Compositions Comprising Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Methods of Use for Cognitive Function

Abstract

Provided are compositions and methods of use that include a source of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), administration of which optimizes mental performance by improving cognitive function, reaction time, focus, mood, neuromuscular responsiveness, and the like.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application is related to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 213,378, entitled Compositions Comprising Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Methods of Use for Cognitive Function, filed on June 22, 2021, the entire contents of which, including the specification, claims, abstract, figures, tables, or drawings, are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] (Technical field) The present invention relates to compositions comprising adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and methods of using ATP to improve cognitive function, reaction time, focus, mood, neuromuscular reactivity, and / or optimize mental performance. [Background technology]

[0003] (background) Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) has long been known as a source of chemical energy for tissues, including muscles. Intracellular ATP concentrations (1-10 millimolar) are very high in contrast to extracellular concentrations (10-100 nanomolar), and therefore the release of ATP from cells such as red blood cells and from muscles is tightly controlled. Extracellular effects of ATP acting through purinergic receptors found in most cell types have recently been elucidated. Some of the extracellular physiological functions of ATP include vasodilation, reduced pain perception, and have been described as a co-transmitter in neurotransmission. Importantly, small and brief increases in vascular ATP in muscles can cause vasodilation and increased blood flow to the muscle.

[0004] Fatigue resistance during repetitive high-intensity exercise is a highly desirable attribute in athletic competition. This applies both to increased training volume and to endurance and power output in intermittent sports such as hockey. During fatiguing contractions, rapid adaptations to blood flow occur to counteract the decline in power-producing capacity. There is a close link between oxygen demand in skeletal muscles and increased blood flow. Research has shown that red blood cells act as "oxygen sensors" to regulate this response. ATP is delivered to red blood cells, and when oxygen in an active muscle area decreases, the red blood cells undergo a transformation that leads to the release of ATP and its binding to smooth muscle endothelial cells through a series of events. Binding results in smooth muscle relaxation, followed by increased blood flow, nutrients, and oxygen delivery. Specifically, increased extracellular ATP directly promotes the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) in skeletal muscle, thus directly affecting tissue vasodilation and blood flow. This is supported by studies suggesting increased vasodilation and blood flow in response to intra-arterial and exogenous administration of ATP. The result is the maintenance of energy status in cells under fatiguing contractions.

[0005] This physiological effect of ATP has led researchers to study the efficacy of oral supplementation with ATP. Jordan et al. showed that supplementation with enteric-coated ATP at 225 mg per day for 15 days increased total lift volume (i.e., sets x repetitions x load) in the bench press and increased within-group set one repetitions to failure. Recently, Rathmacher et al. found that supplementation with 400 mg of ATP for 15 days increased minimum peak torque in set 2 of a knee extensor exercise. ATP supplementation has previously been shown to have beneficial effects, such as improved strength, power, and body composition. Prior to the present invention, the effects of ATP supplementation on cognitive measures such as processing speed had not been studied. Summary of the Invention

[0006] It has been unexpectedly and surprisingly discovered that ATP supplementation improves cognitive function, concentration, mental performance, cognitive performance, mood, neuromuscular reactivity, and reaction time (RT).In addition, ATP supplementation optimizes mental performance.Supplementation with ATP, especially in the amounts described herein, does not appear to increase the total body pool of ATP.Instead, such amounts of ATP increase signaling and blood flow, including blood flow to the brain, and / or nutrient supply.

[0007] Other objects, advantages and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following specification considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. One object of the present invention is to provide a composition for use in improving cognitive function and a method of using the same.

[0008] Another object of the present invention is to provide compositions and methods of use for improving concentration. It is a further object of the present invention to provide compositions and methods of use thereof for improving neuromuscular activity.

[0009] It is a further object of the present invention to provide compositions and methods of use for improving mood. Another object of the present invention is to provide a composition and method of use for improving reaction times.

[0010] It is a further object of the present invention to provide compositions and methods of use thereof for optimizing mental performance. While multiple embodiments are disclosed, other embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1]Graphs showing results of Dynavision mode A hit test. A = intra-treatment change over time (mean ± 95% confidence interval); B = 95% confidence interval of intra-treatment change between time points; C = Inter-treatment difference at 60P (mean ± standard deviation). [Diagram 2] Graph showing Dynavision Mode A mean reaction time (RT) results. A = within-treatment change over time (mean ± 95% confidence interval); B = 95% confidence interval of within-treatment change between time points; C = between-treatment difference at 60P (mean ± standard deviation). [Diagram 3] Graph showing Dynavision mode B mean reaction time (RT) results. A = within-treatment change over time (mean ± 95% confidence interval); B = 95% confidence interval of within-treatment change between time points. [Figure 4] Graphs showing results of Dynavision mode B miss. A = intra-treatment change over time (mean ± 95% confidence interval); B = 95% confidence interval of intra-treatment change between time points. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012] Detailed Description of the Invention The present disclosure relates to the effects of dietary supplementation with adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) on cognitive function, reaction time, mood, neuromuscular activity, and / or concentration. The compositions and methods of the present invention provide significant improvements in cognitive function, reaction time, mood, neuromuscular activity, and / or concentration. The compositions and methods are useful for optimizing mental performance.

[0013] In order to facilitate the understanding of the present disclosure, certain terms are first defined. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this application have the meanings as commonly understood by those skilled in the art in the context of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Many methods and materials similar to, modified or equivalent to those described in this application can be used to implement the embodiments of the present disclosure without undue experimentation, and the preferred materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the embodiments of the present disclosure, the following terms are used according to the following definitions.

[0014] The term "about" as used herein refers to the variation in numerical quantity that may occur through typical measurement techniques and equipment for any quantifiable variable, including but not limited to mass, volume, time, distance, wavelength, frequency, voltage, current, and electromagnetic field. In addition, given the solid and liquid handling procedures used in the real world, there are inadvertent errors and variations that may occur due to differences in manufacture, source, or purity of ingredients used to make the compositions or carry out the methods of the present application. The term "about" also includes these variations. The equivalents to the quantities, whether or not modified by the term "about", are included in the claims.

[0015] As used herein, the terms "adenosine triphosphate," adenosine-5'-triphosphate, and ATP, unless otherwise indicated, are understood to refer to adenosine triphosphate, derivatives of adenosine triphosphate, analogs of adenosine triphosphate, and metabolites of adenosine triphosphate.

[0016] The embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to specific methods and compositions that may vary and are understood by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it should be understood that all terms used in this application are only for describing specific embodiments and are not intended to be limiting in any manner or scope. For example, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" can include plural references when used in this specification and the appended claims unless the content clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, all units, prefixes and symbols can be shown in the form accepted by the SI.

[0017] Numerical ranges mentioned in this application are inclusive of both numerical values ​​defining the range, and include each integer within the defined range. Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the disclosure are presented in a range format. It is understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity, and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the description of a range is considered to have specifically disclosed all possible subranges, fractions, and individual numerical values ​​within that range. For example, the description of a range from 1 to 6 is considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, and individual numerical values ​​within that range such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and decimals and fractions such as 1.2, 3.8, 1 (1 / 2), and 4 (3 / 4). This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0018] The methods and compositions of the present disclosure can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the disclosed components and ingredients, together with other components and ingredients described herein. As used herein, "consisting essentially of" means that the methods, systems, devices, and compositions may include additional steps, components, or ingredients, but only if the additional steps, components, or ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed methods and compositions.

[0019] Oral administration of ATP is usually in the form of adenosine-5'-triphosphate disodium. In the present invention, adenosine-5'-triphosphate disodium or any form of ATP or adenosine suitable for oral administration can be combined with any of the known coatings suitable for imparting enteric properties in particulate form.

[0020] Those skilled in the art will recognize that ATP can be incorporated into delivery and / or dosage forms in standard dosage ranges, such as from about 10 milligrams to about 80 grams, with greater or lesser amounts being desirable depending on the application and other ingredients. Specifically, the present invention includes a range of 200 mg to 500 mg per day, including 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, and 500 mg per day and all amounts within this range.

[0021] The ATP composition may be administered to an animal in any suitable manner. Acceptable forms include, but are not limited to, solids, such as tablets or capsules, and liquids, such as enteral solutions. The composition may also be administered utilizing any pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are known in the art, and examples of such carriers include various starches and saline solutions. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is administered in an edible form. Additionally, the effective dose range may be administered in multiple divided doses, such as 2-3 times per day.

[0022] The present invention may be practiced with an enteral feeding tube for delivering nutritional substances and / or medications. Such enteral feeding tubes may be used to deliver nutritional substances and / or medications to the stomach, small intestine, and / or jejunal region. Enteral feeding tubes may be inserted nasally, orally, or percutaneously. Enteral nutrition may be administered in a variety of ways, for example, continuously, periodically, as a bolus, or intermittently.

[0023] ATP may be present in the composition in any form. The therapeutically effective range of ATP in the present invention includes ATP in an amount of about 10 milligrams to about 80 grams. In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutically effective range of ATP is about 100 milligrams to about 1.6 grams. More specifically, the present invention includes a range of 100 mg to 1600 mg per day, including 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, 1000 mg, 1100 mg, 1200 mg, 1300 mg, 1400 mg, 1500 mg and 1600 mg per day and any amount within this range.

[0024] When the composition is orally administered in edible form, the composition is preferably in the form of a dietary supplement, food or pharmaceutical medium, more preferably in the form of a dietary supplement or food.Any suitable dietary supplement or food containing the composition can be utilized within the context of the present invention.Those skilled in the art will understand that the composition, regardless of its form (dietary supplement, food, pharmaceutical medium, etc.), can contain amino acids, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, vitamins, phytochemicals, minerals and / or trace elements.

[0025] To prepare the composition as a dietary supplement or food product, the composition is typically formulated or mixed so as to be substantially uniformly distributed throughout the dietary supplement or food product. Alternatively, the composition can be dissolved in a liquid, such as water, or emulsified in a liquid.

[0026] The dietary supplement composition may be a powder, gel, liquid, tableted or encapsulated. Although any suitable pharmaceutical vehicle containing the composition may be utilized in the context of the present invention, preferably the composition is combined with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier such as dextrose or sucrose.

[0027] Methods for calculating the frequency at which a composition is administered are well known in the art, and any suitable administration frequency (e.g., one 400 mg dose per day, or two 200 mg doses per day) may be used within the context of the present invention, and for any suitable period of time (e.g., a single dose may be administered over a 5 minute period or over a 1 hour period, or multiple doses may be administered over an extended period of time). ATP and nutritional substances (including nutrients, proteins, peptides, vitamins, phytochemicals, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids) and / or pharmaceutical combinations may be administered over extended periods of time, such as weeks, months, or years.

[0028] In some embodiments, the composition may be delivered for a period of time, such as about 3 days to about 365 days, about 5 days to about 365 days, about 10 days to about 365 days, about 14 days to about 365 days, about 21 days to about 365 days, about 3 days to about 100 days, about 5 days to about 60 days, about 7 days to about 30 days, about 14 days to about 30 days, or about 21 days to about 28 days. In some embodiments, the composition may be delivered for a period of at least 21 days. Additionally, without being limited in accordance with the present invention, all ranges recited are inclusive of both numerical values ​​defining the range, and include each integer within the defined range.

[0029] A therapeutically effective dose of ATP can be used in the context of the present invention. Methods for calculating appropriate doses are well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the composition can be co-administered with an additional therapeutic agent.

[0030] The method and composition of the present invention can be administered to any person of any age, including healthy people, elderly people, seniors, people experiencing cognitive decline, and people recovering from traumatic brain injury.In addition, the composition and method of the present invention can be used to improve cognitive function that is impaired by fatigue, such as the fatigue of individuals who are fatigued by performing normal daily activities.As a non-limiting example, elderly people may experience fatigue that affects cognitive function just by performing normal daily activities.

[0031] The methods and compositions of the present invention may be used by individuals seeking to optimize mental performance, including, but not limited to, a person's mental performance for e-games, an athlete's ability to react faster, or an individual's ability to stay focused while working.

[0032] (Experimental Example) The effects of ATP on cognitive function, concentration, mood, and reaction time were investigated in an exercise intervention model. Exercise intervention increases mood disturbance and induces deficits in mood, reaction time, and cognitive function. Administration of ATP modulates / alleviates mood disturbance, decreased reaction time, and decreased cognitive performance compared to placebo. This attenuation occurs before and after exercise. Exercise induces fatigue, resulting in decreased cognitive performance, mood, concentration, and reaction time. ATP improves cognitive performance, mood, and reaction time. It is well known that reaction time is an indicator of cognitive function in any individual, including healthy individuals, elderly individuals, brain-injured individuals, and individuals with cognitive impairment. The present invention is not limited to a particular type of individual, nor is it limited to individuals who exercise. The experimental examples are non-limiting, and those skilled in the art will recognize that measuring cognitive function and cognitive performance is applicable to individuals of any age and fitness level. The examples described herein use a model of fatigue that results in decreased cognitive function and / or impaired cognitive function. The results described herein are applicable to any individual, regardless of age, exercise status, or health status.

[0033] (Research design) The study followed a double-blind randomized crossover design. Participants were randomly assigned to either PeakATP or placebo and supplemented with the assigned supplement for 14 days. Participants returned to the laboratory within 24 hours of supplementation for the first of two experiments, conducted in a randomized counterbalanced crossover fashion. In experimental trial 1 (T1), participants supplemented with an acute dose of the assigned supplement 30 minutes before performing a pre-test assessment (DynavisionD2) and then performed a 3-minute all-out high-intensity effort (3MT) on a cycle ergometer. Participants repeated the pre-test assessment immediately (IP) and 60 minutes (60P) after the end of the 3MT. After the end of T1, participants underwent a 2-week washout period and then supplemented with the supplement not used in the first experiment (100 or 666) for 14 days. Participants returned to the study site within 24 hours of their last supplementation to perform experimental trial 2 (T2). Experimental test 2 was conducted in an identical manner to T1, with acute feeding of supplements not administered in the first experimental test upon arrival at the laboratory (30 min before the pre-test).

[0034] (Participant) A convenience sample of healthy, recreationally active individuals was recruited. Thirty-five participants were enrolled in the study, of which three were excluded for not meeting the recruitment criteria, two for noncompliance, and 10 were lost to follow-up. The final sample consisted of 20 participants (10 men, 10 women) ranging in age from 18 to 40 years (22.3 ± 4.4 years, 169.9 ± 9.5 cm, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg, 27.0 ± 9.5% fat). To be included in the study, participants were required to be healthy and active as determined by the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (Par-Q+) and Medical History Questionnaire (MHQ), to be classified as recreationally active (≥150 minutes of exercise per week), not to be supplementing with creatine or β-alanine and to be willing to abstain from supplementation, or, if supplementing with creatine or β-alanine, to be willing to complete a 4-week washout period prior to enrollment, and to abstain from either supplementation for the duration of the study.

[0035] (Warm up) Prior to the VO2peak and 3MT protocols, participants were required to complete a standardized dynamic warm-up in which they pedaled on a cycle ergometer for 5 min with 50 watts of resistance, followed by 10 bodyweight squats, 10 bodyweight walking lunges, 10 dynamic straight-leg kicks, and 10 dynamic walking quadricep stretches.

[0036] (VO2peak test) All participants performed a ramp protocol to voluntary limit on a cycle ergometer (Lode, ExcaliburSport, Groningen, The Netherlands) to measure VO2peak, peak power output (PPO), and power output at gas exchange threshold (GET). Participants were instructed to maintain a pedaling cadence of 70–80 revolutions per minute (RPM) at an initial load of 100 watts (W). The load was increased by 30 watts every 2 min (1 watt every 2 s) until participants could no longer maintain a cadence of 70 RPM or higher for 10 s despite verbal encouragement or due to voluntary fatigue. Exhaled gases were analyzed using open-circuit spirometry (TrueOne2400® Metabolic Measurement System, Parvo-Medics). VO2peak (L·min -1 ) was determined as the highest VO2 value achieved at the end of the test that coincided with at least two of the following three parameters: heart rate (HR) within 10% of age-predicted maximal HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ≥ 1.15, and oxygen consumption plateauing despite increased exercise intensity. The highest power output achieved was recorded as peak power output (PPO) in watts (W). GET was determined by computerized regression analysis of the slope of CO2 uptake (VCO2) vs. O2 uptake (VO2). Power during GET was recorded.

[0037] (3-minute test (3MT)) 3MT is a 3-min all-out high-intensity effort on a cycle ergometer (Lode, ExcaliburSport, Groningen, The Netherlands). Pilot testing for this study showed that this protocol could cause cognitive deficits. After completion of a standardized warm-up, participants completed 60 s of cycling (50 watts, 70–80 rpm) and then immediately completed the 3MT. Resistance during this test was set according to pedaling speed with a scaling factor based on the power output at a set cadence (70 rpm) being equal to 50% of the difference between the power output at GET and the peak power output assessed in the VO2peak test. Participants were not informed of the elapsed time to prevent pacing. 3MT was completed after the PRE assessment of both experimental test 1 and experimental test 2.

[0038] (evaluation) (Dynavision reaction time assessment) Reaction time was assessed using the DynavisionD2 visuomotor training device. The DynavisionD2 is a new reaction time device developed to train sensorimotor integration through the visual system. It consists of a 4 ft x 4 ft computerized board with 64 tactile light-emitting targets arranged in five concentric circles. During testing, the illuminated targets serve as visual stimuli and require a physical hand strike to turn them off. The D2 device can be programmed to generate many RT assessments of variable frequency, duration, and complexity that measure visuomotor RT along with the number of hits. It utilizes a large target field that is a challenge to both central and peripheral vision. Reaction time was assessed by two DynavisionD2 visuomotor tasks. The DynavisionD2 system is used to assess and train visual, cognitive, and motor functions for all ages, stages, and conditions. It can be used to address underlying visual, cognitive, and motor impairments, including visuomotor reaction time, peripheral visual awareness, executive function, active range of motion, and dynamic balance. The DynavisionD2 system can also be used to identify visual and cognitive dysfunction following brain injury, stroke, and other neurological conditions.

[0039] Mode A: The Mode A (active) task required participants to recognize and respond as quickly as possible to stimuli that appeared randomly and sequentially across the target area of ​​the Dynavision device. After a 5-s visual countdown on the board's T-scope, an initial stimulus appeared at a random location on the D2 board. This stimulus remained illuminated until the participant punched a button. The stimulus was then changed to another random location. Participants were instructed to correctly identify and hit as many stimuli as possible with both hands within 60 s. Three separate tests at each time point were averaged. The number of hits (hits) and the average reaction time per hit (avgRT) were assessed.

[0040] Mode B: The assessment of Mode B (reactive) was similar to Mode A. Each participant was required to respond as quickly as possible to stimuli that appeared randomly and sequentially throughout the target area of ​​the Dynavision device. However, in Mode B assessment, if the stimulus was not hit within 1 s, the stimulus was changed to another random location within the target area of ​​the Dynavision. In addition, participants were required to verbally repeat a random 5-digit number that appeared on the center screen (T-scope) of the D2 during each assessment. The randomly generated 5-digit number was presented for 0.75 s for a total of 11 times during the 60 s test. The average of the three separate tests at each time point was determined. The number of hits (hits), number of misses (misses), and average reaction time per hit (avgRT) were assessed.

[0041] (Nutritional supplement) Participants were assigned to supplement with either PeakATP (formula 100) or placebo (formula 666) for a 14-day period prior to completing experimental study 1 and experimental study 2, which were conducted in a randomized crossover fashion. Participants also supplemented with an acute dose of their assigned supplement upon arrival at the laboratory and initiating experimental studies 1 and 2. PeakATP and placebo were obtained from TSI, Inc. (Missoula, Montana, USA). The supplement and placebo were flavored powders with similar taste and appearance and provided in pre-portioned, single-serving stick packs. Each participant was given a 14-day supply of their assigned formula (PeakATP or placebo) after the run-in session and experimental study 1. Participants were instructed to mix their assigned formula in 8 ounces of water and supplement on an empty stomach 30 minutes before breakfast.

[0042] Participants were asked to keep a diary detailing the date and time each dose was supplemented. Participants were asked to return all empty packets before the start of the experimental trial. Remaining supplements were counted and recorded. During experimental trials 1 and 2, supplements were supplemented immediately upon arrival at the laboratory, 30 min prior to the pre-test. Supplementation compliance was 96.9% for placebo (formulation 666) and 98.6% for PeakATP (formulation 100).

[0043] PeakATP formula: 400 mg of PeakATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium), maltodextrin, anhydrous colloidal silica, anhydrous citric acid, sucralose, and guar gum.

[0044] Placebo formula: maltodextrin, anhydrous colloidal silica, anhydrous citric acid, sucralose, guar gum. (statistical analysis) Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs (treatment [666 vs. 100] × time [PRE vs. IP vs. 60P]) were performed to compare all dependent variables between treatments over time. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied when the sphericity assumption was not met. In cases of significant interactions, separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAs with least significant difference (LSD) pairwise comparisons were performed to assess the change in dependent variables over time for each treatment, with follow-up between-treatment comparisons at each time point. All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS statistical software (v.28.0.1.1) with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05.

[0045] (result) (Dynavision Mode A) <Number of hits> There was a significant time × treatment interaction for number of hits (p=0.006). There was a significant time effect for placebo (p=0.002) but not for ATP (p=0.187). For placebo, the number of hits was significantly lower for IP (p=0.019) and 60P (p<0.001) compared to PRE, whereas the number of hits was maintained for PeakATP. There were no differences between treatments for either PRE or IP (p'>0.05). The number of hits was significantly higher for 60P ATP compared to placebo (p=0.028). See Figure 1.

[0046] <avgrt> There was a significant time x treatment interaction for AvgRT (p=0.006). There was a significant time effect for placebo (p=0.004) but not for PeakATP (p=0.211). For placebo, AvgRT was significantly slower for IP (p=0.027) and 60P (p=0.002) compared to PRE, whereas AvgRT was maintained for PeakATP. There were no differences between treatments for PRE or IP (p's>0.05). AvgRT was significantly faster for PeakATP for 60P compared to placebo (p=0.015). See Figure 2.

[0047] (Dynavision mode B) <avgrt> There was a significant time x treatment interaction for avgRT (p=0.039). There was a significant time effect for ATP (p=0.002) but not for placebo (p=0.925). For ATP, avgRT was significantly faster at IP (p=0.015) and 60P (p=0.001) compared to PRE. However, avgRT was not significantly different from placebo at any time point (p's>0.05). See Figure 3.

[0048] <Miss> There was no significant time × treatment interaction for the number of errors in Mode B. There was a significant main effect of time (p = .048), and the number of errors was increased with IP compared to PRE, regardless of treatment. There was also a significant treatment effect showing that the number of errors overall was significantly lower with PeakATP compared to placebo (p = .005). See Figure 4.

[0049] [Table 1]

[0050] (Consideration) ATP supplementation significantly inhibited the decline in the number of hits and the mean reaction time per hit in the Dynavision mode A (proactive) reaction time assessment compared to placebo. The mean reaction time per hit was significantly slower immediately after exercise (IP) and 60 minutes after exercise (60P) compared to PRE, and the number of hits was also significantly reduced in the placebo group, but no significant decrease was observed in the ATP group. In the 60P ATP group, both the number of hits and the mean reaction time per hit were significantly better than in the placebo group. ATP supplementation inhibits the decline in proactive visuomotor reaction time after all-out high-intensity exercise.

[0051] ATP significantly improved mean reaction time (RT) per hit in the Dynavision mode B (reactive) reaction time assessment, whereas placebo showed no significant change. Mean reaction time per hit was significantly faster with ATP immediately (IP) and 60 min (60P) after exercise compared to PRE. ATP supplementation improves reactive visuomotor reaction time during a visuomotor task with a cognitive stressor following maximal high-intensity exercise.

[0052] ATP significantly reduced the number of errors in the Dynavision Mode B (reactive) reaction time assessment at all time points compared to placebo. ATP supplementation reduces the number of errors during a reactive visuomotor task accompanied by a cognitive stressor before and after maximal high-intensity exercise.

[0053] ATP supplementation prevented the decline in proactive optomotor RT, improved reactive optomotor RT, and reduced the number of errors during the reactive optomotor task. The results show that the methods and compositions described herein provide improvements in cognitive function, reaction time, mood, neuromuscular activity, and / or concentration. Additionally, the methods and compositions described herein result in improved mental performance in an individual.

[0054] The foregoing description and drawings constitute exemplary embodiments of the present invention. The foregoing embodiments and methods described herein may be modified according to the ability, experience, and preferences of those skilled in the art. The mere listing of steps of a method in a certain order does not limit the order of steps of the method. The foregoing description and drawings merely explain and illustrate the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto, except as the claims are so limited. Those skilled in the art, having access to this disclosure, will be able to make modifications and variations without departing from the scope of the present invention. The terms subject and animal are used interchangeably in this application and are not limited to one or the other.< / avgrt> < / avgrt>

Claims

Use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), characterized by being used in the manufacture of a medicament for improving human cognitive function, which comprises administering a composition containing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in an effective amount.

2. Use of ATP according to claim 1, wherein the total daily dose of said ATP is from about 100 mg to about 1600 mg.

3. Use of ATP according to claim 1, wherein said ATP is manufactured to be administered once a day.

4. Use of ATP according to claim 1, wherein said ATP is manufactured to be administered up to three times a day.

5. Use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), characterized by being used in the manufacture of a medicament for improving human concentration.

6. Use of ATP according to claim 5, wherein said ATP is administered in a total daily dose of from about 100 mg to about 1600 mg.

7. Use of ATP according to claim 5, wherein said ATP is administered once a day.

8. Use of ATP according to claim 5, wherein said ATP is administered up to three times a day.

9. Use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), characterized by being used in the manufacture of a medicament for optimizing human mental performance.

10. Use of ATP according to claim 9, wherein said ATP is administered to the human in a total daily dose of from about 100 mg to about 1600 mg.

11. Use of ATP according to claim 9, wherein said ATP is administered once a day.

12. Use of ATP according to claim 9, wherein said ATP is administered up to three times a day.

13. Use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), characterized by being used in the manufacture of a medicament for improving human reaction time.

14. Use of ATP according to claim 13, wherein said ATP is administered to the human in a total daily dose of from about 100 mg to about 1600 mg.

15. Use of ATP according to claim 13, wherein said ATP is administered once a day.

16. Use of ATP according to claim 13, wherein said ATP is administered up to three times a day.

17. Use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), characterized by being used in the manufacture of a medicament for improving an individual's cognitive function, which comprises an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) source and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

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