Aortic dissection implant

Abstract

To provide a system for treating aortic dissection.SOLUTION: A system for treating aortic dissection includes an aortic dissection implant 102 comprising an expandable anchoring structure and an elongate tubular structure. The expandable anchoring structure can be configured to apply radial force to sinuses of an aortic root 809 and / or a sinotubular junction when expanded. The elongate tubular structure can comprise an expandable support frame and one or more layers. The expandable support frame can be configured to extend from a descending aorta 807 to an ascending aorta and to curve along with a curvature of an aortic arch 800 when expanded within an aorta. The one or more layers can comprise a first porous layer 810 and a second non-porous layer 118.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 821,052, filed March 20, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to implantable medical devices, and more specifically to aortic dissection implants, systems for their delivery, and methods of their use. [Background technology]

[0003] Acute aortic dissections occur when a portion of the aortic intima (the innermost layer of the aorta) ruptures, and systemic blood pressure acts to peel the intimal layer away from the media layer, resulting in a false lumen for blood flow that can propagate in multiple directions along the length of the aorta. Affecting approximately 7,000 patients annually in the United States, AAD is the most common aortic catastrophic event and results in a very high mortality rate. Dissections occurring in the ascending portion of the aorta account for the majority of cases (63%) and are referred to as Type A, while those occurring in the descending aorta are referred to as Type B. Although Type B AAD can sometimes be managed medically, Type A dissections typically require immediate surgery. With a mortality rate of 1-2% per hour, 25% of patients die within the first 24 to 48 hours, and 80% die within two weeks of diagnosis.

[0004] 1A-1F illustrate various types of acute aortic dissections (AAD) that may be referenced herein. Despite the high mortality associated with Type A dissections (FIG. 1A), there remains a need for options to treat Type A dissections percutaneously. One option for treating Type A dissections involves a single-piece implant constructed from fabric with built-in reinforcement present only in the ascending aorta. However, the shorter length of the implant compromises stability and this option does not address the downstream aspects of the head vessels and the initial portion of the descending aorta. Another option for treatment addresses the downstream portion with a bare metal implant (no fabric) after the initial dissection in the ascending aorta has been surgically treated. This option addresses the need for reinforcement but does not provide a complete percutaneous solution. In some scenarios, attempts may be made to treat the dissection with only a bare metal frame, but with the risk that the frame will corrode through the tissue or that the frame may further dissect the vulnerable intimal layer. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Aortic grafts for treating aortic aneurysms can incorporate non-porous graft materials that attempt to block the aneurysm from the main lumen of the graft and the aorta. As a result, these grafts may be inappropriate for environments with branching vessels that require fenestration windows and / or other modifications. As a result, attempting to apply aortic grafts designed for aneurysms to type A dissections may be cumbersome or simply impossible. Thus, there is an unmet clinical need for less invasive, non-surgical solutions to treat type A AAD. There also remains a need for improved treatments for other types of aortic dissections, such as those shown in Figures 1B-1F, as further described herein. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] In some aspects of the present disclosure, an aortic dissection system for treating a dissection in a patient's aorta is disclosed. The aortic dissection system can include an aortic dissection implant and a delivery system. The aortic dissection implant can include an expandable support structure and at least one layer. The expandable support structure can have a proximal end and a distal end. The at least one layer can be provided over the expandable support structure and can include an atraumatic outer surface configured to engage an inner wall of the aorta adjacent a false lumen associated with the dissection. The delivery system can be configured to be percutaneously inserted into the patient and advanced into the patient's aorta. The delivery system can include an outer sheath, the outer sheath configured to receive the aortic dissection implant therein in a compressed configuration.

[0007] In some embodiments, at least one layer can include a non-porous section configured to extend across at least a portion of the dissection.

[0008] In some embodiments, the at least one layer can include a porous layer disposed over the expandable support structure and a non-porous layer disposed over the porous layer.

[0009] In some embodiments, the expandable support structure may be configured to extend from the descending aorta through the aortic arch into the ascending aorta. At least one layer may include a porous section, the porous section configured to allow blood flow from within the expandable support structure through the porous section into the carotid and subclavian arteries. At least one layer may include a non-porous section, the non-porous section including openings to allow blood flow from within the expandable support structure through the openings into the carotid and subclavian arteries. The expandable support structure may be preformed with a predetermined curvature to conform to the aortic arch. The at least one layer may include a porous layer configured to substantially cover the expandable support structure from the descending aorta to the sinotubular junction, and a non-porous layer configured to partially cover the porous layer and engage the wall of the ascending aorta on both sides of the dissection tear.

[0010] In some aspects, the expandable support structure can be configured to apply a radial force to the descending aorta when expanded.

[0011] In some embodiments, the aortic dissection implant can further include an expandable interface structure that can be configured to expand into the aortic root. The expandable interface structure can be configured to extend distally through the left and right coronary ostia into the left and right coronary sinuses. The expandable interface structure can include a wire frame having three lobes. At least one layer can extend above the expandable support structure and the expandable interface structure. The at least one layer can be configured to extend into the left and right coronary sinuses without blocking blood flow into the left and right coronary arteries.

[0012] In some embodiments, the at least one layer can include a non-porous layer, which can be positioned across at least a portion of the dissection and configured to expand with blood flow against an inner wall of the aorta adjacent the false lumen. The aortic dissection implant can further include at least one valve, which can allow blood to enter a space in the non-porous layer but prevent blood from exiting the space.

[0013] In some embodiments, the delivery system can be configured to sequentially place at least one layer prior to the expandable support structure.

[0014] In some embodiments, the system can further include one or more temporary longitudinal ribs, which can be configured to be removable from the aortic dissection implant. The one or more temporary longitudinal ribs can be configured to maintain a circumferential space between the atraumatic outer surface of the at least one layer and the inner wall of the aorta.

[0015] In some embodiments, the system can further include a temporary external coil, which can be configured to surround the aortic dissection implant to maintain a circumferential space between the atraumatic outer surface of the at least one layer and the inner wall of the aorta.

[0016] In some embodiments, the system can further include a suction port along at least one layer. The suction port can be configured to apply a vacuum to a circumferential space between the atraumatic outer surface of the at least one layer and the inner wall of the aorta when a vacuum applicator is applied to the suction port.

[0017] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an aortic dissection implant for treating a dissection in a patient's aorta is provided having features as described above and / or further below. Any of the aortic dissection implants as described above or further described herein can include an expandable anchoring structure and an elongated tubular structure. The expandable anchoring structure can be configured to be positioned in the aortic root of the patient and to apply a radial force to one or more of the aortic root and / or the sinuses of the sinoaortic junction when expanded. The elongated tubular structure can have a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of the elongated tubular structure can be configured to be positioned in the descending aorta. The distal end of the elongated tubular structure can be configured to be positioned in the ascending aorta, the sinoaortic junction, or the aortic root. The expandable anchoring structure can be connected to or forms the distal end of the elongated tubular structure. The elongated tubular structure can include an expandable support frame, a first porous layer, and a second porous layer. The expandable support frame can have a first length, which extends from the descending aorta to at least the ascending aorta and is configured to curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded within the aorta. The first porous layer can be positioned above the expandable support frame and can have a second length, which is configured to extend from the descending aorta to at least partially through the aortic arch. The first porous layer can include an atraumatic outer surface. Expansion of the expandable support frame when positioned within the aorta can expand the first porous layer, such that the atraumatic outer surface of the first porous layer presses against the inner surface of the aorta and applies a radial force to at least the descending aorta. The second non-porous layer can be positioned above the expandable support frame and can have a third length that is less than the first length.The second non-porous layer can include a first end and a second end that can be configured to be positioned on either side of the dissection tear. The second non-porous layer can be expandable, in use, via at least blood flow through the expandable support frame, thereby causing the non-porous layer to expand and seal against at least a portion of the dissection.

[0018] Also, the aortic dissection implant as in any of the preceding paragraphs or as further described herein can include one or more of the following features: The second length of the first porous layer can be approximately the same as the first length of the expandable support frame. One or both of the first porous layer and the second non-porous layer can include a fabric material. The expandable support frame can include a wire, a coiled ribbon, a laser cut structure, or a braid. The atraumatic outer surface of the first porous layer can be configured to engage an inner surface of the aorta in the aortic arch and to allow blood flow from the aortic arch through the first porous layer and into the carotid and / or subclavian arteries. The expandable anchoring structure can include openings to allow blood flow to the left and right coronary ostia. The expandable support frame can have a tubular shape when expanded, and the expandable anchoring structure can have a cross-sectional dimension that is greater than a cross-sectional dimension of the expandable support frame when expanded. The expandable anchoring structure can include a trilobal shape. The second non-porous layer can be configured to be positioned above the expandable support frame in the ascending aorta.

[0019] In some embodiments, the aortic dissection implant of any of the preceding paragraphs or as further described herein can further include a third layer between the first and second layers. The third layer can provide a one-way valve configured to allow blood to enter the space between the first and second layers and prevent blood from exiting the space.

[0020] In some aspects of the disclosure, an aortic dissection implant for treating a dissection in a patient's aorta is provided, the implant including a proximal end, a distal end, an expandable support structure, at least one layer, and an expandable interface portion. The proximal end can be configured to be positioned in the descending aorta, and the distal end can be configured to be positioned in the aortic root of the patient. The expandable support structure can be configured to extend from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta and to curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded in the aorta. The at least one layer can be provided above the support structure. The at least one layer can include a porous section and a non-porous section. The porous section can be configured to curve along the curvature of the aortic arch and allow blood to flow into the patient's carotid and subclavian arteries. The non-porous section can be configured to engage the wall of the aorta on either side of the tear in the aorta associated with the dissection. The expandable interface portion at the distal end of the aortic dissection implant can be configured to expand to contact the aortic root.

[0021] Also, the aortic dissection implant as in any of the preceding paragraphs or further described herein can include one or more of the following features: The expandable support structure can include a coiled wire, a coiled ribbon, a laser cut structure, or a braid. The expandable support structure can be formed from one or more of a metal, a polymer, a biological material, and a bioabsorbable material. The expandable support structure can include a tubular wire frame. The at least one layer can include a single layer having variable porosity. The at least one layer can include a tubular fabric layer. The at least one layer can include a tubular layer, the tubular layer can have radial support features at its proximal and distal ends. The expandable interface portion can be adjacent to the at least one layer. The expandable interface portion can be configured to extend distally past the left and right coronary ostia in the left and right coronary sinuses. The expandable interface portion can include openings to allow blood flow to the left and right coronary ostia. The expandable interface portion may include a wire frame having three lobes. The expandable support structure may be a separate structure from the expandable interface portion. The expandable support structure may be connected to the expandable interface portion by at least one layer. The expandable support structure and the expandable interface portion may be formed from a single wire. The at least one layer may include a porous layer that may be configured to substantially cover the expandable support structure from the descending aorta to the sino-ascending aortic junction, and a non-porous layer that may partially cover the porous layer and may be configured to engage the aortic wall on either side of the dissection tear. The system may further include an expandable portion, which may be proximal to the expandable interface portion. The expandable portion may be configured to radially expand against the sino-ascending aortic junction.

[0022] In some aspects, a method of treating a dissection in a patient's aorta is disclosed. The method can include delivering an aortic dissection implant percutaneously in a collapsed configuration to a treatment site in the aorta within the patient; and expanding the aortic dissection implant to an expanded configuration within the aorta. After expansion of the aortic dissection implant, non-porous sections of the aortic dissection implant can engage the medial wall of the aorta on either side of the dissection tear.

[0023] Also, the method of the preceding paragraph or as further described herein may include one or more of the following features: The aortic dissection implant may include a portion that may be expanded within the descending aorta and may apply a radial force to at least the descending aorta. The aortic dissection implant may include a portion that may be expanded within the aortic root and may apply a radial force to one or both of the aortic root and the sino-ascending aortic junction. After expansion, the porous section of the aortic dissection implant may cover the openings to the carotid and subclavian arteries to allow blood flow therethrough. After expansion, the porous section of the aortic dissection implant may cover one or both of the left and right coronary ostia to allow blood flow therethrough. The method may further include the step of expanding the non-porous section with blood flow to expand the non-porous layer against the inner wall of the aorta. The method may further include the step of reducing the false lumen in the aorta by withdrawing fluid from the false lumen through a natural fenestration in the aorta.

[0024] In some embodiments, a bilayer implant for a blood vessel is disclosed, comprising a first implant layer and a second implant layer. The first implant layer can have an atraumatic outer surface and a first resting diameter. The second implant layer can be separate from the first implant layer and can have a second resting diameter that is greater than the first resting diameter. The second implant layer can be disposed inside the first implant layer and configured to expand the first implant layer, so that the atraumatic outer surface of the first implant layer presses against the surface of the blood vessel.

[0025] Also, the bilayer implant of the preceding paragraph may include one or more of the following features: The first implant layer may be a tubular layer having a central lumen, which may be configured to receive the second implant layer and conform to the true lumen of the blood vessel. The first implant layer may be a fabric layer. The second implant layer may include a coil. The coil may be a metal coil. The metal coil may include a coil retention feature, which may be configured to engage with a coil retention structure of the delivery system and release from the coil retention structure upon implantation of the second implant layer. The first implant layer and the second implant layer may be capable of bending to conform to the aortic arch. The first implant layer may include at least a portion that is porous to allow blood flow from the aortic arch through the first implant layer to the carotid or subclavian arteries. The bilayer implant may further include an interface structure for interfacing with the natural anatomy of the aortic valve leaflets. The interface structure may include fenestration to allow blood flow to the left and right coronary ostia. The first implant layer may further include a non-porous portion and at least one temporary rib. The bilayer implant may further include at least a portion that is radiopaque. The bilayer implant may further include at least a portion that is echogenic. The first implant layer may include radial support structures at both ends thereof.

[0026] In some embodiments, a system is disclosed that includes the bilayer implant of any one of the preceding paragraphs and a delivery system. The delivery system can be configured to deliver the first and second implant layers together into a blood vessel.

[0027] In some embodiments, a system is disclosed that includes the bilayer implant of any one of the preceding paragraphs and a delivery system, the delivery system being configured to separate the first and second implant layers for asynchronous placement and release into a vessel.

[0028] In some embodiments, a method of implanting a bilayered implant is disclosed. The method can include percutaneously inserting the implant into the patient's femoral artery and advancing the implant into the patient's aorta; retracting the outer sheath to deploy a first implant layer and allow the first implant layer to radially expand to a first resting diameter in the aorta; manipulating the retention structure to deploy a second implant layer from the retention structure into the lumen of the first implant layer; further manipulating the retention structure to cause the second implant layer to radially expand to a second resting diameter greater than the first resting diameter, causing the first implant layer to radially expand beyond the first resting diameter and contact the aorta.

[0029] The method of the preceding paragraph may also include one or more of the following features: Retracting the outer sheath may deploy the anchoring arms, which may cause the first implant layer to radially expand, and the method may further include removing the anchoring arms after deployment of the second implant layer. The bilayer implant may include any of the features of any of the preceding paragraphs. The first implant layer may further include radial support features at the distal or proximal end. The method may further include maintaining a space between an outer surface of the first implant layer and an inner wall of the aorta with a longitudinal support rib coupled to the first implant layer; and reducing the false lumen by applying a vacuum to a channel extending from an inner surface of the first implant layer to an outer surface of the first implant layer to draw fluid from the false lumen in the aorta through a natural fenestration of the aorta. The method may further include removing the longitudinal support rib.

[0030] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the specification, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, and illustrate disclosed embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0031] [Figure 1A] Common classifications of aortic dissection: Stanford types A and B are shown. [Figure 1B] Common classifications of aortic dissection: Stanford types A and B are shown. [Figure 1C] The common classifications of aortic dissection, DeBakey types I, II, and III, are shown. [Figure 1D] The common classifications of aortic dissection, DeBakey types I, II, and III, are shown. [Figure 1E]The common classifications of aortic dissection, DeBakey types I, II, and III, are shown. [Figure 1F] The common classifications of aortic dissection, DeBakey types I, II, and III, are shown. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection graft system loaded inside a delivery system, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a graft component of an aortic dissection system, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a support member of an aortic dissection system, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Diagram 5] FIG. 13 is another schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection system as it is being deployed from a delivery system, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a delivery support arm for an aortic dissection system, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] FIG. 13 is another schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection system with a delivery support arm as the system is deployed from the delivery system, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection system inside the aortic arch, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9A] FIG. 13 is another schematic partial perspective cross-sectional view of a graft component of an aortic dissection system, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9B] FIG. 13 is another schematic partial cross-sectional view of a graft component of an aortic dissection system inside the aortic arch, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9C] FIG. 13 is another schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection system inside the aortic arch, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of a distal end of an aortic dissection implant, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 11]FIG. 13 is another schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection system deployed inside the aorta, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection prior to deployment of an aortic dissection system, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 13A] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 13B] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 13C] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 14A] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 14B] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 14C] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 14D] 1A-1D are schematic partial cross-sectional views of an aorta during and after placement of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 15A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an expandable support structure of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 15B] FIG. 15B is a perspective view of the embodiment of the expandable support structure shown in FIG. 15A with a layer disposed within the structure, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 15C] FIG. 15B is a perspective view of the embodiment of the expandable support structure shown in FIG. 15A with a layer disposed above the structure, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 15D] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a distal end of an aortic dissection implant, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 16] FIG. 1 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an aortic dissection implant in the aortic arch, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 17] FIG. 13 is a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of an expandable support structure of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 18] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of an expandable support structure of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 19A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an expandable support structure of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 19B] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an expandable support structure of an aortic dissection implant, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0032] The detailed description set forth below describes various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. Thus, dimensions may be provided for specific embodiments as non-limiting examples. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject technology may be practiced without these specific details. In some cases, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology.

[0033] It should be understood that the present disclosure includes examples of the subject technology and does not limit the scope of the appended claims. Various aspects of the subject technology will now be disclosed according to specific, but non-limiting, examples. The various embodiments described in the present disclosure can be implemented in different ways and modifications and according to a desired application or implementation.

[0034] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without some of the specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and techniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the present disclosure.

[0035] Aspects of the subject disclosure relate to aortic dissection implants (such as, for example, bilayer implants) that can be utilized in the treatment of aortic dissection, as well as systems and methods including same. According to certain aspects of the subject disclosure, a bilayer implant is provided that can be used for the treatment of Type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) or any other abdominal or thoracic aortic dissection, rupture, or aneurysm. The bilayer implant can include a first implant layer that forms a soft, atraumatic outer layer and directly contacts the intima of the aorta. The bilayer implant can also include a second implant layer that can be placed after or in sequence with the first layer, which provides reinforcement and direct apposition of the first layer against the intima. Although in some embodiments, the first implant layer (e.g., graft layer) and the second implant layer (e.g., support structure) are not attached together prior to delivery and may therefore be delivered in two separate and / or overlapping steps, the bilayer implant may be described herein as a bilayer asynchronous implant. That is, as described in more detail below, a delivery system for the bilayer implant may allow the two layers to be placed together or may separate the two layers to allow for asynchronous placement and release. It will also be appreciated that a bilayer implant as described herein may be manufactured with the first implant layer disposed above the second implant layer such that the two layers are delivered to the treatment site as a single unit.

[0036] 2-4 illustrate an aortic dissection implant 102 for use in an aortic dissection system 100 according to certain embodiments. The aortic dissection implant 102 can include a first implant layer 104 (e.g., a porous and / or non-porous material as further described herein, etc.), which can be reinforced by a second implant layer 106 (e.g., a coil, braid, wire frame, Z-stent, or any other reinforcing structure as described herein, etc.). As used herein, non-porous refers to any material or structure that does not include openings or that includes openings that are small enough to prevent blood flow within physiological pressure ranges. The aortic dissection system 100 can include the aortic dissection implant 102 and a delivery system, which can include an outer sheath 108 and / or one or more other delivery components. FIG. 2 illustrates a system 100 including a bilayer implant 102 packaged within an outer sheath 108 for implantation, which is coupled to a nose cone 114 that is attached to or delivered over a guidewire 116. The system 100 is shown in partial cross section in FIG. 2 so that the first and second implant layers 104, 106 can be seen. As described in more detail below, in the delivery configuration shown in FIG. 2, the first and second implant layers 104, 106 are compressed within the outer sheath 108 for implantation. The outer sheath 108 can be retracted relative to the first implant layer 104 for placement of the first implant layer 104. FIG. 2 also illustrates a retention layer or catheter 110 for the second implant layer 106 (illustrated as a coil in this embodiment).The retention layer or catheter 110 restrains the second implant layer 106 in the compressed configuration of FIG. 2 and is manipulable (e.g., rotatable, retractable, or otherwise) for controlled placement of the second implant layer 106. In various examples, the bilayer implant 102 is described herein with respect to treating Type A dissections. However, it should be appreciated that the bilayer implant 102 may be applied to Type B dissections and all types of aortic aneurysms as well. It should also be appreciated that in other implementations, the implant 102 can include more than two layers (e.g., with a secondary graft layer 104 inside the support layer 106, or with a secondary support layer inside the support layer 106).

[0037] It has been discovered that it is not necessary to "wall-off" the dissected area in the case of AAD, so long as the layer at the source of the dissection can be reapproximated along its length to prevent pressure from propagating through the false lumen and instead direct the pressure through the true lumen. Indeed, providing a first implant layer 104 formed from a porous material allows for several advantages during placement (e.g., by not impeding blood flow), allows for healthier functionality of the aorta, and provides the ability to more easily handle branching vessels that may be encountered. It is also understood that the aorta in patients with the conditions described herein is very fragile, and therefore, in some embodiments, care must be taken to make the implant as atraumatic as possible. In some embodiments, separating the implant 102 into a soft, atraumatic first layer 104 with a secondary reinforcing layer 106 that is controllably and sequentially deployed asynchronously relative to the first layer 104 (e.g., after the first layer is in place or before the first layer 104 is fully deployed) helps improve safety. While the native aorta provides its support from its outermost layer, the implant 102 provides support from its innermost layer 106 with the softer layer 104 on the outside, juxtaposing the soft intimal layer of the native aorta.

[0038] System 100 (in the configuration initially shown in FIG. 2 ) may be percutaneously inserted into the femoral artery and advanced into the patient's aorta 200. As shown in FIGS. 1A-1F , depending on the desired location of treatment and implantation, system 100 may be advanced from one of the iliac arteries 202 into the descending aorta 204, and may continue around the aortic arch 206, into the ascending aorta 208, and into the aortic root 210. As used herein, the proximal end of implant 102 or system 100 is the end closest to the operator and furthest from the aortic root 210, and the distal end of implant 102 and system 100 is the end furthest from the operator and closest to the aortic root 210.

[0039] In the delivery configuration of FIG. 2, the initial outer layer 104 is held within the outer sheath 108 while the reinforcement layer 106 is held under torsional tension by a mechanism (e.g., by a coil retention structure 110) that is arranged to be unwound or unscrewed to allow the secondary implant layer 106 to be deployed. Other mechanisms can be utilized to maintain the reduced diameter of each layer during delivery and allow for controlled diametric expansion upon deployment. For example, the second implant layer 106 can alternatively be restrained within the inner sheath, and the inner sheath can be linearly retracted for deployment of the second implant layer 106. A locking mechanism 112 is provided to maintain connection with the delivery system and to allow repositioning, recapture, and / or removal of the implant 102, if required, prior to full deployment of the implant.

[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of one example of a first implant layer 104 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The first implant layer 104 can be formed of fabric, metal, polymer, or biological tissue (as examples). The first implant layer 104 is sized such that when fully expanded with the reinforcing layer 106 inside, it can reach a diameter slightly larger than that of the native aorta (e.g., a maximum diameter of about 40 mm to 45 mm). In some embodiments, the first implant layer 104 can have a resting diameter of 30 mm (or about 30 mm) and can be stretchable or expandable (e.g., by the second implant layer 106) to an expanded diameter of 40 mm (or about 40 mm) to 45 mm (or about 45 mm). The first implant layer 104 can include one or more porous regions 300 that allow blood to flow therethrough (e.g., when the porous region is placed across the ostium of a branch vessel). The material of the first implant layer 104 can be flexible enough to conform to the curvature of the aortic arch. In some implementations, the entire length of the first implant layer 104 can be porous. In other implementations, the entire length of the first implant layer 104 can be non-porous. In still other implementations, the level of porosity can vary throughout the entire length of the first implant layer 104. In still other embodiments where 104 has a given thickness, the porosity of the inner surface can be different than the porosity along the outer surface.

[0041] The first implant layer 104 may be formed from a fabric woven in an open honeycomb shape (as shown in FIG. 3) or one or more other configurations that result in a wall thickness 304 such that the outer diameter of layer 104 may be disposed against the inside of the aorta and when the inner reinforcing layer 106 is expanded inside layer 104, the inner diameter may be compressed against the outer diameter to distribute radial loads and avoid placing undue pressure on the aortic wall.

[0042] For example, in other embodiments, the first implant layer 104 may be formed with an open weave pattern, laser cut pattern, braided configuration, or any other form that allows blood to flow through one or more of the porous portions 300. In some cases, the porosity of the first implant layer 104 varies around the periphery and / or along the length of the first implant layer 104 to achieve targeted levels of porosity for different portions of the patient's anatomy. For example, the porosity of the material itself can vary with location on the layer 104, or holes, openings, or other fenestrations can be formed in the material of the layer 104.

[0043] Additionally, the first implant layer 104, or a portion of the first implant layer 104, may be formed from a porous and / or non-porous fabric or polymer. The first implant layer 104 can include one or a combination of polyester, nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or silicone.

[0044] In the example of FIG. 3, the first implant layer 104 includes radial support features 301 and 302 at its distal and proximal ends, respectively. The radial support features 301 and 302 can have a radial compressibility that is less than the radial compressibility of the intervening length of the first implant layer 104. Radial support features such as radial support features 301 or 302 can be provided to help secure the position of the first implant layer 104 prior to placement of the second implant layer 106. The radial support features 301 and / or 302, and / or other portions of the implant 102, can be radiopaque and / or echogenic to allow visualization under fluoroscopy and / or ultrasound within the procedure. The radial support features can be provided on an outer surface, an inner surface, or embedded within the implant layer 104. Examples of radial support features include wire frames, coils, braids, and stents that have Z-shapes, zigzag patterns, or more complex geometric shapes, e.g., laser cut from self-expanding shape memory alloys. Radial support features can have cylindrical, frusto-conical, or other shapes.

[0045] As described in more detail below (see, e.g., FIGS. 8-10 and associated description), in some implementations, in situations where it is desirable to engage as deeply as possible into the aortic root without affecting aortic valve function and without impeding flow to the coronary arteries, the distal shape of the first implant layer 104 (e.g., including radial support features 301) (or one or more additional interface structures at the distal end of the first implant layer 104) may be arranged to interface with the native anatomical structures of the aortic valve cusps and the left and right coronary ostia. As used herein, aortic valve cusps are intended to include the sinuses of the aortic root. In some implementations, the distal end of the implant can incorporate a prosthetic aortic heart valve (e.g., coupled or configured to interface with the first implant layer 104).

[0046] The second implant layer 106 is a reinforcing layer that provides hoop strength and radial force beyond that of the first implant layer 104 and serves to reinforce the apposition of the first implant layer 104 against the intima. The second implant layer 106 may be formed from one or more of a metal (such as, for example, stainless steel or nitinol), a polymer, a biological material, a bioabsorbable material, and / or other suitable materials. FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of the second implant layer 106 in one implementation. The second implant layer 106 may be a coiled wire forming a wire frame, a coiled ribbon as in the example of FIG. 4, a laser cut structure, a braid, or may be formed in another open configuration that can conform to the curvature of the natural aorta. The second implant layer 106 may be fully or partially radiopaque and / or echogenic to enhance visualization within the procedure.

[0047] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of the second implant layer 106. The second implant layer 106 may be formed as a coiled structure, for example, with a pitch of approximately 2 cm, an overall length between approximately 12-15 cm, a cross-sectional width of approximately 0.5 mm, and a rest diameter of approximately 40 mm to approximately 45 mm. The second implant layer 106 may be radially compressible (e.g., by a compressive force from a portion of the aorta) to a diameter of approximately 30 mm. Also, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the second implant layer 106 may be twisted to a further reduced insertion diameter by a coil retention structure 110. In the example of FIG. 4, the second implant layer 106 is formed from a coiled ribbon having a cross-sectional height of approximately 5 mm.

[0048] FIG. 4 also illustrates a proximal release feature 400 for the second implant layer 106. In the example of FIG. 4, the proximal release feature 400 is an opening at the proximal end of the second implant layer 106. When twisted to an insertion diameter in the coil retention structure 110, the proximal release feature 400 can engage with a corresponding feature inside the coil retention structure 110 (e.g., to prevent rotation of the proximal end of the second implant layer within the coil retention structure 110 while the proximal end is within the coil retention structure 110). As will be described in more detail in connection with FIG. 5, the proximal release feature 400 can disengage from the corresponding feature inside the coil retention structure 110 when the proximal end of the second implant layer 106 exits the coil retention structure 110 to complete implantation of the implant 102. 4 as a single coil, in other implementations, the second implant layer 106 can be implemented as a double coil (e.g., with parallel pitch or opposite pitch to form a helix) to provide additional support with the opposite pitch to form a helix. In yet other implementations, the second implant layer 106 can be formed by a multi-filar construction, a single or multiple piece wireform structure, or a rough braid with laser cut structure.

[0049] 5 illustrates a perspective partial cross-sectional view (partial cross-section for clarity) of an implant 102 midway through implantation in a true lumen 504 of a blood vessel 500 having a false lumen 502 associated with a dissection 503. The dissection 503 may have an entry tear and may have one or more re-entry tears. In the configuration of FIG. 5 , the outer sheath 108 has been partially retracted to allow the first implant layer 104 to expand to its resting diameter in the true lumen 504 such that the distal end of the first implant layer 104 (and distal radial support feature 301) is distal to the dissection 503 and the proximal end of the first implant layer 104 is proximal to the dissection 503. 5 , the coil retention structure 110 is also rotated, causing a distal portion of the second implant layer 106 to exit the opening 506 at the distal end of the coil retention structure 110 and begin to expand to its rest diameter where the second implant layer 106 presses against the intima of the blood vessel 500. In other embodiments, the retention structure 110 can simply be withdrawn as a sheath, exposing the second implant layer 106 and allowing it to expand.

[0050] 5 , implantation of the implant 102 may be completed by further retracting the outer sheath 108 past the proximal end of the first implant layer 104 to allow the radial support features 302 to exit the sheath and expand to their resting diameter, and further twisting the coil retention structure 110 until the second implant layer 106 fully exits through the opening 506 (and the coil retention features 400 release from corresponding internal features of the coil retention structure 110). The locking feature 112 can prevent the second implant layer 106 from pulling or sliding proximally over the first implant layer 102 during deployment of the second implant layer 106.

[0051] In this manner, deployment of the outer layer 104 is initiated first while maintaining the ability to recapture the layer 104 to any point prior to full release. In implementations where the material of the layer 104 is porous, blood pressure is prevented from building up inside the implant, allowing deployment of the implant 102 to proceed at a measured pace. Once the distal end of the outer implant layer 104 is expanded, the user has the option to continue deploying the outer layer 104 or to begin releasing a portion of the reinforcement layer 106 that further stabilizes the position of the first layer 104. If desired, a majority of the outer layer 104 can be released from the sheath 108 before deployment of the reinforcement layer 106 begins.

[0052] At the beginning of placement of the second implant layer 106, the coil retention structure 110 may be twisted to allow a distal portion of the second implant layer 106 to emerge from the opening 506. After continued rotation of the coil retention structure 110, a majority of the second implant layer 106 is allowed to emerge from the coil retention structure 110.

[0053] In some implementations, the system 100 can include delivery support arms between the initial graft layer 104 and the secondary support layer 106 during delivery. FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary delivery support arm 604 showing four arms. Any number of arms can be provided, such as, for example, three or more arms. The delivery support arms 604 can be provided in the system 100 to temporarily expand the graft layer 104, provide apposition to the aortic intima prior to expansion, provide the secondary support layer 106, and ensure a desired location and effect. As shown in FIG. 6, multiple angularly separated delivery support arms 604 can extend from a common base 602 of the delivery support structure 600.

[0054] FIG. 7 illustrates the system 100 in the delivery state of FIG. 5 in a configuration in which the system 100 includes delivery support arms 604. Only two delivery support arms 604 are shown for clarity. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the delivery support arms 604 are configured to expand without external assistance when the outer sheath 108 is retracted. The base 602 may be coupled to the locking mechanism 112 and / or other parts of the delivery system such that the delivery support arms 604 move proximally as the delivery sequence progresses (e.g., during deployment of the second implant layer 106). Upon full release of both implant layers 104 and 106, the outer sheath 108 is advanced inside the two deployed layers to recapture the delivery support arms for removal. In the example of FIG. 7, the delivery support arms 604 extend to the end of the first implant layer 104. However, delivery support arms 604 that are shorter than the distal-most end of the second implant layer 106 may be provided. This positioning of the delivery support arm 604 can help ensure that the delivery support arm 604 is not caught between the second implant layer 106 and the first implant layer 104 when the second implant layer 106 is being placed.

[0055] 5 and 7 illustrate placement of implant 102 in a substantially straight portion of blood vessel 500 merely for convenience. However, it should be appreciated that first implant layer 104 and second implant layer 106 as described allow implant 102 to be placed in curved portions of blood vessels and / or in portions of blood vessels having varying sizes.

[0056] For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an implant 102 placed in an aortic arch 800. The implant shown in FIG. 8 can be a sequentially placed implant, as described above, or it can be delivered as a single unit. As shown in FIG. 8, the implant 102 includes an elongate body having a proximal end 806 positioned in the descending aorta 807 and a distal end 808 positioned in the aortic root 809. The implant 102 includes an expandable reinforcement structure (such as, for example, the second implant layer 106 described above, or any of the other reinforcement structures described herein) that extends from the proximal end 806 in the descending aorta 807 to or near the distal end 808 in the aortic root 809. An interface portion 802 is provided at the distal end 808 of the implant 102 and is expandable within the aortic root 809 to anchor and secure the implant 102. The interface portion 802 can include an expandable wire frame and can be part of or separate from the reinforcement structure that extends through the ascending and descending aorta. Another outer layer is provided over the reinforcement structure, such as the implant layer 104 described above or any of the other layers described herein for covering the reinforcement structure and / or contacting the inner wall of the aorta. For example, the porous implant layer 104 can extend from the proximal end 806 to the distal end 808 over the entire or substantially the entire reinforcement structure (optionally including the interface portion 802).

[0057] As shown in FIG. 8 (partially in cross section for clarity), both the first implant layer 104 and the second implant layer 106 are curved to follow the curvature of the aortic arch 800, and fenestrations 801 in the first implant layer 104 allow blood flow through the first implant layer 104 into the carotid and subclavian arteries 811. In some embodiments, the first implant layer 104 has a porous section 810 that is configured to be positioned in the aortic arch 800 and allows blood to flow into the carotid and subclavian arteries 811. The implant 102 can further include a non-porous section 118 positioned distal to the porous section 810 of the first implant layer 104, either as part of the first implant layer 104 or as an additional layer. The non-porous section 118 can be configured to engage the wall of the aorta adjacent the false lumen 502 and across the ingress tear of the dissection 503. In some embodiments, the first implant layer 104 is entirely porous. In some embodiments, the non-porous section 118 is a separate layer provided above the entirely non-porous first implant layer 104.

[0058] FIG. 8 also illustrates how an interface portion 802 (e.g., adjacent or coupled to the first implant layer 104 and / or the second implant layer 106) may be provided at the distal end of the implant 102. As shown, the interface portion 802 is configured to conform to the natural anatomy of the aortic valve leaflets (e.g., to the sinuses of the aortic root) and includes fenestrations 804 for the left and right coronary ostia. As shown, the interface portion 802 may include an expandable wire frame having three lobes, each configured to be positioned within and expandable to engage one of the sinuses of the aortic root. Any or all of the lobes may be partially or entirely covered by a porous or non-porous material, such as, for example, the porous material of the first implant layer 104 or the non-porous material of the additional implant layer 118. As shown, lobes in the left and right coronary sinuses can extend distally beyond the left and right coronary arteries 813, 815, respectively. When covered by a porous material, blood will be permitted to flow through the porous material covering these lobes and into the left and right coronary arteries.

[0059] FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view of another embodiment of an implant 102 including a first implant layer 104 in a dual layer honeycomb fabric implementation with elongated openings 900 (e.g., for alignment with the carotid and / or subclavian arteries). FIG. 9B illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the first implant layer 104 placed in the aortic arch. As shown in FIG. 9B, the elongated openings 900 can be aligned with the carotid and subclavian arteries, allowing blood to flow through the elongated openings 900 and into the arteries. In this embodiment, the layer 104 is non-porous, which can prevent blood from flowing into the dissection 503. FIG. 9B illustrates the implant 102 without a reinforcing structure or second implant layer 106. FIG. 9C illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the implant 102 including the first implant layer 104 as in FIG. 9A with the second implant layer 106 disposed within the first implant layer 104. The interface portion 802, as described above, can anchor the first implant layer 104 and / or the second implant layer 106 to the aortic root.

[0060] 10 illustrates an edge shape for the interface portion 802 that can expand to conform to the native anatomy. The interface portion 802 can include a first expandable component 814. For example, the interface portion 802 can include a first expandable component 814 that can be configured to be positioned in the aortic root of a patient and to apply a radial force to one or more of the sinuses of the aortic root when expanded. The first component 814 can include multiple lobes, such as three lobes forming a trilobal anchoring structure, that are configured to engage with each of the sinuses of the aortic root and apply a radial force to secure the first component 814 to the aortic root. 10, interface portion 802 can include a second expandable component 812 proximal to first expandable component 814, which can be configured to be positioned within the sino-ascending aortic junction and apply a radial force to the junction when expanded. In different embodiments, interface portion 802 can include either the first expandable component 814 or the second expandable component 812.

[0061] Additionally, the shape of the first implant layer 104 at the interface portion 802 may be shaped such that the first implant layer 104 does not impede blood flow through the coronary artery ostium. As shown, the first implant layer 104 may extend distally from the ascending aorta into the left and right aortic sinuses and cover only a portion of the interface portion 802 in the left and right aortic sinuses, but terminate proximal to the left and right coronary arteries and allow blood to flow therethrough. The first implant layer 104 may also extend distally from the ascending aorta into the non-coronary aortic sinuses and cover some or all of the interface portion 802 in the non-coronary aortic sinuses.

[0062] FIG. 11 illustrates one example of an implant 102 during placement in a portion of a blood vessel 500 having a varying diameter, showing how the second implant layer 106 is variably compressible (e.g., in response to the radial strength of the wall of the blood vessel 500) to conform to the first implant layer 104 along the wall of the blood vessel.

[0063] 12-14D illustrate how in some implementations, the implants 1302, 1402 can include features that allow for further occlusion of the false lumen 1201. FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a blood vessel having a true lumen 1207, a false lumen 1201 associated with a dissection 1203, and a natural fenestration 1205 adjacent to the false lumen 1201. In the example of FIGS. 13A-13C, a first implant layer 1304 is provided above a second implant layer 1306 with a suction port 1310 that provides a channel to which a vacuum is applied via a vacuum applicator 1312. The first implant layer 1304 can include features as described above with respect to any of the other first implant layers described herein or any of the other first implant layers. Moreover, the second implant layer 1306 can include features as described above with respect to other second implant layers or any other reinforcing structures described herein. In this example, one or more longitudinal ribs 1308 can be provided to maintain a circumferential space between the outer surface of the layer 1304 and the inner wall of the native aorta. The one or more longitudinal ribs 1308 can extend axially along the length of the implant 1302 and can have a stiffness greater than that of the second implant layer 1306. The one or more longitudinal ribs can have a curve or be arched, thereby preventing the implant layer 1306 from fully expanding. When the implant 1302 is sealed around the dissection 1203, a vacuum can be applied to the channel 1310. As shown in FIG. 13B, this causes the surrounding false lumen 1201 to be reduced by drawing fluid from the false lumen 1201 through the entry tear 1203 and the natural fenestration 1205 of the native aorta. As shown in FIG. 13C, the support ribs 1308 are then removed to allow apposition of the implant surface to the native aorta against the medial and adventitial layers, thereby minimizing the false lumen 1201 and maximizing the cross-section of the true lumen 1207.

[0064] In some embodiments, the implant 1302 can include a solid, non-porous graft portion that may be used for, for example, a Type B dissection in the descending aorta. In these examples, the implant 1302 maintains an aspiration lumen 1310 that extends from the inner diameter of the graft and communicates with an area on the outer diameter of the graft adjacent the false lumen 1201. Using temporary longitudinal support ribs 1308 to maintain the space (see, e.g., FIGS. 13A-13B), a vacuum is drawn into the space between the implant 1302 and the false lumen 1201 to attempt to evacuate the false lumen 1201 through the natural porosity 1205 of the native aorta. Once the false lumen 1201 has been retracted, the support ribs 1308 may then be removed (see, for example, FIG. 13C ), allowing the implanted graft 1302 to radially expand to its full diameter, further reducing the false lumen 1201, which has been emptied of accumulated blood, as shown by the reduced false lumen 1201 in FIG. 13C .

[0065] In the example of Figures 14A-14D, a first implant layer 1404 is provided over a second implant layer 1406 with suction ports 1410 providing a channel through which vacuum is applied via a vacuum applicator 1412. In this example, an external coil 1414 may be wrapped around the outside of a central portion of the implant 1402 and passed through the suction portion 1410 and the vacuum applicator 1412. The external coil 1414 is provided to maintain a circumferential space between the outer surface of the first implant layer 1404 and the inner wall of the native aorta such that when vacuum is applied to the ports 1410, the surrounding false lumen 1201 is reduced by drawing fluid from the false lumen 1201 through the entry tears 1203 and natural fenestrations 1205 of the native aorta. As shown in Figures 14C-14D, the external coil 1414 is then removed, allowing apposition of the implant surface to the native aorta against the medial and adventitial layers, thereby minimizing the false lumen 1201 and maximizing the cross-section of the true lumen 1207.

[0066] In some embodiments, the implant 1402 can include a solid, non-porous graft portion that may be used for, for example, a Type B dissection in the descending aorta. In these examples, the implant 1402 maintains an aspiration lumen 1410 that extends from the inner diameter of the graft and communicates with an area on the outer diameter of the graft adjacent the false lumen 1201. Using a temporary external coil 1414 to maintain the space (see, for example, FIGS. 14A-14B), a vacuum is drawn into the space between the implant 1402 and the false lumen 1201 to attempt to evacuate the false lumen 1201 through the natural porosity 1205 of the native aorta. Once the false lumen 1201 has been retracted, the external coil 1414 may then be removed (see, for example, Figures 14C-14D), allowing the implanted graft 1402 to radially expand to its full diameter, further reducing the false lumen 1201, which has been emptied of accumulated blood, as shown by the reduced false lumen 1201 in Figure 14D.

[0067] 12-14D illustrate placement of implant 1302, 1402 in a substantially straight portion of a blood vessel for convenience only, but it should be appreciated that first implant layer 1304, 1404 and second implant layer 1306, 1406 as described allow implant 102 to be placed in curved portions of a blood vessel and / or in portions of a blood vessel having varying sizes.

[0068] In general, the porous version of the implant 102 may be useful for any Type A (I or II) dissection that requires extension through the head vessels (see, e.g., FIG. 1A) and may also be applicable to some Type B events (see, e.g., FIG. 1B). The non-porous graft options 1302, 1402 of FIGS. 13A-14D may be more applicable to certain Type B configurations. Variable porosity of the layers 104, 1304, 1404 (e.g., one section solid and another segment porous or with different degrees of porosity) may be used to provide solutions for different dissection or aneurysm configurations.

[0069] 15A-15C show another embodiment of an aortic dissection implant 1700. FIG. 15A shows an implant layer as described above including a generally tubular expandable support structure extending from a proximal end 1702 to a distal end 1704. The expandable support structure embodiment shown in FIG. 15A shows a wire frame or wire coil 1713 with a zigzag or Z-shaped pattern along a cylindrical portion 1710 of the coil 1713. Additionally, the expandable support structure can include other patterns suitable for use in treating aortic dissection. Moreover, the expandable support structure can be a laser cut structure, braided, or formed in another open configuration that can conform to the curvature of the natural aorta. The expandable support structure can also be fully or partially radiopaque and / or echogenic to enhance visualization within the procedure. The cylindrical portion 1710 of the coil 1713 extends from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta and can be configured to curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded within the aorta.

[0070] At the distal end 1704, the implant 1700 can include an expandable anchoring structure 1715, such as the interface portion described above. The expandable anchoring structure 1715 can have an enlarged cross-sectional diameter when expanded compared to the cylindrically shaped portion 1710. The expandable anchoring structure 1715 can include one or more components. For example, the expandable anchoring structure 1715 can include a first expandable component 1706 (e.g., such as the first expandable component described above), which can be configured to be positioned within the aortic root of the patient and to apply a radial force to the sinuses of the aortic root when expanded. The first component 1706 can include multiple lobes (e.g., three lobes, etc.) to form a trilobal anchoring structure, the lobes configured to engage with each of the sinuses of the aortic root and apply a radial force to anchor the first component 1706 to the aortic root. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 15A, the expandable anchoring structure 1715 can include a second expandable component 1708 (e.g., the second expandable component described above, etc.) proximal to the first expandable component 1706, which can be configured to be positioned in the sinus-ascending aorta junction and apply a radial force to the junction when expanded. The second expandable component 1718 can have a frusto-conical shape in some embodiments, with a smaller diameter proximal end and a larger diameter distal end, providing a transition between the cylindrically shaped portion 1710 and the enlarged expandable component 1706. In different embodiments, the expandable anchoring structure 1715 can include either the first expandable component 1706 or the second expandable component 1708.

[0071] In some embodiments, the wire frame 1713 can be a continuous wire that forms the first expandable component 1706, the second expandable component 1708, and the cylindrically shaped portion 1710. In other embodiments, the first expandable component 1706, the second expandable component 1708, and the cylindrically shaped portion 1710 can be formed from separate wire frames. The wire frame 1713 can be formed from one or more of a metal (e.g., stainless steel or nitinol, etc.), a polymer, a biological material, a bioabsorbable material, and / or other suitable materials. In some embodiments, the wire frame 1713 can have an overall length of between approximately 12-15 cm, a wire cross-sectional width or diameter of approximately 0.5 mm, and a resting diameter of the cylindrically shaped portion 1710 of approximately 40 mm to approximately 45 mm. The wire frame 1713 can be radially compressible to a diameter of approximately 10 mm or less. The expandable anchoring structure 1715 can have a diameter of approximately 45 to 55 when expanded.

[0072] 15B-15C illustrate an embodiment of an aortic dissection implant including a wire frame 1713 with a layer 1714 disposed either within (FIG. 15B) or on (FIG. 15C) the wire frame 1713. The layer 1714 can extend from a proximal end 1702 of the wire frame 1713 to a distal end 1704 of the wire frame 1713. In some embodiments, the layer 1714 can cover the second expandable component 1708 of the expandable anchoring structure 1715 and a portion of the first expandable component 1706 of the expandable anchoring structure 1715. This configuration allows the coronary ostium to remain uncovered after implantation of the aortic dissection implant, which allows blood to flow freely through the ostium. In other embodiments, the layer 1714 can extend to the distal end of the expandable anchoring structure 1715.

[0073] In some embodiments, the layer 1714 may be formed from fabric, metal, polymer, or biological tissue. The layer 1714 is sized so that when fully expanded with the wire frame 1713 inside, it can reach a diameter just slightly larger than the diameter of the native aorta (e.g., a maximum diameter of about 40 mm to about 45 mm). In other implementations, the layer 1714 can have a resting diameter of 35 mm and an expanded diameter of 40 mm. The material of the layer 1714 can be flexible enough to conform to the curvature of the aortic arch. In some implementations, the entire length of the layer 1714 can be porous. In other implementations, the entire length of the layer 1714 can be non-porous. In still other implementations, the level of porosity can vary throughout the length of the layer 1714. For example, the portion of layer 1714 along the distal portion of cylindrical portion 1710 can be non-porous and the portion of layer 1714 along the proximal portion of cylindrical portion 1710 can be porous (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8). In this embodiment, the porous section of layer 1714 can be configured to curve along the curvature of the aortic arch and to allow blood to flow into the patient's carotid and subclavian arteries. The non-porous section of this embodiment can be configured to engage the wall of the aorta adjacent the false lumen associated with the dissection. Wire frame 1713 provides hoop strength and radial force beyond that of layer 1714 and serves to reinforce apposition of layer 1714 against the intima.

[0074] In some embodiments, the wire frame 1713 shown in Figures 15A-15D can be produced from a single piece of wire. Figure 15D shows the distal end 1704 of the embodiment of the aortic dissection implant shown in Figures 15A-15B. The back portion of the second expandable component 1708 and the frusto-cone shaped portion of the layer 1714 covering the second expandable component are not shown in Figure 15D for clarity. A distal portion 1720 of the single wire can be positioned at the distal end 1704 of the wire frame 1713. The single wire can be bent to form the trilobal structure of the first component 1706 of the expandable anchoring mechanism. At the first transition portion 1718 of the single wire, the wire can be bent to form the second component 1708 of the expandable anchoring structure. As shown, the second component 1708 can be made by the wire 1713 forming a sine wave around the circumference of the implant. At the second transition section 1716 of the single wire, the wire can be bent to follow a generally spiral or helical shaped path to begin to form the Z-shaped or zigzag pattern of the cylindrical section 1710 of the wire frame 1713. After the wire frame 1713 is formed, the distal section 1720 is crimped or welded to the first transition section 1718. Additionally, at the proximal end 1702 of the coil 1700, the proximal end of the single wire can be crimped or welded to a section of the coil 1700 that is directly distal to the proximal end of the single wire, as shown in FIG. 15B. In other embodiments, the coil 1700 can include multiple wires that are welded together. In other embodiments, the single wire can extend from the distal (or proximal) end of the implant to the other end and back.

[0075] FIG. 16 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an implant 1802 placed in the aortic arch and extending between the descending aorta, through the ascending aorta, and into the aortic root. In this embodiment, the implant 1802 can include a first layer 1814, a second layer 1822, and an expandable support structure 1800. The expandable support structure 1800 can be similar to the wire frame 1713 shown in FIGS. 15A-15D and described in the preceding paragraph, or it can be similar to any of the previously described embodiments of the reinforcement structure. The expandable support structure 1800 can include a cylindrical coil or wire frame, which can include a sinusoidal pattern, a Z-shaped pattern, or a zigzag pattern. The expandable support structure 1800 can be configured to extend from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta and curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded into the aorta. In some aspects, the distal end of the expandable support structure can include an expandable anchoring structure 1815 as described above. In some embodiments, the expandable anchoring structure 1815 can include an expandable trilobal structure 1806 that can be configured to be positioned in the aortic root of the patient and apply a radial force to the sinuses of the aortic root. In some embodiments, the expandable anchoring structure 1815 can include a sinusoidal structure 1812 that can be positioned in the sino-ascending aortic junction and apply a radial force to the sino-ascending aortic junction. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the expandable anchoring structure 1815 includes both an expandable trilobal structure 1806 and a sinusoidal structure 1812.

[0076] In some aspects, the implant 1802, and particularly the expandable support structure 1800, can be configured to expand at least within the descending aorta and press against the inner wall of the descending aorta and apply a radial force thereto. In such embodiments, the diameter of the expandable support structure at least at its proximal portion is larger than the inner diameter of the descending aorta. The implant 1802 can also be configured such that the distal portion of the implant, and particularly the distal portion of the expandable structure, is smaller than the inner diameter of the ascending aorta.

[0077] The first layer 1814 may be provided above the expandable support structure 1800 and may be configured to extend from a proximal end of the expandable support structure 1800 to at least the sinusoidal structure 1812. In some embodiments, the first layer 1814 may be formed of fabric, metal, polymer, or biological tissue and may be made from any of the materials described above with respect to layer 104. The first layer 1814 is sized such that when fully expanded with the expandable support structure 1800 inside, it can reach a diameter just slightly below the diameter of the native ascending aorta (e.g., a maximum diameter of about 35 mm). In other implementations, the first layer 1814 may have a resting diameter of 35 mm and an expanded diameter of 40 mm such that it can be expanded by the support structure 1800 to contact the innermost wall of the native descending aorta. The material of the first layer 1814 may be flexible enough to conform to the curvature of the aortic arch. In some implementations, the entire length of the first layer 1814 can be non-porous, or the level of porosity can vary throughout the length of the first layer 1814. In the embodiment of the aortic dissection implant shown in FIG. 16, the entire length of the first layer 1814 is porous. The porosity of the first layer 1814 can be configured to allow blood to flow into the patient's carotid and subclavian arteries. The expandable support structure 1800 provides hoop strength and radial force beyond that of the layer 1814, serving to reinforce the apposition of the layer 1814 against the intima.

[0078] The second layer 1822 may be provided above the first layer 1814 and may be configured to contact the site of the aortic dissection and the aortic wall adjacent to the false lumen. In some embodiments, the length of the second layer 1822 may be less than the length of the first layer 1814. The second layer may extend along one of the lobes of the trilobal structure 1806, for example, the lobe is positioned in the non-coronary sinus, while the other two lobes remain uncovered to allow blood to flow through the coronary ostium. The second layer 1822 may be formed from a fabric, metal, polymer, or biological tissue, which includes any of the materials that may be utilized for the first layer 1814. In the embodiment of the second layer 1822 shown in FIG. 16, the entire length of the second layer 1822 is non-porous.

[0079] In some embodiments, both ends of the second layer 1822 can be sealed to the first layer 1814, and the second layer 1822 can be configured to expand like a balloon when blood flows through the implant, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 16. In particular, blood can flow through the first layer 1814 and expand the second layer 1822, such that there is a space between the first layer 1814 and the second layer 1822. The expanded diameter of the second layer 1822 can be larger than the diameter of the first layer 1814 (e.g., 45 mm for 1822 vs. 35 mm for 1814). The second layer 1822 can remain expanded against the aortic wall, such that the second layer 1822 applies a radial force to the aortic dissection site, sealing the entry tear and preventing blood from flowing into the false lumen. In some cases, an additional (third) layer that is non-porous may be disposed between the first porous layer 1814 and the second non-porous layer 1822, such that the third layer provides a one-way valve that allows blood to enter the space between layers 1814 and 1822 but prevents blood from exiting. This may be accomplished by laser cutting or otherwise creating a gill, slot, or flap in the third layer that can open into the space during systole, when blood pressure is highest, but close against the first porous layer when that pressure is reduced during diastole, preventing blood from exiting.

[0080] In another embodiment, the aortic dissection implant can include a single layer extending from the distal end to the proximal end of the expandable support structure. The single layer can include an expandable non-porous section and a porous section proximal to the expandable non-porous section. The expandable non-porous section can be similar to the second layer 1822 and the porous section can be similar to the first layer 1814 shown in FIG. 16 and described in the preceding paragraph.

[0081] FIG. 17 illustrates another embodiment of the expandable support structure 1900. The expandable support structure 1900 can include a braided configuration and can be configured to extend from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta and curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded within the aorta, as illustrated in FIG. 19. In some aspects, the expandable support structure 1900 can be formed from one or more of a metal (e.g., stainless steel or nitinol, etc.), a polymer, a biological material, a bioabsorbable material, and / or other suitable material. In other aspects, the expandable support structure 1900 can have a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of approximately 40 mm. This embodiment of the expandable support structure 1900 can be used in the different embodiments described in the preceding paragraphs.

[0082] FIG. 18 illustrates another embodiment of the first implant layer 2000. The first implant layer 2000 can include a layer 2008, a distal expandable support structure 2002, a proximal expandable support structure 2004, and an axial support structure 2006. In some embodiments, the layer 2008 can be non-porous and can be formed from fabric, metal, polymer, or biological tissue. The layer 2008 can be cylindrical in shape and can be configured to be flexible so that the layer 2008 can conform to the shape of the ascending aorta. In some embodiments, the length of the layer 2008 can be adjusted during the procedure prior to inserting the first implant layer 2000 into the patient. In some embodiments, the layer 2008 can have a length of approximately 4 cm to 8 cm and a diameter of approximately 30 mm to 40 mm. The distal portion of layer 2008, in some embodiments, can form a frusto-conical shape, having a smaller diameter of approximately 30 mm at the proximal end and a larger diameter of approximately 40 mm at the distal end.

[0083] The distal and proximal expandable support structures 2002, 2004 are disposed above or within the layer 2008 and can apply a radial force to the layer 2008 against the intima of the ascending aorta when expanded within the ascending aorta. The distal expandable support structure 2002 can include a zigzag pattern. The proximal expandable structure 2004 can include a sinusoidal pattern, a sinusoidal pattern, and / or a trilobal pattern. In some embodiments, the distal and proximal expandable support structures 2002, 2004 can be formed from one or more of a metal (such as, for example, stainless steel or nitinol), a polymer, a biological material, a bioabsorbable material, and / or other suitable materials. The diameter of the distal expandable support structure 2002 can be between 35 mm and 40 mm. The diameter of the proximal expandable support structure 2004 can be approximately 30 mm.

[0084] The first implant layer 2000 can also include an axial support structure 2006. The axial support structure 2006 can be disposed above, within, or woven into the layer 2008. The axial support structure 2006 can extend between the distal and proximal ends of the layer 2008 and can provide reinforcement to the first implant layer 2000.

[0085] The first implant layer can be placed in the patient's aorta to provide a force against the site of the aortic dissection. Following placement of the first implant layer 2000, a second long-term support structure (e.g., the expandable support structure shown in FIG. 15A or FIG. 17) can be placed inside the first implant layer along the aortic arch and across the carotid and subclavian arteries into the descending aorta. Prior to placement, the length and / or diameter of the first expandable support structure of FIG. 18 can be sized separately from the expandable support structure that will be placed later.

[0086] 19A and 19B illustrate another embodiment of the expandable support structure. This embodiment of the expandable support structure 2100 can have a braided configuration, similar to the embodiment described in FIG. 17, and can be configured to extend from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta and curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded within the aorta. In some aspects, the expandable support structure 2100 can be formed from one or more of a metal (e.g., stainless steel or nitinol, etc.), a polymer, a biological material, a bioabsorbable material, and / or other suitable material. In other aspects, the expandable support structure 2100 can have a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of approximately 40 mm. This embodiment of the expandable support structure 2100 can be used in the different embodiments described in the preceding paragraphs.

[0087] 19A shows the expandable support structure 2100 in a curved orientation, and FIG. 19B shows the expandable structure 2100 in a straight orientation. The expandable support structure 2100 can include an anchoring mechanism 2104 at a distal end and a cylindrical portion 2102 proximal to the anchoring mechanism 2104. The anchoring mechanism 2104 can include three lobes that can be configured to be positioned in the aortic root of the patient and apply a radial force to the sinuses of the aortic root. The cylindrical portion 2102 can be configured to extend from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta and curve along the curvature of the aortic arch when expanded within the aorta.

[0088] In some embodiments, the aortic dissection implant may be preformed during manufacture, as described in the preceding paragraph. For example, the implant may be preformed to include a bend with a curvature radius of approximately 35 mm and a curvature angle of 150 degrees to 180 degrees. The bend may be configured to be positioned along the curvature of the aortic arch. In some embodiments including a trilobal anchoring structure, the preformed shape may be aligned with the non-coronary sinuses (e.g., the major bend of the aortic arch may be approximately 90 degrees from the non-coronary sinuses). In other embodiments, certain features, such as the window 900 in FIGS. 9A-9C, may also be aligned with the preformed curvature of the implant and / or with certain trilobal features as described above.

[0089] In some embodiments, the aortic dissection implant can have variable dimensions to aid in fixing and anchoring the implant, as described in the preceding paragraph. For example, the implant in the expanded configuration can have a relatively large diameter at its distal end (e.g., about 35 mm or more, for example, for anchoring in the aortic root and / or the sino-ascending aortic junction), a relatively small diameter at its midsection (e.g., about 30 mm or less, for example, for positioning in the ascending aorta without exerting additional radial forces on the weak aortic wall where the dissection has occurred), and a relatively large diameter at its proximal end (e.g., about 35 mm or more, for example, for anchoring in the descending aorta). In other embodiments, it can have a relatively smaller diameter (e.g., 30 mm or less) at its proximal region to match the smaller descending aortic diameter, and a relatively larger diameter at the midsection when the ascending aortic diameter becomes much larger and is expanded (e.g., 40 mm).

[0090] It is understood that any particular order or hierarchy of blocks in the disclosed processes is an illustration of an example approach. It is understood that the particular order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes may be rearranged or that not all illustrated blocks are performed based on implementation preferences. Any of the blocks may be performed simultaneously. In one or more embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, it should be understood that the separation of various system components of the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and that the program components and systems described may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

[0091] The subject technology has been illustrated, for example, according to various aspects described above. This disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. This disclosure provides various examples of the subject technology, and the subject technology is not limited to these examples. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects.

[0092] Reference to a singular element is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless expressly stated as such, but rather, "one or more." The term "several" refers to one or more, unless expressly stated otherwise. Masculine pronouns (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter genders (e.g., her and its), and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if present, are used for convenience only and do not limit the invention.

[0093] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example or illustration." Any aspect or design described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. In one aspect, various alternative configurations and operations described herein may be considered at least equivalent.

[0094] As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" preceding a list of items (with the word "or" separating any of the items) modifies the list as a whole rather than each item in the list. The phrase "at least one of" does not require the selection of at least one item. Rather, the phrase allows for the meaning to include at least one of any one of the items, and / or at least one of any combination of the items, and / or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, or C" can refer to only A, only B, or only C; or any combination of A, B, and C.

[0095] A phrase such as "aspect" does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. Disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or to one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects, and vice versa. A phrase such as "embodiment" does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. Disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or to one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an embodiment may refer to one or more embodiments, and vice versa. A phrase such as "configuration" does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. Disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all configurations, or to one or more configurations. An embodiment may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as a configuration may refer to one or more configurations, and vice versa.

[0096] In one aspect, unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, dimensions, sizes, and other specifications set forth in this specification (including the claims which follow) are approximate and not precise, and in one aspect, they are intended to have a reasonable range consistent with the function to which they relate and with that which is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[0097] It is understood that some or all of the steps, operations, or processes may be performed automatically without user intervention. The method claims may be provided to present the various steps, operations or process elements in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0098] All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or that later become known to those skilled in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be made available to the public, regardless of whether such disclosure is expressly set forth in the claims. No element of a claim is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for" or, in the case of a method, unless the element is recited using the phrase "step for". Moreover, to the extent that terms such as "comprise" or "having" are used, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprise" as "comprise" is interpreted when used as a transitional phrase in a claim.

[0099] The title, background, brief description of the drawings, and claims of this disclosure are hereby incorporated into this disclosure and are provided as examples for illustrative purposes of this disclosure, not as a limiting description. It is submitted with the understanding that they are not to be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the detailed description, it may be seen that the description provides examples for illustrative purposes, and that various features have been grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure should not be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in any claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed structure or operation. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own to represent the subject matter claimed separately.

[0100] The claims are not intended to be limited to the embodiments described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, including all legal equivalents. Nevertheless, the claims are not intended to, and should not be construed to, cover subject matter that does not meet the requirements of 35 U.S.C. §§ 101, 102, or 103.

Claims

1. An aortic dissection implant for treating a dissection in a patient's aorta, comprising: an expandable support structure sized and configured such that, after delivery to a patient's aorta, a distal portion is sized and configured to be positioned within an ascending portion of the aorta and a proximal portion is sized and configured to be positioned within a descending portion of the aorta, a first portion disposed adjacent the dissection and configured to prevent blood from passing through the dissection; a second portion configured to be positioned along the aortic arch of the aorta and to allow blood flow from the aorta into the carotid arteries and / or subclavian arteries; an expandable support structure having an expandable interface structure configured to be positioned within the patient's aortic root distal to the expandable support structure, the expandable interface structure having a trilobal shape configured to anchor the expandable interface structure to the aortic root; An implant having

2. An implant as described in claim 1, wherein the first portion is proximal to the second portion.

3. An implant as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the expandable support structure has at least one non-porous layer in the first portion configured to prevent blood from passing through the dissection.

4. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the expandable support structure has at least one non-porous layer in the second portion that allows blood flow from the aorta into the carotid artery and subclavian artery.

5. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the expandable support structure has at least one non-porous layer having openings in the second portion that allow blood flow from the aorta into the carotid artery and subclavian artery.

6. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the proximal portion of the expandable support structure is configured to apply a radial force to the descending portion of the aorta when expanded.

7. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the expandable support structure is pre-formed with a predetermined curvature to conform to the aortic arch.

8. The implant of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising at least one layer extending over at least a portion of the expandable interface structure and the expandable support structure.

9. An implant as described in claim 8, wherein the at least one layer is configured to extend into the patient's left and / or right coronary sinus without obstructing blood flow into the left and / or right coronary sinus.

10. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the trilobe shape has three lobes extending from each of a distal portion of the left coronary artery ostium in the left coronary sinus, a distal portion of the right coronary sinus ostium in the right coronary sinus, and a non-coronary sinus proximally to the sinus-ascending aorta junction, and configured to apply radial forces to the left and right coronary sinuses and non-coronary sinuses, and the sinus-ascending aorta junction, when the expandable interface structure is expanded.

11. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the aortic dissection implant is configured so that the expandable interface structure is connected to the expandable support structure after the expandable support structure has been delivered to the patient's aorta and anchored within the aortic root.

12. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein when both the expandable interface structure and the expandable support structure are expanded, the expandable interface structure has a cross-sectional dimension that is larger than the cross-sectional dimension of the expandable support structure.

13. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the expandable support structure and the expandable interface structure have one or more metal frames.

14. The implant of claim 13, wherein the expandable support structure has a metal frame that is continuous with the metal frame of the expandable interface structure.

15. The implant of claim 13, wherein the expandable support structure and the expandable interface structure have separate frames.

16. The implant of claim 13, wherein the expandable support structure has separate proximal and distal frames.

17. An implant as described in any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the expandable support structure and the expandable interface structure are constructed from a single continuous wire.

18. The implant of claim 13, wherein the one or more metal frames are formed from a laser-cut structure.

19. An aortic dissection system comprising: an aortic dissection implant according to any one of claims 1 to 18; and a delivery system configured to be percutaneously inserted into a patient and advanced into the patient's aorta, the delivery system including an outer sheath configured to receive the aortic dissection implant therein in a compressed configuration.

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