Improved methods and cells for increasing enzyme activity and producing insect pheromones

Abstract

Provided herein are methods for increasing the enzymatic activity of desaturases and fatty acyl reductases by co-expressing NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 reductase (EC 1.6.2.2, Ncb5or) in cells, as well as methods for producing compounds contained in pheromones, particularly moth pheromones, such as saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, and acetate esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols and fatty acids, and derivatives thereof.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for increasing enzyme activity in a cell, as well as a method for producing compounds contained in pheromones, particularly moth pheromones, such as saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and acetate esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, and derivatives thereof. [Background technology]

[0002] Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is expected to play an important role both in increasing crop yields and enabling organic food production with minimal environmental impact. IPM employs alternative pest control methods, such as mating disruption using pheromones, mass trapping using pheromones, and beneficial insects. Pheromones constitute a diverse group of chemicals that insects (as well as other organisms) use to communicate with conspecifics in a variety of contexts, including mate attraction, alarm, trailing, and aggregation. Insect pheromones, which are associated with long-distance mate finding, are already used in agricultural and forestry applications for pest monitoring and control as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides. Biological production of pheromones for use in pest control offers advantages over chemical synthesis in terms of cost, specificity, and environmental impact.

[0003] Type I pheromones of lepidopteran moths are unsaturated fatty alcohols, aldehydes, or acetates with a chain length of 10–18 carbons. Receptors on the antennae of male moths are selective for pheromones with a specific chain length, desaturation of a specific carbon in a precise stereoisomerism (Z or E confirmation of the double bond), and a terminal functional group (Tupec, Bucek, Valterova, & Pichova, 2017). Several biosynthetic enzymes contribute to pheromone production, including fatty acyl-CoA desaturases and fatty acyl-CoA reductases. Desaturases introduce a double bond into fatty acyl-CoA. They are thought to be integral membrane proteins that receive electrons from NADH, which is supplied by cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5. Fatty acyl reductases convert saturated or unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA into saturated or unsaturated fatty alcohols. These enzymes are also integral membrane proteins, but are thought to accept electrons directly from NADPH.

[0004] In addition to the "classical" single-domain membrane-bound cytochrome b5 reductase (CytB5Red) and cytochrome b5 (CytB5), another flavone heme reductase named NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or, also known as cytochrome b5 reductase 4 or Cyb5R4) is also highly conserved in the animal kingdom. The Ncb5or enzyme differs from the classical CytB5Red / CytB5 pair because Ncb5or contains three domains: a cytochrome b5-like domain, a cytochrome b5 reductase-like domain, and a CHORD-SGT1 (CS domain) (Deng, et al., 2010) (see Figure 1). The CS domain is present in many diverse proteins and has been proposed to be involved in protein-protein interactions (Benson, et al., 2019; Zhu, et al., 2004). The Ncb5or CytB5Red-like domain contains multiple insertions and deletions compared to CytB5Red (Benson et al., 2019). The same is true for the CytB5-like domain (Figure 2) (Benson et al., 2019). Ncb5or is thought to have a fundamentally different mechanism of electron transfer compared to the CytB5Red / CytB5 system (Benson et al., 2019). Furthermore, they have a rare ability to utilize both NADH and NADPH (Benson et al., 2019).

[0005] Soluble Ncb5or has been primarily tested in mouse or human cell lines, where knockout of Ncb5or reduced Δ9 desaturation (Zambo, et al., 2020; Larade, et al., 2008). To date, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no descriptions of Ncb5or genes or their functions in insects. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The invention is as defined in the claims.

[0007] As used herein, the following: i) a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; and ii) Heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) A cell expressing Thereby, the cells are capable of producing compounds with higher potency and / or purity compared to cells expressing the first enzyme group but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0008] In the present specification, the following: i) a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and an unsaturated fatty acid; and ii) Heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) Also provided are cells expressing Thereby, the cells are capable of producing compounds with higher potency and / or purity compared to cells expressing the first enzyme group but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0009] Further provided herein is a method for increasing the activity of at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of desaturases and fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FAR), the method comprising the steps of: a. providing a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond into fatty acyl-CoA, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA into unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; and / or b. providing a FAR capable of converting at least a portion of the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA into an unsaturated fatty alcohol, thereby producing an unsaturated fatty alcohol; and c. contacting the desaturase and / or FAR with Ncb5or, thereby increasing the activity of the desaturase and / or FAR compared to the activity of the desaturase and / or FAR in the absence of Ncb5or, wherein the activity is measured under the same conditions. wherein the increase in activity is measured by measuring the concentration of a product formed by the desaturase and / or FAR.

[0010] Also provided herein is a method for producing a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA in a cell, the method comprising the steps of: a. providing cells and incubating the cells in a medium; and b. expressing in the cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to the compound; and c. expressing Ncb5or in the cell; d. Optionally, recovering the compound. Includes.

[0011] Further provided herein is a method for increasing the titer and / or purity of a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA produced in a cell capable of synthesizing one or more fatty acyl-CoAs and / or introducing fatty acyl-CoAs from its environment, the method comprising the steps of: a. expressing in the cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to the compound; and b. expressing Ncb5or in a cell, thereby increasing the titer and / or purity of the compound compared to the titer and / or purity of a cell that does not express Ncb5or under the same conditions; c. Optionally, recovering the compound. Includes.

[0012] Also referred to herein are Ncb5or and: a. a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond into a fatty acyl-CoA; and / or b. fatty acyl-CoA reductase FAR capable of converting at least a portion of the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol Also provided is a nucleic acid construct system comprising a nucleic acid encoding the

[0013] Further herein, the following: a. a cell as provided in the present application; b. A nucleic acid system as provided herein, wherein the construct is for modifying a cell; c. Instructions for use, and d. Optionally, the cell to be modified A kit of parts is provided, comprising:

[0014] Also provided herein is the use of Ncb5or in a method of increasing the activity of one or more enzymes.

[0015] Further provided herein is an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of a saturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty aldehyde, an unsaturated fatty acid and / or a saturated fatty aldehyde obtainable by the process of the present application.

[0016] Also provided herein are uses of the unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty aldehydes, unsaturated fatty acids and / or saturated fatty aldehydes obtainable by the process of the present application.

[0017] Further provided herein is a method for monitoring the presence of a pest or disrupting mating of a pest, the method comprising the steps of: a. producing an unsaturated fatty alcohol and, optionally, an acetate ester of the unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or an unsaturated fatty aldehyde according to the method of the present application; and b. formulating a fatty alcohol and, optionally, an acetate ester of the fatty alcohol and / or an unsaturated fatty aldehyde into a pheromone composition; and c. Using the pheromone composition as an integrated pest management composition Includes.

[0018] Also provided herein is a fermentation broth containing the yeast cells according to the present application.

[0019] Further provided herein is a fermentation or catalytic system comprising a yeast cell according to the present application.

[0020] Also provided herein is a device, such as a pheromone dispenser, for dispersing a pheromone composition comprising an unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or an unsaturated fatty aldehyde obtainable by the method of the present application.

[0021] Further provided herein is a method for producing at least 1 mg / L of unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, saturated aliphatic alcohol, acetate ester of unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, acetate ester of saturated aliphatic alcohol, unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde and / or saturated aliphatic aldehyde in a cell, such as at least 1.5 mg / L, such as at least 5 mg / L, such as at least 10 mg / L, such as at least 25 mg / L, such as at least 50 mg / L, such as at least 100 mg / L, such as at least 250 mg / L, such as at least 500 mg / L, such as at least 750 mg / L, such as at least 1 g / L, such as at least 2 g / L, such as at least 3 g / L, such as at least 4 g / L, such as at least 5 g / L, such as at least 6 g / L, such as at least 7 g / L, such as at least 8 g / L, such as at least 9 g / L, such as at least 10 ... g / L, such as at least 5 g / L, such as at least 6 g / L, such as at least 7 g / L, such as at least 8 g / L, such as at least 9 g / L, such as at least 10 g / L, such as at least 11 g / L, such as at least 12 g / L, such as at least 13 g / L, such as at least 14 g / L, such as at least 15 g / L, such as at least 16 g / L, such as at least 17 g / L, such as at least 18 g / L, such as at least 19 g / L, such as at least 20 g / L, such as at least 25 g / L, such as at least 30 g / L, such as at least 35 g / L, such as at least 40 g / L, such as at least 45 g / L, such as at least 50 g / L, or more.

[0022] Also provided herein is a method for increasing the purity of a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acid, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA produced in a cell capable of synthesizing one or more fatty acyl-CoAs and / or importing fatty acyl-CoAs from its environment, the method comprising the steps of: a. expressing in the cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to the compound; and b. expressing Ncb5or in the cells, thereby increasing production of the compound compared to production from cells that do not express Ncb5or under the same conditions. and the purity of a compound is the ratio or percentage of the compound relative to all compounds within the same compound family produced by the cell, such as the percentage of unsaturated fatty alcohols relative to all unsaturated fatty alcohols produced by the cell, the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids relative to all fatty acids produced by the cell, and / or the percentage of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs relative to all fatty acyl-CoAs produced by the cell. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0023] [Figure 1A] Schematic diagram visualizing the domain predictions of classical cytochrome B5, cytochrome B5 reductase, and Ncb5or. [Figure 1B] Amino acid alignment and domain prediction of multiple Ncb5ors and classical cytochrome B5 and cytochrome B5 reductase. Domains were predicted using the Batch CD-search tool (https: / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / Structure / bwrpsb / bwrpsb.cgi). [Diagram 2] Amino acid alignment of predicted cytochrome B5 domains from different Ncb5or and classical cytochrome B5 proteins: DmCytB5, Drosophila melanogaster cytochrome B5 (Uniprot ID Q9V4N3), HsCytB5 type B, Homo sapiens cytochrome B5 (Uniprot ID O43169), MaCytB5, Mortierella alpina cytochrome B5 (NCBI ID Q9Y706.1). The remaining sequences can be found in the sequence listing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] definition Biopesticides: The term "biopesticide" is a contraction of "biological pesticide" and refers to several types of pest management interventions, whether predatory, parasitic, or chemical. In the EU, biopesticides are defined as "a type of pesticide based on microorganisms or natural products". In the US, they are defined by the EPA as "including naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and insecticidal substances produced by plants that contain additional genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants or PIPs)". The present invention relates more specifically to biopesticides that include natural products or naturally occurring substances. They are usually made by growing and concentrating naturally occurring organisms and / or their metabolites, including bacteria and other microorganisms, fungi, nematodes, proteins, etc. They are often considered to be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and have attracted much practical attention as an alternative to synthetic chemical plant protection products (PPPs). The Manual of Biocontrol Agents (2009) (formerly the Biopesticide Manual) provides an overview of available biopesticide (and other biologically-based control) products.

[0025] Cloud concentration: This term will be used herein to refer to the concentration of a surfactant in a solution, particularly a non-ionic or glycolic solution, above which a mixture of the surfactant and the solution at a given temperature begins to phase separate and becomes cloudy due to the appearance of two phases. For example, the cloud concentration of a surfactant in an aqueous solution at a given temperature is the minimum concentration of the surfactant that will produce two phases when mixed with the aqueous solution. The cloud concentration can be obtained from the surfactant manufacturer or it can be determined experimentally by making a dosage curve and determining the concentration at which the mixed phases separate.

[0026] Cloud point: The cloud point of a surfactant in a solution, e.g., an aqueous solution, especially a non-ionic, or glycol solution, is the temperature at which a mixture of the surfactant and the solution, e.g., an aqueous solution, begins to phase separate and becomes cloudy due to the appearance of two phases. This behavior is characteristic of non-ionic surfactants containing polyoxyethylene chains, which exhibit an inverse behavior of solubility versus temperature in water and therefore become "cloudy" at some point as the temperature increases. Glycols that exhibit this behavior are known as "cloud point glycols." Cloud points are affected by salinity and are generally lower in saline liquids.

[0027] Desaturated: The term "desaturated" is used interchangeably herein with the term "unsaturated" and refers to a compound that contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

[0028] Derived from: When referring to a polypeptide or polynucleotide derived from an organism, the term means that the polypeptide or polynucleotide originates from the organism, i.e., is found naturally in the organism.

[0029] Ethoxylated and Propoxylated C 16 ~C 18 Alcohol-based defoamers: This term refers to 16 ~C 18 For example, CAS number 68002-96-0 refers to the group of polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants that contain or consist mainly of ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols of C 16 ~C 18 Alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate or C 16 ~C 18 Also called alcohol ethoxylated propoxylated polymers.

[0030] Extractant: The term "extractant" as used herein refers to non-ionic surfactants such as antifoaming agents that facilitate the recovery of hydrophobic compounds produced in fermentation, particularly antifoaming agents including polyethylene polypropylene glycols, mixtures of polyether dispersions, polyethylene glycol monostearate such as simethicone, and ethoxylated and propoxylated C 16 ~C 18 It refers to polyethoxylated surfactants selected from alcohol-based antifoam agents, as well as combinations thereof.

[0031] Fatty Acid: The term "fatty acid" refers to a carboxylic acid having a long aliphatic chain, i.e., 4 to 28 carbon atoms, such as 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbon atoms. Most naturally occurring fatty acids are unbranched. They may be saturated or unsaturated.

[0032] Acetate esters of fatty alcohols: This term refers to acetate esters having an aliphatic carbon chain, i.e., an aliphatic chain of 4 to 28 carbon atoms, such as 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms. Acetate esters of fatty acyls can be saturated or unsaturated.

[0033] Fatty acyl-CoA: This term will be used interchangeably herein with "fatty acyl-CoA ester" and refers to a compound of the general formula R-CO-SCoA, where R is a fatty carbon chain having a carbon chain length of 4 to 28 carbon atoms, such as 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms. The fatty carbon chain is linked to the -SH group of coenzyme A by a thioester bond. Fatty acyl-CoA can be saturated or unsaturated, depending on whether the fatty acid from which it is derived is saturated or unsaturated.

[0034] Fatty alcohol: The term "fatty alcohol" as used herein refers to an alcohol derived from a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 4 to 28 carbon atoms, e.g., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols can be saturated or unsaturated.

[0035] Aliphatic aldehyde: This term refers herein to an aldehyde derived from a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 4 to 28 carbon atoms, such as 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbon atoms. Aliphatic aldehydes can be saturated or unsaturated.

[0036] Functional variant: This term refers to a functional variant of an enzyme that retains at least part of the activity of the parent enzyme. Thus, functional variants of acyl-CoA oxidase, desaturase, alcohol-producing fatty acyl-CoA reductase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde-producing fatty acyl-CoA reductase, acetyltransferase, or NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) can catalyze the same conversion as the acyl-CoA oxidase, desaturase, alcohol-producing fatty acyl-CoA reductase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde-producing fatty acyl-CoA reductase, or acetyltransferase from which they are derived, respectively, but the reaction efficiency may be different, e.g., the efficiency may be decreased or increased, or the substrate specificity may be altered, compared to the parent enzyme.

[0037] Heterologous: The term "heterologous" when referring to a polypeptide, such as a protein or enzyme, or a polynucleotide, shall be interpreted herein to refer to a polypeptide or polynucleotide that does not naturally occur in a wild-type cell. For example, the term "heterologous Δ9 desaturase" as applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae refers to a Δ9 desaturase that does not naturally occur in a wild-type S. cerevisiae cell, such as a Δ9 desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster.

[0038] Identity / homology: The terms identity and homology with respect to polynucleotides (or polypeptides) are defined herein as the percentage of nucleic acids (or amino acids) in a candidate sequence that are identical or homologous to the corresponding naturally occurring nucleic acid (or amino acid) residues, respectively, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percentage of identity / similarity / homology, and taking into account any conservative substitutions according to the NCIUB rules (hftp: / / www.chem.qmul.ac.uk / iubmb / misc / naseq.html, NC-IUB, Eur J Biochem (1985)) as part of the sequence identity. Neither 5' or 3' extensions or insertions (in the case of nucleic acids), nor N' or C' extensions or insertions (in the case of polypeptides), result in a loss of identity, similarity or homology. Methods and computer programs for alignment are well known in the art. Generally, a given homology between two sequences suggests that the identity between those sequences is at least equal to that homology; for example, if two sequences are 70% homologous to each other, they cannot be less than 70% identical to each other, but may share 80% identity.

[0039] Increased activity: The term "increased activity" may refer to an increased activity of a given peptide, such as a protein or enzyme, herein. Increased activity may be measured using methods known in the art, such as, for example, an enzyme assay to measure increased enzyme activity. In some cases, increased activity results in increased production of the compound(s) produced by the enzyme, i.e., the product. Increased enzyme activity may therefore be measured by measuring the amount, such as the concentration, of the product. If the activity of the enzyme is increased, the concentration of the product will be higher compared to the concentration of the product produced under similar or identical conditions by the same enzyme without increased activity, e.g., the parent enzyme or unmodified enzyme. If an enzyme with increased activity is expressed in a cell, the product may be measured as a product titer, i.e., the amount of product produced by the cell, and may be compared to the titer or amount of the same product obtained under similar or identical conditions from a cell with the same or similar genotype as the cell expressing the parent enzyme or unmodified enzyme, but otherwise expressing the enzyme with increased activity.

[0040] Native: The term "native" when referring to a polypeptide, such as a protein or enzyme, or a polynucleotide, shall be taken herein to refer to a polypeptide or polynucleotide that occurs naturally in a wild-type cell.

[0041] Pest: As used herein, the term "pest" refers to an organism, especially an animal, that is harmful to humans or human concerns, especially in the context of agriculture or livestock production. A pest is any organism that is invasive or reproductive, harmful, bothersome, poisonous, destructive, nuisance, or pest of plants or animals, humans or human concerns, livestock, human structures, wild ecosystems, or the like. The term often overlaps with the related terms vermin, weeds, parasites of plants and animals, and pathogens. An organism may be a pest in one environment but beneficial and domesticated or tolerated in another.

[0042] Pheromones: Pheromones are naturally occurring compounds. Lepidopteran pheromones are designated by an unbranched aliphatic chain (9-18 carbons, such as 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms) terminating in an alcohol, aldehyde or acetate functional group and containing up to three double bonds in the aliphatic backbone. Thus, unsaturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty aldehydes and acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols are typically included in pheromones. Pheromone compositions may be produced chemically or biochemically, for example, as described herein. Thus, pheromones include unsaturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty aldehydes and / or acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, such as those obtainable by the methods and cells described herein.

[0043] Purity: The term "purity" as used herein refers to the ratio or percentage of a compound to all compounds in the same group of compounds produced by cells.For example, the purity of a particular unsaturated fatty alcohol is the percentage of unsaturated fatty alcohol to all unsaturated fatty alcohols produced by cells, the purity of fatty acid is the percentage of fatty acid to all fatty acids produced by cells, and the purity of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA is the percentage of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to all fatty acyl-CoA produced by cells.

[0044] Reduced activity: The term "reduced activity" as used herein may refer to the complete or partial loss of activity of a given peptide, such as a protein or enzyme. In some cases, the peptide is encoded by an essential gene and cannot be deleted. In these cases, the activity of the peptide can be reduced by methods known in the art, such as downregulation of transcription or translation, inhibition of the peptide, etc. In other cases, the peptide is encoded by a non-essential gene and activity may be reduced or completely lost, for example, as a result of deletion of the gene encoding the peptide. To reduce the activity of a given peptide, whether partially or completely, methods known in the art include mutations of genes encoding the peptide, but also mutations of genes encoding regulatory factors involved in the transcription or translation of the gene encoding the peptide, such as mutations of transcription factor genes or of transcription repressor genes, which increase or decrease the expression of the transcription factor or repressor, thereby reducing the level of transcription from the gene encoding the peptide, such as truncation or mutation of the natural promoter of the gene to remove transcription factor binding sites or make them inaccessible to transcription factors, replacement of the natural promoter with a weaker promoter, truncation or mutation of the natural terminator of the gene or replacement of the natural terminator of the gene with another terminator sequence, mutation of Kozak sequences, which reduces the transcription of the coding sequence encoding the peptide. Other methods include control at the RNA level, including RNA interference systems such as Dicer or Argonaute, RNA silencing methods, and the introduction of CRISPR / Cas systems that result in targeted RNA degradation. Control at the protein level is also envisaged, for example by using inhibitors or protein degradation sequences. The methods listed may be inducible, i.e., they may be achieved in a transient manner as known in the art.

[0045] Saturated: The term "saturated" refers to a compound that lacks double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

[0046] Specificity: The specificity of an enzyme for a given substrate is the preference that the enzyme shows to catalyze reactions starting from that substrate. In the present disclosure, a desaturase and / or fatty acyl-CoA reductase having a higher specificity for tetradecanoyl-CoA (myristoyl-CoA) than for hexadecanoyl-CoA (palmitoyl-CoA) preferably catalyzes a reaction with tetradecanoyl-CoA rather than a reaction with hexadecanoyl-CoA as a substrate. Methods for determining the specificity of a desaturase or fatty acyl-CoA reductase are known in the art. For example, the specificity of a given desaturase in a given cell expressing that desaturase can be determined by incubating the cells in a solution containing methyl myristate for up to 48 hours, followed by extraction and esterification of the product with methanol. The resulting fatty acid methyl ester profile can then be determined by GC-MS. For example, a desaturase with high specificity for myristoyl-CoA and low specificity for palmitoyl-CoA will produce a higher concentration of (Z)9-C14:Me than (Z)9-C16:Me. For example, the specificity of a given reductase in a given cell can be determined by incubating cells expressing the reductase in a solution containing (Z)9-myristate methyl ester for up to 48 hours, followed by extraction and analysis of the resulting fatty alcohol by GC-MS. A reductase with high specificity for (Z)9-C14:CoA and low specificity for (Z)9-C16:CoA will produce a higher concentration of (Z)9-C14:OH than (Z)9-C16:OH.

[0047] Titer: The titer of a compound herein refers to the concentration of the compound produced. If the compound is produced by cells, the term refers to the total concentration produced by the cells, i.e., the total amount of the compound divided by the volume of the culture medium. This means that, especially for volatile compounds, the titer includes the portion of the compound that may have evaporated from the culture medium, and therefore the titer is determined by collecting the compound produced from the fermentation broth and from potential off-gassing from the fermenter.

[0048] The present inventors have discovered that NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5ors) is an enzyme that increases the activity of other enzymes, particularly membrane-bound enzymes localized in the cell membrane. Thus, Ncb5or can be expressed in engineered cells to produce compounds such as unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated and saturated fatty aldehydes, and acetate esters of unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols, and significantly improve the production of these compounds when the production is based on such membrane-bound enzymes. In other words, Ncb5or significantly increases the activity of certain enzymes, such as fatty acyl desaturases, and reductases such as fatty acyl-CoA reductase and cytochrome P450.

[0049] Disclosed herein is a cell capable of producing compounds such as those listed above. The cell expresses a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and a heterologous Ncb5or, thereby allowing the cell to produce a compound with a higher titer than a cell expressing the first enzyme group but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions. Preferably, the first enzyme or group of enzymes is a heterologous enzyme, i.e., not naturally expressed in the cell.

[0050] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes may comprise or consist of one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, thereby enabling the cells to produce unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA with higher titers compared to cells expressing the one or more desaturases but not expressing heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0051] In another embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes comprise or consist of one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) capable of converting saturated or unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs into saturated or unsaturated fatty alcohols, respectively, thereby enabling the cells to produce saturated or unsaturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells expressing one or more FARs but not expressing heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0052] In yet another embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes comprise or consist of one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) and one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoAs into unsaturated fatty alcohols, thereby enabling the cells to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells expressing the one or more FARs and one or more desaturases but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0053] The cells may further express an acetyltransferase, which enables the cells to convert an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an acetate ester of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol, respectively, thereby enabling the cells to produce acetate esters of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol with higher titers compared to cells that express the first enzyme group and the acetyltransferase, but do not express the heterologous Ncb5or, when cultured under the same conditions.

[0054] Preferably, the first enzyme or enzymes originate from an insect species. In some embodiments, the first enzyme or enzymes are heterologous desaturases and reductases. Such cells produce unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, and acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, i.e., produce pheromone compounds with higher titers compared to cells expressing the same heterologous desaturases and reductases but not heterologous Ncb5or.

[0055] The desaturase introduces at least one double bond into the acyl-CoA, which is then converted to the corresponding alcohol by the action of a reductase. This unsaturated fatty alcohol can then be further converted to an acetate ester of the unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or an unsaturated fatty aldehyde, as detailed herein.

[0056] Desaturase In the present invention, the terms "fatty acyl-CoA desaturase", "desaturase", "fatty acyl desaturase" and "FAD" will be used interchangeably. The terms generally refer to enzymes capable of introducing at least one double bond in an E / Z fashion into acyl-CoAs having a chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 carbon atoms. The double bond may be introduced at any position. For example, a desaturase that introduces a double bond at position 9 is referred to as a Δ9 desaturase.

[0057] Desaturases catalyze the following reactions: Fatty acyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O(2) + 2H(+) <=> Unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + 2H(2)O

[0058] The heterologous desaturase may originate from any type of organism, hi some embodiments, the heterologous desaturase originates from a plant, such as, for example, Ricinus communis or Pelargonium hortorum. In another embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is directed against an insect, e.g., an insect from the order Diptera, Coleoptera, or Lepidoptera, such as, for example, an insect from the genus Agrotis, Antheraea, Argyrotaenia, Amyelois, Bombus, Bombyx, Cadra, Chauliognathus, Chilo, Choristoneura, Cydia, Dendrophilus, Diatraea, Drosophila, Ephestia, Epiphyas, Grapholita, Helicoverpa, Lampronia, Lobesia, Manducta, Ostrinia, Pectinophora, Plodia, Plutella, Thalassiosira, Thaumetopoea, Tribolium, Trichoplusia, Spodoptera, or Yponomeuta, such as, for example, Agrotis segetum, Antheraea pernyi, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Amyelois transitella, Bombus lapidarius, Bombyx mori, Cadra cautella, Chauliognathus lugubris, Chilo supprealis, Choristoneura parallela, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cydia pomonella, Dendrophilus punctatus, Diatraea saccharalis, Drosophila ananassae, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila virilis, Drosophila yakuba, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epiphyas postvittana, Grapholita molesta, Helicoverpa assulta, Helicoverpa zea, Lampronia capitella, Lobesia botrana, Manductasixth、Ostrinia furnacalis、Ostrinia nubilalis、Pectinophora gossypiella、Plodia interpunctella、Plutella xylostella、Spodoptera exigua、Spodoptera littoralis、Spodoptera litura、Thalassiosira pseudonana、Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Tribolium castaneum, Trichoplusia ni, Yponomeuta padella.

[0059] In some embodiments, the cells are capable of expressing a first enzyme or enzymes comprising or consisting of a desaturase. In one embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ5 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ6 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ7 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ8 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ9 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ10 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ11 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ12 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ13 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cells are capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ14 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ15 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ16 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ17 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ18 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ19 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ20 desaturase. In another embodiment, the cell is capable of expressing at least one heterologous Δ21 desaturase. In a preferred embodiment, the desaturase is a Δ9 desaturase or a Δ11 desaturase.

[0060] The gene encoding the heterologous desaturase may be codon-optimized for the cell, as is known in the art. Methods for determining whether a desaturase is expressed in a cell are known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, detecting a given product from a given substrate, as detailed herein above and shown in the Examples below.

[0061] A person skilled in the art will know which type of desaturase to use depending on which unsaturated fatty alcohol is desired. For example, for the production of fatty alcohols desaturated at position 11, a Δ11 desaturase is preferably used. If a fatty alcohol desaturated at position 9 is desired, a Δ9 desaturase may be used, such as a Δ9 desaturase having at least 60% identity to a Drosophila desaturase, such as a Drosophila Δ9 desaturase, for example a Drosophila melanogaster Δ9 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 or a Δ9 desaturase having at least 60% identity thereto, or a Spodoptera desaturase, such as a Spodoptera Δ9 desaturase, for example a Spodoptera litura Δ9 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 or a Δ9 desaturase having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0062] In some embodiments, the desaturase is a desaturase selected from the group of desaturases set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-38 and SEQ ID NOs:126-139, or at least 60% identity thereto, such as at least 61% identity to a desaturase selected from the group of desaturases set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-38, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72% identity, or a variant thereof having an identity of at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 76%, such as at least 77%, such as at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc.

[0063] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is an Agrotis desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Agrotis segetum desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (Desat19). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of an Agrotis desaturase, a variant of an Agrotis segetum desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (Desat19), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0064] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is an Amyelois desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Amyelois transitella desaturase, such as the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 (Desat17), SEQ ID NO:2 (Desat16) or SEQ ID NO:4 (Desat18). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of an Amyelois desaturase, a variant of an Amyelois transitella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 (Desat17), SEQ ID NO:2 (Desat16) or SEQ ID NO:4 (Desat18), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0065] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is an Antheraea desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Antheraea pernyi desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 126 (Desat72). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of an Antheraea desaturase, a variant of an Antheraea pernyi desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 126 (Desat72), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0066] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is an Argyrotaenia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Argyrotaenia velutinana desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127 (Desat76). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of an Argyrotaenia desaturase, a variant of an Argyrotaenia velutinana desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127 (Desat76), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0067] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Bombus desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Bombus lapidarius desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128 (Desat75). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Bombus desaturase, a variant of a Bombus lapidarius desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128 (Desat75), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0068] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Bombyx desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Bombyx mori desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129 (Desat78). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Bombyx mori desaturase, a variant of a Bombyx mori desaturase or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129 (Desat78) that has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0069] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Cadra desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Cadra cautella desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 134 (Desat70). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Cadra desaturase, a variant of a Cadra cautella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 134 (Desat70), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0070] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Chauliognathus desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 (Desat25). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Chauliognathus desaturase, a variant of a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 (Desat25), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0071] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Chilo desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Chilo supprealis desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 (Desat47) or SEQ ID NO:130 (Desat44). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Chilo desaturase, a variant of a Chilo supprealis desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 (Desat47) or SEQ ID NO:130 (Desat44), having at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0072] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Choristoneura desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, such as the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 (Desat36), or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 (Desat35). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Choristoneura desaturase, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, a variant of a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 (Desat36) or a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 (Desat35), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0073] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Cydia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 (Desat4), the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 (Desat2), or the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 (Desat1). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Cydia desaturase, a variant of a Cydia pomonella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 (Desat4), a desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 (Desat2), or a desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 (Desat1), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0074] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Dendrolimus desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 (Desat40). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Dendrolimus desaturase, a variant of a Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 (Desat40), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0075] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Diatraea Z11 desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Diatraea saccharalis Z11 desaturase, such as a Z11 desaturase (Desat63) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132. In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Diatraea Z11 desaturase, a variant of a Diatraea saccharalis Z11 desaturase, or a variant of a Z11 desaturase (Desat63) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132, and has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0076] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Drosophila desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Drosophila ananassae desaturase, such as, for example, the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:131 (Desat60). In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as, for example, the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 (Desat24). In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as, for example, the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 (Desat59). In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Drosophila yakuba desaturase, such as, for example, the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:133 (Desat56). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Drosophila desaturase, a variant of a Drosophila anannasae desaturase, a variant of a Drosophila virilis desaturase, a variant of a Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, a variant of a Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, a variant of a Drosophila yakuba desaturase, such as a variant of a desaturase (Desat60) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:131, a desaturase (Desat24) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, a desaturase (Desat61) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or a desaturase (Desat59) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or a desaturase (Desat56) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:133, etc., which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0077] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is an Epiphyas desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Epiphyas postvittana desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 (Desat33). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of an Epiphyas desaturase, a variant of an Epiphyas postvittana desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 (Desat33), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0078] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Grapholita desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as the (Desat31) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or the (Desat55) desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18. In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Grapholita desaturase, a variant of a Grapholita molesta desaturase, or a variant of (Desat31) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or (Desat55) desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, and has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0079] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Helicoverpa desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Helicoverpa desaturase, a variant of a Helicoverpa zea desaturase, or a variant of Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, and has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0080] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Lobesia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 (SEQ ID NO:20), Desat71 (SEQ ID NO:135) or Desat43 (SEQ ID NO:21). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Lobesia desaturase, a variant of a Lobesia botrana desaturase or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 (Desat30), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:135 (Desat71) or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 (Desat43) and has at least 60% identity.

[0081] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Manducta desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Manducta sexta desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 (Desat52). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Manducta desaturase, a variant of a Manducta sexta desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 (Desat52), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0082] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is an Ostrinia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 (Desat32). In one embodiment, the desaturase is an Ostrinia furnacalis desaturase, such as the desaturase set forth in SEQ ID NO:136 (Desat77). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of an Ostrinia desaturase, a variant of an Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, a variant of an Ostrinia furnacalis desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 (Desat32) or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:136 (Desat77), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0083] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Pectinophora desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as the desaturase (Desat48) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24. In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Pectinophora desaturase, a variant of a Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase (Desat48) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24, and has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0084] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Pelargonium desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 (Desat22). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Pelargonium desaturase, a variant of a Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 (Desat22), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0085] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Plodia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Plodia interpunctella desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 137 (Desat65). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Plodia desaturase, a variant of a Plodia interpunctella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 137 (Desat65), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0086] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Plutella desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26 (Desat45). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Plutella desaturase, a variant of a Plutella xylostella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26 (Desat45), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0087] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Ricinus desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Ricinus communis desaturase, such as Desat23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Ricinus desaturase, a variant of a Ricinus communis desaturase, or a variant of Desat23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27, and has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0088] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Saccharomyces desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28 (Desat42). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Saccharomyces desaturase, a variant of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28 (Desat42), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0089] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Spodoptera desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Spodoptera littoralis desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 (Desat20), or a Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 (Desat38) or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 (Desat26), or a Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 (Desat37). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Spodoptera desaturase, a variant of a Spodoptera littoralis desaturase, a variant of a Spodoptera litura desaturase, a variant of a Spodoptera exigua desaturase or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 (Desat20), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 (Desat38), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 (Desat26), or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 (Desat37), and has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0090] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Thaumetopoea desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34 (Desat34). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Thaumetopoea desaturase, a variant of a Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34 (Desat34), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0091] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Tribolium desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 (Desat28), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:138 (Desat27), or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36 (Desat29). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Tribolium desaturase, a variant of a Tribolium castaneum desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 (Desat28), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:138 (Desat27), or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36 (Desat29), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0092] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Trichoplusia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37 (Desat21). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Trichoplusia desaturase, a variant of a Trichoplusia ni desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37 (Desat21), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0093] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Yarrowia desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as the desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38 (Desat69). In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Yarrowia desaturase, a variant of a Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38 (Desat69), which has at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0094] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is a Yponomeuta desaturase. In one embodiment, the desaturase is a Yponomeuta padella desaturase, such as the desaturase (Desat73) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 139. In some embodiments, the desaturase is a variant of a Yponomeuta desaturase, a variant of a Yponomeuta padella desaturase, or a variant of a desaturase (Desat73) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 139, having at least 60% identity to those desaturases.

[0095] A variant desaturase having at least 60% identity to a given desaturase as described above may have at least 61% identity to the desaturase, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 76%, at least 77% identity, such as at least 78% identity, such as at least 79% identity, such as at least 80% identity, such as at least 81% identity, such as at least 82% identity, such as at least 83% identity, such as at least 84% identity, such as at least 85% identity, such as at least 86% identity, such as at least 87% identity, such as at least 88% identity, such as at least 89% identity, such as at least 90% identity, such as at least 91% identity, such as at least 92% identity, such as at least 93% identity, such as at least 94% identity, such as at least 95% identity, such as at least 96% identity, such as at least 97% identity, such as at least 98% identity, such as at least 99% identity, such as at least 10 ... %, such as at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, or more identity.

[0096] Nucleic acid encoding a desaturase In some embodiments, the heterologous desaturase has at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid selected from the group of desaturases set forth in SEQ ID NOs:39-76 and SEQ ID NOs:140-153, e.g., at least 61% identity thereto, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, etc. such as at least 75%, at least 76%, such as at least 77%, such as at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc. identity, such as 100% identity.

[0097] In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Agrotis segetum desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:39. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Amyelois transitella desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41 or SEQ ID NO:42. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Antheraea pernyi desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:140. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Argyrotaenia velutinana desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:141. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Bombus lapidarius desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:142. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Bombyx mori desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:143. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Cadra cautella desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:148. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:43. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Chilo supprealis desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:44 or SEQ ID NO:144.In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:45. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:46. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:47, in SEQ ID NO:48, or in SEQ ID NO:49. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:50. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Diatraea saccharalis desaturase, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:146. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Drosophila virilis desaturase, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:53. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Drosophila ananassae desaturase, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:145. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:52. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Drosophila yakuba desaturase, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:147.In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:51. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Epiphyas postvittana desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:57. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:149, or SEQ ID NO:59. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Manducta sexta desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:60. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:61. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Ostrinia furnacalis desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:150. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:62.In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:63. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Plodia interpunctella desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:151. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:64. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Ricinus communis desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:65. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:66. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:67. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera littoralis desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:68 or in SEQ ID NO:69. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:70 or in SEQ ID NO:71. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:72.In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:152, or SEQ ID NO:74. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:75. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:76. In one embodiment, the heterologous desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:76. As used herein, a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a given nucleic acid is defined as having at least 61% identity to the given nucleic acid, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 76%, and at least 77% identity. Such as 7%, at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% or more identical.

[0098] Co-expression of multiple heterologous desaturases The cells may express at least one heterologous desaturase. In some embodiments, the cells express one heterologous desaturase. However, it may be desirable to express several heterologous desaturases, such as at least two heterologous desaturases, which may be the same or different. Alternatively, it may be desirable to express several copies of the nucleic acid encoding at least one heterologous desaturase, such as at least two copies, at least three copies or more copies. In other embodiments, the cells express at least two heterologous desaturases, such as three heterologous desaturases.

[0099] The modified cells may express naturally occurring desaturases that may adversely affect the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols and / or acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols. Thus, if the modified cells express such naturally occurring desaturases, it may be preferable to modify the organism so that the activity of the naturally occurring desaturases is reduced or absent.

[0100] Methods known in the art may be used to ensure the absence of activity of the native desaturase. To ensure that the native desaturase is not expressed, the gene encoding the native desaturase may be deleted or partially deleted. Alternatively, the gene may be mutated so that the native desaturase is expressed but lacks activity, for example by mutation of the catalytic site of the enzyme. Alternatively, translation of the mRNA into active protein may be prevented by methods such as RNA or siRNA silencing. Alternatively, the cells may be incubated in a medium containing an inhibitor that inhibits the activity of the native desaturase. A compound that inhibits the transcription of the gene encoding the native desaturase may also be provided such that transcription is inactivated when the compound is present. Other methods known in the art may be used.

[0101] Thus, the inactivation of the native desaturase may be permanent or long-term, i.e., the engineered cells exhibit reduced activity of the native desaturase in a stable manner, or no activity at all, or the inactivation may be transient, i.e., the engineered cells may exhibit native desaturase activity at some periods, but that activity may be suppressed at other periods.

[0102] Increased C14 specificity Many desirable pheromone compounds have a carbon chain length of 14. Therefore, it may be necessary to induce the reaction towards the production of C14 compounds. In some embodiments, the cells disclosed herein express a desaturase with higher specificity for tetradecanoyl-CoA than for hexadecanoyl-CoA and / or an acyl-CoA reductase with higher specificity for unsaturated tetradecanoyl-CoA than for unsaturated hexadecanoyl-CoA. In other words, the desaturase is more specific for substrates with a carbon chain length of 14 than for substrates with a chain length of 16. Examples of yeast cells expressing such desaturases are disclosed in WO2018 / 109167.

[0103] Expression of such a desaturase (and of any of the reductases described herein below) in a cell increases the proportion of total unsaturated aliphatic alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14, in particular compared to the proportion of total unsaturated aliphatic alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16. Desaturases with the required specificity are in particular desaturases originating from Drosophila, Spodoptera, Choristenura species, such as desaturases originating from Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila grimshawi, Drosophila virilis, Spodoptera litura, Choristoneura parallela or Choristoneura rosaceana, as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-38, or variants thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0104] In some embodiments, the desaturase is i) a Δ9 desaturase having at least 60% identity to the Drosophila melanogaster Δ9 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14; ii) a desaturase having at least 60% identity to the Drosophila grimshawi Δ9 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13; iii) a desaturase having at least 60% identity to the Drosophila virilis Δ9 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15; iv) a Δ9 desaturase having at least 60% identity to the Spodoptera litura Δ9 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33; v) a Δ11 desaturase having at least 60% identity to the Δ11 desaturase of Choristoneura parallela as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; vi) a Δ11 desaturase having at least 60% identity to the Choristoneura rosaceana Δ11 desaturase as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and at least 60% identity thereto, 61% identity thereto, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 76%, such as at least 77%, at least 78%, etc. such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.

[0105] These desaturases, when expressed in yeast cells, have been found to selectively catalyze the desaturation of C14 substrates.

[0106] In such cells, the ratio of unsaturated tetradecanoyl-CoA to unsaturated hexadecanoyl-CoA is at least 0.1, such as at least 0.2, such as at least 0.3, such as at least 0.4, such as at least 0.5, such as at least 0.75, such as at least 1, such as at least 2, such as at least 3, such as at least 4, such as at least 5, such as at least 6, such as at least 7, such as at least 8, such as at least 9, such as at least 10, such as at least 12.5, such as at least 15, or more.

[0107] In some embodiments, the potency of the unsaturated fatty alcohol is at least 1 mg / L, such as at least 1.5 mg / L, such as at least 5 mg / L, such as at least 10 mg / L, such as at least 25 mg / L, such as at least 50 mg / L, such as at least 100 mg / L, such as at least 250 mg / L, such as at least 500 mg / L, such as at least 750 mg / L, such as at least 1 g / L, such as at least 2 g / L, such as at least 3 g / L, such as at least 4 g / L, such as at least 5 g / L, or more.

[0108] In some embodiments, the potency of the unsaturated fatty alcohol having a chain length of 14 is at least 1 mg / L, such as at least 1.5 mg / L, such as at least 5 mg / L, such as at least 10 mg / L, such as at least 25 mg / L, such as at least 50 mg / L, such as at least 100 mg / L, such as at least 250 mg / L, such as at least 500 mg / L, such as at least 750 mg / L, such as at least 1 g / L, such as at least 2 g / L, such as at least 3 g / L, such as at least 4 g / L, such as at least 5 g / L, or more.

[0109] In some embodiments, the unsaturated fatty alcohols are produced containing at least 1%, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 4.5%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 7.5%, such as at least 10% or more unsaturated fatty alcohols having a chain length of 14.

[0110] Methods for testing whether a given desaturase has the required specificity can be performed as described herein.

[0111] Fatty acyl-CoA reductase The terms "fatty acyl-CoA reductase" and "FAR" will be used interchangeably herein. The term "heterologous FAR" refers to a FAR that is not naturally expressed by an organism, such as a cell.

[0112] FAR catalyzes a two-step reaction: Acyl-CoA + 2NADPH <=> CoA + alcohol + 2NADP(+) wherein in the first step, a fatty acyl-CoA is reduced to a fatty aldehyde, which is then further reduced to a fatty alcohol in the second step. The fatty acyl-CoA can be an unsaturated or saturated fatty acyl-CoA.

[0113] An FAR capable of catalyzing such a reaction is an alcohol-producing fatty acyl-CoA reductase having the EC number 1.2.1.84.

[0114] Ncb5or may increase the activity of FAR. In some embodiments, the first enzyme or enzymes comprise or consist of one or more FARs.

[0115] The FAR may be heterologous to the cells disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the FAR is preferably an insect, such as an insect of the order Lepidoptera, such as an insect of the genus Lepidoptera, such as an insect of the genus Agrotis, Amyelois, Bicyclus, Bombus, Chilo, Chrysodeixis, Cydia, Helicoverpa, Heliothis, Manducta, Ostrinia, Plodia, Plutella, Spodoptera, Trichoplusia Tyta or Yponomeuta, such as an insect of the genus Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transitella, Bicyclus anynana, Bombus lapidaries, Chilo suppressalis, Chrysodeixis includes, Cydia pomonella, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, Heliothis virescens, Heliothis subflexa, Manducta sexta, Ostrinia furnacalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Trichoplusia ni, Tyta alba, Yponomeuta rorellus, etc., or functional variants having at least 60% identity thereto. In some embodiments, the FAR originates from a bacterium, such as a bacterium of the genus Marinobacter, such as Marinobacter algicola.

[0116] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is Agrotis FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is Agrotis segetum FAR, such as FAR (FAR12) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77. In some embodiments, the FAR is Agrotis ipsilon FAR, such as FAR (FAR18) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Agrotis FAR, a variant of Agrotis segetum FAR, such as FAR (FAR12) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, a variant of Agrotis ipsilon FAR, such as FAR (FAR18) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, or a variant thereof, having at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0117] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is Amyelois FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is Amyelois transitella FAR, such as the FAR described in SEQ ID NO: 154 (FAR33), SEQ ID NO: 155 (FAR34) or SEQ ID NO: 156 (FAR35). In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Amyelois FAR, a variant of Amyelois transitella FAR, such as the FAR described in SEQ ID NO: 77 (FAR12), a variant of Amyelois transitella FAR, such as the FAR described in SEQ ID NO: 154 (FAR33), SEQ ID NO: 155 (FAR34) or SEQ ID NO: 156 (FAR35), or a variant thereof, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0118] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Bicyclus FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Bicyclus anynana FAR, such as the FAR (FAR11) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Bicyclus FAR, a variant of Bicyclus anyana FAR, or a variant of the FAR (FAR11) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, which has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0119] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Bombus FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Bombus lapidarius FAR, such as the FAR (FAR14) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of a Bombus FAR, a variant of a Bombus lapidarius FAR, or a variant of the FAR (FAR14) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0120] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Chilo FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Chilo suppressalis FAR, such as the FAR (FAR13) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of a Chilo FAR, a variant of a Chilo suppressalis FAR, or a variant of the FAR (FAR13) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0121] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is Chrysodeixis FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is Chrysodeixis includens FAR, such as FAR (FAR47) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Chrysodeixis FAR, a variant of Chrysodeixis includens FAR, or a variant of FAR (FAR47) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0122] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Cydia FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Cydia pomonella FAR, such as the FAR (FAR23) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of a Cydia FAR, a variant of a Cydia pomonella FAR, or a variant of the FAR (FAR23) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0123] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is Helicoverpa FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is Helicoverpa armigera FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is Helicoverpa armigera FAR, such as FAR (FAR1) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83. In one embodiment, the FAR is Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR (FAR6) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Helicoverpa FAR, a variant of Helicoverpa armigera FAR, a variant of Helicoverpa armigera FAR, a variant of Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as a variant of FAR (FAR1) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 or of FAR (FAR6) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0124] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is Heliothis FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR (FAR4) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85. In one embodiment, the FAR is Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR (FAR5) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Heliothis FAR, a variant of Heliothis subflexa FAR, a variant of Heliothis virescens FAR, a variant of FAR (FAR4) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85, or of FAR (FAR5) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0125] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Manducta FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Manducta sexta FAR, such as the FAR (FAR43) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of the Manducta FAR, a variant of the Manducta sexta FAR, or a variant of the FAR (FAR43) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0126] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Marinobacter FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Marinobacter algicola FAR, such as the FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159 (FAR42). In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of a Marinobacter FAR, a variant of a Marinobacter algicola FAR, or a variant of the FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159 (FAR42), which has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0127] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is an Ostrinia FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is an Ostrinia furnacalis FAR, such as the FAR (FAR44) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of an Ostrinia FAR, a variant of an Ostrinia furnacalis FAR, or a variant of the FAR (FAR44) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161, which has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0128] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Plodia FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Plodia interpunctella FAR, such as the FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 (FAR28) or in SEQ ID NO: 163 (FAR30). In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Plodia FAR, a variant of Plodia interpunctella FAR, or a variant of the FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 (FAR28) or in SEQ ID NO: 163 (FAR30), which has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0129] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Plutella FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Plutella xylostella FAR, such as the FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87 (FAR27). In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Plutella FAR, a variant of Plutella xylostella FAR, or a variant of the FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87 (FAR27), which has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0130] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Spodoptera FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as the FAR (FAR16) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:88. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as the FAR (FAR22) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:89. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as the FAR (FAR15) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:90. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Spodoptera litura FAR, such as the FAR (FAR19) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:91. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Spodoptera FAR, a variant of Spodoptera exigua FAR, a variant of Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, a variant of Spodoptera littoralis FAR, a variant of Spodoptera littura FAR, a variant of FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO:88 (FAR16), a variant of FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO:89 (FAR22), a variant of FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO:90 (FAR15), or a variant of FAR set forth in SEQ ID NO:91 (FAR19), and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0131] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Tyta FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Tyta alba FAR, such as FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Tyta FAR, a variant of Tyta alba FAR, or a variant of FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0132] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Trichoplusia FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Trichoplusia ni FAR, such as FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Trichoplusia FAR, a variant of Trichoplusia ni FAR, or a variant of FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0133] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Trichoplusia FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Trichoplusia ni FAR, such as FAR41 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 166. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of Trichoplusia FAR, a variant of Trichoplusia ni FAR, or a variant of FAR41 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 166, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0134] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is a Yponomeuta FAR. In one embodiment, the FAR is a Yponomeuta rorellus FAR, such as FAR8 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 167. In some embodiments, the FAR is a variant of a Yponomeuta FAR, a variant of a Yponomeuta rorellus FAR, or a variant of FAR8 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 167, and has at least 60% identity to those FARs.

[0135] A variant FAR having at least 60% identity to a given FAR as described above may have at least 61% identity to the FAR, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 76%, such as at least 77%, or a combination thereof. It will be understood that the nucleic acid sequence may have at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, at least 99%, or more identity.

[0136] Nucleic acid encoding FAR In some embodiments, the heterologous FAR has at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid selected from the group of desaturases set forth in SEQ ID NOs:94-110 and SEQ ID NOs:168-181, e.g., at least 61% identity thereto, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72% identity, such as at least 73% identity, such as at least 74% identity, or at least 75% identity. such as at least 5%, at least 76%, such as at least 77%, such as at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc. identity, such as 100% identity.

[0137] In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Agrotis segetum FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:94. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Agrotis ipsilon FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:95. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding an Amyelois transitella FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:168, SEQ ID NO:169, or SEQ ID NO:170. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Bicyclus anynana FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:96. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Bombus lapidarius FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:97. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Chilo suppressalis FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:98. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Chrysodeixis includens FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:171. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Cydia pomonella FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:99 or SEQ ID NO:172. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Helicoverpa armigera FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:100. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Helicoverpa assulta FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:101.In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Heliothis subflexa FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:102. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Heliothis virescens FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:103. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Marinobacter algicola FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:173. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Manducta sexta FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:174. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Ostrinia furnacalis FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:175. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Plodia interpunctella FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:176 or SEQ ID NO:177. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Plutella xylostella FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:104. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera exigua FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:105, SEQ ID NO:178 or SEQ ID NO:179. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:106. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera littoralis FAR, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:107.In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Spodoptera litura FAR, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Tyta alba FAR, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Trichoplusia ni FAR, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110 or SEQ ID NO: 180. In one embodiment, the heterologous FAR is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding a Yponomeuta rorellus FAR, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181. As used herein, a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a given nucleic acid is defined as having at least 61% identity to the given nucleic acid, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 76%, and at least 77% identity. Such as 7%, at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% or more identical.

[0138] Co-expression of multiple FARs The cell may express at least one heterologous FAR. In some embodiments, the cell expresses one heterologous FAR. However, it may be desirable to express several heterologous FARs, such as at least two heterologous FARs, which may be the same or different. Alternatively, it may be desirable to express several copies of the nucleic acid encoding at least one heterologous FAR, such as at least two copies, at least three copies or more copies. In other embodiments, the cell expresses at least two heterologous FARs, such as three heterologous FARs.

[0139] For example, a cell may express two copies of FAR1 or a variant thereof, or one copy of FAR1 and one copy of FAR5, or two copies of FAR1, one copy of FAR5 and one copy of FAR4.

[0140] Desaturases and FAR Any of the above FARs may be expressed together with any desaturase, particularly any of the desaturases described herein.

[0141] In some embodiments, the cells express: - Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0142] In other embodiments, the cells express: - Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0143] In other embodiments, the cells express: Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0144] In other embodiments, the cells express: - Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0145] In other embodiments, the cells express: - Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0146] In other embodiments, the cells express: Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0147] In other embodiments, the cells express: Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 or Helicoverpa armigera FAR, such as FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0148] In other embodiments, the cells express: Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85 or Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0149] In other embodiments, the cells express: - Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, for example FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0150] In other embodiments, the cells express: Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, for example FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:88, Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, for example FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:89, Spodoptera littoralis FAR, for example FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, for example FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:91, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0151] In other embodiments, the cells express: Tyta FAR, such as Tyta alba FAR, for example FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0152] In other embodiments, the cells express: - Trichoplusia FAR, such as Trichoplusia ni FAR, for example FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, and / or a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturases, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or combinations thereof; - Ncb5or, as detailed below, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0153] The term "variant thereof having at least 60% identity" with respect to a given enzyme refers to a variant having 60% or more identity to the enzyme, for example, at least 61% identity to the enzyme, at least 62% identity, at least 63% identity, at least 64% identity, at least 65% identity, at least 66% identity, at least 67% identity, at least 68% identity, at least 69% identity, at least 70% identity, at least 71% identity, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least "A" or "B" is understood to refer to a variant having or greater than 77%, such as 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc. identity.

[0154] NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase Although expression of one or more heterologous desaturases and / or one or more reductases may result in the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and / or acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, the inventors have found that the introduction of an additional enzyme into the cell appears to have a positive effect on the activity of the desaturase and / or reductase as it results in an increase in titer. This additional enzyme is an NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase, which is found naturally in many insects, including Lepidoptera.

[0155] The terms "NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase" and "Ncb5or" will be used interchangeably herein. The term "heterologous Ncb5or" refers to an Ncb5or that is not naturally expressed by an organism, such as a cell.

[0156] Ncb5or, also known as cytochrome b5 reductase 4, is an oxidoreductase that acts on NADH or NADPH using heme proteins as acceptors. Ncb5or contains three functional domains similar to cytochrome b5, cytochrome b5 reductase, and CHORD-SGT1 (Deng, et al., 2010). Ncb5ors catalyzes the following reaction: 2Fe 3+ +NAD(P)H<=>2Fe 2+ +H++NAD(P)+

[0157] Ncb5or, which is capable of catalyzing such a reaction, has the EC number 1.6.2.2.

[0158] The cells disclosed herein express a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and a heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or), thereby enabling the cells to produce the compound with a higher titer compared to a cell expressing the first group of enzymes but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0159] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes may consist of one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, thereby enabling the cells to produce unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA with higher titers compared to cells expressing the one or more desaturases but not expressing heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0160] In another embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes consist of one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA into saturated fatty alcohols, thereby enabling the cells to produce saturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells expressing one or more FARs but not expressing heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0161] In yet another embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes consist of one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) and one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoAs into unsaturated fatty alcohols, thereby enabling the cells to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells expressing the one or more FARs and one or more desaturases but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0162] The cells may further express an acetyltransferase, which enables the cells to convert an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an acetate ester of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol, respectively, thereby enabling the cells to produce acetate esters of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol with higher titers compared to cells that express the first enzyme group and the acetyltransferase, but do not express the heterologous Ncb5or, when cultured under the same conditions.

[0163] In a preferred embodiment, the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetates of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs is increased in the organism compared to the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetates of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs in an organism cultured under the same conditions and not expressing a heterologous Ncb5or. In other words, expression of a heterologous Ncb5or increases the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetates of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs in cells expressing the first enzyme or enzymes. Thus, expression of a heterologous Ncb5or increases the activity of a first enzyme or enzymes, such as a heterologous desaturase and / or a heterologous FAR, when tested under the same or similar conditions, compared to the activity of the heterologous desaturase and / or heterologous FAR in the absence of the heterologous Ncb5or, where activity is measured, for example, by measuring the titer of the product formed by the heterologous desaturase and the heterologous FAR.

[0164] Further provided herein is the use of Ncb5or in a method of increasing the activity of one or more enzymes.

[0165] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes are one or more membrane-bound enzymes.Those skilled in the art know how to determine whether enzyme is membrane-bound.For example, fluorescent markers can be used to determine whether the enzyme fused to fluorescent markers coexists with proteins known to be found in membranes.

[0166] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes are selected from the group consisting of desaturases and fatty acyl reductases, such as the desaturases and fatty acyl reductases presented herein in sections "Desaturases" and "Fatty acyl-CoA reductases," respectively.

[0167] In one embodiment, the increase in activity of one or more enzymes, for example a desaturase and / or FAR as described herein, is at least 1.2 fold, such as at least 1.3 fold, such as at least 1.4 fold, such as at least 1.5 fold, such as at least 1.6 fold, such as at least 1.7 fold, such as at least 1.8 fold, such as at least 1.9 fold, such as at least 2 fold, such as at least 3 fold, such as at least 4 fold, such as at least 5 fold, such as at least 6 fold, such as at least 7 fold, such as at least 8 fold, such as at least 9 fold, such as at least 10 fold, such as at least 15 fold, such as at least 20 fold, such as at least 30 fold, such as at least 40 fold, such as at least 50 fold, and the increase in activity of the one or more enzymes is compared to the activity of the one or more enzymes in the absence of Ncb5or, the activity being measured under the same conditions, and the increase is measured by measuring the concentration of product formed by the one or more enzymes.

[0168] In one embodiment, the increase in activity of one or more enzymes, for example a desaturase as described herein and / or FAR, is at least 1.2 fold, such as at least 1.3 fold, such as at least 1.4 fold, such as at least 1.5 fold, such as at least 1.6 fold, such as at least 1.7 fold, such as at least 1.8 fold, such as at least 1.9 fold, such as at least 2 fold, such as at least 3 fold, such as at least 4 fold, such as at least 5 fold, such as at least 6 fold, such as at least 7 fold, such as at least 8 fold, such as at least 9 fold, such as at least 10 fold, such as at least 15 fold, such as at least 20 fold, such as at least 30 fold, such as at least 40 fold, such as at least 50 fold, and the increase in activity of the one or more enzymes is compared to the activity of the one or more enzymes in the absence of Ncb5or, the activity being measured under the same conditions, and the increase is measured by measuring the concentration of product formed by the desaturase and / or FAR.

[0169] The Ncb5or disclosed herein may be any type of Ncb5or. In some embodiments, Ncb5or originates from plants, insects or mammals. In some embodiments, Ncb5or originates from insects, such as insects of the genera Agrotis, Amyelois, Aphantopus, Arctia, Bicyclus, Bombus, Bombyx, Chilo, Cydia, Danaus, Drosophila, Eumeta, Galleria, Helicoverpa, Heliothis, Hyposmocoma, Leptidea, Lobesia, Manduca, Operophtera, Ostrinia, Papilio, Papilio, Papilio, Pieris, Plutella, Spodoptera, Trichoplusia and Vanessa. In a preferred embodiment, Ncb5or is Agrotis segetum, Amylois transitella, Aphantopus hyperantus, Arctia plantaginis, Bicyclus anynana, Bombus terrestris, Bombyx mandarina, Bombyx mori, Chilo suppressalis, Cydia pomonella, Danaus plexippus, Drosophila grimshawi, Drosophila melanogaster, Eumeta japonica, Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa, Leptidea sinapis, Lobesia botrana, Manduca sexta, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia furnacalis, Papilio machaon, Papilio polytes, Papilio xuthus, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera The insects may be selected from the group consisting of Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura, Trichoplusia ni, and Vanessa tameamea.

[0170] In some embodiments, the Ncb5or is an Ncb5or selected from Table 5.

[0171] In some embodiments, Ncb5or is an Ncb5or selected from the group of Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111-114, SEQ ID NO:124 or SEQ ID NO:182-185, or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity to an Ncb5or selected from the group of Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111-114, SEQ ID NO:124 or SEQ ID NO:182-185.

[0172] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Cydia Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Cydia pomonella Ncb5or. In some embodiments, Ncb5or is a variant of Cydia Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 124 (CpoNcb5or1) or SEQ ID NO: 182 (CpNcb5or), or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0173] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Drosophila Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Drosophila virilis Ncb5or. In some embodiments, Ncb5or is a variant of Drosophila Ncb5or, a variant of Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or, a variant of Drosophila grimshawi Ncb5or, a variant of Ncb5or (DmNcb5or) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:112, or a variant of Ncb5or (DgNcb5or) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111, having at least 60% identity to Ncb5or set forth in SEQ ID NO:112 or SEQ ID NO:111.

[0174] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Homo Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Homo sapiens Ncb5or. In some embodiments, Ncb5or is a variant of Homo Ncb5or, a variant of Homo sapiens Ncb5or or a variant of Ncb5or (HsNcb5or) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, and has at least 60% identity to Ncb5or set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113.

[0175] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Lobesia Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Lobesia botrana Ncb5or, such as that set forth in SEQ ID NO: 189 (LboNcb5or). In some embodiments, Ncb5or is a variant of Lobesia Ncb5or, such as that set forth in SEQ ID NO: 189, having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0176] In some embodiments, Ncb5or is Bombus Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Bombus terrestris Ncb5or, such as that set forth in SEQ ID NO: 184 (BterNcb5or), or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0177] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Spodoptera Ncb5or. In one embodiment, Ncb5or is Spodoptera litura Ncb5or. In some embodiments, Ncb5or is a variant of Spodoptera Ncb5or, a variant of Spodoptera litura Ncb5or, or a variant of Ncb5or (SlitNcb5or) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:114, and has at least 60% identity to Ncb5or set forth in SEQ ID NO:114.

[0178] A variant of Ncb5or refers to a functional variant of Ncb5or, which retains at least some or all of Ncb5or activity and has at least 60% identity thereto, such as at least 61% identity, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, at least 75% identity, such as at least 76% identity, such as at least 77% identity, such as at least 78% identity, such as at least 79% identity, such as at least 80% identity, such as at least 81% identity, such as at least 82% identity, such as at least 83% identity, such as at least 84% identity, such as at least 85% identity, such as at least 86% identity, such as at least 87% identity, such as at least 88% identity, such as at least 89% identity, such as at least 90% identity, such as at least 91% identity, such as at least 92% identity, such as at least 93% identity, such as at least 94% identity, such as at least 95% identity, such as at least 96% identity, such as at least 97% identity, such as at least 98% identity, such as at least 99% identity, such as at least 100% identity, such as at least 102% identity, such as at least 104% identity, such as at least 106% identity, such as at least 108% identity, such as at least 108% identity, such as at least 109% identity, such as at least %, such as at least 76%, such as at least 77%, such as at least 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc. identity, 100%, etc.

[0179] Nucleic acid encoding Ncb5or In some embodiments, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to an Ncb5or selected from the group of Ncb5ors set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 115 to 118. Such nucleic acids may be introduced into a cell as described herein or may be contained within a vector, such as a plasmid, as known in the art.

[0180] In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Agrotis segetum Ncb5or, such as a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 187. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Bombus terrestris Ncb5or, such as a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 188. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Cydia pomonella Ncb5or, such as a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 125 or SEQ ID NO: 182. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Drosophila grimshawi Ncb5or, such as a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:116. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Homo sapiens Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:117. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Lobesia botrana Ncb5or, such as a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:185. In one embodiment, the heterologous Ncb5or is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid encoding Spodoptera litura Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:118.

[0181] As used herein, a nucleic acid having at least 60% identity to a given nucleic acid is defined as having at least 60% identity thereto, such as at least 61% identity, such as at least 62% identity, such as at least 63% identity, such as at least 64% identity, such as at least 65% identity, such as at least 66% identity, such as at least 67% identity, such as at least 68% identity, such as at least 69% identity, such as at least 70% identity, such as at least 71% identity, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, at least 76%, etc. such as at least 77%, such as at least 78%, such as at least 79%, at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc. identity, 100%, etc.

[0182] Co-expression of multiple Ncb5ors The cell expresses at least one heterologous Ncb5or. In some embodiments, the cell expresses one heterologous Ncb5or. However, it may be desirable to express several heterologous Ncb5ors, such as at least two heterologous Ncb5ors, which may be the same or different. Alternatively, it may be desirable to express several copies of the nucleic acid encoding at least one heterologous Ncb5or, such as at least two copies, at least three copies or more copies. In some embodiments, the cell expresses at least two heterologous Ncb5ors, such as three heterologous Ncb5ors.

[0183] Desaturases, FAR and Ncb5or Any of the above Ncb5ors may be expressed in a cell together with any combination of the desaturases and reductases listed herein. Thus, the Ncb5ors listed herein below may be used to increase the activity of any of the FARs and / or desaturases listed herein below, not only in vivo but also in vitro.

[0184] In some embodiments, the cells express Cydia Ncb5or, such as Cydia pomonella Ncb5or, such as CpoNcb5or1 (SEQ ID NO:124) or CpNcb5or (SEQ ID NO:182), as well as one or both of the following: a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or a combination thereof; and / or a FAR selected from: Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, for example FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, or Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, or Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85; Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, such as FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88, or Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89, or Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, such as FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91; Tyta FAR, such as Tyta albaFAR, e.g., FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and Trichoplusia FAR, e.g., Trichoplusia ni FAR, e.g., FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0185] In other embodiments, the cells express Drosophila Ncb5or, such as Drosophila grimshawhi Ncb5or, e.g., DgNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111, and one or both of the following: a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or a combination thereof; and / or a FAR selected from: Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, for example FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, or Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, or Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85; Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, such as FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88, or Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89, or Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, such as FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91; Tyta FAR, such as Tyta albaFAR, e.g., FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and Trichoplusia FAR, e.g., Trichoplusia ni FAR, e.g., FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0186] In other embodiments, the cells express Drosophila Ncb5or, such as, for example, Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or, e.g., DmNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:112, and one or both of the following: a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or a combination thereof; and / or a FAR selected from: Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, for example FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, or Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, or Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85; Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, such as FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88, or Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89, or Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, such as FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91; Tyta FAR, such as Tyta albaFAR, e.g., FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and Trichoplusia FAR, e.g., Trichoplusia ni FAR, e.g., FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0187] In other embodiments, the cells express Homo Ncb5or, such as Homo sapiens Ncb5or, e.g., HsNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:113, and one or both of the following: a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or a combination thereof; and / or a FAR selected from: Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, for example FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, or Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, or Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85; Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, such as FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88, or Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89, or Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, such as FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91; Tyta FAR, such as Tyta albaFAR, e.g., FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and Trichoplusia FAR, e.g., Trichoplusia ni FAR, e.g., FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0188] In other embodiments, the cells express Lobesia Ncb5or, such as, for example, Lobesia botrana Ncb5or, and one or both of the following: a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or a combination thereof; and / or a FAR selected from: Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, for example FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, or Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, or Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85; Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, such as FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88; Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89; Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, such as FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91; Tyta FAR, such as Tyta albaFAR, e.g., FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and Trichoplusia FAR, e.g., Trichoplusia ni FAR, e.g., FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0189] In other embodiments, the cells express Spodoptera Ncb5or, such as Spodoptera litura Ncb5or, e.g., SlitNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:114, and one or both of the following: a desaturase selected from: an Agrotis desaturase, such as, for example, an Agrotis segetum desaturase, for example, Desat19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an Amyelois desaturase, such as, for example, an Amyelois transitella desaturase, for example, Desat16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Desat17 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or Desat18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; a Chauliognathus desaturase, such as, for example, a Chauliognathus lugubris desaturase, for example, Desat25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; a Chilo desaturase, such as, for example, a Chilo supprealis desaturase, for example, Desat47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; a Choristoneura desaturase, such as, for example, a Choristoneura parallela desaturase, for example, Desat36 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, or a Choristoneura rosaceana desaturase, such as Desat35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; Cydia desaturase, such as Cydia pomonella desaturase, such as Desat4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, Desat2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, or Desat1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; Dendrolimus desaturase, such as Dendrolimus punctatus desaturase, such as Desat40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; Drosophila desaturase, such as Drosophila grimshawi desaturase, such as Desat59 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, or Drosophila melanogaster desaturase, such as Desat24 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, or Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, or Epiphyas desaturase, such as Epiphyaspostvittana desaturase, such as Desat33 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; Grapholita desaturase, such as Grapholita molesta desaturase, such as Desat31 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or Desat55 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; Helicoverpa desaturase, such as Helicoverpa zea desaturase, such as Desat51 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; Lobesia desaturase, such as Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or Desat43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21; Manducta desaturase, such as Desat52 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; Ostrinia desaturase, such as Ostrinia nubilalis desaturase, such as Desat32 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23; Pectinophora desaturase, such as Pectinophora gossypiella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 48 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; Pelargonium desaturase, such as, for example, Pelargonium hortorum desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25; Plutella desaturase, such as, for example, Plutella xylostella desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; Ricinus desaturase, such as, for example, Ricinus communis desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:27; Saccharomyces desaturase, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; Spodoptera desaturase, such as, for example, Spodoptera exigua desaturase, such as, for example, Desat 37 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:29;littoralis desaturase, such as Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 or Desat20 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, or Spodoptera litura desaturase, such as Desat38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 or Desat26 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, Thaumetopoea desaturase, such as Thaumetopoea pityocampa desaturase, such as Desat34 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, Tribolium desaturase, such as Tribolium castaneum desaturase, such as Desat28 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 or Desat29 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Trichoplusia desaturase, such as Trichoplusia ni desaturase, such as Desat21 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, Yarrowia desaturase, such as Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase, such as, for example, Desat69 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, or a combination thereof; and / or a FAR selected from: Agrotis FAR, such as Agrotis segetum FAR, for example FAR12 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or Agrotis ispsilon FAR, for example FAR18 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, Bicyclus FAR, such as Bicyclus anynana FAR, for example FAR11 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, Bombus FAR, such as Bombus lapidarius FAR, for example FAR14 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, Chilo FAR, such as Chilo suppressalis FAR, for example FAR13 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81, Cydia FAR, such as Cydia pomonella FAR, for example FAR23 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82, Helicoverpa FAR, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, for example FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, or Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; Heliothis FAR, such as Heliothis virescens FAR, such as FAR5 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86, or Heliothis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85; Plutella FAR, such as Plutella xylostella FAR, such as FAR27 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; Spodoptera FAR, such as Spodoptera exigua FAR, such as FAR16 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88; Spodoptera frugiperda FAR, such as FAR22 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89; Spodoptera littoralis FAR, such as FAR15 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, or Spodoptera litura FAR, such as FAR19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91; Tyta FAR, such as Tyta albaFAR, e.g., FAR25 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and Trichoplusia FAR, e.g., Trichoplusia ni FAR, e.g., FAR38 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0190] The term "variant having at least 60% identity" with respect to a given enzyme refers to a variant having 60% or more identity to the enzyme, for example, at least 61% identity to the enzyme, at least 62% identity, at least 63% identity, at least 64% identity, at least 65% identity, at least 66% identity, at least 67% identity, at least 68% identity, at least 69% identity, at least 70% identity, at least 71% identity, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc., identity to the sequence or to a variant having greater than or equal to 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc.

[0191] Methods for determining whether Ncb5or increases the activity of a desaturase and / or fatty acyl-CoA reductase will be apparent to one of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. For example, whether a given Ncb5or increases the activity of a desaturase can be determined by incubating cells in solution containing the fatty acyl-CoA substrate of the desaturase, where the cells express either (i) Ncb5or and a desaturase, or (ii) a desaturase. After 48 hours of incubation under the same conditions, the amount (titer) of product produced by the desaturase (i.e., the amount of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA) can be determined by GC-MS. A higher titer in cells expressing Ncb5or compared to cells not expressing Ncb5or indicates that Ncb5or increases the activity of the desaturase.

[0192] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is DgNcb5or (SEQ ID NO: 111) and FAR is FAR12 (SEQ ID NO: 77), FAR18 (SEQ ID NO: 78), FAR11 (SEQ ID NO: 79), FAR14 (SEQ ID NO: 80), FAR13 (SEQ ID NO: 81), FAR23 (SEQ ID NO: 82), FAR1 (SEQ ID NO: 83), FAR6 (SEQ ID NO: 84), FAR4 (SEQ ID NO: 85), FAR5 (SEQ ID NO: 86), FAR27 (SEQ ID NO: 87), FAR16 (SEQ ID NO: 88), FAR22 (SEQ ID NO: 89), FAR15 (SEQ ID NO: 90). ), FAR19 (SEQ ID NO: 91), FAR25 (SEQ ID NO: 92), FAR38 (SEQ ID NO: 93), FAR33 (SEQ ID NO: 154), FAR34 (SEQ ID NO: 155), FAR35 (SEQ ID NO: 156), FAR47 (SEQ ID NO: 157), FAR46 (SEQ ID NO: 158), FAR42 (SEQ ID NO: 159), FAR43 (SEQ ID NO: 160), FAR44 (SEQ ID NO: 161), FAR28 (SEQ ID NO: 162), FAR30 (SEQ ID NO: 163), FAR17 (SEQ ID NO: 164), FAR45 (SEQ ID NO: 165), FAR41 (SEQ ID NO: 166), Desat47 (SEQ ID NO:6), Desat36 (SEQ ID NO:7), Desat35 (SEQ ID NO:8), Desat4 (SEQ ID NO:9), Desat2 (SEQ ID NO:10), Desat1 (SEQ ID NO:11), Desat40 (SEQ ID NO:12), Desat59 (SEQ ID NO:13), Desat60 (SEQ ID NO:14), Desat70 (SEQ ID NO:15), Desat80 (SEQ ID NO:16), Desat90 (SEQ ID NO:17), Desat100 (SEQ ID NO:18), Desat110 (SEQ ID NO:19), Desat120 (SEQ ID NO:20), Desat130 (SEQ ID NO:21), Desat140 (SEQ ID NO:22), Desat150 (SEQ ID NO:23), Desat160 (SEQ ID NO:24), Desat170 (SEQ ID NO:25), Desat180 (SEQ ID NO:26), Desat19 (SEQ ID NO:1), Desat16 (SEQ ID NO:2), Desat17 (SEQ ID NO:3), Desat18 (SEQ ID NO:4), Desat25 (SEQ ID NO:5), Desat47 (SEQ ID NO:6), Desat36 (SEQ ID NO:7), Desat35 (SEQ ID NO:8), Desat4 (SEQ ID NO:9), Desat2 (SEQ ID NO:10), Desat1 (SEQ ID NO:11), Desat40 (SEQ ID NO:12), Desat59 (SEQ ID NO:24), Desat19 (SEQ ID NO:1), Desat20 (SEQ ID NO:25), Desat20 (SEQ ID NO:26), Desat2 SEQ ID NO: 13), Desat24 (SEQ ID NO: 14), Desat61 (SEQ ID NO: 15), Desat33 (SEQ ID NO: 16), Desat31 (SEQ ID NO: 17), Desat55 (SEQ ID NO: 18), Desat51 (SEQ ID NO: 19), Desat30 (SEQ ID NO: 20), Desat43 (SEQ ID NO: 21), Desat52 (SEQ ID NO: 22), Desat32 (SEQ ID NO: 23), Desat48 (SEQ ID NO: 24), Desat22 (SEQ ID NO: 25), Desat45 (SEQ ID NO: 26), Desat23 (SEQ ID NO: 27),Desat42 (SEQ ID NO: 28), Desat37 (SEQ ID NO: 29), Desat20 (SEQ ID NO: 30), Desat20 (SEQ ID NO: 31), Desat38 (SEQ ID NO: 32), Desat26 (SEQ ID NO: 33), Desat34 (SEQ ID NO: 34), Desat28 (SEQ ID NO: 35), Desat29 (SEQ ID NO: 36), Desat21 (SEQ ID NO: 37), Desat69 (SEQ ID NO: 38), Desat72 (SEQ ID NO: 126), Desat76 (SEQ ID NO: 127), Desat75 (SEQ ID NO: 128), Desat78 (SEQ ID NO: 129) , Desat44 (SEQ ID NO: 130), Desat60 (SEQ ID NO: 131), Desat63 (SEQ ID NO: 132), Desat56 (SEQ ID NO: 133), Desat70 (SEQ ID NO: 134), Desat71 (SEQ ID NO: 135), Desat77 (SEQ ID NO: 136), Desat65 (SEQ ID NO: 137), Desat27 (SEQ ID NO: 138), and Desat73, and preferably FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17.

[0193] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is DmNcb5or (SEQ ID NO:112), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0194] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is HsNcb5or (SEQ ID NO:113), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0195] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is SlitNcb5or (SEQ ID NO:114), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0196] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is CpoNcb5or1 (SEQ ID NO: 124), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0197] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is CpNcb5or (SEQ ID NO: 182), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0198] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is AseNcb5or (SEQ ID NO: 183), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0199] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is BterNcb5or (SEQ ID NO: 184), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0200] In one embodiment, Ncb5or is LboNcb5or (SEQ ID NO: 185), the FAR is selected from the group of FARs listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or), preferably the FAR is selected from the group consisting of FAR1, FAR15, FAR16, FAR12, FAR6, FAR8, FAR18, FAR38, and FAR17, and the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases listed above (in the context of Ncb5or being DgNcb5or).

[0201] cell The present invention provides cells that have been modified or engineered to produce unsaturated and / or saturated compounds, in particular unsaturated and / or saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated and / or saturated fatty alcohols, and / or unsaturated and / or saturated fatty aldehydes, some of which are components of pheromones, in particular moth pheromones. Thus, the cells disclosed herein provide an improved platform for environmentally friendly moth pheromone production.

[0202] In one embodiment, the cells described herein are capable of producing unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and / or acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols having carbon chain lengths of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22. In preferred embodiments, the carbon chains are 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 carbons in length.

[0203] Thus, one embodiment of the present invention comprises: i) a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; and ii) Heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) The present invention provides a cell expressing the heterologous Ncb5or, whereby the cell is capable of producing a compound having a higher potency when cultured under the same conditions, compared to a cell expressing the first group of enzymes but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or.

[0204] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes consist of one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, thereby enabling the cells to produce unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA with higher titers compared to cells expressing the one or more desaturases but not expressing heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0205] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes consist of one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA into saturated fatty alcohols, thereby enabling the cells to produce saturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells expressing one or more FARs but not expressing heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0206] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes consist of one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) and one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoAs into unsaturated fatty alcohols, thereby enabling the cells to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells expressing the one or more FARs and one or more desaturases but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions.

[0207] In one embodiment, the cells further express an acetyltransferase capable of converting an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol into an acetate ester of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol, respectively, thereby enabling the cells to produce acetate esters of unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohols with higher titers compared to cells that express the first group of enzymes and the acetyltransferase, but do not express the heterologous Ncb5or, when cultured under the same conditions.

[0208] The cells may express any combination of Ncb5or and the first enzyme or enzymes, in particular any desaturase or FAR described herein.

[0209] In one embodiment, the cell is adapted to produce a heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:111-114, SEQ ID NO:124 and SEQ ID NOs:182-185, a heterologous desaturase selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-38 and SEQ ID NOs:126-139, and a heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:77-93 and SEQ ID NOs:154-167, such as a Spodoptera litura desaturase (Desat38) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32, and a Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) (FAR1) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:83, or a Lobesia botrana desaturase (Desat30) as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20, and a Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) (FAR1), or a Drosophila virilis desaturase (Desat61) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, and a Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) (FAR1) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.

[0210] In one embodiment, the cells express: a. A desaturase from Spodoptera litura (Desat38), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:32; b. a fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) as described herein above, such as Helicoverpa armigera FAR, e.g., FAR1 as described in SEQ ID NO:83, or Agrotis segetum FAR, e.g., FAR12 as described in SEQ ID NO:77, and c. An NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Nc5bor) selected from the group consisting of: Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or, such as DmNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:112; Spodoptera litura Ncb5or, such as SlitNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:114; Drosophila grimshawi Ncb5or, such as DgNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111; Cydia pomonella Ncb5or, such as CpNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:182; Agrotis segetum Ncb5or, such as AseNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:183; Bombus terrestris Ncb5or, such as BterNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:184; Lobesia rhodamine Ncb5or, such as LboNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:185. Homo sapiens Ncb5or, such as Ncb5or of botrana, and HsNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto. In some embodiments, the FAR is FAR1 and the Ncb5or is DmNcb5or or SlitNcb5or, and in other embodiments, the FAR is FAR12 and the Ncb5or is DmNcb5or.

[0211] In other embodiments, the cells express: a. A Lobesia botrana desaturase, such as Desat30 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20; b. Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR), such as FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:83; and c. An NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Nc5bor) selected from the group consisting of: Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or, such as DmNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:112; Spodoptera litura Ncb5or, such as SlitNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:114; Drosophila grimshawi Ncb5or, such as DgNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111; Cydia pomonella Ncb5or, such as CpNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:182; Agrotis segetum Ncb5or, such as AseNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:183; Bombus terrestris Ncb5or, such as BterNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:184; Lobesia rhodamine Ncb5or, such as LboNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:185. Homo sapiens Ncb5or, such as Ncb5or of botrana, and HsNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, preferably DmNcb5or or SlitNcb5or; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0212] In other embodiments, the cells express: a. A Drosophila virilis desaturase, such as Desat61 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15; b. Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR), such as FAR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:83; and c. An NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Nc5bor) selected from the group consisting of: Drosophila melanogaster Ncb5or, such as DmNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:112; Spodoptera litura Ncb5or, such as SlitNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:114; Drosophila grimshawi Ncb5or, such as DgNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:111; Cydia pomonella Ncb5or, such as CpNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:182; Agrotis segetum Ncb5or, such as AseNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:183; Bombus terrestris Ncb5or, such as BterNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:184; Lobesia, such as LboNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO:185. Homo sapiens Ncb5or, such as Ncb5or of Homo botrana, and HsNcb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, preferably HsNcb5or or SlitNcb5or; or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0213] The term "variant thereof having at least 60% identity" with respect to a given enzyme refers to a variant having 60% or more identity to the enzyme, for example, at least 61% identity to the enzyme, at least 62% identity, at least 63% identity, at least 64% identity, at least 65% identity, at least 66% identity, at least 67% identity, at least 68% identity, at least 69% identity, at least 70% identity, at least 71% identity, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least "A" or "B" is understood to refer to a variant having or greater than 77%, such as 78%, such as at least 79%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, etc. identity.

[0214] Fatty alcohols and acetates of fatty alcohols Cells expressing Ncb5or and the first enzyme or enzymes can produce aliphatic alcohols and / or acetate esters of aliphatic alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In preferred embodiments, the carbon chain has a length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18.

[0215] Thus, provided herein are unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and / or acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols obtainable according to the methods provided herein.

[0216] Further provided herein are uses of the unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and / or acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols obtained according to the methods provided herein, such compounds can be used, for example, to monitor or discourage the presence of pests.

[0217] In some embodiments, the unsaturated fatty alcohol is desaturated at at least one position, such as at least two positions. In other embodiments, the unsaturated fatty alcohol is desaturated at the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 positions. In preferred embodiments, the unsaturated fatty alcohol is selected from the group of unsaturated fatty alcohols consisting of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH), (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol (Z9-16:OH), (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH), (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:OH), and codlemone (E8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol).

[0218] In some embodiments, the acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol is desaturated at at least one position, such as at least two positions. In other embodiments, the acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol is desaturated at the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 positions. In some embodiments, the acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol is E8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate.

[0219] In some embodiments, the cell can further convert the acetate ester of the unsaturated fatty alcohol or the acetate ester of the saturated fatty alcohol to an unsaturated fatty aldehyde or a saturated fatty aldehyde, respectively, for example, by expression of at least one alcohol dehydrogenase and / or at least one fatty alcohol oxidase in the cell. The alcohol dehydrogenase and / or fatty alcohol oxidase may originate from the cell or may be a heterologous alcohol dehydrogenase and / or fatty alcohol oxidase.

[0220] Accordingly, further provided herein are uses of the unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes and / or saturated aliphatic aldehydes obtained according to the methods provided herein.

[0221] Alternatively, the acetyltransferase may catalyze the conversion of an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol produced by the cell, either in vivo or in vitro, to a corresponding unsaturated or saturated fatty aldehyde, following recovery of the fatty alcohol. The conversion to the fatty aldehyde may be accomplished chemically.

[0222] Any of the unsaturated fatty alcohols produced by the cells may be further converted to the corresponding acetate esters of fatty alcohols, in preferred embodiments, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-yl acetate (Z9-16:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate (Z11-16:OAc), and E8,E10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E8,E10-Z11:OAc).

[0223] In some embodiments, the product is (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:OH). Such a product may be obtained as disclosed in WO2016 / 207339. For example, it may be produced by expressing a Δ11 desaturase and FAR in a cell, such as a yeast cell or a plant cell, preferably a yeast cell, where the Δ11 desaturase is capable of converting hexadecanoyl-CoA to (Z)11-hexadecenyl-CoA and the FAR is capable of converting (Z)11-hexadecenyl-CoA to (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. In particular, the following desaturases and FARs have been found to enable the production of these compounds at high titers in yeast: Amyelois transitella desaturases, such as Desat16, Spodoptera littoralis desaturases, such as Desat20, Spodoptera exigua desaturases, such as Desat37, Agrotis segetum desaturases, such as Desat19, Trichoplusia ni desaturases, such as Desat21, Helicoverpa armigera FAR, such as FAR1, Heliothhis subflexa FAR, such as FAR4, and Helicoverpa assulta FAR, such as FAR6, or variants thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0224] In some embodiments, the product is codlemone (E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A, codlemone and derivatives thereof). Such a product can be obtained as disclosed in application PCT / EP2020 / 086975, filed December 18, 2020, by the same applicant and entitled "Yeast cells and methods for production of E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A, codlemone and derivatives thereof." For example, E8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol can be produced in cells, such as yeast cells or plant cells, preferably yeast cells, which express at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing one or more double bonds into fatty acyl-CoAs having a carbon chain length of 12, thereby converting the fatty acyl-CoAs to unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs, at least a portion of which is E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A (E8,E10-C12:CoA). In particular, to produce codlemone with high titers, the following desaturases can be expressed in yeast: Desat4 alone, or Desat4 (SEQ ID NO:9) and an additional heterologous desaturase, such as Desat2 (SEQ ID NO:10) or Desat1 (SEQ ID NO:11), or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto. The desaturase may be advantageously expressed with at least one of the following FARs: the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is selected from the group consisting of FAR12 (SEQ ID NO:77), FAR18 (SEQ ID NO:78), FAR4 (SEQ ID NO:85), FAR6 (SEQ ID NO:84), FAR5 (SEQ ID NO:86), FAR1 (SEQ ID NO:83), FAR23 (SEQ ID NO:82), or a variant thereof having at least 60% identity thereto.

[0225] To improve the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetates of saturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty aldehydes, or saturated fatty aldehydes, such as E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A and optionally E8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol and derivatives thereof as disclosed herein, it may be advantageous to introduce additional modifications into the cells in order to increase the availability of the necessary precursors. Such modifications are disclosed in the same applicant's application PCT / EP2020 / 086975, entitled "Yeast cells and methods for production of E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A, codlemone and derivatives thereof," filed on December 18, 2020, and may be useful for the production of various unsaturated compounds in addition to codlemone. For example, the cells may be further modified to express a heterologous cytochrome b5, and / or to express a heterologous cytochrome b5 reductase, and / or to express hemoglobin, and / or by inactivation of native elongase(s), and / or by inactivation of native thioesterase, and / or by inactivation or alteration of the activity of native fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, fatty alcohol oxidase, peroxisome forming factor and / or fatty acyl synthase, and / or by expression of a heterologous thioesterase gene, and / or by expression of a fusion protein of fatty acyl synthase and thioesterase. In particular, the expression of heterologous cytochrome b5, heterologous cytochrome b5 reductase, and / or hemoglobin, and / or the inactivation or reduction of the activity of native fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, fatty alcohol oxidase, peroxisome proliferator and / or fatty acyl synthase are particularly relevant and are described in detail in application PCT / EP2020 / 086975.

[0226] In some embodiments, particularly those in which the cell is a yeast cell, the cell is further modified to increase the availability of fatty acyl-CoA of a given chain length by chain shortening, as disclosed in WO2020 / 169389. Without being bound by theory, such modifications are expected to increase the availability of substrates with a desired carbon chain length, particularly those with a carbon chain length of 12, which may increase the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols and, optionally, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols and unsaturated fatty aldehydes. This may be achieved by reducing the activity of native acyl-CoA oxidases in the microbial production cells and expressing specific acyl-CoA oxidases, desaturases, reductases, and acetyltransferases. Such modifications are described in detail in WO2020 / 169389.

[0227] Any of the above modifications may be combined, i.e. a cell may contain several of the modifications.

[0228] Aliphatic Aldehydes Although the present disclosure provides methods for producing unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols and acetate esters of unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols, it may be necessary to further convert the fatty alcohol to the corresponding unsaturated or saturated aldehyde. Thus, in some embodiments, the method may further include converting at least a portion of the fatty alcohol to a fatty aldehyde, thereby producing the fatty aldehyde. This may be accomplished by chemical methods or by further manipulation of the yeast cells.

[0229] In some embodiments, the step of converting at least a portion of the aliphatic alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde is a chemical conversion step. The chemical conversion is based on the oxidation of the aliphatic alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde. Methods for carrying out this conversion are known in the art. The preferred method is environmentally friendly and minimizes the amount of hazardous waste.

[0230] Thus, in some embodiments, the chemical transformation may be metal-free, avoiding toxic heavy metal-based reagents such as manganese oxides, chromium oxides (Jones oxidation PDC, PCC) or ruthenium compounds (TPAP, Ley-Griffith oxidation). In some embodiments, the transformation does not involve reactions with activated dimethylsulfoxide, such as Swern oxidation or Pfitzner-Moffat type. Such reactions may include the routine formation of traces of organosulfur compounds, such as dimethylsulfide, which emit strong odors and may be difficult to remove from the target product.

[0231] In some embodiments, the method comprises the Dess-Martin reaction (Yadav et al., 2004, Meyer et al., 1994). In some embodiments, the method comprises the copper(I) / ABNO catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation reaction (Steves & Stahl, 2013).

[0232] In other embodiments, chemical conversion involves oxidation with sodium hypochlorite under aqueous / organic biphasic conditions (Okada et al., 2014; Tamura et al., 2012; Li et al., 2009). In some embodiments, chemical oxidation can be carried out with 1-chlorobenzotriazole in a methylene chloride medium containing 25% pyridine (Ferrell and Yao, 1972).

[0233] Alternatively, the oxidation of the fatty alcohol to the corresponding fatty aldehyde can be carried out enzymatically by alcohol dehydrogenase. Those skilled in the art will know how to carry out the enzymatic oxidation. For example, the enzymatic oxidation can be carried out by contacting purified enzymes, cell extracts or whole cells with the fatty alcohol.

[0234] The fatty alcohols obtained by the cells and methods described herein can be further converted to fatty aldehydes by introducing a gene encoding an aldehyde-generating fatty acyl-CoA reductase EC 1.2.1.50 (FAR'). In this way, at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA can be converted to the corresponding fatty aldehyde by an aldehyde-generating fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR'). An enzyme capable of catalyzing this conversion can catalyze a reduction reaction in which fatty acyl-CoA is reduced to a fatty aldehyde. Such enzymes are aldehyde-generating fatty acyl-CoA reductases having the EC number 1.2.1.50, also referred to herein as FAR' or "aldehyde-generating FAR'". They catalyze the following reaction: Fatty acyl-CoA + NADPH = fatty aldehyde + NADP++ coenzyme A.

[0235] yeast cells In some embodiments of the present invention, the cell provided herein is a yeast cell.Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention provides a yeast cell that expresses a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA into a compound selected from unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and a heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or), such that the yeast cell can produce a compound with a higher titer when cultured under the same conditions as a yeast cell that expresses the first enzymes but does not express the heterologous Ncb5or.

[0236] The yeast cell can be a non-naturally occurring yeast cell, for example, a yeast cell that has been engineered to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs.

[0237] In some embodiments, the cell is modified at the genome level, for example, by gene editing in the genome.The cell may also be modified by inserting at least one nucleic acid construct, such as at least one vector.The vector may be designed to either allow the integration of a nucleic acid sequence into the genome, or allow the expression of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence contained in the vector without integration into the genome, as known to those skilled in the art.

[0238] The yeast cell may be a cell of a genus selected from Saccharomyces, Pichia, Komagataella, Yarrowia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces. In a preferred embodiment, the genus is Saccharomyces or Yarrowia, and most preferably the genus is Yarrowia.

[0239] The yeast cell may be a cell of a species selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardi, Pichia pastoris, Komagataella phaffi, Komagataella pastoris, Komagataella pseudopastoris, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus albidus, Lipomyces lipofera, Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon pullulan and Yarrowia lipolytica. In a preferred embodiment, the yeast cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell or a Yarrowia lipolytica cell, and most preferably the yeast cell is a Yarrowia lipolytica cell.

[0240] The yeast cell to be modified, which will also be referred to as the host cell, may express the same class of native enzymes as the enzymes required for the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA.However, in some cases, such native enzymes may adversely affect the titer of the unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that can be obtained, so the native enzymes may be inactivated by methods known in the art, such as gene editing.For example, the genes encoding the native enzymes that adversely affect the titer may be deleted or mutated to cause the total or partial loss of activity of the native enzymes.

[0241] In some embodiments, the yeast cell has reduced activity of one or more proteins as disclosed in WO2018 / 109163 and in EP 3555268. For example, the yeast cell may have a mutation that results in reduced activity (i.e., downregulation) of Pex10, Hfd1, Hfd4, Fao1 and / or GPAT. Preferably, the yeast cell has at least one mutation that results in reduced activity of at least Fao1 and one or more of Hfd1, Hfd4, Pex10 and / or GPAT. Such mutations may increase the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols and / or acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols in yeast cells expressing heterologous desaturases and heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductases.

[0242] Thus, provided herein is a yeast cell expressing a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and a heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or), whereby the yeast cell is capable of producing the compound with a higher titer when cultured under the same conditions as a yeast cell expressing the first group of enzymes but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or.

[0243] The first enzyme or enzymes may be a desaturase as defined in section "Desaturases", a FAR as defined in section "Fatty acyl-CoA reductases", a desaturase and a FAR desaturase as defined in sections "Desaturases" and "Fatty acyl-CoA reductases", respectively. Ncb5or may be as defined in section "NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductases". The yeast cell may express a heterologous Ncb5or and a heterologous desaturase, a heterologous FAR, or a heterologous FAR and a heterologous desaturase as disclosed in section "Cells".

[0244] In some embodiments, the genes encoding the desaturase, FAR and / or Ncb5or are codon-optimized for the yeast cell. In other embodiments, the genes encoding the desaturase, FAR and / or Ncb5or are under the control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the genes encoding the desaturase, FAR and / or Ncb5or are present in high copy number and / or they are each independently contained within the genome of the yeast cell or within a vector contained within the yeast cell.

[0245] In some embodiments, the yeast cells contain a vector system, as described in the section "Nucleic Acids."

[0246] The yeast cell according to the invention may be comprised in a fermentation broth, a fermentation system and / or a catalytic system, in other words, the fermentation broth, the fermentation system and / or the catalytic system may comprise a yeast cell according to the invention.

[0247] plant cells In some embodiments of the present invention, the cell provided herein is a plant cell.Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention provides a plant cell that expresses a first enzyme or group of enzymes that can convert fatty acyl-CoA into a compound selected from unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and a heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or), so that the plant cell can produce a compound with a higher titer when cultured under the same conditions as a plant cell that expresses the first group of enzymes but does not express the heterologous Ncb5or.

[0248] The plant cell may be a non-naturally occurring plant cell, for example, a plant cell that has been engineered to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs.

[0249] In some embodiments, the plant cell is modified at the genome level, for example, by gene editing in the genome. The plant cell may also be modified by inserting at least one nucleic acid construct, such as at least one vector. The vector may be designed to either allow integration of a nucleic acid sequence into the genome, or to allow expression of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid sequence contained in the vector without integration into the genome, as known to those skilled in the art. For example, the plant cell may be modified using horizontal gene transfer, gene gun, and / or other techniques known in the art.

[0250] In some embodiments, the plant cell is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Nicotiana and Camelina, hi some embodiments, the plant cell is from a species selected from the group consisting of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Camelina sativa.

[0251] The plant cell to be modified, which will also be referred to as host cell, may express the same class of native enzymes as the enzymes required for the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA.However, in some cases, such native enzymes may adversely affect the titer of the unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that can be obtained, so that the native enzymes may be inactivated by methods known in the art, such as gene editing.For example, the genes encoding the native enzymes that adversely affect titer may be deleted or mutated to cause the total or partial loss of activity of the native enzymes.

[0252] The plant cell may be part of a plant, such as a transgenic plant. In other words, the plant cell may be part of a transgenic plant. A transgenic plant is a plant that expresses a transgene, i.e., a plant that has been genetically engineered. The plant genome may be manipulated by physical methods or by using Agrobacterium to deliver the sequence.

[0253] Gene guns, or biolistic particle delivery systems, are an example of a physical genetic engineering method for plants. Gene guns can be used to deliver foreign DNA, RNA or proteins into plant cells. By coating particles with the gene of interest and firing these microprojectiles into cells using mechanical force, the cells can be induced to incorporate the desired genetic information. Gene guns can transform almost any kind of plant cell, and are not limited to transforming the cell nucleus, but can also transform organelles, including plastids and mitochondria.

[0254] Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, making it an important tool in plant genetic engineering. Plant genomes can be manipulated by using Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences present in transfer binary vectors (T-binary vectors). Transformation with Agrobacterium can be accomplished in several ways. Protoplasts or leaf discs can be incubated with Agrobacterium to generate whole plants as described below. In agroinfiltration, Agrobacterium can be injected directly into plant leaf tissue.

[0255] Many plants are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell can be taken from a mature plant and used to form a new plant. This can be exploited when creating transgenic plants. Successfully transformed cells in an adult plant can be taken and grown in plant tissue culture to generate a new plant, where the genetic modification is present in all cells of the plant.

[0256] The plants disclosed herein are not naturally occurring plants. Preferably, the plants disclosed herein are not obtained by essentially biological methods, but by targeted genome editing methods, as generally known in the art.

[0257] Thus, provided herein is a plant cell expressing a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and a heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or), whereby the plant cell is capable of producing the compound with a higher titer when cultured under the same conditions as a plant cell expressing the first group of enzymes but not expressing the heterologous Ncb5or.

[0258] The first enzyme or enzymes may be a desaturase as defined in section "Desaturases", a FAR as defined in section "Fatty acyl-CoA reductases", a desaturase and a FAR desaturase as defined in sections "Desaturases" and "Fatty acyl-CoA reductases", respectively. Ncb5or may be as defined in section "NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductases". The plant cell may express a heterologous Ncb5or and a heterologous desaturase, a heterologous FAR, or a heterologous FAR and a heterologous desaturase as disclosed in section "Cells".

[0259] In some embodiments, the genes encoding the desaturase, FAR and / or Ncb5or are codon-optimized for the plant cell. In other embodiments, the genes encoding the desaturase, FAR and / or Ncb5or are under the control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the genes encoding the desaturase, FAR and / or Ncb5or are present in high copy number and / or they are each independently contained within the genome of the plant cell or within a vector contained within the plant cell.

[0260] In some embodiments, the plant cell comprises a vector system, as described in the section "Nucleic Acids."

[0261] Methods for Producing Unsaturated Fatty Acyl-CoA, Unsaturated Fatty Alcohols, Saturated Fatty Alcohols, Acetate Esters of Unsaturated Fatty Alcohols, and / or Acetate Esters of Saturated Fatty Alcohols Provided herein is a method for producing a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA in a cell, the method comprising the steps of: a. providing cells and incubating the cells in a medium; and b. expressing in the cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to the compound; and c. expressing NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) in the cell; d. Optionally, recovering the compound. Includes.

[0262] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise the step of reacting unsaturated fatty alcohols, and optionally acetate esters of fatty alcohols and / or fatty acids, with at least 1 mg / L, such as at least 1.5 mg / L, such as at least 5 mg / L, such as at least 10 mg / L, such as at least 25 mg / L, such as at least 50 mg / L, such as at least 100 mg / L, such as at least 250 mg / L, such as at least 500 mg / L, such as at least 750 mg / L, such as at least 1 g / L, such as at least 2 g / L, such as at least 3 g / L, such as at least 4 g / L, such as at least 5 g / L, such as at least 6 g / L, such as at least 7 g / L, such as at least 8 g / L, such as at least 9 g / L, such as at least 10 g / L, such as at least 11 g / L, such as at least 12 g / L, such as at least 13 g / L. In some embodiments, the antibody is produced in a titer of at least 14 g / L, such as at least 15 g / L, such as at least 16 g / L, such as at least 17 g / L, such as at least 18 g / L, such as at least 19 g / L, such as at least 20 g / L, such as at least 25 g / L, such as at least 30 g / L, such as at least 35 g / L, such as at least 40 g / L, such as at least 45 g / L, such as at least 50 g / L, such as at least 55 g / L, such as at least 60 g / L, such as at least 65 g / L, such as at least 70 g / L, such as at least 75 g / L, such as at least 80 g / L, such as at least 85 g / L, such as at least 90 g / L, such as at least 95 g / L, such as at least 100 g / L, such as at least 125 g / L, such as at least 150 g / L, such as at least 175 g / L, such as at least 200 g / L, or greater.

[0263] Further provided herein is a method for increasing the titer of a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acid, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA produced in a cell capable of synthesizing one or more fatty acyl-CoAs and / or introducing fatty acyl-CoAs from its environment, the method comprising the steps of: a. expressing in the cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to the compound; and b. expressing NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 reductase (Ncb5or) in the cells, thereby increasing the potency of the compound compared to the potency from cells that do not express Ncb5or under the same conditions; c. Optionally, recovering the compound. Includes.

[0264] In other words, provided herein is a method for increasing production of a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acid, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA in a cell, wherein the cell expresses a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting a fatty acyl-CoA to any of the compounds, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to any of the compounds, expresses NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) in the cell, and production of the compound in the cell is increased compared to production of the compound in a cell expressing the same enzyme or group of first enzymes but not expressing Ncb5or, and the cell is cultured under the same conditions.

[0265] Also disclosed herein is a method for increasing the purity of a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acid, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA produced in a cell capable of synthesizing one or more fatty acyl-CoAs and / or introducing fatty acyl-CoAs from its environment, the method comprising the steps of: a. expressing in the cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA to the compound; and b. expressing Ncb5or in the cells, thereby increasing production of the compound compared to production from cells that do not express Ncb5or under the same conditions. and the purity of a compound is the ratio or percentage of the compound relative to all compounds within the same compound family produced by the cell, such as the percentage of unsaturated fatty alcohols relative to all unsaturated fatty alcohols produced by the cell, the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids relative to all fatty acids produced by the cell, and / or the percentage of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs relative to all fatty acyl-CoAs produced by the cell.

[0266] The purity of the unsaturated fatty alcohol, unsaturated fatty acid and / or unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA may be increased by at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, compared to the purity of the same compound obtained from a cell that does not express Ncb5or.

[0267] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes are comprised of one or more desaturases capable of converting a fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and the compound is an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA. The fatty acyl-CoA does not accumulate in the cell, but its presence can be determined by determining the presence of the corresponding fatty acid.

[0268] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes comprise one or more fatty acyl reductases (FAR) capable of converting a fatty acyl-CoA to a saturated fatty alcohol, and the compound is a saturated fatty alcohol.

[0269] In one embodiment, the first enzyme or enzymes comprise one or more fatty acyl reductases (FAR) and one or more desaturases capable of converting a fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol, and the compound is an unsaturated fatty alcohol.

[0270] In one embodiment, the compound is an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol, and the method further comprises converting the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an acetate ester of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol, respectively.

[0271] In one embodiment, the conversion of an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an acetate ester of an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol is carried out in vitro.

[0272] In one embodiment, the conversion of the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an acetate ester of an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol is performed in vivo by additionally expressing in the cell an acetyltransferase capable of converting the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an acetate ester of an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol, respectively.

[0273] In one embodiment, the compound is a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, and the method further comprises converting the saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol to a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde, respectively.

[0274] In one embodiment, the conversion to an aldehyde is a chemical or enzymatic conversion.

[0275] In some embodiments, the cell is a yeast cell, as described in the section "Yeast cells." In some embodiments, the cell is a plant cell, as described in the section "Plant cells."

[0276] The desaturases, FAR and Ncb5or may be as described in the sections "Desaturases", "Fatty acyl-CoA reductases" and "NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductases", respectively.

[0277] In some embodiments, the total titer of unsaturated fatty alcohols and, optionally, the acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols and / or the total titer of unsaturated fatty fatty alcohols is increased, while in other embodiments, the total titer of saturated fatty alcohols and, optionally, the acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols and / or the total titer of unsaturated fatty fatty acids is increased.

[0278] In some embodiments, the titer of the unsaturated fatty alcohol is increased by at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, compared to the titer of a cell that does not express Ncb5or, such as a yeast cell or a plant cell.

[0279] In some embodiments, the potency of acetate esters of saturated aliphatic alcohols is increased by at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, compared to the potency of cells that do not express Ncb5or, such as yeast cells or plant cells.

[0280] In some embodiments, the titer of saturated aliphatic alcohol acids is increased by at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, compared to the titer in a cell that does not express Ncb5or, such as a yeast cell or a plant cell.

[0281] Further provided herein are methods for producing at least 1 mg / L of unsaturated fatty alcohol, saturated fatty alcohol, acetate ester of unsaturated fatty alcohol, acetate ester of saturated fatty alcohol, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty aldehyde, and / or saturated fatty aldehyde, and the like, at a concentration of at least 1.5 mg / L, such as at least 5 mg / L, such as at least 10 mg / L, such as at least 25 mg / L, such as at least 50 mg / L, such as at least 100 mg / L, such as at least 250 mg / L, such as at least 500 mg / L, such as at least 750 mg / L, such as at least 1 g / L, such as at least 2 g / L, such as at least 3 g / L, such as at least 4 g / L, such as at least 5 g / L, such as at least 6 g / L, such as at least 7 g / L, such as at least 8 g / L, such as at least 9 g / L, such as at least 10 g / L, such as at least 11 g / L, such as at least 12 g / L, such as at least 13 g / L, such as at least 14 g / L, such as at least 15 g / L, such as at least 16 g / L, such as at least 17 g / L, such as at least 18 g / L, such as at least 19 g / L, such as at least 20 g / L, such as at least 25 g / L, such as at least 30 g / L, such as at least 35 g / L, such as at least 40 g / L, such as at least 45 g / L, such as at least 50 g / L, or more.

[0282] Methods for determining titer are known in the art.

[0283] Any of the methods disclosed herein may further comprise the step of converting an acetate ester of an unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol to an unsaturated or saturated fatty aldehyde. This may be done, for example, by expression of at least one alcohol dehydrogenase and / or at least one fatty alcohol oxidase in the cell, as detailed above. The alcohol dehydrogenase and / or fatty alcohol oxidase may originate from the cell or may be a heterologous alcohol dehydrogenase and / or fatty alcohol oxidase.

[0284] Any of the methods disclosed herein may further comprise, after recovering the fatty alcohol, converting, either in vivo or in vitro, the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol produced by the cells to a corresponding saturated or unsaturated fatty aldehyde. The conversion to the unsaturated or saturated fatty aldehyde may be accomplished chemically.

[0285] In some embodiments, cells such as yeast or plant cells are further modified to increase the availability of fatty acyl-CoAs of a given chain length by chain shortening, as disclosed in WO2020 / 169389. Without being bound by theory, such modifications are expected to increase the availability of substrates with a desired carbon chain length, particularly those with a carbon chain length of 12, which may increase the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols and, optionally, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols and unsaturated fatty aldehydes. This may be achieved by reducing the activity of native acyl-CoA oxidases in the microbial production cells and expressing specific acyl-CoA oxidases, desaturases, reductases, and acetyltransferases. Such modifications are described in detail in WO2020 / 169389.

[0286] Other related modifications are available to one skilled in the art, some of which are detailed in the section "Fatty Alcohols and Acetates of Fatty Alcohols" herein above.

[0287] Methods for Increasing Desaturase and / or Fatty Acyl-CoA Reductase Activity Provided herein is a method for increasing the activity of at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of desaturases and fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FAR), the method comprising the steps of: a. providing a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond into fatty acyl-CoA, thereby converting at least a portion of the fatty acyl-CoA into unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; and / or b. providing a fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) capable of converting at least a portion of the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol, thereby producing an unsaturated fatty alcohol; and c. contacting the desaturase and / or FAR with NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or), thereby increasing the activity of the desaturase and / or FAR compared to the activity of the desaturase and / or FAR in the absence of Ncb5or, wherein the activity is measured under the same conditions. wherein the increase in activity is measured by measuring the concentration of a product formed by the desaturase and / or FAR.

[0288] In some embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In other embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, the method is performed in a yeast cell, for example, as described herein in the section "Yeast Cells," or in a plant cell, for example, as described herein in the section "Plant Cells."

[0289] The method may increase the concentration of a specific unsaturated fatty alcohol, a specific saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of a specific unsaturated fatty alcohol, and / or a specific unsaturated fatty acid, an acetate ester of a specific unsaturated fatty alcohol, and / or the total concentration of all unsaturated fatty alcohols and / or the acetate esters of all unsaturated fatty alcohols, and / or the total concentration of all saturated fatty alcohols and / or the acetate esters of all saturated fatty alcohols.

[0290] Any of the methods disclosed herein may further comprise converting the saturated or unsaturated fatty alcohol to a saturated or unsaturated fatty aldehyde, respectively. This may be done, for example, by expression of at least one alcohol dehydrogenase and / or at least one fatty alcohol oxidase in the cell, as detailed above. The alcohol dehydrogenase and / or fatty alcohol oxidase may originate from the cell or may be a heterologous alcohol dehydrogenase and / or fatty alcohol oxidase.

[0291] Any of the methods disclosed herein may further comprise, after recovering the fatty alcohol, converting, either in vivo or in vitro, the unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohol produced by the cells to a corresponding unsaturated or saturated fatty aldehyde. The conversion to the unsaturated or saturated fatty aldehyde may be accomplished chemically.

[0292] In some embodiments, the concentration is increased by at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, compared to the concentration in an assay performed in the absence of Ncb5or.

[0293] Methods for determining whether Ncb5or increases the activity of a desaturase and / or FAR are known in the art. For example, whether a given Ncb5or increases the activity of a desaturase can be determined by incubating (i) a desaturase, Ncb5or and a fatty acyl-CoA substrate of the desaturase, and (ii) a desaturase and a fatty acyl-CoA substrate of the desaturase in a suitable solution. After incubation for 1 hour under the same conditions, the amount (concentration) of the product produced by the desaturase, i.e., the amount of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, can be determined by GC-MS. If a higher concentration of the product is obtained from the solution containing both the desaturase and Ncb5or, it indicates that Ncb5or increases the activity of the desaturase.

[0294] Thus, there is also provided herein the use of an enzyme having Ncb5or activity to increase the activity of a different enzyme or enzymes, such as a membrane-bound enzyme or enzymes.

[0295] collect It may be desirable to recover the products obtained by the methods disclosed herein, and thus the methods may include the further step of recovering the unsaturated fatty alcohol, saturated fatty alcohol, acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, acetate ester of a saturated fatty alcohol, unsaturated fatty aldehyde, and / or saturated fatty aldehyde produced by the yeast cells.

[0296] In some embodiments, the method includes recovering the unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or the saturated fatty alcohol, hi other embodiments, the method includes recovering the acetate ester of the unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or the acetate ester of the saturated fatty alcohol.

[0297] Methods for recovering the products obtained according to the present invention are known in the art and may include extraction with a hydrophobic solvent such as decane, hexane or vegetable oil.

[0298] The recovered products may be further modified, for example, unsaturated and / or saturated fatty alcohols may be converted to the corresponding unsaturated and / or saturated fatty aldehydes, as described herein above. In embodiments where the unsaturated and / or saturated fatty aldehydes are produced, for example, in vivo or directly in the culture medium by contacting the cells with the relevant enzyme, the unsaturated and / or saturated fatty aldehydes may also be recovered.

[0299] As described in the same applicant's application PCT / EP2020 / 076351, filed on September 22, 2020, entitled "Improved methods for production, recovery and secretion of hydrophobic compounds in a fermentation", when a fermentation system is used to culture cells, particularly yeast cells, capable of producing unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols and / or unsaturated fatty aldehydes, titers and extracellular secretions may be further increased by the addition of an extractant to the culture medium. In some embodiments, the medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its haze concentration in aqueous solution, the extractant being a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent including polyethylene glycol monostearate such as simethicone, and an ethoxylated and propoxylated C 16 ~C 18 Polyethoxylated surfactants selected from alcohol-based antifoam agents, as well as combinations thereof. In some embodiments, -Nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated and propoxylated C 16 ~C 18 Alcohol-based defoamers, e.g., C 16 ~C 18 Alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0), and the culture medium contains at least 1 vol / vol% C 16 ~C 18 Alkyl alcohol ethoxylates propoxylates, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30 vol / vol% C 16 ~C18 Alkyl alcohol ethoxylates propoxylates or more, the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, e.g. Kolliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-6), the culture medium comprises at least 10 vol / vol% polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, such as at least 11 vol / vol%, such as at least 12 vol / vol%, such as at least 13 vol / vol%, such as at least 14 vol / vol%, such as at least 15 vol / vol%, such as at least 16 vol / vol%, such as at least 17 vol / vol%, such as at least 18 vol / vol%, such as at least 19 vol / vol%, such as at least 20 vol / vol%, such as at least 25 vol / vol%, such as at least 30 vol / vol%, such as at least 35 vol / vol% polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, or more; the non-ionic surfactant is a mixture of a polyether dispersion such as antifoam 204, and the culture medium comprises at least 1 vol / vol% of the mixture of a polyether dispersion such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30 vol / vol% of the mixture of a polyether dispersion such as antifoam 204, or more; and / or The non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate such as simethicone, and the culture medium comprises at least 1 vol / vol% polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30 vol / vol% polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, or more.

[0300] In other embodiments, the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount that exceeds its haze concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000% or more, and / or the culture medium exceeds its haze concentration by at least 2 times, such as at least 3 times, such as at least 4 times, such as at least 5 times, such as at least 750% or more. In some embodiments, the extractant comprises an amount of extractant that is at least 5 times, such as at least 6 times, such as at least 7 times, such as at least 8 times, such as at least 9 times, such as at least 10 times, such as at least 12.5 times, such as at least 15 times, such as at least 17.5 times, such as at least 20 times, such as at least 25 times, such as at least 30 times, such as at least 40 times, such as at least 50 times, such as at least 60 times, such as at least 70 times, such as at least 80 times, such as at least 90 times, such as at least 10 ...

[0301] The recovered products, i.e., unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and / or acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, may also be formulated into pheromone compositions, such as those described in the section "Pheromone Compositions." The compositions may further include one or more additional compounds, such as a liquid or solid carrier or substrate. Fatty aldehydes obtained from fatty alcohols may also be included in such compositions.

[0302] Fatty acids may be recovered from the plant by methods known in the art, for example, after homogenizing the leaves and recovering the lipids by methods known in the art. The recovered lipids are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids, esterified to fatty acid alkyl esters, and subsequently reduced to either fatty alcohols or fatty aldehydes.

[0303] nucleic acid Throughout the present invention, the term "nucleic acid encoding an activity" will be understood to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of encoding a peptide, protein or fragment thereof having an activity. Such a nucleic acid molecule may be an open reading frame or a gene or a fragment thereof. A nucleic acid construct may also be a group of nucleic acid molecules that together may encode several peptides, proteins or fragments thereof having an activity of interest. The term "activity" or "activity of interest" may refer in particular to one of the following activities: desaturase as described herein, fatty acyl-CoA reductase as described herein, and / or NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 reductase (Ncb5or) as described herein. The nature of the one or more activities of interest will depend on the nature of the desired product that one wishes to obtain with the method.

[0304] NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) and: a. a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond into a fatty acyl-CoA; and / or b. fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) capable of converting at least a portion of the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol A nucleic acid construct system comprising a nucleic acid encoding the

[0305] In some embodiments, the desaturase is encoded by any one of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:39-76 and SEQ ID NOs:140-153, or a variant thereof having at least 80% identity thereto, at least 85% identity thereto, such as at least 90% identity, such as at least 91% identity, such as at least 92% identity, such as at least 93% identity, such as at least 94% identity, such as at least 95% identity, such as at least 96% identity, such as at least 97% identity, such as at least 98% identity, such as at least 99% identity.

[0306] In some embodiments, the fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) is encoded by any one of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 94-110 and 168-181, or a variant thereof having at least 80% identity thereto, at least 85% identity thereto, such as at least 90% identity thereto, such as at least 91% identity thereto, such as at least 92% identity thereto, such as at least 93% identity thereto, such as at least 94% identity thereto, such as at least 95% identity thereto, such as at least 96% identity thereto, such as at least 97% identity thereto, such as at least 98% identity thereto, such as at least 99% identity thereto.

[0307] In some embodiments, Ncb5or is encoded by any one of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 115-118, 125, and 186-189, or a variant thereof having at least 80% identity thereto, at least 85% identity thereto, such as at least 90% identity thereto, such as at least 91% identity thereto, such as at least 92% identity thereto, such as at least 93% identity thereto, such as at least 94% identity thereto, such as at least 95% identity thereto, such as at least 96% identity thereto, such as at least 97% identity thereto, such as at least 98% identity thereto, or such as at least 99% identity thereto.

[0308] The systems disclosed herein may further include all elements required for expression of the nucleic acid in a cell, such as a yeast cell or a plant, including, but not limited to, introns and regulatory elements, such as promoters, terminators, 5'UTRs, enhancers and silencers.

[0309] kit Provided herein is a kit of parts for carrying out the method. The kit of parts may include a "ready to use" organism as described herein. In one embodiment, the organism is a yeast cell as described in section "Yeast Cells". In one embodiment, the yeast cell is a Yarrowia cell, such as a Yarrowia lipolytica cell. In one embodiment, the organism is a plant cell as described in section "Plant Cells". In one embodiment, the plant cell is a tobacco plant cell.

[0310] In one embodiment, the kit of elements includes a nucleic acid construct encoding an activity of interest to be introduced into an organism, such as the nucleic acid systems described herein in the section "Nucleic Acids." The nucleic acid construct may be provided as multiple nucleic acid constructs, such as multiple vectors, each vector encoding one or several desired activities.

[0311] The kit of parts may optionally include cells to be modified.

[0312] The kit of parts may also include instructions for use.

[0313] In some embodiments, the kit of parts includes all or a combination of the above.

[0314] Pheromone Composition Thus, the present invention provides compounds, particularly unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetates of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and acetates of saturated fatty alcohols, as well as derivatives thereof, such as unsaturated fatty aldehydes and saturated fatty aldehydes, and uses thereof. In particular, the unsaturated compounds obtained using the cells and methods of the present invention are useful as components of pheromone compositions. Such pheromone compositions may be useful in integrated pest management. They may be used, for example, for mating disruption, as known in the art.

[0315] Thus, the unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty aldehydes obtained by the present methods or using the present cells, such as yeast cells or plant cells, may be formulated into pheromone compositions.

[0316] Such pheromone compositions may be used as integrated pest management products, which may be used in methods to monitor the presence of pests or in methods to disrupt pest mating.

[0317] Thus, there is provided herein a method of monitoring the presence of a pest or disrupting mating of a pest, the method comprising the steps of: a. producing an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, and / or an unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde according to any of the methods disclosed herein; and b. formulating a fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of a fatty alcohol, and / or a fatty aldehyde into a pheromone composition; and c. Using the pheromone composition as an integrated pest management composition Includes.

[0318] The pheromone compositions as disclosed herein may be used as biopesticides. Such compositions may be sprayed or distributed on field or orchard crops. They may also be, for example, dipped onto rubber septa or mixed with other ingredients as known in the art. In one embodiment, the composition is placed in a device such as a pheromone dispenser that diffuses the pheromone composition. The dispenser may, for example, release the pheromone at a constant, pre-adjustable rate. This may cause mating disruption, thereby preventing the pest from breeding, or it may be used in combination with a trapping device to trap the pest. Non-limiting examples of pests for which the present pheromone composition can be used are Helicoverpa armigera, Chilo suppressalis, Plutella xylostella, Mamestra brassicae, Crocidolomia binotalis, Sesamia nonagrioides, Synanthedon tipuliformis, and artichoke plume moth (Platyptilia carduidactylal). Thus, the use of the present composition in cultures can result in increased crop yields without substantially impacting the environment.

[0319] The relative amounts of fatty alcohol and acetate ester of fatty alcohol in the present pheromone composition may vary depending on the nature of the crop and / or pest being controlled, and geographical variations may also exist. Thus, routine optimization may be required to determine the optimal relative amounts. The pheromone composition may also include a fatty aldehyde.

[0320] Examples of compositions used as repellents can be found in Kehat & Dunkelblum (1993) for H. armigera, Alfaro et al. (2009) for C. suppressalis, Eizaguirre et al. (2002) for S. nonagrioides, Wu et al. (2012) for P. xylostella, and Bari et al. (2003) for P. carduidactyla.

[0321] In some embodiments, the pheromone composition may further comprise one or more additional compounds, such as a liquid or solid carrier or substrate. For example, suitable carriers or substrates include vegetable oils, refined mineral oils or fractions thereof, rubbers, plastics, silica, diatomaceous earth, wax matrices, and cellulose powders.

[0322] The pheromone composition may be formulated as known in the art. For example, it may be in the form of a solution, gel, powder. The pheromone composition may be formulated as known in the art so that it may be easily dispensed.

[0323] The present cross-disruption methods may be used in the field of transgenic crops.

[0324] Also provided herein is a method of reducing or delaying the emergence of resistance to an insecticidal trait, which may be an integrated resistance management method. Thus, a preemptive response method, i.e., a preemptive strategy, is disclosed that delays the emergence of resistance in pests, such as insects, such as any of the insects listed herein, to transgenic insecticidal crops and / or chemical insecticides. Also disclosed is a method, i.e., a response strategy, that restores the susceptibility of one or more pests to transgenic insecticidal crops and / or chemical insecticides once resistance has emerged. In some embodiments, the method includes applying a pheromone composition, such as that obtained by the method disclosed herein, to an agricultural area that includes a field population, including a transgenic crop that includes one or more insecticidal traits, such as a transgenic insecticidal trait activity against one of the insects listed herein, and optionally a buffer zone that includes a crop lacking the insecticidal trait to disrupt mating of the pests, thereby delaying the emergence of resistance to the insecticidal trait. Thus, the composition may be used in combination with any of the methods described in WO2017 / 112887.

[0325] Also provided herein is a method for preventing or reducing crop damage caused by pests, such as insects, as listed herein. Such a method includes applying mating disruption to a field by applying a pheromone composition as disclosed herein, and disrupting the expression of one or more target genes in one or more pests, thereby reducing or preventing crop damage in the field. Disrupting the expression of one or more target genes can be achieved, for example, using RNAi, as described in WO2017 / 205751. Thus, the composition may be used in combination with any of the methods described in WO2017 / 205751. EXAMPLES

[0326] Example 1 - BioBrick and Plasmid Construction All heterologous genes were synthesized in codon-optimized form for Yarrowia lipolytica by GeneArt (Life Technologies). All genes were amplified by PCR using Phusion U Hot Start DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher) to obtain fragments for cloning into yeast expression vectors. Primers are listed in Table 1 and the resulting DNA fragments (BioBrick) are listed in Table 2. PCR products were separated on a 1% agarose gel containing Midori Green Advance (Nippon Genetics Europe GmbH). PCR products of the correct size were excised from the gel and purified using the Nucleospin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel).

[0327] The yeast vector containing the USER cassette was linearized using FastDigest SfaAI (ThermoFisher) for 2 hours at 37°C and then nicked using Nb.Bsml (New England Biolabs) for 1 hour at 65°C. The resulting vector containing sticky ends was separated by gel electrophoresis, excised from the gel, and gel purified using the Nucleospin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel). The DNA fragment was cloned into the vector by USER-cloning as described in (Holkenbrink, et al., 2018). The reaction was transformed into chemically competent E. coli DHα cells, and the cells were plated on lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates containing 100 mg / L ampicillin. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C, and the resulting colonies were screened by colony PCR. Plasmids were purified from E. coli liquid cultures overnight, and correct cloning was confirmed by sequencing. The constructed vectors are listed in Table 3.

[0328] Strains marked with "***" were constructed as follows. The indicated genes were amplified using gene-specific primers containing a 5' overhang of "ACTTTTTGCAGTACUAACCGCAG" in the forward primer and a 3' overhang of "CACGCGAU" in the reverse primer. The first "ATG" of the target gene sequence was removed. These PCR products were cloned into either an integrative vector as described in (Holkenbrink, et al., 2018) or an episomal vector along with BB9454. [Table 1] JPEG2024521047000003.jpg224159JPEG2024521047000004.jpg225159JPEG2024521047000005.jpg191159 [Table 2] JPEG2024521047000007.jpg225159JPEG2024521047000008.jpg132159 [Table 3] JPEG2024521047000010.jpg235159JPEG2024521047000011.jpg117159

[0329] Example 2 - Yeast strain construction Yeast strains were constructed by transformation of DNA vectors as described in Holkenbrink et al., 2018 and Jensen et al., 2014. Integration vectors were linearized with FastDigest NotI prior to transformation. When necessary, helper vectors to facilitate integration into specific genomic regions were co-transformed with the integration plasmids or DNA repair fragments listed in Tables 2 and 3. Strains were selected on yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar with appropriate antibiotic selection. Correct genotypes were confirmed by colony PCR and, when necessary, by sequencing. Strain ST6629 is described in (Holkenbrink, et al., 2020). The resulting strains are listed in Table 4. [Table 4] JPEG2024521047000013.jpg235159JPEG2024521047000014.jpg231159JPEG2024521047000015.jpg234159JPEG2024521047000016.jpg228159 JPEG2024521047000017.jpg226159JPEG2024521047000018.jpg226159JPEG2024521047000019.jpg229159JPEG2024521047000020.jpg230159

[0330] Example 3 - Cultivation of strains and analysis of fatty alcohols and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) Strains were inoculated from YPD agar plates (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L peptone, 20 g / L glucose, 15 g / L agar) into 2.5 mL of YPG medium (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L peptone, 40 g / L glycerol) in 24-well plates (EnzyScreen) to an initial OD600 of 0.1–0.2. Plates were incubated at 28 °C with shaking at 300 rpm. After 24 h, plates were centrifuged at 3,000 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded and the cells were transferred to 1.25 mL of production medium per well (50 g / L glycerol, 5 g / L yeast extract, 4 g / L KH 2 PO 4 , 1.5 g / L MgSO 4 , 0.2g / L NaCl, 0.265g / L CaCl 2 .2H 2 0, 2 mL / L trace element solution: 4.5 g / L CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 4.5 g / L ZnSO 4 .7H2O, 3g / L FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, 1 g / L H 3 BO 3 , 1 g / L MnCl 2 .4H 2 O, 0.4 g / L N Na 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 O, 0.3 g / L CoCl 2 .6H 2 O, 0.1 g / L CuSO 4 .5H 2 The cells were resuspended in 0.1 g / L KI, 15 g / L EDTA. Media was supplemented with antibiotics as required. Plates were incubated at 28° C. for 26 hours with shaking at 300 rpm.

[0331] For aliphatic alcohol analysis, 1 mL of fermentation broth was taken from each vial and the biomass was separated by centrifugation at 3,000×g for 5 min. The biomass pellet was extracted with 990 μL of ethyl acetate:ethanol (84:15) and 10 μL of 19:Me (2 mg / mL) as an internal standard. Samples were vortexed for 20 s and incubated at room temperature for 1 h, followed by vortexing for 5 min. 300 μL of H2O was added to each sample. Samples were vortexed and centrifuged at 21° C. and 3,000×g for 5 min. The upper organic phase was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis was performed on an Agilent 7820A GC coupled to a mass selective detector Agilent 5977B. The GC was fitted with a DB Fatwax column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) and helium was used as carrier gas. The MS was operated in electron impact mode (70 eV), scanning from m / z 30 to 400, and the injector was set in split mode 20:1 at 220 °C. The oven temperature was set to 80 °C for 1 min, then increased to 210 °C at a rate of 20 °C / min, followed by holding at 210 °C for 7 min, then increased to 230 °C at a rate of 20 °C / min. Compounds were identified by comparison of retention time and mass spectrum with reference compounds. Compounds were quantified by ion 55.1 m / z. Data were analyzed by Agilent Masshunter software. Concentrations of aliphatic alcohols were calculated based on a standard calibration curve prepared with reference standards.

[0332] For FAME analysis, 1 mL of fermentation broth was taken from each vial and the biomass was separated by centrifugation at 3,000×g for 5 min. The biomass pellet was extracted in 1000 μL of 1 M HCl in methanol (anhydrous). The samples were vortexed for 20 s and placed in a water bath at 80° C. for 2 h. The samples were vortexed for 10 s every 30 min. After the samples were cooled to room temperature, 1000 μL of 1 M NaOH in methanol (anhydrous), 500 μL of NaCl-saturated H2O, 990 μL of hexane, and 10 μL of 19:Me (2 mg / mL) as an internal standard were added. The samples were vortexed and centrifuged at 21° C. and 3,000×g for 5 min. The upper organic phase was analyzed by GC-MS as described above.

[0333] Example 4 - Putative Ncb5or-encoding genes in insects The putative Ncb5or proteins of Lepidoptera can be found in Table 5. Each protein contains cytochrome b5, cytochrome b5 reductase, and SGD1-CHORD domains. [Table 5] JPEG2024521047000022.jpg223159JPEG2024521047000023.jpg70159

[0334] Example 5 - Ncb5or co-expression increases the activity of fatty acyl-CoA reductase Two insect Ncb5or genes were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica in combination with either Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR1) or Agrotis segetum fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR12), respectively. Strains were cultivated and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0335] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the activity of FAR1 reductase in Y. lipolytica by 15–25% (Table 6 ) and the activity of FAR12 by 16% (Table 7 ). [Table 6] [Table 7]

[0336] Example 6 - Ncb5or co-expression increases the activity of fatty acyl-CoA desaturase Three insect and one human Ncb5or genes were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica in combination with Spodoptera litura fatty acyl-CoA desaturase (Desat38), Lobesia botrana fatty acyl-CoA desaturase (Desat30), or Drosophila virilis fatty acyl-CoA desaturase (Desat61), respectively. Strains were cultivated and FAMEs were analyzed as described in Example 3.

[0337] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the activity of Desat38 desaturase in Y. lipolytica by 13–42% (Table 8), that of Desat30 by 9–36% (Table 9), and that of Desat61 by 3–34% (Table 10). [Table 8] [Table 9] [Table 10]

[0338] Example 7 - Co-expression of Ncb5or increases the production of Z11-16:OH in Y. lipolytica Two insect Ncb5or genes were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica previously engineered for the production of Z11-16:OH. The strains were cultivated and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0339] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the titer of Z11-16:OH by 69-82% (Table 11). Furthermore, both Ncb5or proteins, DmNcb5or and SlitNcb5or, increased the purity of Z11-16:OH (Table 11). [Table 11]

[0340] Example 8 - Co-expression of Ncb5or increases the production of Z11-14:OH in Y. lipolytica Three insect Ncb5or genes and one human Ncb5or gene were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica previously engineered for the production of Z11-14:OH. The strains were cultivated and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0341] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the titer of Z11-14:OH by 8-13% (Table 12). Furthermore, some Ncb5or proteins (DmNcb5or, DgNcb5or) increased the purity of Z11-14:OH (Table 12). [Table 12]

[0342] Example 9 - Co-expression of Ncb5or increases the production of Z9-14:OH in Y. lipolytica Two insect Ncb5or genes were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica previously engineered for the production of Z9-14:OH. The strain was cultivated and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0343] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the titer of Z9-14:OH by 25-46% (Table 13). Furthermore, the DmNcb5or protein increased the purity of Z9-14:OH (Table 13). [Table 13]

[0344] Example 10 - Expression of Ncb5or in strains engineered to enhance production of Z11-16:OH and Z9-14:OH CpNcb5or, Ncb5or from Cydia pomonella, was expressed in Y. lipolytica strains ST9259 and ST10435, engineered to produce high titers of Z11-16:OH and Z9-14:OH, respectively, resulting in strains ST10897 and ST10469, respectively. The strains were cultured and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3. Strains ST10897 and ST10469 produced 44% more Z11-16:OH and 75% more Z9-14:OH than control strains ST9259 and ST10435, respectively.

[0345] Example 11 - Co-expression of multiple Ncb5ors in one production strain The two Ncb5ors are expressed in strain ST8544 and / or Y. lipolytica strains producing high titers of Z11-16:OH or Z9-14:OH. The strains are cultured and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0346] Example 12 - Ncb5or expression in yeast S. cerevisiae Insect Ncb5or was co-expressed in yeast S. cerevisiae with either the Desat61 desaturase or the fatty acyl reductase FAR1. Strains were inoculated to an OD600 of 0.2 in 2.5 ml of yeast synthetic dropout medium (1.39 g / L Yeast synthetic dropout medium without histidine, leucine, tryptophan and uracil (Sigma Aldrich, Y2001), 6.7 g / L Yeast nitrogen base medium without amino acids (Sigma Aldrich Y0626), 20 g / L glucose). Strains were grown in triplicate in 24-well deep-well plates (EnzyScreen) and incubated at 28° C. for 24 hours with shaking at 250 rpm. After 24 hours, cells were pelleted by centrifugation and the supernatant was discarded and replaced with 1.5 ml of fresh yeast synthetic dropout medium. Fatty alcohols / FAMEs were analyzed as described in Example 3. Strain ST12511 expressing the fatty acyl reductase FAR1 produced 3.2 ± 0.1 mg / L of total fatty alcohols, whereas strain ST12514 co-expressing Cydia pomonella Ncb5or and FAR1 produced 3.9 ± 0.7 mg / L of total fatty alcohols, corresponding to a 22% improvement. In strain ST12510 expressing the Drosophila virilis ΔZ9-14 desaturase Desat61, Z9-14:Me accounted for 9.3 ± 0.2% of the total fatty acids, whereas in strain ST12513 co-expressing Cydia pomonella Ncb5or and Desat61, Z9-14:Me accounted for 9.4 ± 0.3% of the total fatty acids.

[0347] Example 13 - Co-expression of Lepidoptera desaturases and Ncb5or in plants Wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana plants are grown in a greenhouse or growth chamber. Insect Ncb5or and desaturase are cloned into a plant expression vector and electroporated into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformants were cultured in LB medium and expression of virulence genes was induced by adding acetosyringone to the medium. Cultures were diluted in infiltration buffer and applied to the underside of N. benthamiana leaves, applying slight pressure to the leaves. Plants were grown for an additional 4 days. Approximately 100 mg of fresh leaves are used for lipid analysis. Lipid extraction was performed as for yeast cells described in Example 3.

[0348] Instead of Nicotiana benthamiana plant, oleaginous plants can be selected as hosts. Plants are cultivated. Desired unsaturated fatty acids accumulate in plant lipids. Fatty acids can be recovered from plant lipids by methods known in the art, for example, after homogenizing plants and recovering lipids by methods known in the art. Recovered lipids are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids, esterified to fatty acid alkyl esters, and subsequently reduced to either fatty alcohols or fatty aldehydes.

[0349] Example 14 - Desaturase specificity The activity and specificity of the desaturases were tested in S. cerevisiae strains lacking the OLE1 and ELO1 genes, which encode the Δ9 fatty acid desaturase and medium-chain acyl elongase, respectively. Three individual colonies of strains ST_Desat18, ST_Desat17, ST_Desat22, ST_Desat23, ST_ScOLE1 and ST_DmeD9 were inoculated into 1 mL of selective medium (SC-Ura-Leu) and incubated at 30° C. and 300 rpm for 48 h. The cultures were incubated for 48 h at 30° C. with 2 mM CuSO 4and diluted to an OD600 of 0.4 in 5 mL of selective medium supplemented with 0.5 mM methyl myristate (14:Me) (Larodan Fine Chemicals, Sweden). A stock solution of methyl myristate was prepared in 96% ethanol to a concentration of 100 mM. Yeast cultures were incubated at 30°C and 300 rpm for 48 h.

[0350] 1 mL of culture was sampled and 3.12 μg of nonadecylic acid methyl ester was added as an internal standard. Total lipids were extracted using 3.75 mL of methanol / chloroform (2:1, v / v) in a glass vial. 1 mL of acetic acid (0.15 M) and 1.25 mL of water were added to the tube. The tube was vortexed vigorously and centrifuged at 2,000 × g for 2 min. The bottom chloroform phase, about 1 mL, containing total lipids, was transferred to a new glass vial and the solvent was evaporated to dryness. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were produced from this total lipid extract by acid methanolysis. 1 mL of 2% sulfuric acid in methanol (v / v) was added to the tube, vortexed vigorously and incubated at 90 °C for 1 h. After incubation, 1 mL of water was added and mixed thoroughly, then 1 mL of hexane was used to extract FAMEs.

[0351] Methyl ester samples were subjected to GC-MS analysis on a Hewlett Packard 6890 GC coupled to a mass selective detector HP5973. The GC was equipped with an INNOWax column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm) and helium was used as carrier gas (average velocity: 33 cm / s). The MS was operated in electron impact mode (70 eV) and the injector was set in splitless mode at 220 °C. The oven temperature was set to 80 °C for 1 min, then increased at a rate of 10 °C / min up to 210 °C, followed by a hold at 210 °C for 15 min, then increased at a rate of 10 °C / min up to 230 °C, followed by a hold at 230 °C for 20 min. Monounsaturated fatty acid products were identified by comparing their retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. Data were analyzed by ChemStation software (Agilent Technologies, USA).

[0352] The measured concentrations of Z9-14:Me and Z9-16:Me (Table 14) show that strain ST_DmeD9 expressing the D. melanogaster desaturase produced the highest concentration of Z9-14:Me (3.67 mg / L) and the greatest ratio of Z9-14:Me to Z9-16:Me, indicating that the D. melanogaster desaturase has the highest activity and specificity for the C14-CoA substrate among the desaturases tested. [Table 14]

[0353] Strains ST8377, ST8378 and ST8373 were also tested for the production of unsaturated C14 compounds. Aliphatic alcohols were extracted from these strains after cultivation and analyzed by GC-MS. The titers are shown in Table 15. [Table 15]

[0354] As can be seen, the control strain expressing FAR1 reductase but no desaturase was able to produce the C16 fatty alcohols Z9-16:OH and Z11-16:OH, but did not produce any detectable C14 fatty alcohols (E11-14:OH and Z11-14:OH). All three strains tested were also able to produce C16 fatty alcohols, and in addition, all of them were also able to produce the C14 fatty alcohols Z11-14:OH, and to a lesser extent E11-14:OH. The above data also show that none of the three desaturases tested, when introduced into cells, results in a significant change in the production of Z11-16:OH compared to the control strain without a desaturase. Thus, the data show that these three desaturases also have a higher specificity for C14 substrates than for C16 substrates.

[0355] Example 15 - Co-expression of fatty acyl-CoA reductase with Ncb5or Three insect Ncb5or genes and one human Ncb5or gene were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica in combination with Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR1), or one insect Ncb5or was co-expressed with Agrotis segetum fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR12). Strains were cultivated and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0356] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the activity of FAR1 reductase in Y. lipolytica by 3-10% (Table 16) and the activity of FAR12 by 4% (Table 17). [Table 16] [Table 17]

[0357] Example 16 - Co-expression of fatty acyl-CoA desaturase with Ncb5or Two insect Ncb5or genes were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica in combination with Spodoptera litura fatty acyl-CoA desaturase (Desat38), Lobesia botrana fatty acyl-CoA desaturase (Desat30), or Drosophila virilis fatty acyl-CoA desaturase (Desat61), respectively. Strains were cultivated and FAMEs were analyzed as described in Example 3.

[0358] The presence of insect Ncb5or improved the activity of Desat38 desaturase in Y. lipolytica by 26-36% (Table 18), Desat30 activity by 9-27% (Table 19), and Desat61 activity by 11-21% (Table 20). [Table 18] [Table 19] [Table 20]

[0359] Example 17 - Co-expression of cytochrome B5 and cytochrome B5 reductase and desaturase in Mortierella alpina Cytochrome B5 (MaCytB5) and cytochrome B5 reductase 1 or 2 (MaCytB5 Red1 or 2) from Mortierella alpina or Ncb5or (CpNcb5or) from Cydia pomonella were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica in combination with fatty acyl-CoA Δ11 desaturase (Desat70) from Cadra cautella. The resulting strains are listed in Table 21.

[0360] Combining expression of Desat70 with C. pomonella Ncb5or improved the purity of Z11-16:Me by 46% compared to a strain expressing Desat70 alone, whereas when combined with the M. alpina cytochrome B5 and cytochrome B5 reductase pair, the purity improved by only 14–29%. [Table 21]

[0361] Example 18 - Co-expression of Cydia pomonella Ncb5or with various fatty acyl-CoA reductases Fatty acyl-CoA reductases from different organisms were expressed either alone (control strains) or in combination with Ncb5or (CpNcb5or) from Cydia pomonella. The strains were grown and analyzed for fatty alcohols as described in Example 3, except that the cells were plated in YPG medium without adjusting the optical density, and the incubation in YPG medium was extended from 24 to 48 hours. The total fatty alcohol production titers of the strains are shown in Table 22. Improvements in total fatty alcohol production of 0-50% compared to the control are marked with "+", 51-100% with "++" and >100% with "+++".

[0362] Expression of Ncb5or from Cydia pomonella improved the activity of all fatty acyl-CoA reductases in Y. lipolytica (Table 22). [Table 22] JPEG2024521047000041.jpg56159

[0363] Example 19 - Co-expression of Cydia pomonella Ncb5or with various fatty acyl-Co-A desaturases Fatty acyl-CoA desaturases from different organisms were expressed either alone (control strains) or in combination with Ncb5or (CpNcb5or) from Cydia pomonella. Cells were seeded in YPG medium without adjusting the optimal density, and strains were cultivated and FAME analysis was performed as described in Example 3, except that the incubation time in YPG medium was extended from 24 to 48 hours. Purity of target unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters is shown in Table 23. Purity improvements of 0-50% compared to the control are marked with "+", 51-100% with "++" and >100% with "+++".

[0364] All the desaturases listed below showed higher activity when combined with Cydia pomonella Ncb5or. [Table 23] JPEG2024521047000043.jpg195159

[0365] Example 20 - Co-expression of Ncb5or with desaturase Desat70 or fatty acyl-Co-A reductase from Agrotis segetum or Bombus terrestris The Ncb5or genes from Agrotis segetum and Bombus terrestris were co-expressed in Y. lipolytica in combination with the Cadra cautella desaturase Desat70 or the fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR1) from Helicoverpa armigera, respectively. Strains were cultivated and analyzed for FAMEs and fatty alcohols as described in Example 3.

[0366] The presence of Agrotis segetum and Bombus terrestris Ncb5or improved the activity of Desat70 in Y. lipolytica by 26.8% and 28.8%, respectively (Table 24). The activity of FAR1 reductase in Y. lipolytica improved by 25.8% and 0.65% when combined with Agrotis segetum and Bombus terrestris Ncb5or, respectively (Table 25). [Table 24] [Table 25]

[0367] Overview of Arrays Please note that SEQ ID NOs: 40, 43-74, 94-100, 104-110, 115-118, 125, 140-153, 168-180 and 186-189 are codon optimized for Yarrowia lipolytica. SEQ ID NOs: 39, 75, 101-103 and 181 are codon optimized for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Table 26] JPEG2024521047000047.jpg217159JPEG2024521047000048.jpg229159JPEG2024521047000049.jpg47159 [Table 27] JPEG2024521047000051.jpg147159 [Table 28] [Table 29] [Table 30]

[0368] References Alfaro et al. 2009. Optimization of pheromone dispenser density for managing the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), by mating disruption. Crop Protection. 28:567 - 572. Bari, 2003. Development of pheromone mating disruption strategies for the suppression of the artichoke plume moth in artichokes grown on the central coast of California. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 660: V International Congress on Artichoke. doi:10.17660 / ActaHortic.2004.660.80 Deng, B et al. (2010). Study of the individual cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase domains of Ncb5or reveals a unique heme pocket and a possible role the CS domain. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 30181 - 30191. Eizaguirre et al. 2002. Effects of mating disruption against the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, on the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis. Use of pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated production IOBC wprs Bulletin. Ferrell&Yao(1972).Reductive and oxidative synthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty aldehydes,J Lipid Res.13(1):23-6. Holkenbrink et al.(2018).EasyCloneYALI:CRISPR / Cas9-Based Synthetic Toolbox for Engineering of the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.Biotechnol J. Holkenbrink et al.(2020).Production of moth sex pheromones for pest control by yeast fermentation.Metab Eng.,312-321. Jensen,N.,Strucko,T.,Kildegaard,K.,David,F.,Maury,J.,Mortensen,U.,Borodina,I.(2014).EasyClone:method for iterative chromosomal integration of multiple genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.FEMS Yeast Research,238-48. Kehat&Dunkelblum,1993.Sex Pheromones:achievements in monitoring and mating disruption of cotton pests in Israel,Achieves of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology.22:425-431. Larade et al.(2008).Loss of Ncb5or Results in Impaired Fatty Acid Desaturation,lipoatrophy and diabetes.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,29285-29291. Li et al.(2009).An environmentally benign TEMPO-catalyzed efficient alcohol oxidation system with a recyclable hypervalent iodine(III) reagent and its facile preparation.Synthesis,1163-1169a. Meyer&Schreiber(1994).Acceleration of the Dess-Martin oxidation by water.J.Org.Chem.,59,7549-7552. Okada(2014).Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate(NaOCl·5H2O) crystals as an extraordinary oxidant for primary and secondary alcohols.Synlett,25,596-598. Petkevicius et al.(2021).Biotechnological production of the European corn borer sex pheromone in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.Biotechnology Journal. Steves&Stahl(2013).Copper(I) / ABNO-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation:alleviating steric and electronic constraints of Cu / TEMPO catalyst systems.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,135,15742-15745. Tamura et al.(2012).Novel [4-Hydroxy-TEMPO+NaCl] / SiO2 as a reusable catalyst for aerobic oxidation of alcohols to carbonyls.Synlett,23,1397-1407. Tupec et al. (2017).Biotechnological potential of insect fatty acid-modifying enzymes.Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Yadav et al.(2004).Recyclable 2 nd generation ionic liquids as green solvents for the oxidation of alcohols with hypervalent iodine reagents.Tetrahedron,60,2131-2135. Wuet al.2012.Management of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) by mating disruption.Insect Science 19(6),643-648. Zambo et al.(2020).Investigation of the putative rate-limiting role of electron.FEBS Letters,530-539.

[0369] Terms 1. A cell comprising: i) a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and an unsaturated fatty acid; and ii) Heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) and thereby capable of producing the compound with a higher potency compared to a cell that expresses the first enzyme group but does not ...

Claims

1. A cell, i) a first enzyme or group of enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a compound selected from an unsaturated fatty alcohol, a saturated fatty alcohol, an acetate ester of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, an unsaturated fatty acid, and an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; and ii) Heterologous NAD(P)H cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) wherein the cells express the first enzyme group but do not express a heterologous Ncb5or, thereby producing the compound with a higher potency and / or purity when cultured under the same conditions, as compared to a cell expressing the first enzyme group but not expressing a heterologous Ncb5or; Preferably, the cell is a yeast cell, such as an oleaginous yeast cell, or a plant cell.

2. The first enzyme or group of enzymes a) one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, whereby the cell is capable of producing unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA with higher titer and / or purity compared to a cell expressing the one or more desaturases but not expressing a heterologous Ncb5or, when cultured under the same conditions; b) one or more fatty acyl reductases (FARs) capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols, whereby the cells are capable of producing fatty alcohols with higher titers and / or purity compared to cells expressing the one or more FARs but not expressing a heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions; or c) one or more FARs and one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol, whereby the cell is capable of producing an unsaturated fatty alcohol with a higher titer and / or purity compared to a cell expressing the one or more FARs and the one or more desaturases but not expressing a heterologous Ncb5or when cultured under the same conditions. The cell of claim 1 , comprising or consisting of:

3. The Ncb5or originates from a plant, an insect or a mammal, such as Homo sapiens, and preferably the Ncb5or originates from an insect, such as Agrotis, Amyelois, Aphantopus, Arctia, Bicyclus, Bombus, Bombyx, Chilo, Cydia, Danaus, Drosophila, Eumeta, Galleria, Helicoverpa, Heliothis, Hyposmocoma, Leptidea, Lobesia, Manduca, Operophtera, Ostrinia, Papilio, Papilio, Papilio, Pieris, Plutella, Spodoptera, Trichoplusia, and Vanessa. For example, Ncb5or is derived from insects of the genera Agrotis, segetum, Amyelois transitella, Aphantopus hyperantus, Arctia plantaginis, Bicyclus anynana, Bombus terrestris, Bombyx mandarina, Bombyx mori, Chilo suppressalis, Cydia pomonella, Danaus plexippus, Drosophila grimshawi, Drosophila melanogaster, Eumeta japonica, Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa, Leptidea sinapis, Lobesia botrana, Manduca sexta, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia furnacalis, Papilio machaon, Papilio polytes, Papilio xuthus, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura, Trichoplusia ni, and Vanessa tameamea.

4. The cell of claim 1, wherein the Ncb5or is selected from the group of Ncb5or as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 111-114, 124 and 182-185, or a variant thereof having at least 70% identity thereto, at least 75% identity thereto, at least 80% identity thereto, at least 85% identity thereto, at least 90% identity thereto, at least 95% identity thereto.

5. The desaturase is from a plant, such as Ricinus communis or Pelargonium hortorum, or an insect, such as an insect of the order Diptera, Coleoptera, or Lepidoptera, such as an insect of the genus Agrotis, Antheraea, Argyrotaenia, Amyelois, Bombus, Bombyx, Cadra, Chauliognathus, Chilo, Choristoneura, Cydia, Dendrophilus, Diatraea, Drosophila, Ephestia, Epiphyas, Grapholita, Helicoverpa, Lampronia, Lobesia, Manduca, Ostrinia, Pectinophora, Plodia, Plutella, Thalassiosira, Thaumetopoea, Tribolium, Trichoplusia, Spodoptera or Yponomeuta, such as Agrotis segetum, Antheraea pernyi, Argyrotaenia velutiniana, Amyelois transitella, Bombus lapidarius, Bombyx mori, Cadra cautella, Chauliognathus lugubris, Chilo suppressalis, Choristoneura parallela, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cydia pomonella, Dendrophilus punctatus, Diatraea saccharalis, Drosophila ananassae, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila virilis, Drosophila yakuba, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epiphyas postvittana, Grapholita molesta, Helicoverpa assulta, Helicoverpa zea, Lampronia capitella, Lobesia botrana, Manduca sexta, Ostrinia furnacalis, Ostrinia nubilalis, Pectinophora2. The cell of claim 1, which is derived from a species of the organism selected from the group consisting of Spodoptera gossypiella, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Tribolium castaneum, Trichoplusia ni, and Yponomeuta padella.

6. 2. The cell of claim 1, wherein the desaturase is selected from the group consisting of Δ3 desaturase, Δ5 desaturase, Δ6 desaturase, Δ7 desaturase, Δ8 desaturase, Δ9 desaturase, Δ10 desaturase, Δ11 desaturase, Δ12 desaturase, Δ13 desaturase and Δ14 desaturase, preferably the desaturase is a Δ9 desaturase or a Δ11 desaturase, and / or the desaturase is selected from the group of desaturases set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-38 and SEQ ID NOs:126-139, or variants having at least 70% identity, such as at least 75% identity, such as at least 80% identity, such as at least 85% identity, such as at least 90% identity, such as at least 95% identity thereto.

7. The FAR originates from an insect, such as an insect of the order Lepidoptera, such as an insect of the genera Agrotis, Amyelois, Bicyclus, Bombus, Chilo, Chrysodeixis, Cydia, Helicoverpa, Heliothis, Manducta, Ostrinia, Plodia, Plutella, Spodoptera, Trichoplusia, Tyta or Yponomeuta, or the FAR originates from a bacterium, such as a bacterium of the genus Marinobacter, preferably the FAR originates from an insect of the order Lepidoptera, such as an insect of the genera Agrotis, Amyelois, Bicyclus, Bombus, Chilo, Chrysodeixis, Cydia, Helicoverpa, Heliothis, Manducta, Ostrinia, Plodia, Plutella, Spodoptera, Trichoplusia, Tyta or Yponomeuta, or the FAR originates from a bacterium, such as a bacterium of the genus Marinobacter, preferably the FAR originates from an insect of the order Lepidoptera, such as an insect of the order Lepidoptera, anynana, Bombus lapidaries, Chilo suppressalis, Chrysodeixis includes, Cydia pomonella, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, Heliothis virescens, Heliothis subflexa, Manducta sexta, Marinobacter algicola, Ostrinia furnacalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera 2. The cell of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid acyl reductase is derived from Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Trichoplusia ni, Tyta alba or Yponomeuta lorellus, or a functional variant thereof having at least 80% identity thereto.

8. The cell of claim 1, wherein the FAR is selected from the group of FARs set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77-93 and 154-167, or variants thereof having at least 70% identity, such as at least 75% identity, such as at least 80% identity, such as at least 85% identity, such as at least 90% identity, such as at least 95% identity.

9. The cell is a yeast cell, and optionally the genus of the yeast cell is selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces, Pichia, Yarrowia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces, and further optionally, the yeast is selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardi, Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus 2. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anguineus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis ...

10. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is a plant cell, and optionally the genus of the plant is selected from the group consisting of Nicotiana and Camelina, and further optionally the plant is selected from the group consisting of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Camelina sativa.

11. 1. A method for increasing the activity of at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of desaturases and fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs), comprising the steps of: a. providing a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond into fatty acyl-CoA, thereby converting at least a portion of said fatty acyl-CoA into unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; and / or b. providing a FAR capable of converting at least a portion of said unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA into an unsaturated fatty alcohol, thereby producing said unsaturated fatty alcohol; and c. contacting the desaturase and / or the FAR with Ncb5or, thereby increasing the activity of the desaturase and / or the FAR compared to the activity of the desaturase and / or the FAR in the absence of the Ncb5or, wherein the activity is measured under the same conditions. wherein the increase in activity is measured by measuring the concentration and / or purity of a product formed by the desaturase and / or the FAR; Preferably, the cell is a cell according to claim 1.

12. 1. A method for the production of a compound selected from unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs in a cell, the method comprising the steps of: a. providing cells and incubating said cells in a medium; and b. expressing in said cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to said compound, thereby converting at least a portion of said fatty acyl-CoA to said compound; and c. expressing Ncb5or in said cells; d. Optionally, recovering the compound. wherein preferably the cell is a cell according to claim 1.

13. 1. A method for increasing the titer and / or purity of a compound selected from unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs produced in a cell capable of synthesizing one or more fatty acyl-CoAs and / or introducing fatty acyl-CoAs from its environment, comprising the steps of: a. expressing in said cell a first enzyme or enzymes capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to said compound, thereby converting at least a portion of said fatty acyl-CoA to said compound; b. expressing Ncb5or in said cells, thereby increasing the potency and / or purity of said compound compared to the potency and / or purity of cells that do not express said Ncb5or under the same conditions; c. Optionally, recovering the compound. wherein preferably the cell is a cell according to claim 1.

14. The first enzyme or group of enzymes a) one or more desaturases capable of converting a fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the compound is an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA; b) one or more FARs capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA to a saturated fatty alcohol, wherein the compound is a saturated fatty alcohol; or c) one or more FARs and one or more desaturases capable of converting fatty acyl-CoA into an unsaturated fatty alcohol, wherein the compound is an unsaturated fatty alcohol, The method according to any one of claims 12 to 13, comprising:

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the titer and / or purity of unsaturated aliphatic alcohols and / or acetate esters of fatty alcohols, the titer and / or purity of saturated aliphatic alcohols and / or acetate esters of fatty alcohols, the purity of unsaturated fatty acids and / or unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs, and / or the total titer of saturated aliphatic alcohols and / or acetate esters of fatty alcohols is increased by at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250% compared to the titer and / or purity of cells not expressing Ncb5or.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises at least 1 mg / L, such as at least 1.5 mg / L, for example at least 5 mg / L, such as at least 10 mg / L, for example at least 25 mg / L, such as at least 50 mg / L, for example at least 100 mg / L, such as at least 250 mg / L, for example at least 500 mg / L, such as at least 750 mg / L, for example at least 1 g / L, such as at least 2 g / L, for example at least 3 g / L, such as at least 4 g / L, for example at least 5 g / L, such as at least 6 g / L, for example at least 7 g / L, such as at least 8 g / L, for example at least 9 g / L, such as at least 10 g / L, for example at least 11 g / L, such as at least 12 g / L, 14. The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, producing unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols, acetate esters of saturated fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty aldehydes and / or saturated fatty aldehydes having a titer of at least 13 g / L, such as at least 14 g / L, for example at least 15 g / L, such as at least 16 g / L, for example at least 17 g / L, such as at least 18 g / L, for example at least 19 g / L, such as at least 20 g / L, for example at least 25 g / L, such as at least 30 g / L, for example at least 35 g / L, such as at least 40 g / L, for example at least 45 g / L, such as at least 50 g / L or more.

17. a. The Ncb5or is as defined in any one of claims 3 to 4, b) the desaturase is as defined in any one of claims 5 to 6, and / or c) The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the FAR is as defined in any one of claims 7 to 8.

18. A system of nucleic acid constructs comprising Ncb5or and: a. a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond into fatty acyl-CoA, and / or b. A fatty acyl-CoA reductase capable of converting at least a portion of the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol. The nucleic acid construct system comprises a nucleic acid encoding the

19. Use of Ncb5or in a method for increasing the activity of one or more enzymes, preferably wherein said one or more enzymes are one or more membrane-bound enzymes and / or said one or more enzymes are selected from the group consisting of desaturases and fatty acyl reductases, optionally said increase in the activity of said one or more enzymes is at least 1.2-fold, such as at least 1.3-fold, such as at least 1.4-fold, such as at least 1.5-fold, such as at least 1.6-fold, such as at least 1.7-fold, such as at least 1.8-fold, such as at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, such as ... fold, such as at least 3 fold, such as at least 4 fold, such as at least 5 fold, such as at least 6 fold, such as at least 7 fold, such as at least 8 fold, such as at least 9 fold, such as at least 10 fold, such as at least 15 fold, such as at least 20 fold, such as at least 30 fold, such as at least 40 fold, such as at least 50 fold, and said increase in activity of said one or more enzymes is compared to the activity of said one or more enzymes in the absence of said Ncb5or, said activity being measured under the same conditions, and said increase being measured by measuring the concentration of a product formed by said one or more enzymes.

20. 1. A method for monitoring the presence of pests or disrupting mating of pests, comprising the steps of: a. Producing an unsaturated fatty alcohol and, optionally, an acetate ester of the unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or an unsaturated fatty aldehyde according to the method of any one of claims 11 to 13, and b. formulating the unsaturated fatty alcohol and, optionally, an acetate ester of the unsaturated fatty alcohol and / or the unsaturated fatty aldehyde as a pheromone composition; and c. Using the pheromone composition as an integrated pest management composition. The method comprising:

21. A kit of elements comprising: a. A cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, and / or b. The nucleic acid system of claim 18, wherein the construct is for modifying a cell; and c. Instructions for use, and d. Optionally, the modified cell A kit of elements, including:

22. A fermentation broth comprising the yeast cells of claim 9.

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