Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, electrophotographic device, and method for manufacturing electrophotographic photoreceptor

Abstract

To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that suppresses an image defect resulting from a support and has a small long-term potential variation.SOLUTION: In an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, a surface of the support is formed of Al and / or an Al alloy, and an IR peak area ratio A of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopic analysis satisfies a following condition. A≥0.50 (when the peak area of a range of 1016 cm-1 or more and 1130 cm-1 or less is a, and the peak area of a range of 650 cm-1 or more and 1130 cm-1 or less is z, the IR peak area ratio A indicates a / z.)SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an electrophotographic apparatus, and a method for manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member. [Background technology]

[0002] Electrophotographic photoreceptors are used as image carriers in electrophotographic image forming apparatuses (e.g., printers and multifunction machines). Electrophotographic photoreceptors have a support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support. The surface roughness of the support varies depending on the material of the support. The roughness of the support may affect the formation of a latent image in the electrophotographic process, resulting in image defects. Patent Document 1 describes a technique for performing a surface treatment on a cylindrical support in order to suppress image defects caused by the roughness of the support surface. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 1-29852 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] According to the study by the present inventors, the electrophotographic photoreceptor described in Patent Document 1 can suppress image defects caused by the support, but has a problem of large long-term potential fluctuation. Therefore, the inventors have studied a surface treatment technology for a cylindrical support that can achieve both suppression of image defects and reduction of long-term potential fluctuation.

[0005] An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor which suppresses image defects caused by a support and has small long-term potential fluctuation. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The above object can be achieved by the present invention described below. That is, the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention has a cylindrical support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, the surface of the support is formed of Al and / or an Al alloy, and the IR peak area ratio A of the support surface determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy satisfies the following condition: A ≥ 0.50 (1016cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 The peak areas in the following ranges are a, 650 cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 When the peak area in the following range is z, A indicates a / z.

[0007] Furthermore, the process cartridge according to the present invention is characterized in that it integrally supports the above-mentioned electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, a developing means, and a cleaning means, and is detachably attachable to the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus. The electrophotographic apparatus according to the present invention is characterized by comprising the above electrophotographic photoreceptor and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, an exposing means, a developing means, and a transferring means.

[0008] Further, a method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention is a method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, comprising the steps of: The step of forming the support includes a step of immersing a cylindrical body formed of Al and / or an Al alloy in pure water to obtain the support, The temperature of the pure water is 91° C. or more and 98° C. or less, and the immersion time is 60 seconds or more and 300 seconds or less, The support is also characterized in that the IR peak area ratio A of the support surface determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy satisfies the following condition: A ≥ 0.50 (1016cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 The peak areas in the following ranges are a, 650 cm -1 More than 1130cm -1When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio A indicates a / z. Effect of the Invention

[0009] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor which suppresses image defects caused by a support and has small long-term potential fluctuation. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus equipped with a process cartridge having an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a schematic diagram of the IR peak area ratios A and B defined in the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to preferred embodiments. [Electrophotographic photoreceptor] The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present embodiment is an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a surface treatment has been performed on a support so that the IR peak area ratio A of the support surface falls within a predetermined range. It has been found that, in the conventional electrophotographic photoreceptor having a configuration in which the support surface is oxidized, while it is excellent in concealing image defects originating from the support, there is a problem in that repeated charging results in large long-term potential fluctuations. In order to solve this problem, studies have been carried out to improve the surface treatment method of the support and to optimize the composition of the support surface. As a result of the studies, it has been found that the IR peak area ratio A of the support surface, which is determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after surface treatment, can be adjusted to the following conditions: A ≥ 0.50 (1016cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 The peak areas in the following ranges are a, 650 cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio A indicates a / z. It was found that by controlling the potential at 100%, it is possible to suppress long-term potential fluctuations compared to conventional techniques while concealing image defects caused by the support. It was also revealed that the effect of suppressing long-term potential fluctuations increases as the value of A increases.

[0012] Although the true cause of the suppression of long-term potential fluctuation is not entirely clear, the mechanism inferred from the above results is that, whereas in electrophotographic photoreceptors of conventional configurations, potential fluctuation occurs due to charge accumulation in the oxidized parts, in the configuration with the IR peak ratio, a structure with a composition that is difficult to accumulate charge has sufficiently grown on the surface of the support. As described above, by selecting an appropriate treatment method for the support and optimizing the composition of the support surface, it is possible to achieve the effects of the present invention.

[0013] More preferably, the following conditions: A ≥ 0.75 In this case, the control is performed using

[0014] The IR peak area ratio B of the support surface determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is determined under the following conditions: B≦0.20 (831cm -1 Over 1015cm -1 The peak areas in the following ranges are b, 650 cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio B indicates b / z. It is preferable to control the

[0015] [Electrophotographic photoreceptor] The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is characterized by having a support and a photosensitive layer. The method for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention includes a method of preparing the coating liquid for each layer described later, coating the layers in the desired order, and drying the liquid. In this case, the coating liquid can be applied by dip coating, spray coating, inkjet coating, roll coating, die coating, blade coating, curtain coating, wire bar coating, ring coating, etc. Among these, dip coating is preferred from the viewpoint of efficiency and productivity. Each layer will be described below.

[0016] <Support> In the present invention, the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a support. The support has a cylindrical shape. The surface of the support may be subjected to a blasting treatment, a cutting treatment, or the like. The material of the support is an aluminum support using Al (aluminum) and / or an Al alloy. There is no particular limitation on the aluminum alloy used, but examples include A3003, A5052, and A6063. Among them, it is preferable to use an A3003 aluminum alloy because it has a wide latitude with respect to the IR peak area ratio A. As components other than Al contained in the Al alloy, it is preferable to use Si: 0.6 mass% or less, Fe: 0.7 mass% or less, Cu: 0.05 mass% or more and 0.20 mass% or less, Mn: 1.0 mass% or more and 1.5 mass% or less, and Zn: 0.10 mass% or less, based on the total mass of the alloy.

[0017] In the present invention, The IR peak area ratio A of the support surface is set under the following conditions: A ≥ 0.50 The method for achieving this is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include hot water treatment with pure water at over 90° C. and treatment with a basic aqueous solution in which the pH and immersion time are appropriately controlled. A preferred method is to immerse a cylindrical body made of Al and / or an Al alloy in pure water, in which the temperature of the pure water is 91°C or higher and 98°C or lower, and the immersion time is 60 seconds or higher and 300 seconds or lower.

[0018] <Conductive layer> In the present invention, a conductive layer may be provided on the support. By providing the conductive layer, scratches and irregularities on the surface of the support can be concealed and light reflection on the surface of the support can be controlled. The conductive layer preferably contains conductive particles and a resin.

[0019] The conductive particles may be made of a material such as metal oxide, metal, or carbon black. Examples of metal oxides include zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, etc. Examples of metals include aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, silver, etc. Among these, it is preferable to use metal oxides as the conductive particles, and it is particularly preferable to use titanium oxide, tin oxide, or zinc oxide. When a metal oxide is used as the conductive particles, the surface of the metal oxide may be treated with a silane coupling agent or the like, or the metal oxide may be doped with an element such as phosphorus or aluminum or an oxide thereof. The conductive particles may have a laminated structure having a core particle and a coating layer that covers the core particle. Examples of the core particle include titanium oxide, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, etc. Examples of the coating layer include metal oxides such as tin oxide. Furthermore, when a metal oxide is used as the conductive particles, the volume average particle size is preferably 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less, and more preferably 3 nm or more and 400 nm or less.

[0020] Examples of the resin include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, and alkyd resin. The conductive layer may further contain silicone oil, resin particles, a masking agent such as titanium oxide, and the like.

[0021] The average thickness of the conductive layer is preferably from 1 μm to 50 μm, and particularly preferably from 3 μm to 40 μm.

[0022] The conductive layer can be formed by preparing a coating solution for the conductive layer containing the above-mentioned materials and solvent, forming a coating film of this, and drying it. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution include alcohol-based solvents, sulfoxide-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvents. Examples of the dispersion method for dispersing the conductive particles in the coating solution for the conductive layer include a method using a paint shaker, a sand mill, a ball mill, and a liquid collision type high-speed disperser.

[0023] <Undercoat layer> In the present invention, an undercoat layer may be provided on the support or the conductive layer. By providing an undercoat layer, the adhesion between layers can be improved and a charge injection blocking function can be imparted. The undercoat layer preferably contains a resin. Alternatively, the undercoat layer may be formed as a cured film by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group.

[0024] Examples of the resin include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyvinyl phenol resin, alkyd resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyethylene oxide resin, polypropylene oxide resin, polyamide resin, polyamic acid resin, polyimide resin, polyamideimide resin, and cellulose resin. Examples of the polymerizable functional group contained in the monomer having a polymerizable functional group include an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, a methylol group, an alkylated methylol group, an epoxy group, a metal alkoxide group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a thiol group, a carboxylic anhydride group, and a carbon-carbon double bond group.

[0025] For the purpose of improving electrical properties, the undercoat layer may further contain an electron transporting material, a metal oxide, a metal, a conductive polymer, etc. Among these, it is preferable to use an electron transporting material or a metal oxide. Examples of the electron transport substance include a quinone compound, an imide compound, a benzimidazole compound, a cyclopentadienylidene compound, a fluorenone compound, a xanthone compound, a benzophenone compound, a cyanovinyl compound, an aryl halide compound, a silole compound, a boron-containing compound, etc. An electron transport substance having a polymerizable functional group may be used as the electron transport substance, and the undercoat layer may be formed as a cured film by copolymerizing the electron transport substance with the monomer having the polymerizable functional group described above. Examples of metal oxides include indium tin oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, etc. Examples of metals include gold, silver, aluminum, etc. The undercoat layer may further contain an additive.

[0026] The average thickness of the undercoat layer is preferably from 0.1 μm to 50 μm, more preferably from 0.2 μm to 40 μm, and particularly preferably from 0.3 μm to 30 μm.

[0027] The undercoat layer can be formed by preparing a coating solution for the undercoat layer containing the above-mentioned materials and solvent, forming a coating film from the coating solution, and drying and / or curing the coating solution. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution include alcohol-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvents.

[0028] <Photosensitive layer> The photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor is mainly classified into (1) a multi-layer type photosensitive layer and (2) a single-layer type photosensitive layer. (1) The multi-layer type photosensitive layer has a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material. (2) The single-layer type photosensitive layer has a photosensitive layer containing both a charge generation material and a charge transport material.

[0029] (1) Laminated photosensitive layer The laminated type photosensitive layer has a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer.

[0030] (1-1) Charge generation layer The charge generating layer preferably contains a charge generating material and a resin.

[0031] Examples of the charge generating material include azo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, indigo pigments, and phthalocyanine pigments. Among these, azo pigments and phthalocyanine pigments are preferred. Among phthalocyanine pigments, oxytitanium phthalocyanine pigments, chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigments, and hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigments are preferred. The content of the charge generating material in the charge generating layer is preferably from 40% by mass to 85% by mass, and more preferably from 60% by mass to 80% by mass, based on the total mass of the charge generating layer.

[0032] Examples of the resin include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, cellulose resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, etc. Among these, polyvinyl butyral resin is more preferable.

[0033] The charge generating layer may further contain additives such as an antioxidant and an ultraviolet absorbing agent, etc. Specific examples of such additives include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, and benzophenone compounds.

[0034] The average thickness of the charge generating layer is preferably from 0.1 μm to 1 μm, and more preferably from 0.15 μm to 0.4 μm.

[0035] The charge generating layer can be formed by preparing a coating solution for the charge generating layer containing the above-mentioned materials and solvent, forming a coating film of this, and drying it. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution include alcohol-based solvents, sulfoxide-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvents.

[0036] (1-2) Charge transport layer The charge transport layer preferably contains a charge transport material and a resin. Examples of the charge transport material include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having groups derived from these materials. Among these, triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are preferred. The content of the charge transport material in the charge transport layer is preferably 25% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the charge transport layer.

[0037] Examples of the resin include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, polystyrene resin, etc. Among these, polycarbonate resin and polyester resin are preferable. As the polyester resin, polyarylate resin is particularly preferable. The content ratio (mass ratio) of the charge transport material to the resin is preferably from 4:10 to 20:10, and more preferably from 5:10 to 12:10.

[0038] The charge transport layer may also contain additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, slipping agents, and abrasion resistance improvers. Specific examples of such additives include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resins, silicone oils, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, and boron nitride particles.

[0039] The average thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably from 5 μm to 50 μm, more preferably from 8 μm to 40 μm, and particularly preferably from 10 μm to 30 μm.

[0040] The charge transport layer can be formed by preparing a coating solution for the charge transport layer containing the above-mentioned materials and solvent, forming a coating film of this, and drying it. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution include alcohol-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvents. Among these solvents, ether-based solvents or aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvents are preferred.

[0041] (2) Single-layer photosensitive layer The single-layer type photosensitive layer can be formed by preparing a coating solution for the photosensitive layer containing a charge generating material, a charge transporting material, a resin and a solvent, forming a coating film of this, and drying it. The charge generating material, the charge transporting material and the resin are the same as the examples of materials in "(1) Multi-layer type photosensitive layer" above.

[0042] <Protective layer> In the present invention, a protective layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer. By providing the protective layer, durability can be improved. The protective layer preferably contains conductive particles and / or a charge transport material, and a resin.

[0043] The conductive particles include particles of metal oxides such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide. Examples of the charge transport material include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having groups derived from these materials. Among these, triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are preferred. Examples of the resin include polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, epoxy resin, etc. Among them, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, and acrylic resin are preferable.

[0044] The protective layer may be formed as a cured film by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group. Examples of the reaction include thermal polymerization, photopolymerization, and radiation polymerization. Examples of the polymerizable functional group of the monomer having a polymerizable functional group include an acrylic group and a methacrylic group. A material having a charge transport function may be used as the monomer having a polymerizable functional group.

[0045] The protective layer may contain additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, slipping agents, abrasion resistance improvers, etc. Specific examples of such additives include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resins, silicone oils, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, and boron nitride particles.

[0046] The average thickness of the protective layer is preferably from 0.5 μm to 10 μm, and more preferably from 1 μm to 7 μm.

[0047] The protective layer can be formed by preparing a coating solution for the protective layer containing the above-mentioned materials and solvent, forming a coating film from the coating solution, and drying and / or curing the coating solution. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution include alcohol-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, ether-based solvents, sulfoxide-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvents.

[0048] [Process cartridges, electrophotographic devices] The process cartridge of the present invention is characterized in that it integrally supports the electrophotographic photosensitive member described above and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, a developing means, a transfer means and a cleaning means, and is detachably mountable to the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus. The electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention is characterized by having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, charging means, exposure means, developing means and transfer means described above.

[0049] FIG. 1 shows an example of a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge equipped with an electrophotographic photosensitive member. Reference numeral 1 denotes a cylindrical electrophotographic photoreceptor, which is driven to rotate around an axis 2 in the direction of the arrow at a predetermined peripheral speed. The surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is charged to a predetermined positive or negative potential by a charging means 3. Although the figure shows a roller charging method using a roller-type charging member, a corona charging method, a proximity charging method, an injection charging method, or other charging methods may be adopted. Exposure light 4 is irradiated from an exposure means (not shown) onto the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1, and an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the target image information is formed. The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is developed with toner contained in a developing means 5, and a toner image is formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1. The toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is transferred to a transfer material 7 by a transfer means 6. The transfer material 7 to which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to a fixing means 8, where the toner image is fixed, and the material is printed out outside the electrophotographic device. The electrophotographic device may have a cleaning means 9 for removing deposits such as toner remaining on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 after transfer. Also, a so-called cleanerless system may be used in which the deposits are removed by a developing means or the like without providing a separate cleaning means. The electrophotographic apparatus may have a charge eliminating mechanism that eliminates charge on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 by pre-exposure light 10 from a pre-exposure means (not shown). Also, in order to mount and remove the process cartridge 11 of the present invention to and from the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus, a guide means 12 such as a rail may be provided.

[0050] The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can be used in laser beam printers, LED printers, copiers, facsimiles, and combination machines thereof. EXAMPLES

[0051] The present invention will be described in more detail below using examples and comparative examples. The present invention is not limited to the following examples without departing from the gist of the present invention. In the following description of the examples, "parts" are by mass unless otherwise specified.

[0052] <Examples of manufacturing a surface-treated support> [Manufacturing Examples 1 to 4] As the support, an aluminum cylinder of A3003 alloy with a diameter of 30.5 mm and a length of 370 mm was used. The cylinder was ultrasonically cleaned at 100 kHz for 80 seconds in a water bath containing a surfactant (trade name: Chemicol CT, manufactured by Tokiwa Chemical Co., Ltd.) at 35°C, and then ultrasonically cleaned at 100 kHz for 80 seconds in a pure water bath at 40°C. Thereafter, the support was surface-treated by appropriately adjusting the water temperature and immersion time and immersed in the pure water bath to obtain a support, and the IR peak ratio on the support surface was changed within a range of A≧0.75. Through the above steps, surface-treated supports S1 to S4 according to the present invention for producing a photoreceptor were obtained. The respective conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0053] [Manufacturing Examples 5 to 7] Instead of immersing in 95°C hot water for 180 seconds, the hot water temperature and immersion time were appropriately adjusted to change the IR peak area ratio within the range of A ≥ 0.50 and B ≤ 0.20. The other conditions were the same as in Production Example 1 to obtain Supports S5 to S7. The respective conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0054] [Manufacturing Examples 8-11] Instead of immersing in 95°C hot water for 180 seconds, the hot water temperature and immersion time were appropriately adjusted to change the IR peak area ratio within the range of A ≥ 0.50 and B > 0.20. The other conditions were the same as in Production Example 1 to obtain supports S8 to S11. The respective conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0055] [Comparative Manufacturing Examples 1 to 5] Supports R1 to R5 were obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1, except that the water temperature and immersion time were appropriately adjusted so that the IR peak area ratio was changed within the range of A<0.50. The respective conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0056] [Comparative Manufacturing Example 6] A support R6 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1, except that after ultrasonic cleaning, the substrate was immersed in pure water at room temperature instead of being immersed in hot water for surface treatment. The production conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0057] [Comparative Manufacturing Example 7] Support R7 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1, except that after ultrasonic cleaning, the support surface was anodized instead of being immersed in hot water for surface treatment. The anodization was performed using an electrolyte with a sulfuric acid concentration of 180 g / l and a dissolved aluminum concentration of 7 g / l, at a current density of 1.2 A / dm 2 The anodized support was washed with water and then immersed in a nickel acetate solution at 95° C. for 30 minutes for sealing treatment. The preparation conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0058] [Comparative Manufacturing Example 8] Support R8 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1, except that after ultrasonic cleaning, the substrate was immersed in hot water at 95° C. for 20 seconds and then subjected to an oxidation treatment in an oven heated to 120° C. for 20 minutes. The production conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0059] [Table 1]

[0060] <Production Example of Electrophotographic Photoreceptor> [Example 1] As the support, S1 was used. 100 parts of zinc oxide particles (specific surface area: 19 m2 / g, powder resistance: 4.7×106 Ω·cm) were mixed with 500 parts of toluene and stirred, to which 0.8 parts of a silane coupling agent was added and stirred for 6 hours. The toluene was then distilled off under reduced pressure, and the mixture was dried by heating at 130°C for 6 hours to obtain surface-treated zinc oxide particles. The silane coupling agent used was KBM-602 (compound name: N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane) manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.

[0061] Next, 15 parts of polyvinyl butyral resin (weight average molecular weight: 40000, product name: BM-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a polyol resin and 15 parts of blocked isocyanate (product name: Sumidur 3175, manufactured by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd. (formerly Sumika Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd.)) were dissolved in a mixed solution of 73.5 parts of methyl ethyl ketone and 73.5 parts of 1-butanol. 80.8 parts of the above-mentioned surface-treated zinc oxide particles and 0.8 parts of 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were added to this solution, and the mixture was dispersed in a sand mill device using glass beads with a diameter of 0.8 mm under an atmosphere of 23±3°C for 3 hours. After dispersion, 0.01 parts of silicone oil (product name: SH28PA, manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.) and 5.6 parts of cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles (product name: TECHPOLYMER SSX-103, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 3 μm) were added and stirred to prepare a coating solution for the undercoat layer. This coating solution for the undercoat layer was dip-coated onto the support to form a coating film, and the resulting coating film was dried at 160° C. for 40 minutes to form an undercoat layer with a thickness of 18 μm.

[0062] Next, 4 parts of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystals (charge generating material) having strong peaks at Bragg angles 2θ±0.2° of 7.4° and 28.1° in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction and 0.04 parts of a compound represented by the following formula (1) were added to a solution prepared by dissolving 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral (product name: S-LEC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) in 100 parts of cyclohexanone. [ka] The mixture was then dispersed in a sand mill using glass beads with a diameter of 1.0 mm in an atmosphere at 23±3°C for 1 hour, and after dispersion, 100 parts of ethyl acetate was added to prepare a coating solution for the charge generation layer. The coating solution for the charge generation layer was dip-coated onto the undercoat layer, and the resulting coating was dried at 90°C for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer with a thickness of 0.21 µm.

[0063] Next, 30 parts of a compound (charge transport material) represented by the following formula (2), 60 parts of a compound (charge transport material) represented by the following formula (3), 10 parts of a compound represented by the following formula (4), 100 parts of a polycarbonate (trade name: Iupilon Z400, manufactured by Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd., bisphenol Z type), 0.02 parts of a polycarbonate (viscosity average molecular weight Mv: 20000) having two structural units represented by the following formula (5) were mixed with 272 parts of o-xylene, 256 parts of methyl benzoate, and 272 parts of dimethoxymethane (methylal) to prepare a coating liquid for a charge transport layer. This coating liquid for a charge transport layer was dip-coated on the charge generating layer to form a coating film, and the resulting coating film was dried at 115°C for 50 minutes to form a charge transport layer with a thickness of 18 μm. [ka]

[0064] Next, 95 parts of a compound represented by the following formula (6), 5 parts of a vinyl ester compound (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) which is a compound represented by the following formula (7), 3.5 parts of a siloxane-modified acrylic compound (BYK-3550, manufactured by BYK Japan KK), and 5 parts of a urea compound represented by the following formula (8) were mixed with 200 parts of 1-propanol and 100 parts of 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluorocyclopentane (trade name: Zeorola H, manufactured by Zeon Corporation) and stirred. Thereafter, the solution was filtered through a Polyflon filter (product name: PF-020, manufactured by Advantec Toyo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a coating solution for the surface layer (coating solution for the protective layer). This surface layer coating solution was applied by dip coating on the charge transport layer to form a coating film, and the resulting coating film was dried at 50°C for 10 minutes. Thereafter, under a nitrogen atmosphere, the support (irradiated body) was rotated at a speed of 200 rpm under conditions of an acceleration voltage of 70 kV and a beam current of 5.0 mA, and the coating film was irradiated with an electron beam for 1.6 seconds. The absorbed dose of the electron beam at this time was measured to be 15 kGy. Thereafter, under a nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature of the coating film was raised from 25°C to 117°C over 30 seconds, and the coating film was heated. The oxygen concentration from the electron beam irradiation to the subsequent heat treatment was 15 ppm or less. Next, in the atmosphere, the coating film was naturally cooled until the temperature reached 25°C, and then heat-treated for 30 minutes under conditions where the temperature of the coating film reached 105°C, forming a protective layer (surface layer) with a thickness of 5 μm. [ka]

[0065] The surface of the produced electrophotographic photoreceptor may be subjected to a surface treatment in order to reduce frictional force with a member that may come into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor. Examples of the surface treatment include polishing and shaping.

[0066] [evaluation] <Preparation of Support Piece for Evaluation> The support piece for evaluation is prepared by cutting out a 1 cm square from a position 180 mm from the top end of a surface-treated cylindrical support or an electrophotographic photoreceptor after coating with a photosensitive layer. In this evaluation, eight sample pieces are prepared around the circumference of the support, and the average value of the measurement results for each sample piece is used. When taking a support piece from a photoreceptor, the photosensitive layer is removed so that the support surface is exposed. Removal methods include dissolution with an organic solvent and removal with a buff polisher. When removing by polishing, the appropriate polishing time and polishing agent are determined based on the polishing rate of the photosensitive layer so that the outermost surface of the support is not scraped off too much.

[0067] <Surface composition evaluation> FT-IR spectrum was used as a method for evaluating the composition of the support surface. FT-IR spectrum was measured by the ATR method using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Spectrum One; manufactured by PerkinElmer) equipped with a universal ATR measurement accessory. The specific measurement procedure and the calculation method of a, b, z, and A and B are as follows. The incident angle of the infrared light is set to 45°. A Ge ATR crystal (refractive index = 4.0) is used as the ATR crystal. Other conditions are as follows. Range Start: 4000cm -1 End: 600cm -1 (ATR crystal of Ge) Duration Scan number: 16 Resolution:4.00cm -1 Advanced: With CO2 / H2O correction

[0068] [Calculation method of peak intensity ratio] (1) A Ge ATR crystal (refractive index = 4.0) is attached to the device. (2) Set the Scan type to Background and Units to EGY and measure the background. (3) Set Scan type to Sample and Units to A. (4) Place the support piece on top of the ATR crystal with its surface facing the ATR crystal. (5) Pressurize the sample with the pressure arm (Force Gauge is 80). (6) Measure the sample. (7) The obtained FT-IR spectrum is baseline corrected using Automatic Correction. (8) The spectrum after baseline correction is subjected to ATR correction. (9) 1016cm -1 More than 1130cm -1Calculate the integral value a of the absorption peak intensity in the following range. (10) 831 cm -1 Over 1015cm -1 Calculate the integral value b of the absorption peak intensity in the following range. (11) 650 cm -1 More than 1130cm -1 Calculate the integral value z of the absorption peak intensity in the following range. (12)Let a / z=A. (13)Let b / z=B. (14) For each of A and B, evaluate which is larger.

[0069] A schematic diagram of the IR spectrum is shown in Figure 2. It has been found that the larger the value of A, the more the long-term potential fluctuation can be suppressed. This is presumably because the proportion of the composition that is less likely to cause charge accumulation on the support surface increases, which is advantageous for suppressing long-term potential fluctuation. It has also been found that long-term potential fluctuation is easily suppressed even in the range of A ≥ 0.5 and B ≤ 0.2. This is presumably because the proportion of the composition that is more likely to cause charge accumulation on the support surface decreases. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.

[0070] <Depth direction composition evaluation> The composition in the depth direction was evaluated using ESCA, an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The analysis conditions were as follows: Equipment used: ULVAC-PHI VersaProbe II X-ray source: Al Kα1486.6eV (25W15kV) Measurement area: φ100μm Spectral area: 300×200μm, angle 45° Pass Energy: 58.70eV Step Size: 0.125eV Sputtering gas: Ar Sputtering conditions: 1kV 4×4

[0071] From the peak intensity of each element measured under the above conditions, the surface atomic concentration (atoms%) is calculated using the relative sensitivity factor provided by ULVAC-PHI, Inc. The measurement peak top ranges for each element used are as follows: O: Energy of photoelectrons from electron orbit 1s: 525-545 eV Al: Energy of photoelectrons from electron orbital 2p: 68-80 eV The element ratio O / Al on the outermost surface of the support was defined as X, and the region from the outermost surface of the support in the depth direction that satisfied X±0.1X was evaluated as D. D is preferably 40 nm or more and 1 μm or less. If D is less than 40 nm, the ability to conceal image defects may decrease, and the effect of suppressing long-term potential fluctuations may become smaller. Also, if D is more than 1 μm, the effect of suppressing long-term potential fluctuations may become smaller. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

[0072] <Electrical characteristic evaluation> The evaluation device used was a modified electrophotographic device (copying machine) manufactured by Canon Inc. (product name: imagePRESS C910). The surface potential of the electrophotographic photosensitive member was measured by removing the developing cartridge from the evaluation device, fixing a potential probe (product name: model 6000B-8, manufactured by Trek Corporation) thereto, and using a surface potential meter (model 344, manufactured by Trek Corporation). First, the dark area potential (Vd) of the electrophotographic photoreceptor used for evaluation was adjusted to -600V. Next, the light area potential (Vl) of the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor was measured under constant conditions of the exposure light amount of the exposure device. The light area potential value was evaluated by adopting the average value over one revolution of the photoreceptor at a position 180 mm from the upper end of the photoreceptor. Next, 100,000 sheets were passed using an imagePRESS C910 in an environment of 27°C / 60% RH, and then the surface potential was measured in the same manner. The evaluation criteria were set as follows. ◎: Significantly superior to conventional methods (voltage fluctuation less than 5V) 〇: Superior to conventional methods (potential fluctuation 5V or more, less than 10V) ●: Slightly superior to conventional methods (voltage fluctuations of 10V or more and less than 15V) △: Same as before (voltage fluctuation 15V or more, less than 30V) The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

[0073] <Image evaluation> Next, a halftone image was printed on A3 paper under a constant exposure light condition, and the presence or absence of image defects was confirmed. The evaluation criteria were set as follows. 〇: No image defects △: Image defects that are not a problem for practical use are present The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

[0074] [Examples 2 to 11] Except for using S2 to S11 instead of S1 as the support, electrophotographic photoreceptors were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.

[0075] [Comparative Examples 1 to 8] Except for using R1 to R8 instead of S1 as the support, electrophotographic photoreceptors were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.

[0076] [Table 2]

[0077] From the evaluation results, it can be seen that the larger the IR peak area A, the more the long-term potential fluctuation is suppressed. In addition, when A shows a similar value, the smaller the IR peak area B, the more the long-term potential fluctuation is suppressed. Furthermore, it can be seen that in all of the examples, the surface treatment of the support is sufficient, and image defects can be suppressed. [Explanation of symbols]

[0078] 1. Electrophotographic photoreceptor 2-axis 3. Charging means 4 Exposure light 5. Developing method 6 Transfer Method 7 Transfer material 8 Fixing Method 9 Cleaning Method 10 Pre-exposure light 11 Process cartridge 12 Guidance means

Claims

1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, The surface of the support is formed of Al and / or an Al alloy, The IR peak area ratio A of the surface of the support as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy satisfies the following condition: In the support, when the element ratio O / Al of the outermost surface of the support determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is X and the depth of the region satisfying the value of X±0.1X is D, D is 40 nm or more and 81 nm or less.

1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: A≧0.75 (1016 cm －１ 1130cm or more －１ The peak areas in the following ranges are a, 650 cm －１ 1130cm or more －１ When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio A indicates a / z.

2. The IR peak area ratio B of the surface of the support as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is 2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, which satisfies the following conditions: B≦0.20 (831 cm －１ Over 1015cm －１ The peak areas in the following ranges are b, 650 cm －１ 1130cm or more －１ When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio B indicates b / z.

3. The support is made of an Al alloy, and the weight of the support is 3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, comprising the following components: Si: 0.6% by mass or less, Fe: 0.7% by mass or less, Cu: 0.05% by mass to 0.20% by mass, Mn: 1.0% by mass to 1.5% by mass, and Zn: 0.10% by mass or less.

4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein an IR peak area ratio B of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy satisfies the following condition: B≦0.10 (When the peak area in the range of 831 cm -1 to 1015 cm -1 is b and the peak area in the range of 650 cm -1 to 1130 cm -1 is z, the IR peak area ratio B indicates b / z.)

5. 5. A process cartridge which integrally supports the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, a developing means, and a cleaning means, and is detachably mountable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus.

6. 5. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising: the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1; and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, an exposing means, a developing means, and a transferring means.

7. A method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, comprising the steps of: The step of forming the support includes a step of immersing a cylindrical body made of Al and / or an Al alloy in pure water to obtain the support, The temperature of the pure water is 91° C. or more and 98° C. or less, and the immersion time is 60 seconds or more and 300 seconds or less, Furthermore, the support has an IR peak area ratio A, as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the surface of the support, that satisfies the following condition: In the support, when the element ratio O / Al of the outermost surface of the support determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is X and the depth of the region satisfying the value of X±0.1X is D, D is 40 nm or more and 81 nm or less.

2. A method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising the steps of: A≧0.75 (1016 cm －１ 1130cm or more －１ The peak areas in the following ranges are a, 650 cm －１ 1130cm or more －１ When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio A indicates a / z.

8. The IR peak area ratio B of the surface of the support as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is The method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 7, which satisfies the following conditions: B≦0.20 (831 cm －１ Over 1015cm －１ The peak areas in the following ranges are b, 650 cm －１ 1130cm or more －１ When the peak area in the following range is z, the IR peak area ratio B indicates b / z.

9. A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member described in claim 7 or 8, wherein the temperature of the pure water is 95°C and the immersion time is 60 seconds or more and 240 seconds or less.

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