Distribution of receive chains for parallel processing of reference signals from multiple sources - Patents.com

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices are described for processing positioning reference signals (PRS) or other reference signals usable to determine a location of a user equipment (UE). In some aspects, a UE is configured to report information to a network entity indicating a number of receive (Rx) chains used to determine one or more positioning-related measurements, and thus a magnitude of uncertainty in the positioning-related measurements and an accuracy of a resulting location estimate. In some aspects, a UE is configured to receive multiple PRS signals that at least partially overlap in time and process each PRS using a separate set of Rx chains to obtain positioning-related measurements. As part of the processing of the PRS, the UE may align a search interval to the PRS. In this manner, different search intervals may be maintained for different PRS signals to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of each PRS.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to the field of wireless communications, and more particularly to processing of reference signals received by a user equipment (UE) from multiple sources, such as positioning reference signals (PRS) from multiple transmission / reception points (TRPs). [Background technology]

[0002] It may be useful to determine the location of the UE. For example, a software application running on the UE may use the UE's location (e.g., a latitude and longitude pair) to calculate a route from the UE's location to another location. The UE's location may be determined using various positioning methods. Some positioning methods involve communication between the UE and one or more satellites (e.g., satellites of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)) and / or one or more ground entities (e.g., a TRP or a base station). For example, positioning reference signals (PRS) may be broadcast by different TRPs and processed by the UE receiving the PRS signals to estimate the UE's location based on measurements performed by the UE, such as the difference in time of arrival of the PRS signals from the different TRPs.

[0003] When the PRS is received by the UE, it is decoded to extract information that aids the UE in performing measurements. Each PRS is typically decoded using a pair of receive (Rx) chains associated with a first Rx antenna and a second Rx antenna. Depending on the environment in which the UE is located, the UE may not be able to successfully decode the PRS using one or both Rx chains. For example, deep fading of the PRS may occur when the PRS received by the first Rx antenna is attenuated due to weather conditions, physical obstructions, or multipath propagation of the PRS due to lack of direct line of sight. When the PRS cannot be decoded, this may adversely affect the accuracy of the resulting position determination results, since the UE may have fewer measurements to rely on.

[0004] In addition, the timing at which the decoding of the PRS is performed may be determined by the serving or reference cell with which the UE is communicating. If the PRS is transmitted by a source located far from the serving / reference cell (e.g., a TRP associated with a neighboring cell), there may be a delay between when the UE expects to receive the PRS and when the PRS is actually received. If the UE attempts to decode the PRS according to the timing of the serving / reference cell, this may reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the PRS, possibly to the point where the PRS cannot be successfully decoded. Alternatively, the UE may align the search interval to each PRS so that the PRS signals are decoded in sequence and with a higher SNR, but this increases processing time. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] The present disclosure relates to techniques for processing reference signals received by a user equipment (UE) from multiple sources, such as positioning reference signals (PRS) from multiple transmission / reception points (TRPs). Techniques for determining the number of receive (Rx) chains used by the UE to perform one or more positioning-related measurements, such as one or more time of arrival (TOA) measurements and / or one or more reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurements, are described.

[0006] In some aspects, the UE is configured to report how many Rx chains were used to perform one or more positioning-related measurements via a communication sent from the UE to an entity that uses the positioning-related measurement results to calculate the UE's position or performs downstream processing based on the UE's position as determined by the UE according to the positioning-related measurement results. For example, the UE may report the number of Rx chains used to a base station, a location server, or other network entity that determines a Dilution of Precision (DOP) or other measure indicative of the degree of uncertainty of the UE's position. In some instances, the network entity to which the UE reports is another UE.

[0007] In some aspects, the UE is configured to determine a DOP or other measure indicative of the degree of uncertainty in the UE's location. The UE may take the DOP or other measure into account when using the UE's location, e.g., when updating a display to indicate the UE's current location. The UE may also reconfigure itself to receive additional reference signals or perform other activities depending on the value of the DOP or other measure.

[0008] In some aspects, the UE is configured to perform processing of PRS signals transmitted from different sources. The PRS signals may be received during PRS occasions that at least partially overlap in time such that the PRS signals are received simultaneously. As a result, the UE may perform parallel processing of the PRS signals while maintaining a positioning session between the UE and a location server, an LMF, or other network entity with which the UE is communicating. During the positioning session, the UE may receive and process other signals that are not used for positioning. Such other signals may include, for example, voice or data signals communicated to the UE via a serving cell. In general, the processing of such other signals is based on timing parameters (e.g., symbol boundaries) associated with the serving or reference cell. However, the processing of the PRS signals may be performed based on other timing parameters. For example, the UE may define a search interval for decoding PRS from the TRP or other PRS sources, where the search interval is not aligned with any of the symbol boundaries of the serving / reference cell. Specifically, a separate search interval may be defined for each TRP or PRS resource to align with the actual reception time of the PRS from the TRP / source, thereby maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio of the PRS. In addition, processing of the PRS signal may involve allocating a separate set of Rx chains for each PRS signal. For example, a UE may include four Rx chains and use two Rx chains to decode the PRS signal from the first TRP and the other two Rx chains to decode the PRS signal from the second TRP. Receiving and processing the PRS signals simultaneously can significantly reduce the time spent in calculating the position of the UE (sometimes referred to as establishing a location fix). [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a positioning system, according to an embodiment. [Diagram 2]FIG. 1 is a diagram of a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) positioning system illustrating an embodiment of a positioning system (e.g., the positioning system of FIG. 1) implemented within a 5G NR communication system. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a positioning system in which the positioning system of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 may be embodied. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 illustrates an example frame structure and associated terminology for NR. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a radio frame sequence with positioning reference signal (PRS) positioning occasions. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram illustrating receiving components of a UE according to an embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a resource block pattern for transmission of a PRS signal. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 illustrates a round robin method of PRS processing. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 illustrates a method for processing a PRS signal according to an embodiment. [Figure 10] 4 is a flow diagram of a method for reporting positioning-related measurements, according to an embodiment. [Figure 11] 1 is a flow diagram of a method for performing positioning-related measurements using multiple Rx chains, according to an embodiment. [Figure 12] 1 is a flow diagram of a method for allocating Rx chains, according to an embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a UE that may be utilized in the embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] According to some exemplary implementations, like reference numbers in various figures refer to like elements. In addition, multiple instances of an element may be indicated by a first number for that element followed by a letter or a hyphen and a second number. For example, multiple instances of element 110 may be indicated as 110-1, 110-2, 110-3, etc., or as 110a, 110b, 110c, etc. When referring to such an element using only the first number, it should be understood to be any instance of that element (e.g., element 110 in the previous example refers to elements 110-1, 110-2, and 110-3, or elements 110a, 110b, and 110c).

[0011] Several example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification. Several embodiments in which one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented are described below, although other embodiments may be used and various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0012] As used herein, an "RF signal" comprises an electromagnetic wave that carries information through space between a transmitter (or transmitting device) and a receiver (or receiving device). As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver is sometimes referred to as a "multipath" RF signal.

[0013] The RF signal received by the UE may be a reference signal usable to determine the location of the UE, which determination is based on positioning-related measurements derived, for example, using that reference signal and additional reference signals from multiple sources at different locations relative to the UE. Such reference signals are also referred to herein as "positioning signals." Embodiments are described in which the reference signal is a PRS signal (or simply "PRS"). However, the embodiments described herein may be applied to other types of reference signals usable to determine location, for example, a synchronization signal block (SSB), a tracking reference signal (TRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), and / or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0014] In some embodiments, the reference signal may be received using multiple antenna elements, with each antenna element associated with a receive (Rx) chain. A UE may be equipped with multiple antenna elements and multiple Rx chains. Each Rx chain may include hardware and / or software components (e.g., a processing pipeline including digital and / or analog circuitry) configured to perform signal processing on an Rx signal corresponding to a PRS or other reference signal received by a single antenna element. Alternatively, in some cases, an Rx chain may be configured to process a composite Rx signal corresponding to a PRS / reference signal received by a group of antenna elements. For example, two or more antenna elements may form a receiving panel configured to receive a PRS from a particular source. Each antenna element in the panel may generate a separate Rx signal that is combined with the Rx signals of other antenna elements in the panel to produce a composite Rx signal that is subsequently processed using the Rx chain associated with the panel. Thus, a UE usable to implement one or more embodiments described herein may include an Rx chain associated with a single antenna element, an Rx chain associated with a group of antenna elements, or both.

[0015] The embodiments described herein may be implemented using any positioning system in which a UE is communicatively coupled to one or more sources of reference signals. An example of a positioning system suitable for implementing one or more embodiments is shown in FIG. 1. The positioning system of FIG. 1 is provided by way of example only and to illustrate how different entities may interact with a UE in relation to determining the location of the UE. In practice, a positioning system implemented in accordance with the embodiments described herein may include more or fewer components than those illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0016] 1 is a simplified diagram of a positioning system 100 in which a UE 105, a location server (LS) 160, and / or other components of the positioning system 100 can use techniques provided herein to determine an estimated location of the UE 105, according to an embodiment. The techniques described herein may be implemented by one or more components of the positioning system 100. The positioning system 100 may include a UE 105, one or more satellites 110 (also referred to as space vehicles (SVs)) for a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), such as a global positioning system (GPS), a base station 120, an access point (AP) 130, a LS 160, a network 170, and an external client 180. In general, the positioning system 100 can estimate the position of the UE 105 based on RF signals received by and / or transmitted from the UE 105, as well as known positions of other components (e.g., GNSS satellites 110, base stations 120, APs 130) that transmit and / or receive RF signals. Further details regarding specific position estimation techniques are discussed below with respect to FIG.

[0017] It should be noted that FIG. 1 provides only a generalized illustration of the various components, and that any or all of the components may be utilized as appropriate, and that each of the components may be replicated as necessary. In particular, while only one UE 105 is shown, it will be understood that many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc.) may utilize the positioning system 100. Similarly, the positioning system 100 may include more or fewer base stations 120 and / or APs 130 than those shown in FIG. 1. The illustrated connections connecting the various components in the positioning system 100 comprise data and signaling connections that may include additional (intermediate) components, direct or indirect physical and / or wireless connections, and / or additional networks. Furthermore, the components may be rearranged, combined, separated, substituted, and / or omitted depending on the desired functionality. In some embodiments, for example, the external client 180 may be directly connected to the LS 160. Those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications to the illustrated components.

[0018] Depending on the desired functionality, network 170 may comprise any of a variety of wireless and / or wired networks. Network 170 may comprise any combination of, for example, public and / or private networks, local area networks and / or wide area networks, etc. Additionally, network 170 may utilize one or more wired and / or wireless communication technologies. In some embodiments, network 170 may comprise, for example, a cellular or other mobile network, a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless wide area network (WWAN), and / or the Internet. Examples of network 170 include a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) wireless network, a fifth generation (5G) wireless network (also referred to as a New Radio (NR) wireless network or a 5G NR wireless network), a Wi-Fi WLAN, and the Internet. LTE, 5G, and NR are wireless technologies defined or being defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Network 170 may also include two or more networks and / or two or more types of networks.

[0019] The base stations 120 and access points (APs) 130 are communicatively coupled to a network 170. In some embodiments, the base stations 120 may be owned, maintained, and / or operated by a cellular network provider and may utilize any of a variety of wireless technologies, as described herein below. Depending on the technology of the network 170, the base stations 120 may comprise a node B, an Evolved Node B (eNodeB or eNB), a base transceiver station (BTS), a radio base station (RBS), a NR NodeB (gNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), etc. The base stations 120 that are gNBs or ng-eNBs may be part of a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN), which may connect to a 5G core network (5GC) if the network 170 is a 5G network. The APs 130 may include, for example, a Wi-Fi AP or a Bluetooth AP. Thus, the UE 105 may transmit and receive information to and from network connectivity devices, such as the LS 160, by accessing the network 170 via the base station 120 using the first communication link 133. Additionally or alternatively, the AP 130 may also be communicatively coupled to the network 170 such that the UE 105 may use the second communication link 135 to communicate with internet connectivity devices, including the LS 160.

[0020] The term "base station" as used herein may generally refer to a single physical transmission point that may be located at the base station 120, or multiple co-located physical transmission points. A physical transmission point may comprise an array of antennas at the base station (e.g., as in the case of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system and / or when the base station utilizes beamforming). In addition, the term "base station" may refer to multiple non-co-located physical transmission points, which may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical transmission point may be a serving base station, which receives measurement reports from the UE 105 and neighboring base stations whose reference RF signals the UE 105 is measuring.

[0021] As used herein, the term "cell" may generally refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station 120 and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., physical cell identifier (PCID), virtual cell identifier (VCID)) to distinguish neighboring cells operating over the same or different carriers. In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., Machine-Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), etc.) that may provide access to different types of devices. In some cases, the term "cell" may refer to a portion (e.g., a sector) of a geographic coverage area over which the logical entity operates.

[0022] The LS 160 may comprise a server and / or other computing devices configured to determine an estimated location of the UE 105 and / or provide data (e.g., “assistance data”) to the UE 105 to facilitate location determination. According to some embodiments, the LS 160 may include a Home Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (H-SLP), which may support a SUPL User Plane (UP) location method defined by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) and may support location services for the UE 105 based on subscription information for the UE 105 stored in the LS 160. In some embodiments, the LS 160 may comprise a Discovered SLP (D-SLP) or an Emergency SLP (E-SLP). The LS 160 may also include an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC), which supports location of the UE 105 using a Control Plane (CP) location method for LTE radio access by the UE 105. The LS 160 may further comprise a Location Management Function (LMF) that supports location of the UE 105 using a Control Plane (CP) location method for NR radio access by the UE 105. In a CP location method, signaling for controlling and managing location of the UE 105 may be exchanged between elements of the network 170 and the UE 105 using existing network interfaces and protocols and as signaling from the perspective of the network 170. In a UP location method, signaling for controlling and managing location of the UE 105 may be exchanged between the LS 160 and the UE 105 as data from the perspective of the network 170 (e.g., data transported using Internet Protocol (IP) and / or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)).

[0023] As mentioned above (and described in more detail below), the estimated location of the UE 105 may be based on measurements of RF signals transmitted from and / or received by the UE 105. In particular, these measurements may provide information regarding the relative distance and / or angle of the UE 105 from one or more components (e.g., GNSS satellites 110, AP 130, base station 120) in the positioning system 100. The estimated location of the UE 105 may be estimated geometrically (e.g., using multi-angle surveying and / or multilateration) based on the distance and / or angle measurements along with the known locations of the one or more components.

[0024] Terrestrial components such as AP 130 and base station 120 may be fixed, although embodiments are not so limited. Mobile components may be used. Moreover, in some embodiments, the location of UE 105 is estimated based at least in part on measurements of RF signals communicated between UE 105 and one or more other UEs (not shown in FIG. 1), which may be mobile. Direct communication between UEs in this manner may comprise sidelink and / or similar device-to-device (D2D) communication techniques. Sidelink, as defined by 3GPP, is a form of D2D communication under the cellular-based LTE and NR standards.

[0025] The estimated location of the UE 105 may be used in various applications, for example, to aid in direction finding or navigation for a user of the UE 105, or to aid another user (e.g., associated with the external client 180) in locating the UE 105. "Location" is also referred to herein as a "location estimate," "estimated location," "location," "location," "location estimate," "location fix," "estimated location," "location fix," or "fix." The location of the UE 105 may comprise the absolute location of the UE 105 (e.g., latitude and longitude and possibly an altitude), or the relative location of the UE 105 (e.g., a location expressed as a distance north-south, east-west, and possibly up-down from some other location, such as some other known fixed location or the location of the UE 105 at some known prior time). The location may also be specified as a geodetic location (as latitude and longitude) or as a civic location (e.g., with a street address or using other location-related names and signs). The position may further include an indication of uncertainty or error, such as the horizontal and possibly vertical distance that the position is expected to be in error, or an indication of an area or volume (e.g., a circle or ellipse) in which the UE 105 is expected to be located with a certain level of confidence (e.g., 95% confidence).

[0026] The external client 180 may be a web server or remote application that may have some association with the UE 105 (e.g., that may be accessed by a user of the UE 105), or may be a server, application, or computer system that provides location services to some other user that may include obtaining and providing the location of the UE 105 (e.g., to enable services such as finding friends or relatives, asset tracking, or locating children or pets). Additionally or alternatively, the external client 180 may obtain and provide the location of the UE 105 to an emergency service provider, a government agency, or the like.

[0027] As previously mentioned, the exemplary positioning system 100 may be implemented using a wireless communication network, such as an LTE-based or 5G NR-based network. FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a 5G NR positioning system 200 illustrating an embodiment of a positioning system (e.g., the positioning system 100) implementing 5G NR. The 5G NR positioning system 200 may be configured to determine a position of the UE 105 by using access nodes 210, 214, 216 (which may correspond to the base stations 120 and the access points 130 of FIG. 1) and (optionally) an LMF 220 (which may correspond to the LS 160) to perform one or more positioning methods. Here, the 5G NR positioning system 200 comprises the UE 105 and a 5G NR network comprising a Next Generation (NG) Radio Access Network (RAN) (NG-RAN) 235 and a 5G Core Network (5G CN) 240. The 5G network may also be referred to as an NR network, the NG-RAN 235 may also be referred to as a 5G RAN or NG RAN, and the 5G CN 240 may also be referred to as an NG core network. Standardization of the NG-RAN and 5G CN is ongoing in 3GPP. Thus, the NG-RAN 235 and the 5G CN 240 may conform to current or future standards for 5G support from 3GPP. The 5G NR positioning system 200 may further utilize information from GNSS satellites 110 of a GNSS system, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) or a similar system. Additional components of the 5G NR positioning system 200 are described below. The 5G NR positioning system 200 may include additional or alternative components.

[0028] It should be noted that FIG. 2 provides only a generalized description of the various components, and that any or all of the components may be utilized as appropriate, and that each of the components may be duplicated or omitted as necessary. Specifically, while only one UE 105 is shown, it will be understood that many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc.) may utilize the 5G NR positioning system 200. Similarly, the 5G NR positioning system 200 may include more (or fewer) GNSS satellites 110, gNBs 210, ng-eNBs 214, wireless local area networks (WLANs) 216, access and mobility functions (AMFs) 215, external clients 230, and / or other components. The illustrated connections connecting the various components in the 5G NR positioning system 200 include data and signaling connections, which may include additional (intermediate) components, direct or indirect physical and / or wireless connections, and / or additional networks. Further, components may be rearranged, combined, separated, substituted, and / or omitted depending on the desired functionality.

[0029] The UE 105 may comprise and / or be referred to as a device, a mobile device, a wireless device, a mobile terminal, a terminal, a mobile station (MS), a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL)-Enabled Terminal (SET), or some other name. Additionally, the UE 105 may correspond to a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, or some other portable or removable device. Typically, but not necessarily, the UE 105 may support wireless communications using one or more radio access technologies (RATs), such as using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX™), 5G NR (e.g., using NG-RAN 235 and 5G CN240), etc. The UE 105 may also support wireless communications using a WLAN 216 (such as one or more RATs as previously described with respect to FIG. 1), which may connect to other networks, such as the Internet. Use of one or more of these RATs may enable the UE 105 to communicate with external clients 230 (e.g., via elements of the 5G CN 240 not shown in FIG. 2, or possibly via a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 225) and / or enable the external clients 230 to receive location information regarding the UE 105 (e.g., via the GMLC 225).

[0030] The UE 105 may include a single entity or multiple entities, such as in a personal area network where the user may utilize audio, video, and / or data I / O devices and / or body sensors and a separate wired or wireless modem. An estimate of the UE 105's location may be referred to as a position, location estimate, position fix, fix, location, location estimate, or location fix, and may be geodesic, thus providing the UE 105's location coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude) that may or may not include an altitude component (e.g., elevation, height or depth above ground, floor, or basement). Alternatively, the UE 105's location may be represented as a civic location (e.g., as an address or designation of some point or small area in a building, such as a particular room or floor). The UE 105's location may also be represented as an area or volume (defined either geodesically or in civic form) within which the UE 105 is expected to be located with some probability or confidence (e.g., 67%, 95%, etc.). The location of the UE 105 may further be a relative location comprising distance and direction, or relative X, Y (and Z) coordinates, defined with respect to some origin at a known location, which may be defined, for example, geodetically, civic-wise, or with reference to a point, area, or volume shown on a map, floor plan, or building plan. In the description contained herein, use of the term location may comprise any of these variations unless otherwise indicated. When calculating the location of a UE, it is common to evaluate local X, Y, and possibly Z coordinates and then convert the local coordinates, if necessary, to absolute coordinates (e.g., for latitude, longitude, and altitude above or below mean sea level).

[0031] The base stations in the NG-RAN 235 shown in FIG. 2 correspond to the base stations 120 of FIG. 1 and may comprise transmit / receive points (TRPs) and may comprise NR NodeBs (gNBs) 210-1 and 210-2 (collectively and generally referred to herein as gNBs 210) and / or gNB antennas. Pairs of gNBs 210 in the NG-RAN 235 may be connected to each other (e.g., directly as shown in FIG. 2 or indirectly via other gNBs 210). Access to the 5G network is provided to the UE 105 via wireless communication between the UE 105 and one or more of the gNBs 210, which may provide wireless communication access to the 5G CN 240 on behalf of the UE 105 using 5G NR. 5G NR radio access may also be referred to as NR radio access or 5G radio access. In FIG. 2, the serving gNB for UE 105 is assumed to be gNB 210-1, but other gNBs (e.g., gNB 210-2) may become the serving gNB if UE 105 moves to another location or may become a secondary gNB to provide additional throughput and bandwidth to UE 105.

[0032] The base stations in the NG-RAN 235 shown in FIG. 2 may further include, or may instead include, a next generation evolved Node B, also referred to as a ng-eNB 214. The ng-eNB 214 may be connected to one or more gNBs 210 in the NG-RAN 235, e.g., directly or indirectly via other gNBs 210 and / or other ng-eNBs. The ng-eNBs 214 may provide LTE wireless access and / or evolved LTE (eLTE) wireless access to the UE 105. Some of the gNBs 210 (e.g., gNB 210-2) and / or ng-eNBs 214 in FIG. 2 may be configured to function as positioning-only beacons, which may transmit signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) and / or broadcast assistance data to assist in positioning the UE 105, but may not receive signals from the UE 105 or other UEs. It should be noted that although only one ng-eNB 214 is shown in FIG. 2, some embodiments may include multiple ng-eNBs 214.

[0033] The 5G NR positioning system 200 may also include one or more WLANs 216 that may connect to a Non-3GPP InterWorking Function (N3IWF) 250 in the 5G CN 240 (e.g., in the case of an untrusted WLAN 216). For example, the WLAN 216 may support IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi access for the UE 105 and may comprise one or more Wi-Fi APs (e.g., AP 130 of FIG. 1). Here, the N3IWF 250 may connect to other elements in the 5G CN 240, such as the AMF 215. In some embodiments, the WLAN 216 may support another RAT, such as Bluetooth. The N3IWF 250 may support secure access by the UE 105 to other elements in the 5G CN 240 and / or support interworking of one or more protocols used by the WLANs 216 and the UE 105 to one or more protocols used by other elements of the 5G CN 240, such as the AMF 215. For example, the N3IWF 250 may support IPSec tunnel establishment with the UE 105, termination of IKEv2 / IPSec protocols with the UE 105, termination of the N2 and N3 interfaces to the 5G CN 240 for the control and user plane, respectively, relay of uplink and downlink control plane non-access stratum (NAS) signaling between the UE 105 and the AMF 215 across the N1 interface. In some other embodiments, the WLAN 216 may directly connect to an element in the 5G CN 240 (e.g., the AMF 215 shown in FIG. 2) without going through the N3IWF 250, for example, if the WLAN 216 is a trusted WLAN for the 5G CN 240. Note that while only one WLAN 216 is shown in FIG. 2, some embodiments may include multiple WLANs 216.

[0034] An access node may comprise any of a variety of network entities that enable communication between the UE 105 and the AMF 215. This may include the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, the WLAN 216, and / or other types of cellular base stations. However, an access node providing the functionality described herein may additionally or alternatively include entities that enable communication to any of the various RATs not shown in FIG. 2, which may include non-cellular technologies. Thus, the term "access node" as used in the embodiments described herein below may include, but is not necessarily limited to, the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, or the WLAN 216.

[0035] In some embodiments, an access node such as the gNB 210, ng-eNB 214, or WLAN 216 (alone or in combination with other components of the 5G NR positioning system 200) may be configured to perform measurements (e.g., measurements of the UE 105) for one of the multiple RATs in response to receiving a request for location information for the multiple RATs from the LMF 220 and / or obtain measurement results from the UE 105 that are forwarded to the access node using one or more of the multiple RATs. As noted, although FIG. 2 illustrates access nodes 210, 214, and 216 configured to communicate according to 5G NR, LTE, and Wi-Fi communication protocols, respectively, access nodes configured to communicate according to other communication protocols may be used, such as, for example, a Node B using a WCDMA protocol for Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), an eNB using an LTE protocol for Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), or Bluetooth Beacons using a Bluetooth protocol for WLAN. For example, in a 4G Evolved Packet System (EPS) providing LTE wireless access to the UE 105, the RAN may comprise an E-UTRAN, which may comprise a base station with an eNB supporting LTE wireless access. The core network for the EPS may comprise an Evolved Packet Core (EPC). In that case, the EPS may comprise an E-UTRAN plus an EPC, where in FIG. 2, the E-UTRAN corresponds to the NG-RAN 235 and the EPC corresponds to the 5G CN 240. The methods and techniques described herein for positioning of the UE 105 using a common or generic positioning procedure may be applicable to such other networks.

[0036] The gNB 210 and ng-eNB 214 may communicate with the AMF 215, which for positioning functions communicates with the LMF 220. The AMF 215 may support mobility of the UE 105, including cell changes and handovers of the UE 105 from a first RAT access node 210, 214, or 216 to a second RAT access node 210, 214, or 216. The AMF 215 may also be responsible for supporting signaling connections to the UE 105 and possibly data and voice bearers for the UE 105. The LMF 220 may support positioning of the UE 105 when the UE 105 accesses the NG-RAN 235 or the WLAN 216, and may support positioning procedures and methods including UE-assisted / UE-based and / or network-based procedures / methods, such as Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS), Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA), Real Time Kinematics (RTK), Precise Point Positioning (PPP), Differential GNSS (DGNSS), ECID, Angle of Arrival (AOA), Angle of Departure (AOD), WLAN positioning, and / or other positioning procedures and methods. The LMF 220 may also process location service requests for the UE 105, for example, received from the AMF 215 or from the GMLC 225. The LMF 220 may be connected to the AMF 215 and / or to the GMLC 225. The LMF 220 may be referred to by other names, such as a Location Manager (LM), Location Function (LF), Commercial LMF (CLMF), or Value Added LMF (VLMF). In some embodiments, a node / system implementing the LMF 220 may additionally or alternatively implement other types of location support modules, such as an Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) or Service Location Protocol (SLP).It should be noted that in some embodiments, at least a portion of the positioning functions (including determining the UE's position) may be performed in the UE 105 (e.g., by processing downlink PRS (DL-PRS) signals transmitted by wireless nodes such as the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214 and / or the WLAN 216 and / or by using assistance data provided to the UE 105, for example, by the LMF 220).

[0037] The Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 225 may support location requests for the UE 105 received from the external client 230 and may forward such location requests to the AMF 215 for forwarding by the AMF 215 to the LMF 220 or may forward the location requests directly to the LMF 220. A location response (e.g., including a location estimate for the UE 105) from the LMF 220 may similarly be returned to the GMLC 225 either directly or via the AMF 215, which may then return a location response (e.g., including a location estimate) to the external client 230. Although the GMLC 225 is shown in FIG. 2 as connected to both the AMF 215 and the LMF 220, in some implementations, only one of these connections may be supported by the 5G CN 240.

[0038] As further shown in FIG. 2, the LMF 220 may communicate with the gNB 210 and / or the ng-eNB 214 using an LPPa protocol (sometimes referred to as NRPPa or NPPa). The LPPa protocol in NR may be the same as, similar to, or an extension of the LPPa protocol in LTE (for LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)), where LPPa messages are transferred between the gNB 210 and the LMF 220 and / or between the ng-eNB 214 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215. As further shown in FIG. 2, the LMF 220 and the UE 105 may communicate using an LPP protocol. The LMF 220 and the UE 105 may also, or instead, communicate using an LPP protocol (sometimes referred to as NRPP or NPP in NR). Here, the LPP messages may be transferred between the UE 105 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215 and the serving gNB 210-1 or serving ng-eNB 214 for the UE 105. For example, the LPP and / or LPP messages may be transferred between the LMF 220 and the AMF 215 using messages for service-based operations (e.g., based on HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)) and between the AMF 215 and the UE 105 using 5G NAS protocols. The LPP and / or LPP protocols may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using UE-assisted and / or UE-based positioning methods such as A-GNSS, RTK, OTDOA and / or Enhanced Cell ID (ECID). The LPPa protocol may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using network-based positioning methods such as ECID (e.g., when used in conjunction with measurement results obtained by the gNB 210 or ng-eNB 214) and / or may be used by the LMF 220 to obtain location-related information from the gNB 210 and / or ng-eNB 214, such as parameters defining DL-PRS transmissions from the gNB 210 and / or ng-eNB 214.

[0039] In the case of UE 105 access to WLAN 216, LMF 220 may obtain the location of UE 105 using LPPa and / or LPP in a manner similar to that described immediately above for UE 105 access to gNB 210 or ng-eNB 214. Thus, LPPa messages may be forwarded between WLAN 216 and LMF 220 via AMF 215 and N3IWF 250 to support network-based positioning of UE 105 and / or forwarding of other location information from WLAN 216 to LMF 220. Alternatively, LPPa messages may be forwarded between N3IWF 250 and LMF 220 via AMF 215 to support network-based positioning of UE 105 based on location-related information and / or positioning-related measurement results known to or accessible to N3IWF 250 and forwarded from N3IWF 250 to LMF 220 using LPPa. Similarly, LPP and / or LPP messages may be transferred between the UE 105 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215, the N3IWF 250, and the serving WLAN 216 for the UE 105 to support UE-assisted or UE-based positioning of the UE 105 by the LMF 220.

[0040] In a UE-assisted positioning method, the UE 105 may obtain positioning-related measurements and transmit the measurements to a location server (e.g., the LMF 220) for computation of a position estimate for the UE 105. The positioning-related measurements may include, for example, one or more of a received signal strength indication (RSSI), a round trip signal propagation time (RTT), a reference signal received power (RSRP), a reference signal received quality (RSRQ), a time of arrival (TOA), a reference signal time difference (RSTD), an AOA, a differential AOA (DAOA), an AOD, or a timing advance (TA) for one or more access points for the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, and / or the WLAN 216. Additionally or alternatively, the positioning-related measurements may include measurements of a RAT-independent positioning method, such as GNSS (e.g., GNSS pseudorange, GNSS code phase, and / or GNSS carrier phase of the GNSS satellites 110), WLAN, etc.

[0041] In a UE-based positioning method, the UE 105 may obtain positioning-related measurements (which may, for example, be the same as or similar to the positioning-related measurements for a UE-assisted positioning method) and may further calculate a position of the UE 105 (e.g., with the aid of assistance data received from a location server such as the LMF 220 or broadcast by the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, or the WLAN 216). Additionally, in some instances, a UE-based positioning method may involve sidelink communication with another UE.

[0042] In a network-based positioning method, one or more base stations (e.g., gNB210 and / or ng-eNB214), one or more APs (e.g., in WLAN216), or N3IWF250 may obtain positioning-related measurement results (e.g., RSSI, RTT, RSRP, RSRQ, AOA, or TOA measurement results) for signals transmitted by UE105, and / or, in the case of N3IWF250, may receive measurement results obtained by UE105 or APs in WLAN216 and send the measurement results to a location server (e.g., LMF220) for calculation of a position estimate for UE105.

[0043] In the 5G NR positioning system 200, some positioning-related measurements (e.g., AOA, AOD, TOA) made by the UE 105 may use RF reference signals received from the base stations 210 and 214. These signals may comprise PRS signals, which may be used, for example, to perform OTDOA, AOD, and RTT-based positioning of the UE 105. Other reference signals that may be used for positioning may include cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), synchronization signals, etc. Moreover, signals may be transmitted in a transmit (Tx) beam (e.g., using beamforming techniques), which may affect angle measurements such as AOD.

[0044] FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a positioning system 300 that may embody the positioning system 100 of FIG. 1 or the positioning system 200 of FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 3, the UE 305 may access a wireless network 370 via a communication link 335 that couples the UE 305 to a base station 320-1. The wireless network 370 may correspond, for example, to the network 170 of FIG. 1 or the WLAN 216 of FIG. 2. In the example of FIG. 3, the base station 320-1 is associated with a serving cell, and the communication link 335 represents a connection with the serving cell. The UE 305 may establish different types of sessions with any number of entities. For example, the UE 305 may establish a session with the serving cell to access cellular voice and / or data services. The session between the UE 305 and the serving cell may be initiated by either the serving cell or the UE 305, and in some cases may be transitioned as a result of a handover procedure from a previous serving cell. The UE 305 may also establish a session with an entity related to location services, e.g., a positioning session. For example, the UE 305 may periodically establish an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) session with the location server 360. During the LPP session, the UE 305 may communicate PRS-based measurements to the location server 360 to enable the location server 360 to calculate a location of the UE 305 using the measurements. The location server 360 may then communicate the calculated location to the UE 305 and / or perform some action based on the calculated location.

[0045] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the UE 305 may also be in wireless communication with other base stations 320 (e.g., base stations 320-2 and 320-3). These additional base stations 320 may be associated with neighboring cells covering different geographic areas. Thus, base stations 320-2 and 320-3 may be located away from a serving cell associated with base station 320-1. In some instances, multiple base stations that are not co-located with one another may be associated with the same cell. However, for purposes of illustration, each of the base stations 320 of FIG. 3 may be assumed to be in different locations and associated with different cells.

[0046] The UE 305 may receive one or more wireless positioning signals 350 from each of the base stations 320. For example, the wireless positioning signals 350 may include DL-PRS signals broadcast by the base stations 320 or transmitted by the base stations 320 in response to a request from the UE 305. The base stations 320-1, 320-2, and 320-3 may each transmit a unique wireless positioning signal 350-1, 350-2, and 350-3, respectively. In some embodiments, such as the embodiment of FIG. 2, each of the base stations 320-1, 320-2, and 320-3 may correspond to a different TRP. The base stations 320 may transmit wireless positioning signals using specific time or frequency resources so as not to interfere with wireless positioning signals from other base stations 320. In some embodiments, the wireless positioning signals 350 are time multiplexed and / or frequency multiplexed. Although not shown in FIG. 3, the wireless positioning signals may optionally include uplink signals transmitted from the UE 305 to one or more base stations 320.

[0047] The UE 305 may be configured to perform positioning-related measurements using the wireless positioning signals 350 in support of a position determination procedure. For example, the UE 305 may acquire the TOA of each wireless positioning signal 350 using a local clock, measure the RSTD of the wireless positioning signals 350, and / or perform other types of positioning-related measurements depending on the positioning method used for the position determination procedure. The following is a non-exhaustive list of positioning-related measurements based on downlink or uplink reference signals and the corresponding positioning methods supported by those positioning-related measurements: - DL-RSTD: Supports DL-TDOA. - DL-PRS RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power): Supports DL-TDOA, DL-AoD (Angle of Departure), and Multi-RTT (Multiple Round Trip Times). - UE Rx-Tx time difference: Supports Multi-RTT; and - SS-RSRP (Synchronization Signal RSRP), SS-RSRQ (Synchronization Reference Signal Received Quality), CSI-RSRP (Channel State Information RSRP), and CSI-RSRQ: each supports E-CID (Enhanced Cell ID).

[0048] As previously discussed, UE-based positioning and / or network-based positioning may be supported. Thus, positioning-related measurements obtained by the UE 305 may be processed by the UE 305 to locally calculate the UE's position. Alternatively, the positioning-related measurements may be communicated to another device configured to calculate the UE's position based on the positioning-related measurements. For example, in some implementations, the UE's position is calculated by the location server 360 based on the positioning-related measurements obtained by the UE 305 from the wireless positioning signal 350. In a 5G implementation, the location server 360 may correspond to an LMF, such as the LMF 220 of FIG. 2. Furthermore, the location server 360 may be integrated into a base station (e.g., gNB 210-1, gnB 210-2, ng-eNB 214) or a standalone server.

[0049] In addition to receiving the wireless positioning signals 350, the UE 305 may transmit and / or receive other types of signals, such as synchronization signals or signals carrying voice or data. For example, the UE 305 may use the communication link 335 to make a call or download a web page at the same time as performing positioning-related measurements based on the wireless positioning signals 350. In general, the wireless positioning signals 350 and other signals communicated between the UE 305 and the base station 320 may be communicated using radio frames, e.g., radio frames structured as shown in FIG.

[0050] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a NR frame structure 400 and associated terminology that may be the basis for physical layer communications between a UE and a base station (e.g., between the UE 305 and the base station 320 of FIG. 3). The transmission timeline for each of the downlink and uplink communications may be partitioned into units of radio frames. Each radio frame may have a predetermined time length (e.g., 10 ms) and may be partitioned into 10 subframes, each of 1 ms, with indices 0-9. Each subframe may include a variable number of slots depending on the subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a variable number of symbol periods (e.g., 7 or 14 symbols) depending on the subcarrier spacing. The symbol periods within each slot may be assigned an index. A minislot may have a subslot structure (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 symbols). Additionally, a full orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) of a subframe is illustrated in FIG. 4, showing how the subframe may be partitioned into multiple resource blocks (RBs) across both time and frequency. A single RB may comprise a grid of resource elements (REs) spanning 14 symbols and 12 subcarriers.

[0051] Each symbol in a slot may indicate a link direction (e.g., downlink (DL), uplink (UL), or flexible) or data transmission, and the link direction of each subframe may be dynamically switched. The link direction may be based on the slot format. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control information. In NR, a synchronization signal (SS) block is transmitted. The SS block includes a primary SS (PSS), a secondary SS (SSS), and a two-symbol physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The SS block may be transmitted at a fixed slot position, such as symbols 0-3 as shown in FIG. 4. The PSS and SSS may be used by the UE for cell search and cell acquisition. The PSS may provide half-frame timing, and the SS may provide cyclic prefix (CP) length and frame timing. The PSS and SSS may provide cell identification information. The PBCH carries some basic system information, such as the downlink system bandwidth, timing information within a radio frame, SS burst set period, and system frame number.

[0052] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a radio frame sequence 500 with a PRS positioning occasion. A "PRS instance" or "PRS opportunity" is one instance of a periodically repeating time frame (e.g., a group of one or more consecutive slots) during which a PRS is expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion may also be referred to as a "PRS positioning occasion", a "PRS positioning instance", a "positioning occasion", a "positioning instance", a "positioning repetition", or simply an "opportunity", an "instance", or an "repetition". The subframe sequence 500 may be applicable to broadcasting a PRS (DL-PRS signal) from a base station 120 in the positioning system 100 or a base station 320 in the positioning system 300. The radio frame sequence 500 may be used in 5G NR (e.g., 5G NR positioning system 200) and / or LTE. As in FIG. 4, time is represented horizontally (e.g., on the X-axis) in FIG. 5, with time increasing from left to right. Frequency is represented vertically (eg, on the Y-axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0053] FIG. 5 illustrates that PRS occasions 510-1, 510-2, and 510-3 (collectively and inclusively referred to herein as positioning occasions 510) are differentiated by a system frame number (SFN), a cell-specific subframe offset (Δ PRS ) 515, and PRS period (T PRS ) 520. The cell-specific PRS subframe configuration is determined by the “PRS configuration index” I PRS The cell-specific subframe offset (Δ PRS ) 515 may be defined in terms of the number of subframes transmitted from system frame number (SFN) 0 to the start of the first (subsequent) PRS positioning occasion.

[0054] The PRS may be transmitted by a wireless node (e.g., base station 120) after appropriate configuration (e.g., by an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) server). The PRS may be transmitted in special positioning subframes or slots that are grouped into positioning occasions 510. For example, PRS positioning occasion 510-1 is N PRS may comprise consecutive positioning subframes, where the number N PRS can be between 1 and 160 (e.g., can include values ​​1, 2, 4, and 6, as well as other values). The PRS opportunities 510 can be grouped into one or more PRS opportunity groups. As mentioned, the PRS opportunities 510 are divided into a number T PRS , where T PRS may be equal to 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, or 1280 (or any other suitable value). PRS may be measured in terms of the number of subframes between the starts of successive positioning occasions.

[0055] In some aspects, the UE may include a PRS configuration index I in the assistance data for a particular cell (e.g., base station). PRS When receiving the PRS, the UE uses the stored indexed data to PRS 520 and cell-specific subframe offset (Δ PRS ) 515. The UE may then determine the radio frame, subframe and slot when the PRS is scheduled in the cell. The assistance data may be determined, for example, by a location server (e.g., LS 160 of FIG. 1 and / or LMF 220 of FIG. 2) and includes assistance data for the reference cell and several neighboring cells supported by various wireless nodes.

[0056] Typically, PRS opportunities from all cells in a network using the same frequency are aligned in time and have a fixed, known time offset (e.g., a cell-specific subframe offset (Δ PRS ) 515). In an SFN synchronous network, all wireless nodes (e.g., base stations 120) may be aligned on both frame boundaries and system frame numbers. Thus, in an SFN synchronous network, all cells supported by various wireless nodes may use the same PRS configuration index for any particular frequency of PRS transmission. On the other hand, in an SFN asynchronous network, various wireless nodes may be aligned on frame boundaries but not on system frame numbers. Thus, in an SFN asynchronous network, the PRS configuration index for each cell may be configured separately by the network such that the PRS opportunities are aligned in time. If the UE 105 can acquire cell timing (e.g., SFN or frame number) of at least one of the cells, e.g., the reference cell or the serving cell, the UE 105 may determine the timing of the PRS opportunities 510 of the reference cell and neighbor cells for OTDOA positioning. The timing of other cells may then be derived by the UE 105, e.g., based on the assumption that PRS opportunities from different cells overlap.

[0057] In the 5G NR positioning system 200 shown in FIG. 2, the TRPs (e.g., gNB 210, ng-eNB 214, WLAN 216) may transmit frames or other physical layer signaling sequences supporting PRS signals (i.e., DL-PRS) according to the frame configurations as previously described, which may be measured and used for location determination of the UE 105. As mentioned, other types of wireless network nodes, including other UEs, may also be configured to transmit PRS signals configured in a similar (or the same) manner as described above. Because the transmission of the PRS by the wireless network node may be directed to all UEs within radio range, the wireless network node may be considered to transmit (or broadcast) the PRS.

[0058] In some aspects, OTDOA assistance data may be provided to the UE by a location server (e.g., LS 160) for a "reference cell" (which may also be referred to as a "reference resource") and one or more "neighbor cells" or "neighboring cells" to the reference cell (which may also be referred to as a "target cell" or "target resource"). For example, the assistance data may include the center channel frequency of each cell, various PRS configuration parameters (e.g., N PRS , T PRS , muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, PRS ID, PRS bandwidth), cell global ID, PRS signal characteristics associated with a directional PRS, and / or other cell-related parameters applicable to OTDOA or some other positioning method. PRS-based positioning by the UE 105 may be facilitated by indicating a serving cell for the UE 105 in the OTDOA assistance data (e.g., the reference cell is indicated as being the serving cell).

[0059] In some aspects, the OTDOA assistance data may also include an "expected reference signal time difference (RSTD)" parameter, which provides the UE with information about the RSTD value that the UE is expected to measure at the UE's current position between the reference cell and each neighboring cell, along with the uncertainty of the expected RSTD parameter. The expected RSTD may define the UE's search interval within which the UE is expected to measure the RSTD value, along with the associated uncertainty. The OTDOA assistance information may also include a PRS configuration information parameter, which enables the UE to determine when PRS positioning occasions occur on signals received from various neighboring cells relative to a PRS positioning occasion for the reference cell, and to determine the PRS sequences transmitted from various cells for measuring signal ToA or RSTD.

[0060] Using the RSTD measurements, the known absolute or relative transmit timing of each cell, and the known locations of the wireless node physical transmit antennas of the reference and neighboring cells, the location of the UE may be calculated (e.g., by the UE 105 or by the LS 160). More specifically, the RSTD of neighboring cell "k" relative to the reference cell "Ref" may be calculated as follows: k -ToA Ref ), where the ToA value may be measured modulo the time length of one subframe (1 ms) to remove the effect of measuring different subframes at different times. The ToA measurements for different cells may then be converted to RSTD measurements and transmitted by the UE 105 to the location server 101. The location of the UE may be determined using (i) the RSTD measurements, (ii) the known absolute or relative transmission timing of each cell, (iii) the known locations of the physical transmit antennas of the reference cell and neighboring cells, and / or (iv) directional PRS characteristics such as direction of transmission.

[0061] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating the receiving components of a UE 600 according to an embodiment. The UE 600 includes multiple Rx chains 610-1, 610-2, 610-3. Although only three Rx chains are shown, the UE may have more or fewer Rx chains, for example, four, eight, or more. When multiple Rx chains are available, the Rx chains may be used for MIMO communication. Another use of multiple Rx chains is to increase signal diversity by receiving and processing the same signal through different Rx chains to achieve signal gain through diversity (e.g., spatial diversity, time diversity, or another form of diversity). Spatial diversity is achieved when signals are transmitted and received through different propagation paths, such as in a multipath propagation scenario. Separate antennas may be used to receive and decode signals as they propagate along different paths. Results of decoding signals using multiple antennas may be combined to improve reception of the signal. Time diversity may involve transmitting multiple instances of the same signal at different times, which helps to mitigate time-varying signal attenuation due to changing environmental conditions that occur, for example, when the UE is moving relative to the source of the signal, when there are obstructions, or when there is intermittent interference. As discussed below, multiple Rx chains may also be used to reduce processing time and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with respect to determining the location of the UE based on the DL-PRS or other types of reference signals.

[0062] Generally, an Rx chain comprises processing components configured to perform signal processing on an Rx signal (e.g., Rx signal 614) from one or more antennas. In the example of FIG. 6, the processing components are arranged in a processing pipeline. For example, each Rx chain 610 may include an antenna 612 and a processing pipeline 620 associated with the antenna 612. The antennas 612 may together form an antenna array and, in some cases, may also be used for transmission purposes. The processing pipeline 620 may include hardware and / or software components configured to perform signal processing on an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal (e.g., PRS) received by an antenna associated with the Rx chain. For example, each processing pipeline 620 may include an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert an analog Rx signal (e.g., Rx signal 614) to a digital signal and a demodulation circuit configured to recover a baseband signal by demodulating the Rx signal using a reference carrier signal. Generally, processing in a processing pipeline involves a series of operations performed in sequence or in stages (e.g., analog-to-digital conversion followed by demodulation, as discussed above). In some cases, processing within an Rx chain may involve operations being performed simultaneously, e.g., some stages may overlap.

[0063] In the example of FIG. 6, each Rx chain is associated with a different antenna. Thus, as shown in FIG. 6, an antenna associated with an Rx chain may be considered to be part of the Rx chain itself. However, this is not necessarily the case in all cases. For example, in some embodiments, a UE may include two or more panels, each panel including two or more receive antennas whose respective Rx signals are combined (e.g., in the analog domain using a summing operation) into a composite Rx signal for processing by an Rx chain associated with the panel. The composite Rx signal may be generated for input to the Rx chain or may be generated as part of the signal processing performed by the Rx chain. For example, the Rx chain may include an analog summing circuit along with other signal processing components such as an analog to digital converter, components for converting the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal to a baseband signal, and the like.

[0064] Further, each processing pipeline 620 may include one or more processing units (e.g., a general-purpose processor or a digital signal processor (DSP)) configured to decode a received signal (e.g., a single Rx signal or a composite Rx signal) or a signal derived therefrom by applying a search interval (e.g., a baseband signal). Although discussed above in the context of RSTD measurement, the search interval may be defined as an interval within which a UE is expected to measure an RSTD value based on an expected RSTD parameter and the uncertainty of the expected RSTD parameter. More generally, the search interval may be any interval within which a UE is expected to perform measurements using a received reference signal. Thus, it is understood that the search interval is not limited to RSTD, but may instead correspond to a period within which a PRS or other reference signal is expected to be processed using one or more Rx chains.

[0065] In some embodiments, the search interval is a period during which a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied by one or more processing units of the Rx chain to samples of the reference signal being decoded. Thus, according to some aspects, the search interval may be an FFT window. For example, if the reference signal is transmitted using OFDM, the reference signal may be time sampled and then transformed into the frequency domain by applying an FFT after the reference signal is downconverted from its RF carrier frequency to a baseband frequency. The results of the FFT may be used to identify the center frequencies of the individual subcarriers and recover the original data stream corresponding to the reference signal.

[0066] The measurement engine 630 is configured to generate one or more measurement results 650 based on the output of the processing pipeline 620. For example, the measurement engine 630 may include one or more processors configured to calculate a TOA or RSTD value based on a time of reception (e.g., according to a local clock of the UE). For example, to measure the TOA, the measurement engine 630 may reconstruct a PRS signal sequence based on an FFT result obtained for a PRS occasion, the PRS occasion encompassing multiple subframes, multiple slots per subframe, and multiple symbols per slot. After reconstructing the PRS signal sequence, the measurement engine 630 may perform a correlation operation by multiplying the reconstructed PRS signal sequence with a complex conjugate of a reference PRS signal sequence associated with a cell ID of the cell from which the PRS signal was transmitted, thereby producing a series of correlation values. The TOA may be determined based on the timing of the peak of the correlation value. The RSTD may be calculated as the difference between the TOA of the PRS signal from the reference cell / base station and the TOA of the PRS signal from a neighboring cell / base station. The measurement engine 630 may perform similar measurements for other types of reference signals. The measurements 650 may include measurements from multiple reference signals of the same type (e.g., a set of measurements 650 derived from two or more PRS signals). Additionally, in some embodiments, the measurement engine 630 may be configured to generate a set of measurements 650 from multiple types of reference signals (e.g., PRS in combination with TRS or DMRS) for use in determining the location of the UE 600. In some embodiments, one or more measurements may be performed locally within the Rx chain 610 (positioning related measurements involving only one reference signal) and transmitted from the Rx chain to the measurement engine 630.

[0067] The measurement engine 630 and / or the Rx chain 610 may also perform other types of positioning related measurements, such as signal power and / or signal quality measurements described above in connection with FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the measurement engine 630 and / or the Rx chain 610 may be configured to perform any combination (e.g., two or more) of TOA measurements, RSTD measurements, RSRP measurements, quality measures (e.g., signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) or RSSI), receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurements (e.g., the time difference between when the PRS is transmitted and when the PRS is received), angle measurements (e.g., AOA or AOD), velocity measurements, Doppler measurements, etc. When performing UE-based positioning, the measurement results 650 generated by the measurement engine 630 may be input to a positioning engine (not shown) local to the UE. The positioning engine may include hardware and / or software configured to calculate a position of the UE according to one or more positioning methods (e.g., DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, Multi-RTT, etc.). The positioning engine may be implemented using one or more processors, which in some implementations may be shared with components of the measurement engine 630 and / or the UE. When performing network-based positioning, the UE may transmit measurement results 650 generated by the measurement engine 630 to a location server, such as the location server 360 of FIG. 3 or the LMF 220 of FIG. 2. Thus, the positioning engine may be local to the location server rather than to the UE.

[0068] Depending on environmental factors such as the movement of the UE 600, the movement of the base station (in case of a mobile base station), weather, physical obstructions, etc., the UE 600 may not be able to use all of its Rx chains 610 to perform measurements based on the received reference signals. Returning to the example of FIG. 3, assume that each antenna 612 of the UE 600 of FIG. 6 receives a separate PRS corresponding to one of the wireless positioning signals 350-1, 350-2, or 350-3. At time T1, the UE may be located closest to the base station 320-1 and outdoors in a relatively unobstructed environment, so that each of the wireless positioning signals 350 is received with little or no attenuation. At time T2, the UE may have moved indoors, so that the wireless positioning signal 350-2 or the wireless positioning signal 350-3 degrades to the point of deep fading, while the wireless positioning signal 350-1 is only slightly attenuated. In this situation, at time T2, the UE may not be able to successfully decode using the Rx chain that receives the deep-faded signal. As a result, the measurement engine 630 may generate fewer measurements than at time T1, which reduces the accuracy of the position determination at time T2 compared to time T1. Thus, which Rx chains may be used to perform measurements may vary depending on the PRS occasion.

[0069] In LTE, a UE is typically configured to use two Rx chains to perform measurements. However, the accuracy requirements in LTE for UE location are lower compared to 5G NR (on the order of a few meters in 5G vs. hundreds of meters in LTE). This increased accuracy requirement in 5G means that in some cases, two Rx chains may not be enough to obtain a sufficiently accurate estimate of the UE's location. This may be the case even if the signals from both Rx chains are not in deep fading. It may therefore be useful for a UE or other device that calculates the UE's location to know how many Rx chains were used to determine the positioning-related measurement results for any given position calculation, since the number of Rx chains used indicates the accuracy of the obtained location fix.

[0070] The hardware capabilities of the UE may be reported to other entities such as a location server and / or base station, and such reports may include the total number of Rx antennas available to the UE. For example, 3GPP TS 37.355 specifies an optional information element "numberOfRXantennas-r14" that may be used to report the total number of Rx antennas, which is the same as the total number of Rx chains if there is a one-to-one association between antennas and Rx chains as in the example of FIG. 6. If used, this optional information element is transmitted at the beginning of a positioning session to inform the entity receiving the report about the capabilities of the UE. The reported capabilities may include, for example, a list of positioning methods supported by the UE. However, the number of Rx chains used to perform positioning related measurements is not conventionally reported. Thus, in a legacy implementation, the UE may initially report that it has four Rx antennas (implying a total of four Rx chains), but the UE may be configured to use only two of the four Rx chains to obtain positioning related measurements, and in some cases, the PRS signal received using one of those two Rx chains may be in a deep fade state, such that measurements are obtained from only one of the two Rx chains.

[0071] Thus, in some aspects, the UE may be configured to determine that a reference signal processed through an Rx chain is in a deep fade state and, based on this determination, prevent the reference signal from being used for location measurements or exclude positioning-related measurements obtained from the reference signal from being used to calculate a location. For example, the UE may determine not to forward measurements derived from the reference signal to a location server. The determination that the reference signal is in a deep fade state may involve determining that the SNR or other indicator of the quality of the reference signal is below a threshold. Additionally, the UE may be configured to report the number of Rx chains used to determine one or more positioning-related measurements (e.g., the number of Rx chains used to obtain TOA and RSTD measurements). This report is illustrated in FIG. 6 as an additional output 660 from the measurement engine 630. The UE may transmit this report (e.g., using a wireless transmitter) to a location server (e.g., LMF), a base station (e.g., gnB), or some other entity with which the UE is communicating. In some embodiments, this reporting may be performed for each PRS or positioning occasion to indicate how many Rx chains were used to determine positioning related measurements during the PRS / positioning occasion.

[0072] The number of Rx chains used may be reported per measurement and / or for a set of measurements (where the set comprises one or more types of positioning-related measurements). For example, the report may include information indicating the total number of Rx chains used for a given measurement or across multiple measurements, the average number of Rx chains used across the measurements, the minimum Rx chains used for any individual measurement among the multiple measurements, etc. As an example, the UE may report a single number (sum, minimum, average, etc.) related to 20 RSTD or Rx-Tx measurements. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may report another number for each individual measurement of the 20 measurements. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the report may include a qualitative indication of how many Rx chains were used. For example, rather than a single numeric value, the UE may indicate that the number of Rx chains used is in a particular range (e.g., 0 to 4 Rx chains, 5 to 10 Rx chains, etc.). As another example, the UE may indicate whether the number of Rx chains used across different measurements is the same. Thus, any information regarding how many Rx chains were used to determine one or more positioning related measurements may be reported.

[0073] Knowledge of the number of Rx chains used to determine the positioning-related measurements may be applied in various ways. As indicated above, the number of Rx chains used indicates the accuracy of the resulting location fix (assuming sufficient positioning-related measurements have been obtained to obtain a location fix). Thus, in some aspects, a location server or other entity that calculates the UE's position (in some cases, the UE itself) may be configured to calculate a geometric dilution of precision (DOP) value or other measure indicative of the accuracy of the resulting location fix or indicative of the measurement's error uncertainty based on the number of Rx chains used to determine the positioning-related measurements. The DOP value or other measure may be communicated to the UE along with the resulting location fix to enable the UE to respond accordingly. For example, the UE may determine that the location fix is ​​sufficiently accurate based on the DOP value. Alternatively, the UE may determine that the location fix is ​​not sufficiently accurate based on the DOP value, in which case the UE may switch to a different positioning method (e.g., a positioning method with another type of reference signal). Other actions may be taken by the UE and / or entities that receive the report on the number of Rx chains used, for example, the UE may request the TRP, base station, or other reference signal source to increase the number of reference signals transmitted to compensate for reference signals that are in deep fading conditions.

[0074] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a resource block (RB) pattern 700 for transmission of a PRS signal. The RB pattern 700 may correspond to a subframe as discussed above with reference to FIG. 4. Resource elements for other types of signals are not illustrated in FIG. 7. However, it is understood that the RBs in FIG. 7 may include resource elements (REs) that do not correspond to a PRS signal. With respect to the frame structure of FIG. 4, a collection of REs used for transmission of a PRS signal is referred to as a "PRS resource." A collection of resource elements may span multiple RBs in the frequency domain and one or more consecutive symbols in a slot in the time domain, within which a pseudorandom quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) sequence is transmitted from a TRP or an antenna port of a base station. Within a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource may occupy consecutive RBs in the frequency domain.

[0075] The transmission of PRS resources in a given RB has a particular comb size (also called "comb density"). The comb size "N" represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of the PRS resource configuration, where the configuration uses every Nth subcarrier of a symbol of the RB. For example, for comb-4, the REs corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (e.g., subcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit the PRS of the PRS resource. In addition, the transmission of PRS resources in a given RB has a particular symbol length corresponding to the number of symbols spanned by the PRS resource. As shown in FIG. 7, two PRS signals are transmitted during symbol period 2 and symbol period 3 using the comb2-symbol2 option. The two PRS signals are labeled PRS ID1 and PRS ID2 and are referred to below as their respective PRS IDs.

[0076] FIG. 7 also illustrates the timing of the two PRS signals relative to a serving cell boundary 710. The serving cell boundary 710 may correspond to a frame boundary and / or a subframe boundary associated with the signals transmitted from the serving cell. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the serving cell boundary 710 may include a symbol boundary. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 5, the UE may determine the timing of the PRS opportunities of the reference cell (the serving cell in the example of FIG. 7) and neighboring cells for OTDOA positioning, for example, based on an assumption that PRS opportunities from different cells overlap. As further discussed above, the UE may determine the PRS ID, cell global ID, and cell-specific subframe offset (Δ PRS ) 515 may receive assistance data comprising PRS configuration parameters.

[0077] In fact, a UE may not receive PRS signals from different cells at the same time, even though those PRS signals may be transmitted at substantially the same time. This may be a result of the cells being at different distances (hence offset 515) from the UE. For example, returning to FIG. 3, the UE 305 may receive a PRS signal (e.g., PRS ID1 in FIG. 7) from base station 320-1 earlier than a PRS signal (e.g., PRS ID2) from base station 320-2 because base station 320-1 is associated with the serving cell and is therefore likely closer to the UE (offset of 0 or closer to 0) than base stations associated with neighboring cells. As shown in FIG. 7, PRS ID1 is aligned in time with the serving cell boundary 710 such that the beginning and end of the symbols for PRS ID1 are aligned with symbol 0 of the serving cell boundary 710. In contrast, PRS ID2 is not aligned with any of the symbols of the serving cell boundary 710 and is delayed with respect to symbol 0 by offset 720.

[0078] A UE receiving PRS ID1 and PRS ID2 may be configured to process signals (voice, data, PRS, etc.) according to the serving cell boundary 710, which may be provided to the UE through assistance data from a location server or in some cases directly from the serving cell. The timing at which the signals are processed (e.g., decoded) by the UE may be determined by the serving cell boundary 710, and in this sense the UE may be considered to be synchronized to the timing of the serving cell. Thus, the UE may expect the symbols of PRS ID1 and PRS ID2 to be aligned with the same symbol (symbol 0) of the serving cell boundary 710. However, as explained above, not all PRS signals may be aligned with a serving cell boundary or a reference cell boundary.

[0079] If the UE attempts to process PRS ID1 and PRS ID2 using the timing of the serving cell, there will be a degradation in the SNR of PRS ID2 that is directly proportional to the amount of time that PRS ID2 is not aligned with the serving cell boundary. As a result, it may not be possible for the UE to fully decode PRS ID2. The degradation in SNR then reduces the performance of the measurement report and, as a result, the accuracy of the obtained location fix. In contrast, since PRS ID1 is aligned with symbol 0, the SNR of PRS ID1 will be maximized, and thus measurements obtained using PRS ID1 are unlikely to contribute to a less accurate location fix. Therefore, it may be beneficial for the UE to process at least some PRS signals according to a timing that is different from the timing of the UE's serving or reference cell.

[0080] According to one aspect, the UE may support one or more methods for configuring the timing at which PRS signals are processed by the UE such that the timing is not constrained according to the timing of the serving cell or the reference cell. Such methods may be used as alternatives to the serving cell timing-based PRS processing described above. As discussed below in conjunction with FIG. 9, in some embodiments, the UE may process multiple PRS signals using different sets of Rx chains, where the PRS signals are received simultaneously (e.g., during at least partially overlapping PRS opportunities). Before beginning the discussion of this processing method, an alternative method for processing PRS signals is described in conjunction with FIG. 8. Furthermore, as described below, the method illustrated in FIG. 8 has drawbacks that make the processing method of FIG. 9 more suitable in some situations.

[0081] FIG. 8 illustrates a round-robin method of PRS processing. According to the method of FIG. 8, PRS signals are processed in sequence, one at a time, using the same Rx chain each time (e.g., a set of Rx chains is associated with two or more antennas). In the simple case of two PRS signals (e.g., PRS ID1 and PRS ID2 as in FIG. 7), the PRS signals are processed in an alternative manner. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, during PRS Opportunity 1, the UE may decode PRS ID1 by aligning a search interval (e.g., FFT window) 810 to PRS ID1. This alignment operates to maximize the energy of the received PRS signal. The UE may align the search interval based on the expected delay of PRS ID1 (in this case, the delay is 0) and / or the expected RSTD of PRS ID1. The expected delay and / or expected RSTD of the PRS signal may be provided to the UE, for example, using PRS configuration information provided by a location server or other entity with knowledge of these expected values. Similarly, in PRS Opportunity 2, the UE may decode PRS ID2 by aligning the search interval 820 to PRS ID2, thereby maximizing the energy of PRS ID2. The decoding in PRS Opportunity 1 may be performed using the same Rx chain as the decoding in PRS Opportunity 2. This process may be repeated during subsequent opportunities to decode both PRS signals in a round robin manner.

[0082] The method of FIG. 8 tends to maximize the SNR of the received PRS signals for all PRS occasions, especially the SNR as measured after performing a correlation procedure against the reference PRS signal. However, because the processing of the PRS signals is performed in a round-robin manner, the overall length of time it takes to obtain measurements from all of the PRS signals (e.g., both PRS ID1 and PRS ID2) increases significantly compared to processing based on the serving cell boundary. Thus, the method of FIG. 8 can result in a large amount of latency in the reporting of the measurement results, depending, for example, on the total number of PRS signals to be measured. As a result, the time required to obtain a location fix may increase. In extreme cases, the reporting of the measurement results may be delayed to the point that the measurement results are out of date (e.g., because the UE has moved to a different location), so that the resulting location fix does not represent the current location of the UE.

[0083] FIG. 9 illustrates a method for processing PRS signals according to an embodiment. The method of FIG. 9 involves distributing Rx chains into different sets, where each set of Rx chains is used to process another PRS signal among a plurality of PRS signals received during at least some overlapping PRS occasions in time. In this manner, multiple PRS signals may be processed simultaneously to reduce processing time. Additionally, each PRS may be processed within a respective search interval to enable maximum SNR for the PRS. For example, as in the process illustrated in FIG. 8, a search interval 910 may be applied to PRS ID1 and another search interval 920 may be applied to PRS ID2. The search interval 910 may be aligned to PRS ID1 to decode PRS ID1 during its respective occasion. Similarly, the search interval 920 may be aligned to decode PRS ID2 during its respective occasion. As described above with respect to FIG. 8, the alignment may be performed based on an expected delay (e.g., based on an expected RSTD).

[0084] In contrast to the round robin method of FIG. 8, where the same set of Rx chains is used at different PRS occasions to process PRS signals one at a time, the method of FIG. 9 allocates a different set of Rx chains to each PRS signal to be processed. The total number of PRS signals that can be processed simultaneously depends on how many Rx chains are available at the UE. As mentioned before, a UE may be equipped with more UEs than required for PRS processing according to conventional methods (e.g., a UE may have four or more Rx chains). Thus, as shown in FIG. 9, PRS ID1 may be processed using a first set of Rx chains (Rx chain set 1) comprising receive chains Rx1 and Rx2, while PRS ID2 may be processed using a second set of Rx chains (Rx chain set 2) comprising receive chains Rx3 and Rx4. For example, Rx1 and Rx2 may each be configured to process a respective Rx signal corresponding to PRS ID1 as received by a corresponding antenna element. Similarly, Rx3 and Rx4 may each be configured to process a respective Rx signal corresponding to PRS ID2 as received by a corresponding antenna element. In one embodiment, each set of Rx chains includes at least two Rx chains. However, in some cases, such as when the PRS signal is transmitted using a Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) protocol, a set of a single Rx chain may be used for PRS processing. Furthermore, as discussed above, an Rx chain may be configured to process a composite Rx signal corresponding to a PRS received by a group of antenna elements. Thus, Rx chain set 1 may comprise an Rx chain associated with an antenna forming a first panel. Similarly, Rx chain set 2 may comprise an Rx chain associated with an antenna forming a second panel separate from the first panel. Additionally, the total number of Rx chains in a set may not be the same across all sets, i.e., some sets may have more Rx chains than other sets.

[0085] The manner in which Rx chains are assigned to different sets may vary depending on the implementation. In some embodiments, the Rx chains are pre-assigned. For example, a UE configured for simultaneous processing of three PRS signals may be configured to use a first pair of Rx chains to process the first PRS, a second pair of Rx chains to process the second PRS, and a third pair of Rx chains to process the third PRS, with the members of each pair of Rx chains being fixed. In another embodiment, each set of Rx chains is dynamically formed by selecting from a pool of available Rx chains. The Rx chains may be assigned based on the spatial location of their Rx antennas, e.g., to minimize interference from PRS signals received by adjacent Rx antennas of other Rx chains. In the example of FIG. 9, the Rx chains are numbered according to the relative location of the corresponding antennas in the antenna array, e.g., the antenna of Rx1 is adjacent to the antenna of Rx2, which is adjacent to the antenna of Rx3, etc. Thus, as shown in FIG. 9, each set of Rx chains may be associated with a contiguous group of antennas. However, this is not always the case. In addition, when the PRS to be processed using a set is weak, as indicated, for example, by a measured SNR below a threshold, a larger number of Rx chains may be assigned to that set. Other methods for assigning Rx chains to different sets are possible.

[0086] The same set of Rx chains may be used to process every occasion of the same PRS, at least until sufficient measurements have been acquired to perform a position estimate or other PRS-based calculation. For example, Rx chain set 1 may be configured to process Rx signals corresponding to each occasion of PRS ID1. Similarly, Rx chain set 2 may be configured to process Rx signals corresponding to each occasion of PRS ID2. Thus, each set of Rx chains may be dedicated to processing a unique PRS. This ensures that different occasions of the same PRS are processed in a consistent manner, since different Rx chains may have different processing delays or other characteristics that may affect the measurement results obtained. This also facilitates measurements being performed across multiple occasions of the same PRS.

[0087] In addition, another benefit of using the same set of Rx chains to process every opportunity of the same PRS is that by maintaining a separate search interval (e.g., FFT window) for the PRS, each PRS can be tracked independently using a respective set of Rx chains. For example, by allocating a first set of Rx chains to a first PRS and allocating a second set of Rx chains to a second PRS having a similar center channel frequency as the first PRS (e.g., frequencies that are 50 Mhz or less different from each other), the first PRS and the second PRS can be tracked more accurately compared to using the same Rx chains for both the first PRS and the second PRS. Although each set of Rx chains can maintain a unique search interval, in some cases, different sets of Rx chains may be tuned to the same center channel frequency. The Rx chains may be tuned to the same center frequency to configure the Rx chains to process Rx signals corresponding to the same PRS. The Rx chains may be tuned to different center frequencies to configure different Rx chains to process Rx signals corresponding to different PRSs. The same center frequency alignment may also be used when multiple TRPs or PRS sources are configured to provide PRS resources that collectively form a positioning frequency layer (PFL). A TRP or PRS source may provide PRS resources for multiple PFLs and therefore transmit using different center frequencies, but PRS resources within the same PFL generally transmit using the same center frequency.

[0088] To ensure that different occasions of the same PRS signal are processed by the same set of Rx chains, each set of Rx chains may be allocated to a different PRS based on the apparent distance of the source of the PRS (e.g., a TRP or a base station). For example, the actual delay Δ PRS , and signals whose measured delays are within a certain range of each other and / or within a certain range of the expected delay (e.g., expected RSTD) specified for a particular PRS may be processed using the same set of Rx chains.

[0089] In the method of Figure 9, processing of other types of signals that may depend on synchronization with a serving or reference cell boundary can still proceed normally, assuming sufficient Rx chains are available for such additional processing. Thus, PRS signals may be processed advantageously without adversely affecting the throughput of decoding of non-PRS signals, while maximizing the SNR of each PRS signal.

[0090] FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a method 1000 for reporting positioning-related measurement results according to an embodiment. The means for performing the functions illustrated in FIG. 10 may be performed by hardware and / or software components of a UE (e.g., one or more processors including a processor of at least one Rx chain in the UE, a processor implementing a measurement engine, or both). In addition to the UE, other functions illustrated in FIG. 10 may be performed by a network entity located remotely from the UE (e.g., a location server or LMF, or another UE), and one or more reference signal transmitters (e.g., TRPs associated with a serving cell and one or more neighboring cells). Exemplary components of a UE are illustrated in FIG. 13, which are described in more detail below.

[0091] At 1002, a UE establishes a positioning session with a network entity, i.e., a session aimed at estimating the location / position of the UE based on positioning-related measurements derived using a reference signal. The positioning session may be initiated by the UE or the network entity. For example, as part of establishing the positioning session at 1002, the UE may transmit a message indicating that the UE wishes to initiate a positioning session (e.g., an LPP session). In general, communication during a communication session, such as a positioning session, may involve one or more transactions, each transaction including a message transmitted from a first endpoint (e.g., a UE) to a second endpoint (e.g., a network entity) and an acknowledgement transmitted from the second endpoint back to the first endpoint after the second endpoint successfully decodes the message from the first endpoint. If the second endpoint cannot decode the message, the second endpoint may not transmit an acknowledgement, which may cause the first endpoint to retransmit the message. For simplicity, acknowledgements and retransmissions are omitted in FIG. 10.

[0092] At 1004, the network entity may send a capability request message to the UE. The capability request message is a message requesting the UE to enumerate the capabilities of the UE. Such capabilities may include hardware resources, software resources, supported positioning methods, etc.

[0093] At 1006, the UE provides its capabilities to a network entity. For example, the UE may transmit a capability provisioning message (e.g., an OTDOA capability provisioning message) including one or more information elements that list the UE's capabilities, such as, for example, the total number of Rx antennas / chains available to the UE. However, as discussed above, the total number of available Rx chains may differ from the total number of Rx chains actually used to perform positioning-related measurements, for example, because the UE is configured to use fewer Rx chains than the total number of available Rx chains and / or because deep fading of the reference signal prevents the UE from using an Rx chain allocated to process a particular reference signal.

[0094] At 1008, the network entity requests location information. The requested location information may include positioning-related measurements that the UE is capable of providing, as indicated by the capabilities listed in the capability provision message at 1006.

[0095] At 1010, reference signals (e.g., PRS signals) are transmitted from multiple sources that can be used to determine positioning-related measurements from which the location of the UE may be calculated according to one or more positioning methods. As illustrated in FIG. 3, such reference signals may be transmitted, for example, from a TRP associated with a serving cell and a TRP associated with a neighboring cell. The reference signals may be broadcast simultaneously, and the amount of time it takes for the UE to receive the reference signal after it is transmitted indicates the distance between the UE and the transmitter of the reference signal. The reference signals transmitted at 1010 may be periodically repeated, for example, each reference signal may be repeated at a fixed interval.

[0096] At 1012, the UE receives at least one of the reference signals transmitted at 1010 during a positioning session. The UE then determines one or more positioning-related measurements by processing the at least one reference signal using one or more Rx chains. The one or more positioning-related measurements may include, for example, a TOA measurement, an RSTD measurement, an RSRP measurement, a quality measure (e.g., SINR or RSSI), an Rx-Tx measurement, an angle measurement, a velocity measurement, a Doppler measurement, or any combination thereof. In general, positioning-related measurements derived from multiple reference signals are used together to calculate a location (e.g., through triangulation). Thus, whether a location can be calculated depends on how many positioning-related measurements are determined. As indicated above, an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a particular reference signal may be processed using another set of Rx chains. Thus, if multiple reference signals are received at 1012, each of the reference signals may be processed using a different set of Rx chains. In some instances, the processing of the at least one reference signal at 1012 may involve the use of assistance data. Thus, at some point during the positioning session prior to 1012, the UE may send a Request Assistance Data message to a network entity, which may respond with a Provide Assistance Data message. The contents of the Provide Assistance Data message may include, for example, one or more expected RSTD values.

[0097] At 1014, the UE provides location information to a network entity. The location information provided by the UE may be provided in the form of a location information message that stores a report including one or more positioning-related measurement results determined at 1012. The report may also include information regarding how many Rx chains were used to determine one or more positioning-related measurement results. This information may be used to determine a level of confidence in the correctness of the positioning-related measurement results. The more Rx chains used, the higher the confidence and therefore the accuracy of the resulting location calculated using the positioning-related measurement results. Examples of information that may be included in the report include, but are not limited to, the total number of Rx chains used to determine the multiple positioning-related measurement results, the total number of Rx chains used to determine each individual positioning-related measurement result among the multiple positioning-related measurement results, the average number of Rx chains used across the multiple positioning-related measurement results, and / or the lowest number of Rx chains used to determine any individual positioning-related measurement result among the multiple positioning-related measurement results. Additionally, in some instances, the report may specify which specific Rx chains and / or associated antenna elements were used. Thus, the report may include, instead of or in addition to the types of information mentioned above, information identifying which Rx chains in the UE were used to determine the positioning related measurement results of the first PRS (each Rx chain may be assigned a number or other unique identifier), which antenna elements provided the Rx signals or composite Rx signals that were processed to determine the positioning related measurement results of the first PRS, and / or other information indicative of the actual usage of the Rx chains and their associated components in determining the positioning related measurement results.

[0098] At 1016, the network entity calculates the location of the UE using the location information provided at 1014, assuming a sufficient number of positioning-related measurements were provided as part of the location information. The calculation by the network entity may take into account information about how many Rx chains were used, as reported at 1014. For example, the network entity may determine a geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) metric or other metric indicative of the degree of uncertainty in the calculated location. Alternatively, in some instances, the location and / or uncertainty metric may be calculated by the UE itself.

[0099] After calculating the UE's location at 1016, the network entity may communicate the calculated location to the UE, possibly together with the GDOP or other measure indicating the degree of uncertainty of the calculated location. Additionally, the UE and / or the network entity may act based on the calculated location, the GDOP / other measure, and / or information regarding how many Rx chains were used. For example, the UE may, in response to the GDOP being below a threshold, switch to a different positioning method, reconfigure itself to process additional reference signals (e.g., by allocating additional Rx chains for determining one or more positioning-related measurement results for another instance of receiving at least one reference signal), or request additional reference signals from a reference signal transmitter.

[0100] Figure 11 is a flow diagram of a method 1100 for performing positioning-related measurements using multiple Rx chains, according to an embodiment. The means for performing the functions illustrated in Figure 11 may be performed by hardware and / or software components of a UE (e.g., processors of at least two Rx chains in the UE, a processor implementing a measurement engine, or both). Although described with respect to PRS signals, the method of Figure 11 may be used to generate positioning-related measurements from other types of reference signals that overlap in time.

[0101] At 1102, a first PRS is received from a first transmitter device using a first set of antenna elements of the UE during a first PRS opportunity. The first set of antenna elements typically includes at least two Rx antennas, but in some cases may include only one Rx antenna. The first transmitter device may be any PRS source (e.g., a base station or a TRP) within range of the first set of antenna elements. For example, the first PRS may be a signal periodically broadcast by a TRP associated with a current serving cell of the UE.

[0102] At 1104, a second PRS is received from a second transmitter device using a second set of antenna elements of the UE during a second PRS opportunity. The first set of antenna elements is separate from the second set of antenna elements. Each antenna element in both the first set of antenna elements and the second set of antenna elements is associated with an Rx chain. The Rx chain associated with any particular antenna element is configured to process an Rx signal corresponding to a PRS received by a single antenna element (e.g., as shown in the example of FIG. 6) or is configured to process a combined Rx signal corresponding to a PRS received by a group of antenna elements (e.g., when the first set of antenna elements or the second set of antenna elements form a receive panel).

[0103] The source of the first PRS at 1102 and the source of the second PRS at 1104 may be two transmitter devices at different locations. For example, if the source of the first PRS is a TRP associated with a serving cell, the source of the second TRS may be a TRP associated with a neighboring cell. Both PRS sources may be configured to transmit their respective PRS around the same time, i.e., substantially simultaneously. Because the PRS sources are at different locations, the first PRS and the second PRS may arrive at the UE at different times. However, the first PRS opportunity may at least partially overlap with the second PRS opportunity, such that the first PRS and the second PRS may be received simultaneously.

[0104] At 1106, the UE may process the first PRS using one or more Rx chains associated with the first set of antenna elements. Specifically, the Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS may be processed using one or more Rx chains associated with the first set of antenna elements (e.g., Rx1 and Rx2 in the example of FIG. 9). Similarly, at 1106, the UE may process the Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS using one or more Rx chains associated with the second set of antenna elements (e.g., Rx3 and Rx4). The processing at 1106 may involve aligning another search interval with each PRS. As discussed above, the alignment may be based on the expected delay (e.g., expected RSTD) of each PRS. In some embodiments, the search interval is an FFT window that determines which time samples of the PRS signal undergo a Fourier transform. When a first PRS and a second PRS are received simultaneously and processed using different sets of Rx chains, the processing of the first PRS and the processing of the second PRS may occur in parallel, however, the Rx chain processing the first PRS may output results at a different time than the Rx chain processing the second PRS.

[0105] At 1108, positioning-related measurement results are determined using (i) the results of processing the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS and (ii) the results of processing the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS. The positioning-related measurement results determined at 1108 may include any of the types of measurement-related measurement results described above, such as TOA measurement results, RSTD measurement results, RSRP measurement results, quality measures (e.g., SINR or RSSI), Rx-Tx measurement results, angle measurement results, velocity measurement results, Doppler measurement results, or any combination thereof. For example, the positioning-related measurement results determined at 1108 may include TOA measurement results and RSTD measurement results for each of the first PRS and the second PRS. Once the positioning-related measurement results are determined, the positioning-related measurement results may be reported to a network entity (e.g., a location server) for calculation of the location of the UE by the network entity. Alternatively, the positioning-related measurement results may be processed locally to calculate the location of the UE using one or more processing units of the UE. Therefore, the method of FIG. 11 is applicable to UE-based positioning methods as well as UE-assisted positioning methods.

[0106] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of a method 1200 for allocating Rx chains, according to an embodiment. The means for performing the functions illustrated in FIG. 12 may be performed by hardware and / or software components of a UE (e.g., processors of at least two Rx chains in the UE, a processor implementing a measurement engine, or both). Although described with respect to a PRS, the method of FIG. 12 may be used to generate positioning-related measurements from other types of reference signals that overlap in time. The method of FIG. 12 may be performed to allocate Rx chains for use in performing any of the Rx chain-related operations described herein, including the operations described above with respect to FIG. 10 and FIG. 11.

[0107] At 1202, the Rx chains of the UE are allocated to process Rx signals or composite Rx signals corresponding to PRSs (e.g., a first PRS and a second PRS) transmitted by one or more sources. In normal use, at least two Rx chains are initially allocated. However, depending on the configuration of the UE, only one Rx chain may be initially allocated. For example, some UEs may be configured to perform processing using a single Rx chain to save power or reduce computational resources during certain operating conditions (e.g., low power or sleep mode). Furthermore, the number of Rx chains allocated at 1202 may depend on the usage scenario, and the number may vary among different types of UEs. For example, an IoT device may be configured to use fewer Rx chains than a smartphone or a car navigation system.

[0108] Each Rx chain allocated at 1202 may be configured to process an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a PRS. As discussed above, antennas may be arranged to form a receive panel such that Rx signals from multiple antennas in the receive panel are combined for processing by the Rx chain. Alternatively, an Rx chain may be configured to process an Rx signal from a single antenna. Thus, each allocated Rx chain is associated with one or more antennas. As part of the allocation at 1202, an individual Rx chain may be allocated to each PRS. For example, if a UE is equipped with eight Rx chains and there are two PRSs to be processed, the UE may select two Rx chains for use in processing an Rx signal corresponding to a first PRS and another two Rx chains for use in processing an Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS. In some cases, the UE may be configured to allocate the same set of Rx chains to process different PRSs, such that there is a partial or complete overlap between the Rx chains allocated for use in processing the Rx signals of a first PRS and the Rx chains allocated for use in processing the Rx signals of a second PRS.

[0109] At 1204, the Rx signals are processed using the Rx chains allocated at 1202 to determine one or more positioning related measurement results for each PRS. This processing may involve any of the various operations previously described, including baseband conversion, analog-to-digital conversion, application of a Fourier transform, etc. Generally, the same type of measurement result is determined for each PRS (e.g., an RSTD or RSRP measurement result for a first PRS and another RSTD or RSTP measurement result for a second PRS). However, in some instances, the UE may determine different types of measurement results for different PRSs.

[0110] At 1206, the UE may optionally generate a report indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results at 1204. The reporting may be performed, for example, according to the method shown in FIG.

[0111] At 1208, a determination is made that the number of Rx chains allocated to one or more of the PRSs should be adjusted (increased or decreased) based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. The conditions may be conditions defined in the UE's configuration, e.g., programmed into the UE's memory or hardwired into a processing component such as the measurement engine 630 of FIG. 6. In some cases, the conditions may be provided to the UE through wireless communication, e.g., from a network entity that received the report at 1206, or from some other entity configured to estimate the UE's location using the measurement results determined at 1204. Thus, the conditions may be either fixed or reconfigurable. The conditions may include performance-related conditions, such as the accuracy of the location estimate obtained using the measurement results determined at 1204. The conditions may also relate to the current operating state of the UE. For example, the UE may be configured to reduce the total number of allocated Rx chains when the UE's battery level falls below a certain value. As another example, the UE may be configured to increase the total number of allocated Rx chains when higher positioning accuracy is required. For example, the UE may determine that location accuracy will be improved by using a separate Rx chain for the first PRS than is used for the second PRS because the center channel frequency of the first PRS is close to or similar to (e.g., within a threshold frequency range from) the center channel frequency of the second PRS.

[0112] The determination at 1208 results in a decision to reallocate the Rx chains that the UE comprises. For example, if the same set of Rx chains was initially assigned to both the first PRS and the second PRS at 1202, one possible outcome of the determination at 1208 is that another set of Rx chains should be assigned to the second PRS such that Rx signals corresponding to subsequent occasions of the second PRS are processed using another set of Rx chains (e.g., the two Rx chains not currently in use), while the initial set of Rx chains is used to process Rx signals corresponding to subsequent occasions of the first PRS. Thus, the UE may switch between using another set of Rx chains for different PRSs and using the same set of Rx chains. Alternatively, the UE may be configured to always use another set of Rx chains for different PRSs, although the number of Rx chains assigned to a given PRS may change during the course of operation of the UE. For example, the determination at 1208 may result in a decision to allocate more Rx chains to the first PRS while keeping the number of Rx chains for the second PRS the same.

[0113] At 1210, the Rx chains of the UE are reallocated according to the results of the determination at 1208. The reallocation at 1210 may involve changing which Rx chains are assigned to at least one of the PRSs. As part of reallocating the RX chains, the UE may configure or reconfigure the Rx chains for use with a particular PRS. For example, the search space used by an Rx chain newly assigned to a first PRS may be updated to correspond to an interval that is aligned with the next opportunity for the first PRS. As another example, the UE may update the center channel frequency used by the Rx chain to match the center channel frequency of the PRS to which the Rx chain is assigned.

[0114] At 1212, the Rx signals corresponding to the subsequent opportunities of the PRS are processed using the reallocated Rx chain. Thus, the Rx chain now assigned to the first PRS may process one or more Rx signals or composite Rx signals corresponding to the subsequent opportunities of the first PRS. Similarly, the Rx chain now assigned to the second PRS may process one or more Rx signals or composite Rx signals corresponding to the subsequent opportunities of the second PRS, which at least partially overlap with the subsequent opportunities of the first PRS (e.g., the scenario illustrated in FIG. 7). The resulting positioning-related measurement results may then be used by the UE to estimate the location of the UE or transmitted to another entity that estimates the location of the UE based on the positioning-related measurement results.

[0115] FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a UE 1302 that may be utilized as described herein above. For example, the UE 1302 may perform one or more of the functions of the methods illustrated in FIG. 10 or FIG. 11. The UE 1302 may also implement one or more of the UEs described above (e.g., the UE 105 of FIG. 1, the UE 305 of FIG. 3, and / or the UE 600 of FIG. 6). It should be noted that FIG. 13 is only intended to provide a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate. It may be noted that in some instances, the components illustrated by FIG. 13 may be localized in a single physical device and / or distributed among various networked devices that may be disposed in different physical locations. Additionally, as previously noted, the functions of the UE discussed in the previously described embodiments may be performed by one or more of the hardware and / or software components illustrated in FIG. 13.

[0116] A UE 1302 is shown comprising hardware elements that may be electrically coupled (or in some cases in communication as appropriate) via a bus 1305. The hardware elements may include a processing unit 1310, which may include, but is not limited to, one or more general-purpose processors, one or more special-purpose processors (such as digital signal processor (DSP) chips, graphics acceleration processors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.), and / or other processing structures or means. As shown in FIG. 13, some embodiments may have a separate DSP 1320 depending on the desired functionality. Position determination and / or other determinations based on wireless communication may be performed in the processing unit 1310 and / or in a wireless communication interface 1330 (discussed below). The UE 1302 may also include one or more input devices 1370, which may include, but is not limited to, one or more keyboards, touch screens, touch pads, microphones, buttons, dials, switches, etc., and one or more output devices 1315, which may include, but is not limited to, one or more displays (e.g., touch screens), light emitting diodes (LEDs), speakers, etc.

[0117] The UE 1302 may also include a wireless communication interface 1330, which may comprise, but is not limited to, a modem, a network card, an infrared communication device, a wireless communication device, and / or a chipset (such as a Bluetooth device, an IEEE 802.11 device, an IEEE 802.15.4 device, a Wi-Fi device, a WiMAX device, a WAN device, and / or various cellular devices), and the like, which may enable the UE 1302 to communicate with other devices as described above in this embodiment. As described herein, the wireless communication interface 1330 may enable data and signaling to be communicated (e.g., transmitted and received) with the TRP of the network, for example, via an eNB, a gNB, an ng-eNB, an access point, various base stations, and / or other access node types, and / or other network components, computer systems, and / or any other electronic devices communicatively coupled to the TRP. The communication may be performed via one or more wireless communication antennas 1332 that send and / or receive wireless signals 1334. According to some embodiments, the wireless communication antenna 1332 may comprise multiple individual antennas, an antenna array, or any combination thereof.

[0118] Depending on the desired functionality, the wireless communication interface 1330 may comprise separate receivers and transmitters, or any combination of transceivers, transmitters, and / or receivers, for communicating with base stations (e.g., ng-eNBs and gNBs) and other terrestrial transceivers, such as wireless devices and access points. The UE 1302 may communicate with different data networks, which may comprise a variety of network types. For example, a wireless wide area network (WWAN) may be a CDMA network, a time division multiple access (TDMA) network, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) network, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) network, a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) network, a WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) network, etc. The CDMA network may implement one or more RATs, such as CDMA2000, WCDMA, etc. CDMA2000 includes IS-95, IS-2000, and / or IS-856 standards. The TDMA network may implement GSM, Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS), or some other RAT. The OFDMA network may employ LTE, LTE Advanced, 5G NR, etc. 5G NR, LTE, LTE Advanced, GSM, and WCDMA are described in documents from 3GPP. Cdma2000 is described in documents from an organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 4" (3GPP2). 3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available. The wireless local area network (WLAN) may also be an IEEE 802.11x network, and the wireless personal area network (WPAN) may be a Bluetooth network, an IEEE 802.15x, or some other type of network. The techniques described herein may also be used for any combination of WWAN, WLAN, and / or WPAN.

[0119] The UE 1302 may further include sensors 1340. The sensors 1340 may comprise, but are not limited to, one or more inertial sensors and / or other sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, cameras, magnetometers, altimeters, microphones, proximity sensors, light sensors, barometers, etc.), some of which may be used to obtain location-related measurements and / or other information.

[0120] An embodiment of the UE 1302 may also include a GNSS receiver 1380 capable of receiving signals 1384 from one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites using an antenna 1382 (which may be the same as the antenna 1332). Positioning based on GNSS signal measurements may be utilized to complement and / or incorporate the techniques described herein. The GNSS receiver 1380 may use conventional techniques to extract a location of the UE 1302 from GNSS satellites of GNSS systems such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo, GLONASS, Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) over Japan, Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) over India, and Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) over China. Moreover, the GNSS receiver 1380 may be used with various augmentation systems (e.g., Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)) that may be associated with or in some cases enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems, such as, for example, the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), and the Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN).

[0121] It may be noted that although the GNSS receiver 1380 is shown in FIG. 13 as a separate component, the embodiment is not so limited. The term “GNSS receiver” as used herein may comprise hardware and / or software components configured to obtain GNSS measurements (measurements from GNSS satellites). Thus, in some embodiments, the GNSS receiver may comprise a measurement engine executed (as software) by one or more processing units, such as the processing unit 1310, the DSP 1320, and / or a processing unit (e.g., in a modem) in the wireless communication interface 1330. The GNSS receiver may also optionally include a positioning engine, which may use GNSS measurements from the measurement engine to determine the location of the GNSS receiver using an extended Kalman filter (EKF), weighted least squares (WLS), a hatch filter, a particle filter, etc. The positioning engine may also be executed by one or more processing units, such as the processing unit 1310 or the DSP 1320.

[0122] The UE 1302 may further include and / or be in communication with a memory 1360. The memory 1360 may include, but is not limited to, local and / or network accessible storage, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices such as random access memory (RAM) and / or read-only memory (ROM) that may be programmable, flash updatable, etc. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data store, including, but not limited to, various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0123] The memory 1360 of the UE 1302 may also comprise software elements (not shown in FIG. 13 ), including other code, such as an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or one or more application programs, which may comprise computer programs provided by various embodiments as described herein and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems provided by other embodiments. By way of example only, one or more procedures described with respect to the methods discussed above may be implemented as code and / or instructions in the memory 1360 executable by the UE 1302 (and / or the processing unit 1310 or DSP 1320 within the UE 1302). In certain aspects, such code and / or instructions may then be used to configure and / or adapt a general-purpose computer (or other device) to perform one or more operations in accordance with the described methods.

[0124] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantial modifications may be made according to specific requirements. For example, customized hardware may also be used and / or particular elements may be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software such as applets), or both. Furthermore, connection to other computing devices, such as network input / output devices, may be utilized.

[0125] With reference to the accompanying figures, components that may include memory may include non-transitory machine-readable media. As used herein, the terms "machine-readable medium" and "computer-readable medium" refer to any storage medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a specific manner. In the embodiments provided above, various machine-readable media may participate in providing instructions / code to a processing unit and / or other devices for execution. Additionally or alternatively, machine-readable media may be used to store and / or transport such instructions / code. In many implementations, the computer-readable medium is a physical and / or tangible storage medium. Such media may take many forms, including but not limited to non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, magnetic media and / or optical media, any other physical media with a pattern of holes, RAM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described below, or any other medium from which a computer can read instructions and / or code.

[0126] The methods, systems, and devices discussed herein are examples. Various embodiments may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For example, features described with respect to some embodiments may be combined in various other embodiments. Different aspects and elements of the embodiments may be combined in a similar manner. Various components of the diagrams provided herein may be embodied in hardware and / or software. Also, technology evolves, and thus many of the elements are examples that do not limit the scope of the disclosure to those specific examples.

[0127] It has proven convenient at times, primarily for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, information, values, elements, symbols, characters, variables, terms, numbers, numeric values, or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless otherwise indicated, and as is apparent from the above description, throughout this specification, descriptions utilizing terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "determining," "identifying," "associating," "measuring," "performing," and the like, are understood to refer to the actions or processes of a particular apparatus, such as a special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device. Thus, in the context of this specification, a special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device is capable of manipulating or transforming signals that are typically represented as physical electronic, electrical, or magnetic quantities in the memory, registers, or other information storage, transmission, or display devices of the special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device.

[0128] The terms "and" and "or" as used herein may include various meanings that are expected to depend at least in part on the context in which such terms are used. Typically, "or," when used to link an enumeration such as A, B, or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, which are used herein in an inclusive sense, as well as A, B, or C, which are used herein in an exclusive sense. In addition, the term "one or more" as used herein may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular, or may be used to describe any combination of features, structures, or characteristics. However, it should be noted that this is merely an illustrative example, and claimed subject matter is not limited to this example. Furthermore, the term "at least one of," when used to link an enumeration such as A, B, or C, may be interpreted to mean any combination of A, B, and / or C, such as A, AB, AA, AAB, AABBCCC, etc.

[0129] Although several embodiments have been described, various modifications, alternative configurations, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. For example, the above elements may simply be components of a larger system, and other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the various embodiments. Also, some steps may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Thus, the above description does not limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0130] In light of this description, embodiments may include different combinations of features. Example implementations are described in the following numbered clauses. Clause 1. A method for reporting resources used for determining positioning related measurement results, the method comprising the steps of: performing, by a user equipment (UE), determining one or more positioning related measurement results of a reference signal using one or more receive (Rx) chains, each Rx chain processing an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a single antenna element or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a group of antenna elements; and reporting to a network entity the one or more positioning related measurement results and information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning related measurement results. Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the one or more positioning related measurements include a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) measurement, a received signal strength indication (RSSI) measurement, a quality metric, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, an angle measurement, a velocity measurement, a Doppler measurement, or a combination thereof. Clause 3. The method of clause 1 or 2, wherein the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine one or more positioning-related measurement results comprises an indication of at least one of a total number of Rx chains used to determine the plurality of positioning-related measurement results, a total number of Rx chains used to determine an individual positioning-related measurement result among the plurality of positioning-related measurement results, an average number of Rx chains used across the plurality of positioning-related measurement results, or a minimum number of Rx chains used to determine any individual positioning-related measurement result among the plurality of positioning-related measurement results. Clause 4. Any of the methods of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the information indicative of the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning related measurement results identifies at least one of which Rx chains were used to determine the one or more positioning related measurement results or which antenna elements provided the processed Rx signals or the composite Rx signals. Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, further comprising determining accuracy of the one or more positioning-related measurement results based on information indicating a number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results. Clause 6. The method of clause 5, further comprising the step of requesting transmission of an additional reference signal based on the accuracy being below a threshold. Clause 7. The method of clause 5 or 6, further comprising the steps of calculating a location of the UE using one or more positioning related measurements in combination with positioning related measurements of the additional reference signal according to the first positioning method, and switching to a second positioning method based on the accuracy being below a threshold. Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, further comprising the steps of allocating a first Rx chain to process an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal or a composite Rx signal, and allocating a second Rx chain to process an Rx signal corresponding to a second reference signal or a composite Rx signal, the second Rx chain being separate from the first Rx chain. Clause 9. The method of clause 8, wherein the first Rx chain and the second Rx chain are allocated based on determining that the reference signal and the second reference signal have similar center channel frequencies. Clause 10. The method of clause 8 or 9, further comprising the steps of processing an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to the second reference signal using a second Rx chain, and determining one or more positioning related measurement results of the second reference signal using an output of the second Rx chain. Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, further comprising the step of reporting a total number of Rx chains available to the UE before receiving the reference signal, the total number of Rx chains being used to determine that one or more positioning related measurement results are less than the total number of Rx chains available to the UE. Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein the step of reporting a total number of Rx chains available to the UE comprises the step of sending a capability message to the network entity, and the step of reporting information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine one or more positioning related measurement results comprises the step of sending a Location Information message to the network entity. Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the step of determining one or more positioning related measurement results comprises converting an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a first antenna element into a baseband signal, and performing digital signal processing on the baseband signal using an Rx chain associated with the first antenna element, the digital signal processing including a fast Fourier transform. Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the step of determining one or more positioning related measurements comprises converting a composite Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by the first group of antenna elements into a baseband signal, and performing digital signal processing on the baseband signal using an Rx chain associated with the first group of antenna elements, the digital signal processing comprising a fast Fourier transform. Clause 15. A device comprising: a plurality of antenna elements; a plurality of receive (Rx) chains including one or more Rx chains each configured to process an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a single antenna element among the plurality of antenna elements or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a group of antenna elements among the plurality of antenna elements; one or more processors configured to determine one or more positioning-related measurement results of the reference signal using output from the one or more Rx chains; and a wireless transmitter configured to report to a network entity the one or more positioning-related measurement results and information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results. Clause 16. The device of clause 15, wherein the one or more positioning related measurements include a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) measurement, a received signal strength indication (RSSI) measurement, a quality metric, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, an angle measurement, a velocity measurement, a Doppler measurement, or any combination thereof. Clause 17. The device of clause 15 or 16, wherein the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine one or more positioning related measurement results comprises an indication of at least one of a total number of Rx chains used to determine the plurality of positioning related measurement results, a total number of Rx chains used to determine an individual positioning related measurement result among the plurality of positioning related measurement results, an average number of Rx chains used across the plurality of positioning related measurement results, or a minimum number of Rx chains used to determine any individual positioning related measurement result among the plurality of positioning related measurement results. Clause 18. The device of any of clauses 15 to 17, wherein the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results identifies at least one of which Rx chains were used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results or which antenna elements provided the processed Rx signals or the composite Rx signals. Clause 19. The device of any of clauses 15 to 18, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine accuracy of the one or more positioning-related measurements based on information indicating a number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurements. Clause 20. The device of clause 19, wherein the device is configured to request transmission of an additional reference signal based on the accuracy being below a threshold. Clause 21. The device of clause 19 or 20, wherein the one or more processors are configured to calculate a location of the device using the one or more positioning-related measurements in combination with the positioning-related measurements of the additional reference signal according to the first positioning method, and to switch to the second positioning method based on the accuracy being below a threshold. Clause 22. The device of any of clauses 15 to 21, wherein the one or more processors are configured to allocate a first Rx chain for processing an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal or a composite Rx signal, and allocate a second Rx chain for processing an Rx signal corresponding to a second reference signal or a composite Rx signal, the second Rx chain being separate from the first Rx chain. Clause 23. The device of clause 22, wherein the one or more processors are configured to allocate the first Rx chain and the second Rx chain based on determining that the reference signal and the second reference signal have similar center channel frequencies. Clause 24. The device of clause 22 or 23, wherein the one or more processors are configured to process an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to the second reference signal using a second Rx chain and to determine one or more positioning related measurement results of the second reference signal using an output of the second Rx chain. Clause 25. The device of any of clauses 15 to 24, wherein the wireless transmitter is configured to report a total number of Rx chains available to the device before the reference signal is received, and the total number of Rx chains is used to determine that one or more positioning-related measurement results are less than the total number of Rx chains available to the device. Clause 26. The device of clause 25, wherein the wireless transmitter is configured to send a capabilities message to the network entity to report a total number of Rx chains available to the device, and wherein the wireless transmitter is configured to send a location information message to the network entity to report information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine one or more positioning-related measurement results. Clause 27. The device of any of clauses 15 to 26, wherein the plurality of Rx chains includes a first Rx chain configured to convert an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a first antenna element to a baseband signal and perform digital signal processing on the baseband signal, the digital signal processing including a fast Fourier transform. Clause 28. The device of any of clauses 15 to 26, wherein the plurality of Rx chains includes a first Rx chain configured to convert a composite Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by the first group of antenna elements to a baseband signal and to perform digital signal processing on the baseband signal, the digital signal processing including a fast Fourier transform. Clause 29. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to determine one or more positioning-related measurement results of a reference signal using one or more receive (Rx) chains, each Rx chain configured to process an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a single antenna element and a composite Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a group of antenna elements, and report to a network entity the one or more positioning-related measurement results and information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results. Clause 30. A device comprising: a plurality of antenna elements; a plurality of receive (Rx) chains including one or more Rx chains each configured to process an Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a single antenna element among the plurality of antenna elements or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a group of antenna elements among the plurality of antenna elements; means for determining one or more positioning-related measurement results of the reference signal using output from the one or more Rx chains; and means for reporting to a network entity the one or more positioning-related measurement results and information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results. Clause 31. A method for determining positioning related measurement results using multiple receive (Rx) chains in a user equipment (UE), comprising: performing, by the UE, processing an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a first positioning reference signal (PRS) using an Rx chain associated with a first set of antenna elements; processing an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS using an Rx chain associated with a second set of antenna elements distinct from the first set of antenna elements, where the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS is generated during a first PRS occasion and the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS is generated during a second PRS occasion that at least partially overlaps with the first PRS occasion; and determining positioning related measurement results using (i) a result of the processing of the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS, and (ii) a result of the processing of the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS. Clause 32. The method of clause 31, further comprising the steps of receiving timing information associated with a serving cell or a reference cell, the timing information indicating a symbol boundary; aligning a first Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window to a first PRS opportunity using an Rx chain associated with a first set of antenna elements; aligning a second FFT window to a second PRS opportunity using an Rx chain associated with a second set of antenna elements, the first FFT window and the second FFT window being aligned independent of a symbol boundary; and performing the first FFT using the first FFT window in parallel with performing the second FFT using the second FFT window. Clause 33. The method of clauses 31 or 32, wherein the first PRS opportunity is aligned with a first symbol boundary and the second PRS opportunity overlaps in time with the first PRS opportunity and is not aligned with either symbol boundary. Clause 34. The method of clause 32 or 33, wherein aligning the first FFT window to the first PRS opportunity comprises receiving assistance data indicating an expected time delay of the first PRS opportunity relative to a symbol boundary, and determining a start of the first FFT window based on the expected time delay indicated by the assistance data. Clause 35. The method of clause 34, wherein the assistance data is received from a gNodeB base station or a Location Management Function (LMF). Clause 36. The method of clause 34 or 35, wherein the expected time delay is received as an expected reference signal time difference (RSTD) associated with a transmitter device transmitting the first PRS. Clause 37. The method of any of clauses 31 to 36, further comprising configuring the Rx chain such that an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a subsequent opportunity of the first PRS is processed by the Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements and is not processed by the Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements. Clause 38. The method of any of clauses 31 to 37, wherein the first PRS and the second PRS are from transmitting / receiving points (TRPs) located at different distances from the UE. Clause 39. The method of any of clauses 31 to 38, wherein the first PRS is from a serving cell and the second PRS is from a neighboring cell. Clause 40. The method of any of clauses 31 to 39, further comprising the steps of: processing another Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS using an additional Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements; and processing another Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS using an additional Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements. Clause 41. The method of any of clauses 31 to 40, further comprising: determining that the first PRS and the second PRS have similar center channel frequencies; and, in response to determining that the first PRS and the second PRS have similar center channel frequencies, allocating separate Rx chains to the first PRS and the second PRS. Clause 42. A device comprising: a first set of antenna elements configured to generate an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a positioning reference signal (PRS) during a first PRS opportunity; a second set of antenna elements configured to generate an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS during a second PRS opportunity that at least partially overlaps with the first PRS opportunity; a plurality of Rx chains including a receive (Rx) chain associated with the first set of antenna elements and configured to process the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS, and an Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements and configured to process the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS; and one or more processors configured to determine positioning-related measurement results using (i) results generated by the Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements based on processing the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS, and (ii) results generated by the Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements based on processing the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS. Clause 43. The device of clause 42, wherein the device is configured to receive timing information associated with a serving cell or a reference cell, the timing information indicating a symbol boundary, an Rx chain associated with a first set of antenna elements configured to align a first Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window to a first PRS opportunity independent of a symbol boundary and further configured to perform a first FFT using the first FFT window, and an Rx chain associated with a second set of antenna elements configured to align a second FFT window to a second PRS opportunity independent of a symbol boundary and further configured to perform a second FFT using the second FFT window in parallel with the performance of the first FFT by the Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements. Clause 44. The device of clause 42 or 43, wherein the first PRS opportunity is aligned with a first symbol boundary and the second PRS opportunity overlaps in time with the first PRS opportunity and is not aligned with either symbol boundary. Clause 45. The device of clause 43 or 44, wherein the device is configured to receive assistance data indicating an expected time delay of the first PRS opportunity relative to a symbol boundary, and wherein, to align the first FFT window to the first PRS opportunity, the device is configured to determine a start of the first FFT window based on the expected time delay indicated by the assistance data. Clause 46. The device of clause 45, wherein the assistance data is received from a gNodeB base station or a Location Management Function (LMF). Clause 47. The device of clause 45 or 46, wherein the device is configured to receive an expected time delay as an expected reference signal time difference (RSTD) associated with a transmitter device transmitting the first PRS. Clause 48. The device of any of clauses 42 to 47, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause an Rx signal or a combined Rx signal corresponding to a subsequent opportunity of the first PRS to be processed by an Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements and not processed by an Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements. Clause 49. The device of any of clauses 42 to 48, wherein the transmitter devices are transmitting / receiving points (TRPs) located at different distances from the device. Clause 50. The device of any of clauses 42 to 49, wherein the first PRS is received from a serving cell and the second PRS is received from a neighboring cell. Clause 51. The device of any of clauses 42 to 50, wherein a plurality of Rx chains are associated with a first set of antenna elements and each configured to process a separate Rx signal or a combined Rx signal corresponding to a first PRS, and a plurality of Rx chains are associated with a second set of antenna elements and each configured to process a separate Rx signal or a combined Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS. Clause 52. The device of any of clauses 42 to 51, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine that the first PRS and the second PRS have similar center channel frequencies, and in response to determining that the first PRS and the second PRS have similar center channel frequencies, allocate separate Rx chains to the first PRS and the second PRS. Clause 53. A positioning reference signal (PRS) system comprising: a first set of antenna elements configured to generate an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a first PRS during a first PRS opportunity; a second set of antenna elements configured to generate an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS during a second PRS opportunity that at least partially overlaps with the first PRS opportunity; a plurality of receive (Rx) chains including an Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements and an Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements; and a plurality of Rx chains associated with the first set of antenna elements to process the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS. and means for configuring an Rx chain associated with a second set of antenna elements to process an Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS; and means for determining positioning related measurement results using (i) results generated by the Rx chain associated with the first set of antenna elements based on processing the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS, and (ii) results generated by the Rx chain associated with the second set of antenna elements based on processing the Rx signal or the composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS. Clause 54. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to process an Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to a first positioning reference signal (PRS) using an Rx chain associated with a first set of antenna elements, process an Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to a second PRS using an Rx chain associated with a second set of antenna elements distinct from the first set of antenna elements, the Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS being generated during a first PRS opportunity and the Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS being generated during a second PRS opportunity that at least partially overlaps with the first PRS opportunity, and determine positioning related measurement results using (i) results of the processing of the Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to the first PRS and (ii) results of the processing of the Rx signal or composite Rx signal corresponding to the second PRS. [Explanation of symbols]

[0131] 100 Positioning System 105 User Equipment 110 GNSS satellites 120 base station 130 Access Points 133 First communication link 135 Secondary Communication Link 160 Location Server 170 Network 180 external clients 200 5G NR Positioning System 210 gNB 214ng-eNB 215 AMF 220 LMF 225 GMLC 230 External Clients 240 5G Core Network 250 N3IWF 300 Positioning System 305 UE 320 base station 335 Communication Links 350 Wireless Positioning Signal 360 Location Server 370 Wireless Network 500 Frame Sequence 510 Positioning Opportunities 515 Cell-specific subframe offset 520 PRS period 600UE 610 Rx Chain 612 Antenna 614 Rx signal 620 Processing Pipeline 630 Measurement Engine 650 measurement results 660 Number of Rx chains used to determine the measurement result 700RB pattern 710 Serving Cell Boundary 720 Offset 810 Search Area 820 Search Area 910 Search Section 920 Search Section 1302 UE 1305 Bus 1310 Processing Unit 1315 Output Device 1320 DSP 1330 Wireless Communication Interface 1332 Wireless Communication Antenna 1334 wireless signal 1340 Sensor 1360 Memory 1370 Input Devices 1380 GNSS receiver 1382 Antenna 1384 Signal

Claims

1. 1. A method for reporting resources used for determining positioning related measurements, comprising: determining one or more positioning-related measurements of a reference signal using one or more receive (Rx) chains, each Rx chain processing an Rx signal corresponding to the reference signal received by a single antenna element or a composite Rx signal corresponding to the reference signals received by a group of antenna elements; reporting to a network entity the one or more positioning related measurement results and information indicative of a number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning related measurement results; A method comprising the steps of:

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more positioning related measurements include a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) measurement, a received signal strength indication (RSSI) measurement, a quality metric, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, an angle measurement, a velocity measurement, a Doppler measurement, or a combination thereof.

3. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results comprises an indication of at least one of a total number of Rx chains used to determine a plurality of positioning-related measurement results, a total number of Rx chains used to determine an individual positioning-related measurement result among the plurality of positioning-related measurement results, an average number of Rx chains used across the plurality of positioning-related measurement results, or a minimum number of Rx chains used to determine any individual positioning-related measurement result among the plurality of positioning-related measurement results.

4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results identifies at least one of which Rx chains were used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results or which antenna elements provided processed Rx signals or composite Rx signals.

5. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining an accuracy of the one or more positioning-related measurements based on the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurements.

6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising requesting transmission of an additional reference signal based on the accuracy being less than a threshold.

7. calculating a location of the UE using the one or more positioning related measurements in combination with positioning related measurements of additional reference signals according to a first positioning method; and switching to a second positioning method based on the accuracy being less than a threshold.

8. allocating a first Rx chain to process an Rx signal corresponding to the reference signal or a composite Rx signal; and allocating a second Rx chain to process an Rx signal corresponding to a second reference signal or a composite Rx signal, the second Rx chain being separate from the first Rx chain.

9. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first Rx chain and the second Rx chain are allocated based on determining that the reference signal and the second reference signal have similar center channel frequencies.

10. processing the Rx signal or a composite Rx signal corresponding to the second reference signal using the second Rx chain; and determining one or more positioning related measurements of the second reference signal using an output of the second Rx chain.

11. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: reporting a total number of Rx chains available to the UE before receiving the reference signal, the total number of Rx chains being used to determine that the one or more positioning-related measurement results are less than the total number of Rx chains available to the UE; reporting the total number of Rx chains available to the UE comprises sending a capability message to the network entity; and reporting the information indicating the number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results comprises sending a location information message to the network entity.

12. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: converting an Rx signal corresponding to the reference signal received by a first antenna element or a first group of antenna elements into a baseband signal; and performing digital signal processing on the baseband signal using an Rx chain associated with the first antenna element or the first group of antenna elements, the digital signal processing including a Fast Fourier Transform.

13. A plurality of antenna elements; a plurality of receive (Rx) chains, each configured to process a receive (Rx) signal corresponding to a reference signal received by a single antenna element among the plurality of antenna elements, or a composite Rx signal corresponding to the reference signal received by a group of antenna elements among the plurality of antenna elements; one or more processors configured to determine one or more positioning related measurements of the reference signal using output from the one or more Rx chains; a wireless transmitter configured to report to a network entity the one or more positioning-related measurement results and information indicative of a number of Rx chains used to determine the one or more positioning-related measurement results.

14. A device as described in claim 13 configured to carry out a method as described in any one of claims 1 to 12.

15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 12.

Images