have only one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both the ng-eNB 224 and the gNB 222. Either the gNB 222 or the ng-eNB 224 (or both) may communicate with the UE 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). In one aspect, two or more UEs 204 may communicate with each other over a wireless sidelink 242, which may correspond to the wireless sidelink 162 in FIG. 1. Alternatively, one of the UEs 204 may instead be a roadside access point or some other type of access point.

[0053] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location servers 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that may connect to the location server 230 via the core network 5GC 210 and / or via the Internet (not shown). Furthermore, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be external to the core network.

[0054] 2B illustrates another exemplary wireless network structure 250. The 5GC 260 (which may correspond to the 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) may be functionally viewed as a control plane function provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form a core network (i.e., the 5GC 260). A user plane interface 263 and a control plane interface 265 connect the ng-eNB 224 to the 5GC 260, specifically to the UPF 262 and the AMF 264, respectively. In an additional configuration, the gNB 222 may also be connected to the 5GC 260 via the control plane interface 265 to the AMF 264 and the user plane interface 263 to the UPF 262. Further, the ng-eNB 224 may communicate directly with the gNB 222 via the backhaul connection 223, with or without gNB direct connectivity to the 5GC 260. In some configurations, the NG-RAN 220 may have only one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both the ng-eNB 224 and the gNB 222. The base stations of the NG-RAN 220 communicate with the AMF 264 via the N2 interface and with the UPF 262 via the N3 interface. Either the gNB 222 or the ng-eNB 224 (or both) may communicate with the UE 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). In an aspect, two or more UEs 204 may communicate with each other over a sidelink 242, which may correspond to the sidelink 162 in FIG. 1. Alternatively, one of the UEs 204 may instead be a roadside access point or some other type of access point.

[0055] The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between the UE 204 and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and a short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204 to receive intermediate keys established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In case of authentication based on a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSF. The AMF 264 functions also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives keys from the SEAF that the SCM uses to derive access network specific keys. The AMF 264 functions also include location service management for regulated services, transport for location service messages between the UE 204 and the LMF 270 acting as the location server 230, transport for location service messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, EPS bearer identifier allocation for interworking with an evolved packet system (EPS), and UE 204 mobility event notification.In addition, AMF264 also supports functions for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0056] The functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) processing for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic validation (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support forwarding of location service messages over the user plane between the UE 204 and a location server such as the SLP 272.

[0057] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering in the UPF 262 to route traffic to the appropriate destination, control of policy enforcement and parts of QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0058] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that may connect to the LMF 270 via the core network 5GC 260 and / or via the Internet (not shown). The SLP 272 may support similar functions as the LMF 270, except that the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, the NG-RAN 220, and the UE 204 via the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to carry signaling messages rather than voice or data), and the SLP 272 may communicate with the UE 204 and external clients (not shown in FIG. 2B) via the user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data, such as transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0059] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating various components of an exemplary V-UE 300 according to aspects of the disclosure. In one aspect, the V-UE 300 may correspond to an IVS. For simplicity, the various features and functions illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 3 are connected together using a common data bus, which is intended to represent that these various features and functions are operably coupled together. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other connections, mechanisms, features, functions, etc. may be provided and adapted as necessary to operably couple and configure an actual IVS. For example, the various components illustrated in FIG. 3 may be distributed throughout a vehicle rather than being contained in a single "box" (although this is also possible). Additionally, it is also recognized that one or more of the features or functions illustrated in the example of FIG. 3 may be further subdivided, or two or more of the features or functions illustrated in FIG. 3 may be combined.

[0060] The V-UE 300 may include a modem 304 (e.g., an IVS modem) connected to one or more antennas 302 and providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for coordinating, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other V-UEs (e.g., V-UE 160), infrastructure access points (e.g., roadside access points 164), P-UEs (e.g., UE 104), base stations (e.g., base station 102), etc., over one or more communication links (e.g., communication link 120, sidelinks 162, 166, 168, mmW communication link 184) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., C-V2X, LTE, NR, IEEE 802.11p, etc.). The modem 304 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, instructions, information, etc.) and conversely for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, instructions, information, pilots, etc.) in accordance with the designated RAT.

[0061] In one aspect, the modem 304 may be configured to support a dual SIM (subscriber identity module) dual active (DSDA) mode. In the DSDA mode, the modem 304 may provide an independent network connection, or communication link, for each of two network access subscriptions. That is, the modem 304 may be capable of transmitting and receiving data simultaneously on two network connections (e.g., communication link 120, sidelinks 162, 166, 168, mmW communication link 184, D2D P2P link 192). The two independent connections, or links, may use the same RAT or different RATs, depending on the capabilities of the modem 304. Each subscription may be associated with and identified by a SIM. In an IVS scenario, one subscription may be for an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and the other may be for a user (e.g., either the driver or passenger) associated with the vehicle.

[0062] To support the DSDA mode, the modem 304 includes at least two RF receive chains and at least two RF transmit chains, with at least one RF receive chain and at least one RF transmit chain associated with each active subscription. The RF chains (whether receive or transmit) are cascades of electronic components, such as amplifiers (e.g., low noise amplifiers (LNA) for the RF receive chain and power amplifiers (PA) for the RF transmit chain), filters, mixers, attenuators, and detectors, configured to receive incoming analog signals (in the case of the RF receive chain) or transmit outgoing analog signals (in the case of the RF transmit chain). Each RF receive chain is coupled to at least one antenna 302 on one end and to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) on the other end. Each RF transmit chain is coupled to an antenna 302 on one end and to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) on the other end.

[0063] The ADCs of each RF receive chain may, but need not be coupled to the same digital receive circuitry (e.g., signal demodulator, packet processor, etc.) of the modem 304, and the DACs of each RF transmit chain may, but need not be coupled to the same digital transmit circuitry (e.g., signal modulator, packet processor, etc.) of the modem 304. The combination of the RF receive chain and the digital receive circuitry is referred to as a "receiver" and the combination of the RF transmit chain and the digital transmit circuitry is referred to as a "transmitter." The combination of one or more receivers and one or more transmitters in the same circuitry is referred to as a "transceiver." Thus, although multiple RF chains may be coupled to the same digital circuitry, if the modem 304 supports DSDA mode, the modem 304 is considered to have at least two receivers and at least two transmitters (at least one receiver and at least one transmitter per subscription), or at least two transceivers.

[0064] Each receiver (or transceiver) may be coupled to its own antenna 302, separate from another receiver's antenna 302. Similarly, each transmitter (or transceiver) may be coupled to its own antenna 302, separate from another transmitter's antenna 302. However, the receiver and transmitter of a transceiver may share the same antenna 302, such that the transceiver cannot receive and transmit simultaneously. Alternatively, different receivers and transmitters may each have their own receive and transmit antennas 302. Although referred to as individual antennas, in one aspect, the antennas 302 may each be an antenna array, enabling the modem 304 to perform transmit and / or receive "beamforming" as described herein.

[0065] In one aspect, the modem 304 may have one or more first transceivers (or sets of receivers and transmitters) capable of communicating over a first frequency range and one or more second transceivers (or sets of receivers and transmitters) capable of communicating over a second frequency range. For example, the modem 304 may have a FR1 / sub-6 GHz transceiver and a FR2 / mmW transceiver, or some combination thereof. If the modem 304 supports a DSDA mode, one subscription may be assigned to one transceiver and the other subscription may be assigned to another transceiver, or the subscriptions may share transceiver resources (e.g., RF receive and / or transmit chains of a shared transceiver). For example, a 5G network may operate as either a standalone (SA) network or a non-standalone (NSA) network. 5G SA networks are designed to provide 5G connectivity without the need to utilize existing network architectures (e.g., legacy LTE networks), including 5GC (e.g., 5GC210 / 260). In such networks, legacy carriers (e.g., LTE, 3G, GSM, etc.) may be used as secondary carriers, while 5G carriers may be used for anchor carriers. As will be appreciated, LTE networks may also operate in either SA or NSA modes.

[0066] In an NSA 5G network, a UE (e.g., V-UE 300) connects to an LTE eNB as a primary node for mobility management and network coverage, and to one or more additional 5G gNBs as secondary nodes for enhanced coverage and / or throughput. This solution allows operators to provide 5G services faster and at lower cost. More specifically, 5G infrastructure (e.g., gNB physical sites) are added to geographic areas currently served by LTE networks, thereby enabling both LTE and 5G services to be provided in those areas. Legacy UEs (i.e., UEs capable of only LTE or previous network access) can connect to existing LTE networks, while dual connectivity UEs can connect to both LTE and 5G networks.

[0067] Typically, the same FR1 / sub-6GHz transceiver can support multiple network connections (e.g., on different carrier frequencies), whereas the FR2 / mmW transceiver may support only one network connection due to the higher capacity required for 5G mmW communications. Thus, if the modem 304 is capable of DSDA mode, it may be capable of supporting an active 5G SA subscription (on the FR2 / mmW transceiver) and an active LTE subscription (on the FR1 / sub-6GHz transceiver), or an active 5G NSA subscription and an active LTE subscription (wherein the 5G NSA uses both the FR1 / sub-6GHz transceiver and the FR2 / mmW transceiver), or two active LTE subscriptions (sharing the FR1 / sub-6GHz transceiver), but may not be capable of supporting two active 5G subscriptions.

[0068] The modem 304 may also be coupled to one or more SIM slots 370. The SIM slots 370 may be physical or logical, or one physical and another logical. The physical SIM slot 370 is a physical opening into which a physical SIM card may be inserted. The logical SIM slot 370 may be a memory circuit, possibly including some low-level processing circuitry and storing information of a particular SIM (referred to as a "clone" of the SIM). A SIM may be cloned into the logical SIM slot 370 via some short-range wireless protocol, such as the Bluetooth SIM access profile (SAP) protocol. For example, a user may establish a Bluetooth connection between his / her smartphone (containing the user's SIM) and the V-UE 300 (if the V-UE 300 is an IVS) and transfer his / her SIM information to the logical SIM slot 370 via the Bluetooth connection. In some cases, information for multiple SIMs may be stored in a local memory (e.g., memory 314) and one may be selected and cloned into the logical SIM slot 370.

[0069] The V-UE 300 may also include or be communicatively coupled to a satellite positioning service (SPS) receiver 306. The SPS receiver 306 may be connected to one or more antennas 308 and may provide a means for receiving and / or measuring satellite signals. The SPS receiver 306 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing SPS signals, such as global positioning system (GPS) signals. The SPS receiver 306 requests information and actions from other systems as appropriate and performs the necessary calculations to determine the position of the V-UE 300 using measurements obtained by any suitable SPS algorithms.

[0070] One or more sensors 312 may be coupled to the processing system 310 and may provide a means for sensing or detecting information regarding the state and / or environment of the V-UE 300, such as speed, heading (e.g., compass heading), headlight status, gas mileage, etc. By way of example, the one or more sensors 312 may include a speedometer, a tachometer, an accelerometer (e.g., a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric altimeter), etc.

[0071] The processing system 310 may include one or more central processing units (CPUs), microprocessors, microcontrollers, ASICs, processing cores, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc. that provide processing functions as well as other computational and control functions. Thus, the processing system 310 may provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. The processing system 310 may include any form of logic suitable for performing or causing components of the V-UE 300 to perform at least the techniques described herein.

[0072] The processing system 310 may also be coupled to a memory 314, which provides means for storing (including means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc.) data and software instructions for executing programmed functions within the V-UE 300. The memory 314 may be on-board the processing system 310 (e.g., within the same integrated circuit (IC) package) and / or the memory 314 may be external to the processing system 310 and operatively coupled thereto via a data bus.

[0073] The V-UE 300 may optionally include or be communicatively coupled to a user interface 350 (e.g., in the dashboard and / or cabin of a vehicle in which the V-UE 300 is installed) that provides any suitable interface system, such as a microphone / speaker 352, a keypad 354, and a display 356, that enable user interaction with the V-UE 300. The microphone / speaker 352 may provide voice communication services with the V-UE 300. The keypad 354 may comprise any suitable buttons for user input into the V-UE 300. The display 356 may comprise any suitable display, such as, for example, a backlit liquid crystal display (LCD), and may further include a touch screen display for additional user input modes. Thus, the user interface 350 may be a means for providing instructions (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., via user actuation of a sensing device, such as a keypad, touch screen, microphone, etc.).

[0074] Having in-vehicle cellular connectivity is becoming increasingly important. For example, requirements have been introduced for IVS' with full-fledged cellular modems to support emergency calls (eCall) and V2X communications (including C-V2X communications), among other services. The design of an IVS modem (e.g., modem 304) generally supports a certain maximum performance / capability envelope based on the IVS modem's hardware capabilities (e.g., RF, baseband, and CPU availability).

[0075] C-V2X uses LTE and / or NR cellular connectivity to send and receive messages from one IVS to other IVS', pedestrians, or fixed objects in the vehicle's surroundings, such as highway infrastructure, roadside access points, etc. C-V2X typically uses the 5.9 GHz frequency band, which is the ITS frequency band in most countries. C-V2X can function without network assistance and has a range of over one mile. C-V2X is currently standardized in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.886, which is publicly available and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0076] For V2X (including C-V2X) technology to be useful, there must be a V2X supporting infrastructure, such as other C-V2X-enabled vehicles, C-V2X infrastructure support (e.g., roadside units), and C-V2X support from cellular access networks (e.g., LTE and / or 5G networks). Additionally, C-V2X is more useful in congested traffic areas than on long straight stretches of highway. Note that the term "V2X" as used herein refers to C-V2X unless non-cellular V2X is indicated (explicitly or by context).

[0077] In some cases, as described above with reference to FIG. 3, an IVS modem (e.g., modem 304) may be capable of supporting multiple (typically two) SIMs. Such an IVS modem may have multiple physical and / or logical "slots" (e.g., SIM slot 370) for multiple SIMs. One SIM is for the OEM and is used to send alerts (e.g., ADAS alerts, alerts from roadside infrastructure, etc.) to the user and to collect any necessary information (e.g., from other in-vehicle systems, other V-UEs, roadside infrastructure, etc.). The other subscription slot may be used to clone user subscriptions onto the IVS modem using a short-range wireless protocol such as the Bluetooth SAP protocol, as described above. An IVS modem may support only two subscriptions at a time, but multiple user subscriptions may be cloned onto a user SIM slot, although only one may be active at a given time.

[0078] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 of an example scenario in which an IVS modem 410 is associated with two SIMs, according to aspects of the disclosure. The IVS modem 410 may correspond to the modem 304 in FIG. 3. In the example of FIG. 4, the first SIM is a user SIM 420 and the second SIM is an OEM SIM 430. The user SIM 420 enables the IVS modem 410 to connect to a first WWAN 440 (labeled "WWAN 1"), and the OEM SIM 430 enables the IVS modem 410 to connect to a second WWAN 450 (labeled "WWAN 2"). The first WWAN 440 and the second WWAN 450 may be the same (e.g., both NR, both LTE, etc.) or different (e.g., one NR, one LTE).

[0079] An IVS modem (e.g., modem 304) may have different startup modes, where each mode can support a particular performance / capability envelope. The types of capabilities may include the number of active subscriptions, the number of RATs supported, the capabilities of each RAT, the type of RAT, etc. For example, the allocation of modem resources (e.g., transceivers and / or RF chains) to subscriptions may occur at modem startup and may depend on the type and / or priority of the subscription. For example, one subscription may be a 5G subscription and the other may be an LTE subscription, and / or the OEM subscription may have a higher priority than the user subscription and thus may be allocated more resources or may be allocated resources in priority over the user subscription.

[0080] Due to the capabilities of the IVS modem (e.g., modem 304), when the IVS modem needs to support C-V2X communication, the IVS modem needs to be configured in single SIM (SSIM) mode, whereas if it does not need to support C-V2X communication, the IVS modem can support multi-SIM (MSIM) mode. That is, when supporting C-V2X communication, the IVS modem can only support an OEM subscription (dedicated to C-V2X communication), whereas when not supporting C-V2X communication, the IVS modem can support two simultaneous subscriptions (the OEM subscription and one or more user subscriptions). The OEM subscription in the latter case does not implement C-V2X, but may implement other V2X communication (e.g., via LTE, 802.11p).

[0081] The configuration of the IVS modem (e.g., modem 304) at power-up is either statically set by the OEM or, if the IVS modem is configured in MSIM mode (i.e., without C-V2X connectivity), the user is prompted to clone a user subscription into the second SIM slot of the IVS modem (e.g., one of SIM slots 370). As a specific example of different IVS modem configurations that may be supported, a first mode may configure the modem for 5G SSIM operation without C-V2X. This would be the baseline configuration when mmW communication is not desired or required. A second mode may configure the modem to operate in DSDA mode without C-V2X. In this case, there may be two active SA subscriptions (one 5G and one LTE, or both LTE), neither of which provides C-V2X service. Alternatively, there may be an active 5G NSA subscription, and an active LTE subscription. A third mode may configure the modem to operate in 5G SSIM mode, thereby providing one C-V2X sidelink. A fourth mode may configure the modem to operate in LTE SSIM mode, thereby also providing one C-V2X sidelink. These configurations are summarized in the table below.

[0082] [Table 1]

[0083] The possible modem configurations described above result in various limitations. For example, an IVS modem cannot support two simultaneous voice calls (i.e., one per subscription in MSIM mode), because that would prevent one of the subscriptions from being used for C-V2X. Instead, there are different levels of throttling that would be required to enable simultaneous voice calls. For example, for an IVS modem in DSDA only mode (mode 2 in Table 1), only throttling at the carrier frequency level would be required. For an IVS modem in SSIM+C-V2X mode (modes 3 and 4 in Table 1), only carrier frequency throttling would be required.

[0084] This disclosure provides techniques for intelligently determining the best modem configuration for an IVS based on various factors such as C-V2X availability, the route the vehicle is traveling, the vehicle's current location, and the vehicle's need and usefulness for C-V2X communications at a given time. Additionally, this disclosure provides techniques for determining a preferred subscription for cloning into a second subscription slot of an IVS modem.

[0085] This disclosure proposes a crowdsourcing framework for crowdsourcing various information regarding V2X (including C-V2X) availability. The crowdsourced information may be collected by a server, such as the location server 172, one or more cloud-based servers, a third-party server, etc. The crowdsourced information may include the locations of roadside access points and other roadside infrastructure (providing C-V2X access) and current and historical C-V2X availability along roadways tracked by the crowdsourcing server. The crowdsourcing server may store information for all of the roads in a particular municipality (e.g., a county, state, country, continent, etc.) or only for a few types of roads (e.g., state highways, federal highways, toll roads, etc.).

[0086] The current and historical C-V2X availability may be based on V2X-enabled vehicles (i.e., V-UEs) reporting availability of C-V2X connectivity as they progress. Over time (e.g., days, weeks, months), the crowdsourcing server may build a map of C-V2X availability along the tracked roadways. In addition, because V2X-enabled vehicles report C-V2X availability in real-time (or near real-time), the map of C-V2X availability will also include the current availability of C-V2X. As will be appreciated, information representative of current C-V2X availability will be sparser (i.e., fewer data points) than information representative of historical C-V2X availability.

[0087] Information such as the location of roadside units, or other connected roadside infrastructure, is generally static, and thus this location information may be obtained and stored as it is generated (e.g., when the roadside units are installed / located). Other information, such as information generated by V2X-enabled vehicles (V-UEs), may be dynamic and reported to the crowdsourcing server as it is generated (i.e., in real-time), periodically (e.g., minute by minute, hourly, daily, weekly, etc.), or on-demand (i.e., when requested by the crowdsourcing server).

[0088] In one aspect, the C-V2X availability map may comprise a set of points indicating that C-V2X connectivity is available at that point. Each point may represent a location where a V2X-enabled vehicle reported that C-V2X connectivity was available. Each point may be associated with various information about C-V2X availability, such as WWAN (e.g., LTE or 5G), signal strength, road identifier, reporting vehicle identifier (although this may be omitted for user privacy), identifier of the access point providing C-V2X connectivity, geographic coordinates of the point, etc. In this manner, the C-V2X availability map may be represented as a "heat map" where larger and / or denser clusters of points indicate greater C-V2X availability.

[0089] As part of determining a route to a destination (e.g., based on a user inputting an address into the vehicle's navigation system), the IVS of the C-V2X-enabled vehicle can request and download relevant crowdsourced data from a crowdsourcing server. Alternatively, the IVS can upload a planned route and the crowdsourcing server can provide C-V2X availability information for that route, although this may be less desirable for user privacy reasons. Regardless of how it is obtained, the IVS can determine the availability of V2X connectivity (and thus V2X assistance) along the determined travel route. The IVS can then provide this information to a navigation system (if separate from the IVS) to, for example, output to the user, or even modify the determined route based on some areas having better or worse C-V2X connectivity than others.

[0090] In one aspect, whether the IVS determines C-V2X availability along the planned route or updates the planned route based on C-V2X availability in the overall area of ​​the route may be based on user preferences (e.g., some users may not care about C-V2X availability while other users may have a high preference for C-V2X availability), traffic conditions on the planned route (e.g., increased traffic congestion, or congestion above some threshold may make C-V2X connectivity a higher priority), hazards along the route (e.g., known blind spots along the route, number of intersections, presence of accident prone zones, etc.), etc.

[0091] In addition to the crowdsourced C-V2X availability information, the IVS may also use the presence / detection of C-V2X system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., SIB-9, SIB-17, SIB-21) to determine whether the network actually supports C-V2X at its current location along the traveled route (because the crowdsourced information may not be accurate or available enough for the vehicle's current location). Once the C-V2X availability information is obtained from all available sources and the final route is determined, this information may be used in different ways. In one aspect, the IVS may use the C-V2X availability information to optimize the IVS modem configuration along the route. The IVS may also base the modem configuration on other factors besides C-V2X availability, such as user preferences and needs for C-V2X connectivity along the route, as well as factors for whether to obtain C-V2X availability along the planned route.

[0092] A set of rules or heuristics may be defined for how to configure the IVS modem (e.g., modem 304) based on current or expected C-V2X availability and other factors indicating whether there is a need for C-V2X connectivity (e.g., user preferences, traffic conditions, route hazards, etc.). For example, when C-V2X connectivity is available and needed (as determined from crowdsourced data and detection of C-V2X SIBs), the IVS may configure the modem to operate in C-V2X and SSIM modes (thereby restricting operation to the OEM SIM). If C-V2X connectivity is not available or needed, the IVS may configure the modem to operate in MSIM mode (thereby activating the user SIM).

[0093] In one aspect, C-V2X availability information (both crowdsourced and IVS detected) may be provided to an OEM's server, and the OEM can dynamically control the modem configuration based on the above considerations (e.g., availability, need, user preferences) plus its own considerations. For example, this allows the OEM to monetize C-V2X operations for specific customers and their associated subscriptions.

[0094] In one aspect, the IVS can select a subscription to clone onto a user SIM slot (e.g., one of SIM slots 370) based on C-V2X availability information and, optionally, factors indicative of the need or lack thereof for C-V2X connectivity. Currently, most V2X driver assistance operations (except V2P assistance for pedestrians) are only enabled to be transmitted by the IVS and not by the user's personal device (e.g., smartphone). Even eCall or next generation eCall (NGeCall) can only be made from the IVS.

[0095] Thus, this disclosure provides techniques for using the C-V2X availability and required information described herein to determine which available subscription to select for the current operation of the IVS modem (e.g., modem 304). For example, if the OEM SIM does not support C-V2X at a given location (along the travel route) and the user has specified a preference for V2X, the IVS can check whether any of the user subscriptions that can be cloned into the IVS modem are capable of providing C-V2X service at that location. If one can, the IVS can clone that subscription into the user SIM slot (e.g., SIM slot 370).

[0096] At some later point during the trip, if the OEM subscription is once again capable of providing C-V2X service, the IVS modem can fall back to the OEM subscription to provide V2X assistance. This decision may be based on a handshaking mechanism with the OEM server that uses the OEM subscription. In addition, the same type of technique may be extended to clone an NGenCall-enabled subscription into the IVS modem when the default OEM subscription does not support NGenCall on the current cell.

[0097] Please note that it may not always be possible to support both C-V2X and eCall. Furthermore, some jurisdictions may have requirements to provide C-V2X, where available, and other jurisdictions may have requirements to provide eCall services, where available. If only one may be provided, which service is preferred will be determined by the legal requirements of the relevant jurisdiction.

[0098] 5 illustrates an example method 500 of wireless communication according to an aspect of the disclosure. In one aspect, the method 500 may be performed by a V-UE (e.g., any of the V-UEs described herein, such as V-UE 300).

[0099] At 510, the V-UE determines availability of C-V2X services for a first network access subscription associated with a first SIM (e.g., OEM SIM 430), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM (e.g., user SIM 420), or both, where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot (e.g., SIM slot 370), respectively, of an IVS modem (e.g., modem 304) of the V-UE. In an aspect, operation 510 may be performed by modem 304, processing system 310, and / or memory 314, any or all of which may be considered a means for performing this operation.

[0100] At 520, the V-UE updates the configuration of the IVS modem, switches the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both, based on the availability of the C-V2X service. In an aspect, operation 520 may be performed by the modem 304, the processing system 310, and / or the memory 314, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation.

[0101] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 500 is an improved V2X experience and the ability to dynamically determine the configuration of the IVS modem to best utilize device capabilities.

[0102] In the above detailed description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in each example. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the exemplary clauses have more features than are expressly stated in each clause. Rather, various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of each exemplary clause disclosed. Thus, the following clauses should be considered hereby as being incorporated into this description, and each clause may stand alone as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer to a specific combination with one of the other clauses in the clause, the aspects of that dependent clause are not limited to that specific combination. It will be appreciated that other exemplary clauses may also include combinations of aspects of the dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause, or combinations of any features with other dependent clauses and independent clauses. Unless a specific combination is not intended (e.g., conflicting aspects such as defining an element as both an insulator and a conductor) is expressly expressed or can be easily inferred, the various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations. It is further contemplated that aspects of a clause may be included within any other independent clause, even if that clause is not directly dependent on an independent clause.

[0103] Example implementations are described in the following numbered clauses.

[0104] Clause 1. A method of wireless communications performed by a vehicle user equipment (V-UE), comprising: determining availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, where the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE; and updating a configuration of the IVS modem based on the availability of the C-V2X service, switching the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both.

[0105] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the method further includes determining a route from an origin location to a destination location and retrieving C-V2X availability data for the route, and wherein determining availability of the C-V2X service is based on the C-V2X availability data for the route.

[0106] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein the retrieving step includes retrieving C-V2X availability data for the route from a crowdsourcing server.

[0107] Clause 4. Any of the methods of clauses 2 to 3, wherein the C-V2X availability data for the route comprises locations of roadside C-V2X access points along the route, historical C-V2X connectivity along the route to other V-UEs, current C-V2X connectivity along the route to other V-UEs, or any combination thereof.

[0108] Clause 5. Any of the methods of clauses 2 to 4, wherein the origin location is the current location of the V-UE.

[0109] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 2 to 5, further comprising modifying the route to increase C-V2X availability along the route based on the C-V2X availability data for the route.

[0110] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 2 to 6, wherein the step of updating the configuration, the step of switching the C-V2X service, or both, is further based on one or more factors related to a need for C-V2X service along the route.

[0111] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, wherein the one or more factors include known traffic conditions along the route, known hazards along the route, or both.

[0112] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 7 to 8, wherein updating the configuration of the IVS modem includes setting the configuration of the IVS modem to a configuration that does not support C-V2X service based on C-V2X service not being available and one or more factors indicating there is no need for C-V2X service along the route.

[0113] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the step of determining the availability of the C-V2X service is based on a type of system information block (SIB) broadcast by a cell to which the IVS modem can connect.

[0114] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the step of updating the configuration, the step of switching the C-V2X service, or both, is further based on a user preference for having the C-V2X service.

[0115] Clause 12. Any of the methods of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the step of updating the configuration, switching the C-V2X service, or both, is further based on a legal requirement for the V-UE to have C-V2X service.

[0116] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, further comprising transmitting the determined availability of the C-V2X service and the current location of the V-UE to a crowdsourcing server.

[0117] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, further comprising the step of transmitting the determined availability of the C-V2X service to a third party server.

[0118] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, further comprising receiving one or more instructions from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to update a configuration of the IVS modem, to switch C-V2X services, or both.

[0119] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein updating the configuration of the IVS modem includes setting the configuration of the IVS modem to a configuration that does not support the C-V2X service based on the C-V2X service being unavailable.

[0120] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein updating the configuration of the IVS modem includes setting the configuration of the IVS modem to a configuration that supports the C-V2X service based on the C-V2X service being available.

[0121] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein the first network access subscription is a default network access subscription and the second network access subscription is a user network access subscription.

[0122] Clause 19. The method of clause 18, wherein the C-V2X service is not available for the default network access subscription and the C-V2X service is available for the user network access subscription, and the step of switching the C-V2X service includes switching the C-V2X service from the default network access subscription to the user network access subscription based on the C-V2X service being available for the user network access subscription and not being available for the default network access subscription.

[0123] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, further comprising switching the C-V2X service from the second network access subscription back to the first network access subscription based on the C-V2X service being available for the first network access subscription.

[0124] Clause 21. The method of clause 19, further comprising receiving one or more instructions from the OEM to switch the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription, from the second network access subscription back to the first network access subscription, or both.

[0125] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 19 to 21, wherein the step of switching the C-V2X service comprises cloning the user network access subscription to the second SIM slot.

[0126] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 18 to 21, wherein an emergency call (eCall) service is not available for the default network access subscription and the eCall service is available for the user network access subscription, and the method further comprises the step of switching to the user network access subscription based on the eCall service being available for the user network access subscription and not being available for the default network access subscription.

[0127] Clause 24. An apparatus comprising a memory and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory, wherein the memory and the at least one processor are configured to perform a method according to any of clauses 1 to 23.

[0128] Clause 25. Apparatus comprising means for carrying out the method according to any of clauses 1 to 23.

[0129] Clause 26. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, the computer-executable instructions comprising at least one instruction for causing a computer or processor to perform a method according to any of clauses 1 to 23.

[0130] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0131] Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, the various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in various ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0132] The various example logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0133] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. The software module may reside in a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a register, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). Alternatively, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0134] In one or more exemplary aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Storage media may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media may comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of media. As used herein, disk and disc include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc, where disks typically reproduce data magnetically and discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0135] Although the above disclosure illustrates exemplary aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. [Explanation of symbols]

[0136] 100 Wireless communication system 102 Base station, macrocell base station 102' Small Cell Base Station 104, 182, 190, 204 UE 110, 110' Geographical Coverage Area 112 Satellite Positioning System (SPS) Space Vehicle (SV) SV 120, 154 Communication links 122, 134 backhaul links 124 SPS signals 150 WLAN access points (APs), WLAN APs 152 Wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA), WLAN STA, UE 160, 300V-UE 162, 166, 168, 242 Wireless Sidelink, Sidelink 164 Roadside Access Points 172, 230 Location Server 174 Core Network 180 mmW base station, base station 184 mmW communication link 192, 194 D2D P2P links 200, 250 Wireless Network Structure 210, 260 5GC 212 User Plane Function (U-Plane), User Plane Function 213 User Plane Interface (NG-U) 214 Control Plane Functions (C-Plane), Control Plane Functions 215 control plane interface (NG-C), NG-C 220 Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 222 gNB 223 Backhaul Connection 224ng-eNB 262 User Plane Function (UPF) 263 User Plane Interface 264 Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), AMF 265 Control Plane Interface 266 Session Management Function (SMF) 270 LMF 272 SLP 302 Antennas, receiving and transmitting antennas 304 Modem 306 Satellite positioning service (SPS) receivers, SPS receivers 308 Antenna 310 Processing System 312 Sensors 314 Memory 350 User Interface 352 Microphone / Speaker 354 Keypad 356 Display 370 SIM slots, physical SIM slots, logical SIM slots 410 IVS modem 420 User SIM 430 OEM SIM 440 First WWAN 450 Second WWAN

Claims

1. 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a vehicle user equipment (V-UE), comprising: determining availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, wherein the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE; updating a configuration of the IVS modem based on the availability of the C-V2X service, switching the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both; The method includes:

2. The method further comprising: determining a route from an origin location to a destination location; retrieving C-V2X availability data for the route; Further comprising:

2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the availability of the C-V2X service is based on the C-V2X availability data for the route.

3. The removing step comprises: Retrieving the C-V2X availability data for the route from a crowdsourcing server.

3. The method of claim 2, comprising:

4. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the C-V2X availability data for the route comprises locations of roadside C-V2X access points along the route, historical C-V2X connectivity along the route for other V-UEs, current C-V2X connectivity along the route for other V-UEs, or any combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the origin location is a current location of the V-UE.

6. modifying the route to increase C-V2X availability along the route based on the C-V2X availability data for the route.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:

7. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the updating of the configuration, the switching of the C-V2X service, or both, is further based on one or more factors related to a need for the C-V2X service along the route.

8. A vehicle user equipment (V-UE), Memory, A modem; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and to the modem, the at least one processor comprising: determining availability of a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) service for a first network access subscription associated with a first subscriber identity module (SIM), a second network access subscription associated with a second SIM, or both, wherein the first SIM and the second SIM are associated with a first SIM slot and a second SIM slot, respectively, of an in-vehicle system (IVS) modem of the V-UE; and updating a configuration of the IVS modem, switching the C-V2X service from the first network access subscription to the second network access subscription, or from the second network access subscription to the first network access subscription, or both, based on the availability of the C-V2X service. The V-UE is configured to:

9. the at least one processor: determining a route from an origin location to a destination location; and Retrieving C-V2X availability data for said route. [0023] 20. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The V-UE of claim 8, wherein determining the availability of the C-V2X service is based on the C-V2X availability data for the route.

10. The at least one processor configured to perform the retrieval: Retrieving the C-V2X availability data for the route from a crowdsourcing server. The V-UE of claim 9, comprising the at least one processor configured to:

11. The V-UE of claim 9, wherein the C-V2X availability data for the route comprises locations of roadside C-V2X access points along the route, historical C-V2X connectivity along the route for other V-UEs, current C-V2X connectivity along the route for other V-UEs, or any combination thereof.

12. The V-UE of claim 9 , wherein the origin location is a current location of the V-UE.

13. the at least one processor: modifying the route to increase C-V2X availability along the route based on the C-V2X availability data for the route. The V-UE of claim 9, further configured to:

14. 10. The V-UE of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor configured to update the configuration, switch the C-V2X service, or both, is further based on one or more factors related to a need for the C-V2X service along the route.

15. 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executable instructions that, when executed by a vehicle user equipment (V-UE), cause the vehicle user equipment (V-UE) to perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

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