Diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements and methods and uses thereof

Abstract

To provide nucleic acid regulatory elements capable of enhancing diaphragm-specific expression of genes useful in gene therapy for diaphragm, methods for using these regulatory elements and uses thereof.SOLUTION: The invention relates to nucleic acid regulatory elements capable of enhancing diaphragm-specific expression of genes, in particular expression in diaphragm as such, or in combination with expression in cardiac muscle and / or skeletal muscle, methods employing these regulatory elements and uses of these elements. Expression cassettes and vectors containing these nucleic acid regulatory elements are also disclosed. The present invention is particularly useful for applications using gene therapy, more particularly diaphragm-directed gene therapy, and for vaccination purposes.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Field The present invention relates to nucleic acid regulatory elements that can enhance diaphragm-specific expression of genes, methods using these regulatory elements and their use.The present invention further includes expression cassettes, vectors and pharmaceutical compositions that contain these regulatory elements.The present invention is particularly useful for applications that use gene therapy, more particularly diaphragm-directed gene therapy or gene editing, and for vaccination purposes. [Background technology]

[0002] background The diaphragm is a sheet-like internal skeletal muscle that stretches across the lowest part of the thoracic cavity. It separates the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: when the diaphragm contracts, it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, drawing air into the lungs. Like any organ or muscle, the diaphragm is subject to disorders and abnormalities, which can occur in many different ways and can be due to injury or disease. As a result, diaphragmatic dysfunction can lead to severe respiratory disease with potentially fatal consequences. Diaphragmatic weakness and paralysis can be classified by the area of ​​anatomical abnormality. Diaphragmatic paralysis and weakness can be unilateral or bilateral, and temporary or permanent, depending on the cause.

[0003] There is currently no effective treatment available to treat the potentially life-threatening diaphragm dysfunction in many of these and other muscle disorders.Therefore, there is a need to establish an effective gene therapy treatment that allows for robust expression of cognate therapeutic genes in the diaphragm.This requires the development of a strong expression cassette containing the gene of interest.

[0004] As a result, there is a need to identify robust nucleic acid regulatory elements capable of substantially increasing transcription in the diaphragm. These nucleic acid regulatory elements are critical for tissue-specific regulation of gene expression. They are generally composed of clusters of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) motifs. The type and arrangement of TFBS as well as epigenetic modification patterns affect the level and specificity of gene expression. Traditional methods of vector design relied on a haphazard trial-and-error approach, combining transcriptional enhancers with promoters to enhance expression levels. While this may have been effective at times, it often resulted in unproductive combinations that resulted in a mild or no increase in the expression level of the gene of interest and / or a loss of tissue specificity. Furthermore, these traditional approaches did not consider the importance of including evolutionarily conserved regulatory motifs in the expression module, which is particularly important for translation to the clinic. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] There remains a need in the art for safe and efficient gene delivery to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and / or heart. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] Summary of the Invention A robust mechanism for enhancing gene expression at the transcriptional level in the diaphragm (i.e., diaphragm:Dph) To identify nucleic acid regulatory elements, we relied on a computational approach (see FIG. 1). This entailed the following computational steps: (1) highly and specifically expressed diaphragm-specific genes were identified based on expression data from the diaphragm; (2) a public database (ENSEMBL) was used to extract sequences upstream of the transcription start sites (TSS) of selected genes; and 3) these sequences were then submitted to the UCSC genome browser database to find transcription start sites in the human genome. To extract nucleic acid regulatory elements and corresponding diaphragm nucleic acid regulatory elements, as defined herein, sequences were selected based on the following criteria: a) abundant TFBS content, b) epigenetic signatures associated with high DNase hypersensitivity or chromatin accessibility (i.e., histone modifications), and c) evolutionarily conserved clusters of TFBS associated with highly expressed diaphragm-specific genes.

[0007] As shown in the experimental section, the inventors have identified nucleic acid regulatory elements that specifically enhance gene expression in the diaphragm.Furthermore, the inventors have identified nucleic acid regulatory elements with diaphragm-specific and other tissue-specific expression combinations, for example, for skeletal muscle and cardiac and skeletal muscle expression.Non-limiting exemplary muscle or cardiac-muscle specific regulatory elements are those previously identified in European patent applications WO2015 / 110449A1 and WO2011 / 051450A1.

[0008] This combination approach therefore allows robust expression in the diaphragm and other tissues affected by certain diseases that affect the diaphragm and skeletal muscle, such as MTM. However, for diseases such as GSD-II and DMD that affect different tissues, such as the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart, a combination of diaphragm nucleic acid regulatory elements and skeletal muscle nucleic acid regulatory elements and / or cardiac nucleic acid elements is developed. The combination of diaphragm regulatory elements and elements of diaphragm and other tissues (skeletal muscle and / or cardiac elements) is subsequently validated in vivo, giving efficient and multi-tissue specific gene expression. Thus, this approach allows the use of lower and therefore safer vector doses while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.

[0009] Thus, the present invention provides the following aspects: In the screen, 89 regulatory elements were identified that can increase expression in diaphragm tissue, and can increase expression of a transgene in a gene therapy delivery system, such as a vector system, such as an AAV vector system. These elements are shown in Tables 3 and 4 below. Table 3 shows diaphragm cis-regulatory elements (the names "Dph-CRE", "CRE" or "CRM" or "SH" used herein are the same and interchangeable) (Dph-CRE) that are particularly important for increasing expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle, and Table 4 shows diaphragm CREs (Dph-CRE) that are particularly important for increasing expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue. Seven of these CREs are present in both groups.

[0010] In particular, Dph-CRE02, Dph-CRE04, Dph-CRE58, Dph-CRE59, Dph-CRE60, Dph-CRE64, Dph-CRE06, Dph-CRE21, Dph-CRE41 and Dph-CRE18 (Table 3 and Figure 5) were validated in vivo for their high expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle tissues. More particularly, Dph-CRE-02, Dph-CRE-64 and Dph-CRE-21 are preferred. Even more preferably, Dph-CRE64 is used to treat diseases that require upregulation of transgene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle, but less in the heart. In a specific embodiment, these Dph-CREs, more preferably Dph-CRE64 (or Dph-CRE02 or CRE-21), are combined with muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121). In a more preferred embodiment, Said combination of CREs is coupled to the human desmin promoter, more preferably to its 1,4 kb variant (SEQ ID NO: 92).For the treatment of MTM diseases, said CRE-promoter combination preferably drives hMTM1 (SEQ ID NO: 95), more preferably a codon-optimized hMTM1 transgene (SEQ ID NO: 96).

[0011] Myotubular myopathy (MTM) mainly affects skeletal muscle and diaphragm, but rarely affects the heart. Ideally, therefore, expression of a therapeutic MTM1 transgene should be targeted to skeletal muscle and diaphragm, but not to the heart. Thus, the SK-SH4-hDes1.4kb expression cassette is mentioned, because with this cassette, expression in skeletal muscle is high, but when combined with (Dph-CRE-64) it is rather low in the heart, compared to CSk-SH5-SPc, which results in widespread cardiac gene expression when combined with the above Dph-CREs, such as Dph-CRE-02, -04 and 06.

[0012] As an example, the most preferred AAV vector combination for the treatment of MTM is defined by SEQ ID NO: 131, pAAVss-CRE64-Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA.

[0013] Alternatively, Dph-CRE69, 70, 71, 66, 68, 77, 02, 04, 06, 07 (Table 4 and Figure 5) were validated in vivo for their high expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissues. More particularly, Dph-CRE-02, Dph-CRE-04 and CRE-06 are preferred. In a specific embodiment, said Dph-CRE, more preferably Dph-CRE-02, Dph-CRE04 (or Dph-CRE06), is combined with skeletal muscle and heart specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122). In a more preferred embodiment, said combination of CRE is coupled to SPc5-12 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 124), SPc5-12 (sometimes referred to as SPC-5-12-GTRM, the terms are interchangeable). For example, for the treatment of Pompe disease, the CRE-promoter combination preferably drives hGAA (SEQ ID NO: 93), more preferably the codon-optimized hGAAco transgene (SEQ ID NO: 94).

[0014] The rationale for this design is based on the fact that in Pompe disease, the GAA transgene is defective and mainly affects skeletal muscle, diaphragm and heart. Therefore, ideally, the expression of the therapeutic GAA gene should target these affected tissues. The CSk-SH5-SPc combination leads to robust and specific expression in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart, and is therefore well suited to target affected tissues in Pompe disease. As an example, the most preferred AAV vector combination for the treatment of Pompe disease is defined by SEQ ID NO: 130 pAAVss-CRE04-CSk-SH5-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 130).

[0015] Based on the above discussion, the present invention provides ten different AAV constructs that were tested for expression of therapeutic genes: 1) pAAVss-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, no muscle CRE Sk-SH4, only Desmin1.4kb promoter drives MTM1 gene expression + MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 135) 2) pAAVss-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, no muscle CRE Sk-SH4, + Des1.4kb + codon-optimized MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 134) 3) pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE Sk-SH4 + Des1.4kb + MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 137) 4) pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE Sk-SH4 + Des1.4kb + codon-optimized MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 136) 5) pAAVss-CRE64-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA (containing the best selected diaphragm CRE64 combined with muscle CRE Sk-SH4) (SEQ ID NO: 131) 6) pAAVss-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAA-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, no muscle CRE, only the SPc5-12-GTRM promoter drives GAA gene expression) (SEQ ID NO: 139) 7) pAAVss-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (no diaphragm, no muscle CRE CSk-SH5, + SPc5-12-GTRM + codon-optimized GAA) (SEQ ID NO: 138) 8) pAAVss-CSK-SH5-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAA-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE CSk-SH5 + SPc5-12-GTRM + GAA) (SEQ ID NO: 133) 9) pAAVss-CSk-SH5-SPc-5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE CSK-SH5 + SPc5-12-GTRM + codon-optimized GAA) (SEQ ID NO: 132) 10) pAAVss-CRE04-CSk-SH5-SPc-5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (containing the best selected diaphragm CRE04 combined with muscle CRE CSk-SH5) (SEQ ID NO: 130) The present invention further provides the following aspects: Embodiment 1: A nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing diaphragm-specific gene expression, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 89, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with any of these sequences. Thus, this embodiment preferably provides a nucleic acid regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, 600 nucleotides or 550 nucleotides, comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 4, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with any of these sequences, a complementary sequence of said sequence, or a sequence hybridizing under stringent conditions to said nucleic acid regulatory element, for enhancing gene expression in the diaphragm, or its use for enhancing diaphragm-specific gene expression. In any one of these embodiments, SEQ ID NO:4 may be replaced with any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-89. Aspect 2: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 1-7 and 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE-1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3), or a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of these sequences, or its use for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle. In a preferred embodiment of said aspect, said regulatory element is Dph-CRE64 (SEQ ID NO: 64) or Dph-CRE02 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or Dph-CRE21 (SEQ ID NO: 21). Embodiment 3: A regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 1000 nucleotides, also comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3). A nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 or 2, having 700 or 700 nucleotides. In preferred embodiments of said aspects, said regulatory element is Dph-CRE64 (SEQ ID NO: 64) or Dph-CRE02 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or Dph-CRE21 (SEQ ID NO: 21). Aspect 4: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissues, comprising a functional fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 (Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4), or a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of these sequences, or its use for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissues. In a preferred embodiment of said aspect, said regulatory element is Dph-CRE04 (SEQ ID NO: 4) or Dph-CRE06 (SEQ ID NO: 6) or Dph-CRE02 (SEQ ID NO: 2). Aspect 5: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to aspect 1 or 4, also comprising a regulatory element defined by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4), having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, even more preferably 600 nucleotides, such as 500 nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment of said aspect, said regulatory element is Dph-CRE04 (SEQ ID NO: 4) or Dph-CRE06 (SEQ ID NO: 6) or Dph-CRE02 (SEQ ID NO: 2). Embodiment 6: A nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue, comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a complementary sequence of a sequence as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 3, or hybridizing under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3. Embodiment 7: A nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue, comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a complementary sequence of a sequence as defined in any one of embodiments 1, 4 or 5, or which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1, 4 or 5. Embodiment 8: Use of a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3 and 6 in a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector, more particularly for enhancing gene expression of said nucleic acid expression cassette or vector in diaphragm and skeletal muscle. Embodiment 9: Use of a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1, 4, 5 and 7 in a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector, more particularly for enhancing gene expression of said nucleic acid expression cassette or vector in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues. Embodiment 10: A nucleic acid expression cassette comprising at least one, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more, nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, operably linked to a promoter. Embodiment 11: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to embodiment 10, wherein the nucleic acid regulatory element is operably linked to the promoter and the transgene. Embodiment 12: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 or 11, wherein the promoter is a diaphragm and skeletal muscle specific promoter, such as the promoter of any one of the genes defined in Table 3, i.e., the ACTA1, CKM, TPM2, MYL1, TNNC2, FHL1, TNNT1, TNNI2, MYLPF, TNNT3, MYH2, SLN, MYBPC1, ENO3, CA3, ATP2A1 and MYH1 genes; or, wherein the promoter is a diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart specific promoter, such as the promoter of any one of the genes defined in Table 4, i.e., the ACTA1, CKM, MYL2, MB, DES, TNNC1, TCAP, MYH7, ALDOA and TPM1 genes. In preferred embodiments of said aspects, particularly aspects 2 and 3, the promoter is the mouse or human desmin promoter, more preferably the human 1.4 kb desmin promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 92. In preferred embodiments of said aspects, particularly aspects 4 and 5, the promoter is the SPc5-12 promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 124. Embodiment 13: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 12, wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic or immunogenic protein. Aspect 14: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 9 to 13, wherein the transgene encodes a secretable or structural protein, such as myotubularin (MTM, SEQ ID NO: 95), acid glucosidase (GAA, SEQ ID NO: 93), follistatin, dystrophin, sarcoglycan or dysferlin. In preferred embodiments of said aspects, said transgene is codon-optimized, such as MTMco (SEQ ID NO: 96) or GAAco (SEQ ID NO: 94).

[0016] In addition, Dph-CRE can be supplemented with additional regulatory elements (CREs) that provide additional expression in skeletal muscle or skeletal muscle and heart tissue, such as those disclosed in WO2015 / 110449. Said additional CREs can be placed before or after Dph-CRE (an exemplary vector backbone is shown in FIG. 8). In a preferred embodiment, skeletal muscle CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121), or skeletal muscle and heart CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) and CSk-SH1 (SEQ ID NO: 123) regulatory elements are used in combination with Dph-CRE.

[0017] In particular, the combination of Dph-CRE64, 02 or 21 with CRE Sk-SH4, especially the combination of Dph-CRE64 with CRE Sk-SH4 is preferred. This embodiment is preferably coupled to the mouse or human desmin promoter, more preferably the human 1.4 kb desmin promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 92. Even more preferably, said CRE-promoter combination drives the MTM1 transgene (SEQ ID NO: 94) or its codon-optimized variant MTM1co (SEQ ID NO: 96). Said combination is particularly interesting for use in the treatment of MTM diseases.

[0018] Furthermore, the combination of Dph-CRE04, 06 or 02 with CRE CSk-SH5, in particular the combination of Dph-CRE04 with CRE CSk-SH5, is particularly preferred. This embodiment is preferably coupled to the SPc5-12 promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 124. Even more preferably, said CRE-promoter combination drives the hGAA (SEQ ID NO: 93) transgene or its codon-optimized variant hGAAco (SEQ ID NO: 94). Said combination is particularly interesting for use in the treatment of Pompe disease. Embodiment 15: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 9 to 14, further comprising an intron, preferably the Minute Virus of Mouse (MVM) intron (SEQ ID NO: 125). Embodiment 16: A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 9 to 15, further comprising a polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyA site (SEQ ID NO: 127) or a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation signal. Embodiment 17: A vector comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7 or a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16. Embodiment 18: The vector according to embodiment 17, which is a viral vector, preferably an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, more preferably an AAV9 vector. Embodiment 19: A vector according to embodiment 17, which is a non-viral vector, preferably a plasmid, a minicircle, an episomal vector or a transposon-based vector, such as a PiggyBac-based vector or a Sleeping Beauty-based vector.

[0019] A particularly interesting embodiment of said aspect is SEQ ID NO: 131 (particularly for use in the treatment of MTM diseases). 130 (particularly for use in treating Pompe disease). Embodiment 20: A pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16 or a vector according to any one of embodiments 17 to 19, and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier. Embodiment 21: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16, a vector according to any one of embodiments 17 to 19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 20 for use in medicine, more preferably for use in gene therapy. Embodiment 22: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3 and 6, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16, a vector according to any one of embodiments 17 to 19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 20 for use in the treatment of MTM. Embodiment 23: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1, 4, 5 and 7, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16, a vector according to any one of embodiments 17 to 19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 20 for use in the treatment of Pompe disease.

[0020] Alternatively, the nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, the nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 10 to 16, the vector according to any one of aspects 17 to 19 or the pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 20 can be used to treat any one of the following diseases: neuromuscular disorders and cardiac diseases (e.g. abetalipoproteinemia (Bassenkornzweig), acetylcholine receptor deficiency (congenital myasthenic syndrome), Charlebois-Saganay syndrome / disease, good physiology, neuromuscular disorders, cardiac ... congenital myopathy, Brody's disease, centraluclear myopathy (myotular myopathy), chondrodysplastic myotonia (Schwartz-Jampel syndrome), Chudley syndrome, fingerprint myopathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (Parsonage-Turner syndrome), inclusion body myopathy (e.g., type 2 or type 3), inclusion body myositis, Isaac's syndrome (neuromyotonia), Kennedy's disease (spinal bulbar (muscle) atrophy), macrophagic fasciitis, McArdle's disease (myophosphorylase deficiency / glycogenase deficiency), V), mononeuritis multiplex, muscle-eye-brain disease, nemaline myopathy, Nonaka myopathy, rippling muscle disease, tibial muscular dystrophy (Udd distal myopathy), Welander distal myopathy, acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease / glycogen storage disease type II), Danon disease (glycogen storage disease type IIb / vacuolar myopathy), debranching enzyme deficiency (glycogen storage disease type III / Forbes disease), Andersen disease / syndrome (glycogen storage disease type IV / branching enzyme deficiency), Tauri disease (glycogen storage disease type VII / phosphofurculin myopathy), myofibrillar myopathy), desmin storage myopathy, myodenylate deaminase deficiency, adrenoleukodystrophy, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, ataxia with congenital glaucoma, ataxia due to vitamin E deficiency, Barth syndrome, Bethlem myopathy, carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency, carnitine deficiency, central core disease, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (e.g. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), e.g. CMT type I, CMT type II, CMT type III (Degerines-Sottas disease), CMT type IV (Refsum disease), CMT type V; peroneal muscle atrophy;Neuronal peroneal muscular atrophy), hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (e.g. type I, type III (familial dysautonomia / Riley-Day syndrome), type IV (congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis), congenital fiber-type disparity myopathy, distal spinal muscular atrophy, familial amyloid neuropathy, familial dilated cardiomyopathy with muscular dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (Gamstrup disease), giant axonal neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating / polyradiculoneuropathy), hyperthermia (malignant hyperthermia), hypokalemic periodic paralysis, iatrogenic myopathy myopathy, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Kugelberg-Welander disease (spinal muscular atrophy type III), Rain distal myopathy, Lambert-Eaton (myasthenic) syndrome, Leigh syndrome, minicore / multicore myopathy, mitochondrial myopathy and / or neuropathy, mixed connective tissue overlap disease, Miyoshi myopathy, multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, myasthenia gravis, myotonia congenita (Thomsen disease), myotonic muscular dystrophies (e.g. type I (Steinerth disease), type II (proximal myotonic myopathy)), oculopharyngeal dystrophy; olivopontocerebellar atrophy, congenital paramyotonia, paraneoplastic neuropathy, polymyositis, reductive myopathy, scapular peroneal muscular atrophy, tubular aggregation myopathy, Walker-Warburg syndrome, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (spinal muscular atrophy type I), zebra body myopathy, nuclear envelope disease, muscular dystrophies (e.g. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) / Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)), motor neuron diseases (MND), e.g. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), e.g. CMT type I, CMT type II, CMT type III (Degerines-Sottas disease), CMT type IV (Refsum disease), CMT Type V, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), congenital muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, metabolic myopathies, muscle inflammatory diseases, myasthenia, mitochondrial myopathies, ion channel disorders, nuclear envelope diseases, cardiomyopathies, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, distal myopathies, cardiovascular diseases, hemophilia, e.g. hemophilia A and B, and diabetes mellitus.

[0021] In one embodiment, diseases and disorders that can benefit from gene therapy using Dph-CRE Sk-SH4 CRE in combination with a desmin promoter (e.g., human DES 1.4 kb promoter (SEQ ID NO: 92)) are diseases that affect skeletal muscle, such as abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig), acetylcholine receptor deficiency (congenital myasthenic syndromes), Charlebois-Saganay syndrome / disease, benign congenital myopathy, Brody's disease, centronuclear myopathy (myotubular myopathy), chondrodysplastic myotonia (Schwartz-Jampel syndrome), Chudley's syndrome, and others. syndrome, fingerprint myopathy, hereditary neurogic muscular atrophy (Parsonage-Turner syndrome), inclusion body myopathy (e.g. type 2 or type 3), inclusion body myositis, Isaac syndrome (neuromyotonia), Kennedy disease (spinobulbar (muscle) atrophy), macrophage fasciitis, McArdle disease (myophosphorylase deficiency / glycogen type V), mononeuritis multiplex, muscle-eye-brain disease, nemaline myopathy, Nonaka myopathy, Rippling-Mathusle disease, tibial dystrophy (Udd distal myopathy) and Welandel's distal myopathy.

[0022] In another embodiment, diseases and disorders that can benefit from gene therapy using Dph-CRE CSk-SH5 CRE, for example in combination with the SPc5-12 promoter, are diseases that affect both skeletal muscle and the heart, such as acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease / glycogen storage disease type II), Danon disease (glycogen storage disease type IIb / vacuolar myopathy), debranching enzyme deficiency (glycogen storage disease type III / Forbes disease), Andersen disease / syndrome (glycogen storage disease type IV / branching enzyme deficiency), Tauri disease (glycogen storage disease type VII / phosphofructokinase), and others. deficiency), desmin storage myopathy (myofibrillar myopathy), myodenylate deaminase deficiency, adrenoleukodystrophy, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, ataxia with congenital glaucoma, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, Barth syndrome, Bethlem myopathy, carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency, carnitine deficiency, central core disease, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (e.g. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), e.g. CMT type I, CMT type II, CMT type III (Degerines-Sottas disease), CMT type IV (Refsum disease), CMT type V; peroneal muscular atrophy; neuronal type peroneal muscular atrophy), hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (e.g., type I, type III (familial dysautonomia / Riley-Day syndrome), type IV (congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis), congenital fiber-type disparity myopathy, distal spinal muscular atrophy, familial amyloid neuropathy, familial dilated cardiomyopathy with muscular dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (Gamstrup disease), giant axonal neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute inflammatory Demyelinating / polyradiculoneuropathy), hyperthermia (malignant hyperthermia), hypokalemic periodic paralysis, iatrogenic myopathy, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Kugelberg-Welander disease (spinal muscular atrophy type III), Laing distal myopathy, Lambert-Eaton (myasthenic) syndrome, Leigh syndrome, minicore / multicore myopathy, mitochondrial myopathy and / or neuropathy, mixed connective tissue overlap disease, Miyoshi myopathy, multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, myopathy gravis These include asthenia, congenital myotonia (Thomsen's disease), myotonic muscular dystrophies (e.g., type I (Steinerth's disease), type II (proximal myotonic myopathy)), oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, congenital paramyotonia, paraneoplastic neuropathy, polymyositis, reductive body myopathy, scapular peroneal muscular atrophy, tubular aggregation myopathy, Walker-Warburg syndrome, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (spinal muscular atrophy type I), zebra body myopathy, and nuclear envelope disease. Embodiment 24: A nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16, a vector according to any one of embodiments 17 to 19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 20 for use as a vaccine, preferably a prophylactic vaccine, or for use in a vaccination therapy, preferably a prophylactic vaccination. Embodiment 25: A method for expressing a transgene product in diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells, preferably an in vitro or ex vivo method, comprising: - introducing into a cell a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 10 to 16 or a vector according to any one of aspects 17 to 19, comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of aspects 1 to 3 and 6; and - expressing a transgene product in a cell The method includes: Embodiment 26: A method, preferably an in vitro or ex vivo method, for expressing a transgene product in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac cells, comprising: - introducing into a cell a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 10 to 16 or a vector according to any one of aspects 17 to 19, comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of aspects 1, 4, 5 and 7; and - expressing the introduced gene product in the cell. Embodiment 27: A method for treating MTM comprising administration to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10-16, a vector according to any one of embodiments 17-19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 20, each comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1-3 and 6. Embodiment 28: A method for the treatment of Pompe disease comprising the administration to a subject in need thereof of a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 10 to 16, a vector according to any one of embodiments 17 to 19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 20, each comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of embodiments 1, 4, 5 and 7. Aspect 29: Muscular dystrophies (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) / Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)), myotonic dystrophy, myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM), Duchenne dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanosis, Miyoshi myopathy, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, dysferlinosis, neuromuscular diseases, motor neuron diseases (MND), such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), congenital muscular dyst 19. A method for treating any one of the diseases or disorders selected from the group comprising: myocardial infarction, congenital myopathy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, metabolic myopathy, muscle inflammatory disease, myasthenia, mitochondrial myopathy, abnormality of ion channels, nuclear envelope disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, distal myopathy, cardiovascular disease, hemophilia including hemophilia A and B, and diabetes, the method comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of aspects 10 to 16, a vector according to any one of aspects 17 to 19 or a pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 20, each comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of aspects 1 to 7. Embodiment 30. A codon-optimized human GAA gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO:94. Aspect 31. A codon-optimized human GAA gene for use in gene therapy, more particularly for use in the treatment of diseases requiring restoration of GAA expression or increased GAA expression. More preferably, said disease is Pompe disease or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Embodiment 32. A codon-optimized human MTM1 gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO:96. Embodiment 33. A codon-optimized human MTM1 gene for use in gene therapy, more particularly for use in the treatment of diseases requiring restoration of MTM1 expression or increased MTM expression. More preferably, said disease is an MTM disease or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Embodiment 34. A vector comprising the codon-optimized human GAA gene of embodiment 30. Embodiment 35. A vector comprising the codon-optimized human MTM1 gene of embodiment 32. Embodiment 36. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector according to embodiment 34 or 35. Embodiment 37. A vector according to any one of embodiments 1 and 4-5, comprising the codon-optimized human GAA gene of embodiment 30. Embodiment 38. A vector according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3 and 5, comprising the codon-optimized human MTM1 gene of embodiment 32. Embodiment 39. A method, preferably an in vitro or ex vivo method, for expressing a transgene product in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac cells, comprising: - introducing into a cell a nucleic acid expression cassette according to aspects 10 to 16 or a vector according to any one of aspects 17 to 19, comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, 600 nucleotides or 550 nucleotides, and comprising a sequence as defined by SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 64, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to said sequence, a complementary sequence of said sequence, or a sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to said nucleic acid regulatory element; and - expressing a transgene product in a cell The method includes: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0023] [Figure 1] Flow diagram of identification of potential nucleic acid regulatory elements specific to diaphragm and skeletal muscle, or specific to diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart. To identify nucleic acid regulatory elements, a computational approach was used that included the following steps: (1) gene expression profiling of total RNA samples from different human tissues, including human diaphragm tissue, by RNA (quantification) next generation sequencing, (2) comparison of gene expression profiles to identify genes that are highly and specifically expressed in i) diaphragm and skeletal muscle (17 genes) and ii) diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart (10 genes), (3) finding transcription start sites of identified genes using ENSEMBL, and (4) selecting candidate nucleic acid regulatory elements using the UCSC genome browser database based on i) high DNase hypersensitive sites; ii) high content of epigenetic markers (acetylation, methylation) associated with open chromatin; iii) high content of transcription factor binding sites; iv) strong evolutionary conservation among vertebrates; and v) transcription factor binding sites that are conserved in three species (human, rat, mouse). [Diagram 2] Diagram showing expression of genes ACTA1 (A), CKM (B), TPM2 (C), MYL1 (D), TNNC2 (E), FHL1 (F), TNNT1 (G), TNNI2 (H), MYLPF (I), TNNT3 (J), MYH2 (K), SLN (L), MYBPC1 (M), ENO3 (N), CA3 (O), ATP2A1 (P), and MYH1 (Q) in total RNA samples from listed human tissues. Expression is shown as fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM). [Diagram 3]Diagram showing expression of genes MYL2 (A), MB (B), DES (C), TNNC1 (D), TCAP (E), MYH7 (F), ALDOA (G), and TPM1 (H) in total RNA samples from listed human tissues. Expression is shown as fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM). [Figure 4] Figure 10 shows an in vivo comparison of desmin promoters. SCID mice were injected with 1x1010vg / mouse of AAV9-luciferase vectors containing the most robust skeletal muscle specific CRE (called Sk-SH4) with different desmin promoters: Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb, (SEQ ID NO: 92) Sk-SH4-hDES1.0kb and (SEQ ID NO: 91) Sk-SH4-mDES (SEQ ID NO: 90) and quantified as photon signal in mouse biceps (A), diaphragm (B), gastrocnemius (C), heart (D), quadriceps (E), tibia (F) and triceps (G). [Figure 5A] Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in the diaphragm. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5B]Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in quadriceps muscle. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5C] Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in gastrocnemius muscle. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5D]Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in tibia. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5E] Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in biceps. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5F]Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in triceps muscle. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5G] Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in total skeletal muscle tissue. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5H]Figure 1 shows a comparison of tissue expression levels in the absence or presence of the diaphragm CRE (Dph-CRE) according to the invention. Expression in the heart. In the left graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs (Dph-CREs) in a vector backbone containing the hDES1.4kb promoter and the muscle-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the hDES1.4kb promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). In the right graph, the fold difference in expression of the different new diaphragm CREs in a vector backbone containing the SPc5-12 promoter and the muscle-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) is shown relative to the same vector backbone with only the SPc5-12 promoter (lower number) and relative to the same vector backbone without the new CRE (upper number). The numbers of the diaphragm CREs correspond to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 5I] Specificity of diaphragm CREs (expressed primarily in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart but not in other tissues). The numbering of diaphragm CREs corresponds to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4. [Figure 6A] Effect of muscle-specific CRE (CSk-SH5-SEQ ID NO: 122) on mRNA expression of the human codon-optimized GAA gene. [Figure 6B] Increased GAA protein expression. Total protein from mouse organs was extracted according to the manufacturer's protocol. Total protein was diluted with sample buffer and added to the hGAA ELISA plate. Background was subtracted by uninjected mice. The results show that the codon-optimized hGAA sequence can improve the translation efficiency and result in 2-3 times higher expression. [Figure 7A] Effect of skeletal muscle-specific CRE (Sk-SH4-SEQ ID NO: 121) on mRNA expression of the human codon-optimized MTM1 gene. [Figure 7B] Codon optimization led to a 2.2- to 3.8-fold increase in hMTM1 protein expression in gastrocnemius muscle and diaphragm, respectively. [Figure 8]Schematic diagram of AAV vector backbone. A) Reference backbone with Dph-CRE coupled to promoter, MVM intron, transgene or reporter gene and polyA site. B-C) ​​Same as A) but with an additional muscle CRE (Sk-CRE) or cardiac muscle CRE (CSk-CRE) coupled after Dph-CRE B) or before Dph-CRE C). [Figure 9] Schematic diagram of AAV vectors for expression of A) hMTMco or B) hGAAco transgenes. Vector A) further comprises one of Dph-CRE (referred to as Dia-CRM), Sk-SH4-CRE (SEQ ID NO: 121), hDes1,4kb promoter, MVM intron, hMTM1co transgene and synthetic polyA site cloned between ITRs of AAV vector. Vector B) further comprises one of Dph-CRE (referred to as Dia-CRM), CSk-SH5-CRE (SEQ ID NO: 122), SPc5-12 promoter, MVM intron, hGAAco transgene and synthetic polyA site cloned between ITRs of AAV vector. [Figure 10] Diagram showing increased GAA therapeutic gene transcription using the diaphragm-specific cis-regulatory element (Dph-CRE) CRE04 (SEQ ID NO: 4) together with CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122). The fold difference shown above each bar is calculated from the relative expression between the Dph-CRE-containing AAV (dark grey) and its control without Dph-CRE04 and CSk-SH5 (light grey). [Figure 11] Diagram showing increased MTM1 therapeutic gene transcription using the diaphragm-specific cis-regulatory element (Dph-CRE) CRE64 (SEQ ID NO: 64) together with Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121 - referred to as SKCRM4 in the figure). The fold difference shown above each bar is calculated from the relative expression between the Dph-CRE containing AAV (light grey) and its control without Dph-CRE64 and Sk-SH4 (black). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] explanation As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include both the singular and the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0025] As used herein, the terms "comprising," "comprise," and "comprising" are synonymous with "including," "include," or "containing," and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited members, elements, or method steps. These terms also encompass "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of," which enjoy the meanings established in patent language.

[0026] The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers and fractions subsumed within the respective ranges, as well as the recited endpoints.

[0027] As used herein, the terms "about" or "approximately," when referring to a measurable value of a parameter, amount, time period, and the like, include variations from and about the specified value, e.g., + / - 100% of the specified value, to the extent that such variations are appropriate to practice the disclosed invention. It is to be understood that the value to which the modifier "about" refers is itself specifically and preferably disclosed.

[0028] The term "one or more" or "at least one," e.g., one or more members or at least one member of a group of members, is clear in itself, but by way of further illustration, the term specifically encompasses reference to any one of said members, or any two or more of said members, e.g., any three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, or seven or more, etc., and up to all of said members. In another example, "one or more" or "at least one" can refer to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more.

[0029] The discussion of the background of the invention herein is included to explain the context of the invention and is not to be construed as an admission that any of the material referred to was published, publicly known, or part of the common general knowledge in any country as of the priority date of any of the claims.

[0030] Throughout this disclosure, various publications, patents and published patent specifications are referenced by an acknowledgment citation. All documents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In particular, the teachings or sections of such documents that are specifically mentioned herein are incorporated by reference.

[0031] Unless otherwise defined, all terms, including technical and scientific terms, used in the disclosure of the present invention have the meanings that are commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. For further guidance, definitions of terms are included to better appreciate the teachings of the present invention. Even when a particular term is defined in relation to a particular aspect of the present invention or a particular embodiment of the present invention, such implication applies throughout this specification, i.e., it also applies in the context of other aspects or embodiments of the present invention unless otherwise defined.

[0032] In the following sections, different aspects or embodiments of the present invention are defined in more detail. Unless expressly indicated to the contrary, each aspect or embodiment so defined can be combined with any other aspect or embodiment. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous can be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.

[0033] References throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment, but may. Moreover, particular features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure. Moreover, while some embodiments described herein may or may not include some of the features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are within the scope of the invention and form different embodiments, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in the appended claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

[0034] For general methods related to the present invention, reference is made to well-known textbooks including, inter alia, for example, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition" (Sambrook et al., 1989), "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" (Ausubel et al., 1987).

[0035] In one aspect, the invention relates to a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising, consisting essentially of (i.e., the regulatory element may further comprise sequences used, e.g. for cloning purposes, but the sequences shown constitute an essential part of the regulatory element, e.g., they do not form part of a larger regulatory region such as a promoter) or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 89, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of these sequences, or a functional fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 89, for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or tissues, or in diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle cells or tissues.

[0036] Table 3 below shows the core nucleotide sequences of different nucleic acid regulatory elements for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or tissues, as well as their corresponding genes and lengths.

[0037] [Table 1-1]

[0038] [Table 1-2]

[0039] [Table 1-3]

[0040] [Table 1-4]

[0041] [Table 1-5]

[0042] [Table 1-6]

[0043] [Table 1-7]

[0044] [Table 1-8]

[0045] [Table 1-9]

[0046] [Table 1-10]

[0047] [Table 1-11]

[0048] [Table 1-12]

[0049] Table 4 below shows the core nucleotide sequences of different nucleic acid regulatory elements for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle cells or tissues, as well as their corresponding genes and lengths.

[0050] [Table 2-1]

[0051] [Table 2-2]

[0052]

Table 2-3

[0053]

Table 2-4

[0054]

Table 2-5

[0055]

Table 2-6

[0056] As used herein, a "nucleic acid regulatory element" or "regulatory element", also referred to as "CRE" (cis-regulatory element), "CRM" (cis-regulatory module) or "SH", refers to a transcriptional control element, more particularly a non-coding cis-acting transcriptional control element, capable of regulating and / or controlling the transcription of a gene, particularly the tissue-specific transcription of a gene. A regulatory element comprises at least one transcription factor binding site (TFBS), more particularly at least one binding site for a tissue-specific transcription factor, most particularly at least one binding site for a muscle-specific transcription factor. Generally, as used herein, a regulatory element increases or enhances gene expression promoted by a promoter when compared to the transcription of the gene from the promoter alone without the regulatory element. Thus, although regulatory elements specifically include enhancer sequences, it should be understood that regulatory elements that enhance transcription are not limited to typical far upstream enhancer sequences, but can be present at any distance from the gene they regulate. Indeed, it is known in the art that transcription-regulating sequences can be located upstream (e.g., promoter region) or downstream (e.g., 3'UTR) of the genes they regulate in vivo, and can be located close to or far from the genes. Of note, although the regulatory elements disclosed herein generally comprise naturally occurring sequences, such regulatory elements or combinations of several copies (parts) of regulatory elements, i.e. regulatory elements themselves that comprise non-naturally occurring sequences, are also envisaged as regulatory elements. Regulatory elements as used herein can comprise a part of a larger sequence involved in transcription control, e.g., a part of a promoter sequence. However, regulatory elements alone are generally not sufficient for initiating transcription, and require a promoter for this purpose. The regulatory elements disclosed herein are provided as nucleic acid molecules, i.e., as isolated nucleic acids or isolated nucleic acid molecules. Thus, the nucleic acid regulatory elements have sequences that are only a small part of naturally occurring genomic sequences, and thus do not occur in nature, but are isolated therefrom.

[0057] As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" generally refers to an oligomer or polymer (preferably a linear polymer) of any length essentially composed of nucleotides. The nucleotide unit generally comprises a heterocyclic base, a sugar group, and at least one, e.g., one, two or three, phosphate groups, including modified or substituted phosphate groups. The heterocyclic base can include, among others, purine and pyrimidine bases, e.g., adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U), which are widely present in naturally occurring nucleic acids, other naturally occurring bases (e.g., xanthine, inosine, hypoxanthine), as well as chemically or biochemically modified (e.g., methylated) non-natural or derivatized bases. The sugar group can include, among others, a pentose (pentofuranosyl) group, e.g., arginine (A), arginine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U). For example, the nucleic acid may preferably contain ribose and / or 2-deoxyribose, or arabinose, 2-deoxyarabinose, threose or hexose sugar groups common to naturally occurring nucleic acids, as well as modified or substituted sugar groups. Nucleic acids as contemplated herein may contain naturally occurring nucleotides, modified nucleotides or mixtures thereof. Modified nucleotides may contain modified heterocyclic bases, modified sugar moieties, modified phosphate groups or combinations thereof. Phosphate or sugar modifications may be introduced to improve stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, or some other beneficial property. More preferably, the term "nucleic acid" encompasses DNA, RNA and DNA / RNA hybrid molecules, specifically including hnRNA, pre-mRNA, mRNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, amplification products, oligonucleotides and synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA, RNA or DNA / RNA hybrids. A nucleic acid may be naturally occurring, e.g., occurring in nature or isolated therefrom; or it may be non-naturally occurring, e.g., recombinant, i.e., produced by recombinant DNA technology and / or partially or completely chemically or biochemically synthesized. A "nucleic acid" may be double-stranded, partially double-stranded, or single-stranded. If single-stranded, the nucleic acid may be the sense strand or the antisense strand. Furthermore, the nucleic acid may be circular or linear.

[0058] As used herein, "transcription factor binding site," "transcription factor binding sequence," or "TFBS" refers to the sequence of a region of a nucleic acid to which a transcription factor binds. Non-limiting examples of TFBS include binding sites for transcription factor 3, also known as TCF3 or E2A; binding sites for nuclear factor I, also known as NF1; binding sites for CCAAT-enhancer binding protein, also known as C / EBP; binding sites for myogenic differentiation, also known as MyoD; binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding protein, also known as SREBP; binding sites for leukemia / lymphoma associated factor, also known as LRF; binding sites for protein 53, also known as p53; binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha, also known as HNF3a; binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta, also known as HNF3b; binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, also known as HNF4; binding sites for myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A, also known as MEF2A or RSRFC4; binding sites for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, also known as PPAR; binding sites for serum response factor, also known as SRF; and binding sites for transcription activator-like protein 1b, also known as Tal1_b. Transcription factor binding sites can be found in databases such as Transfac®.

[0059] The sequences disclosed herein may be part of the sequences of regulatory elements capable of controlling the transcription of diaphragm- and skeletal muscle-specific genes in vivo. Individual examples of diaphragm- and skeletal muscle-specific regulatory elements can specifically control the following genes (see Table 2): ACTA1, CKM, TPM2, MYL1, TNNC2, FHL1, TNNT1, TNNI2, MYLPF, TNNT3, MYH2, SLN, MYBPC1, ENO3, CA3, ATP2A1 or MYH1.

[0060] Thus, in embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an ACTA1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the ACTA1 gene (alpha-actin-1 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a CKM regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the CKM gene (muscle creatine kinase gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 6 or 7, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MYL2 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MYL2 (myosin, light chain 2 gene) in vivo. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TPM2 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the TPM2 gene (tropomyosin 2 gene) in vivo, e.g ... In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an FHL1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the FHL1 gene (four and a half LIM domain 1 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 20-26, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TNNT1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the TNNT1 gene (troponin T type 1 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 27 or 28, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TNNI2 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the TNNI2 gene (troponin I type 2 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 29-31, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof.In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MYLPF regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MYLPF gene (myosin light chain, phosphorylatable, fast skeletal muscle gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising SEQ ID NO: 32, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TNNT3 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the TNNT3 gene (troponin T type 3 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 33-38, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MYH2 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MYH2 gene (myosin, heavy chain 2 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 82 or 83, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a SLN regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the SLN gene (sarcolipin gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 39-42, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MYBPC1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the MYBPC1 gene (myosin binding protein C, slow-type gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 43-50, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an ENO3 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the ENO3 gene (enolase 3 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 51-54, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof.In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a CA3 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the CA3 gene (carbonic anhydrase III gene) in vivo, such as a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 55-57, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an ATP2A1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the ATP2A1 gene (ATPase, Ca++ transport, cardiac muscle, fast twitch 1 gene or sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 58-64, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an MYH1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MYH1 gene (myosin, heavy chain 1 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising SEQ ID NO: 65, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof.

[0061] The sequences disclosed herein may be part of the sequences of regulatory elements capable of controlling the transcription of diaphragm-, skeletal muscle- and heart-specific genes in vivo. Particular examples of diaphragm-, skeletal muscle- and heart-specific regulatory elements can specifically control the following genes: ACTA1, CKM, MYL2, MB, DES, TNNC1, TCAP, MYH7, ALDOA or TPM1. Thus, in an embodiment, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an ACTA1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the ACTA1 gene (alpha-actin-1 gene) in vivo, such as a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5, or a functional fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a CKM regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls the expression of the CKM gene (muscle creatine kinase gene) in vivo, such as a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 6 or 7, or a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MYL2 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MYL2 (myosin, light chain 2 gene) gene in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 8 or 9, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MB regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MB gene (myoglobin gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 66-68, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a DES regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the DES gene (desmin gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 69-71, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof.In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TNNC1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the TNNC1 gene (troponin C1 type gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 72-74, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TCAP regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the TCAP gene (titin-cap gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising SEQ ID NO: 75, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a MYH7 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the MYH7 gene (myosin, heavy chain 7 gene) in vivo, e.g., a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 76 or 77, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises an ALDOA regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the ALDOA gene (aldolase A gene) in vivo, such as a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 78-81, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein comprises a TPM1 regulatory element, i.e., a regulatory element that controls expression of the TPM1 gene (tropomyosin 1 gene) in vivo, such as a regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 84-89, or a sequence from a functional fragment thereof.

[0062] As used herein, the terms "identity" and "identical" refer to the sequence similarity between two polymeric molecules, e.g., between two nucleic acid molecules, e.g., two DNA molecules. Sequence alignment and determination of sequence identity may be performed, for example, as described in Altschul et al. 1990 (J. The alignment can be performed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) originally described by MoI Biol 215:403-10, for example the "Blast 2 sequences" algorithm described by Tatusova and Madden 1999 (FEMS Microbiol Lett 174:247-250). Generally, the sequence identity percentage is calculated over the entire length of the sequence. As used herein, the term "substantially identical" refers to a sequence identity of at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, for example 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

[0063] The term "functional fragments" as used in the present application refers to fragments of regulatory element sequences disclosed herein that retain the ability to regulate muscle-specific expression, i.e., they are still able to confer tissue specificity and they are capable of regulating expression of a (trans)gene in the same way (although perhaps not to the same extent) as the sequence from which they are derived. Functional fragments can preferably comprise at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 120, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350 or at least 400 consecutive nucleotides from the sequence from which they are derived. More preferably, functional fragments comprise at least 1, more preferably at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4, even more preferably at least 5, at least 10, or at least 15 of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) present in the sequence from which they are derived.

[0064] "Diaphragm and skeletal muscle specific expression" as used in this application refers to preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene (as RNA and / or polypeptide) in diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or diaphragm or skeletal muscle tissues compared to other (i.e., non-diaphragm or non-skeletal muscle) tissues. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more particularly at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% of the (trans)gene expression occurs in diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle cells or tissues. According to certain embodiments, diaphragm and skeletal muscle specific expression requires a "leakage rate" of less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the expressed gene product into other organs or tissues other than muscle, such as lung, liver, brain, kidney and / or spleen.

[0065] As used herein, "diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart specific expression" refers to preferential or predominant expression of the (trans)gene in diaphragm, heart, skeletal muscle cells or tissues, particularly cardiac muscle. According to certain embodiments, at least 50%, more particularly at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% of the (trans)gene expression occurs in diaphragm, skeletal muscle cells and cardiac tissue. Thus, according to certain embodiments, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, or even less than 1% of the (trans)gene expression occurs in organs or tissues other than diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle.

[0066] The same applies mutatis mutandis to muscle cell-specific and myoblast-specific expression, which can be considered to be specific forms of muscle-specific expression. When muscle specificity is mentioned in the context, myocyte-specific and myoblast-specific expression are also expressly contemplated.Similarly, when cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific expression is used in this application, cardiomyocyte- and skeletal muscle cell-specific expression and cardiac myoblast- and skeletal myoblast-specific expression are also expressly contemplated.Similarly, when skeletal muscle-specific expression is used in this application, skeletal muscle cell- and skeletal myoblast-specific expression are also expressly contemplated.

[0067] As used herein, the term "cardiac muscle" or "myocardium" refers to the autonomically regulated striated muscle type found in the heart.

[0068] As used herein, the term "skeletal muscle" refers to a voluntarily controlled striated muscle type that is attached to the skeleton. Non-limiting examples of skeletal muscle include the biceps, triceps, quadriceps, tibialis interna, and gastrocnemius.

[0069] As used herein, the term "muscle cell" refers to a cell that has been differentiated from a precursor myoblast such that it is capable of expressing a muscle-specific phenotype under appropriate conditions. Terminally differentiated muscle cells fuse with each other to form myotubes, the main components of muscle fibers. The term "muscle cell" also refers to dedifferentiated muscle cells. The term includes in vivo and ex vivo cultured cells, whether such cells are primary or passaged.

[0070] As used herein, the term "myoblast" refers to an embryonic cell in the mesoderm that differentiates to produce muscle cells or muscle cells. The term includes in vivo and ex vivo cultured cells, whether such cells are primary or passaged.

[0071] In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, 10 to 65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1 to 7, 10 to 65, 82 and 83 in Table 3); a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of the sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, 10 to 65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1 to 7, 10 to 65, 82 and 83 in Table 3), or A nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a functional fragment, said functional fragment comprising at least 20, preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 50, at least 100, at least 200 or at least 250 contiguous nucleotides from the sequence from which it is derived, said functional fragment comprising at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10 or at least 15 of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) present in the sequence from which it is derived.

[0072] In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 9, 66 to 81, and 84 to 89 (see Dph-CRE1 to 9, 66 to 81, and 84 to 89 in Table 4); or a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, for example 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any one of the sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 9, 66 to 81, and 84 to 89 (see Dph-CRE1 to 9, 66 to 81, and 84 to 89 in Table 4), or a functional fragment thereof, said functional fragment comprising at least 20, preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 50, at least 100, at least 200 or at least 250 contiguous nucleotides from the sequence from which it is derived, and said functional fragment comprises at least 1, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10 or at least 15 of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) present in the sequence from which it is derived. Includes pieces.

[0073] It is also possible to create a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising an artificial sequence by combining two or more identical or different sequences or functional fragments thereof disclosed herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, a nucleic acid regulatory element is provided comprising at least two sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or tissues.

[0074] Alternatively, in certain embodiments, a nucleic acid regulatory element is provided comprising at least two sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4) for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac cells or tissues.

[0075] For example, disclosed herein are nucleic acid regulatory elements comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of two, three, four or five repeat sequences, e.g., tandem repeats, of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-89, or combinations thereof.

[0076] Particular examples of nucleic acid regulatory elements comprising artificial sequences include regulatory elements obtained by rearranging transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) present in the sequences disclosed herein, said rearrangement can include changing the order of the TFBSs and / or changing the position of one or more TFBSs relative to other TFBSs and / or changing the copy number of one or more TFBSs. For example, also disclosed herein are nucleic acid regulatory elements that contain binding sites for E2A, HNH1, NF1, C / EBP, LRF, MyoD and SREBP; or for E2A, NF1, p53, C / EBP, LRF and SREBP; or for E2A, HNH1, HNF3a, HNF3b, NF1, C / EBP, LRF, MyoD and SREBP; or for E2A, HNF3a, NF1, C / EBP, LRF, MyoD and SREBP; or for E2A, HNF3a, NF1, CEBP, LRF, MyoD and SREBP; or for HNF4, NF1, RSRFC4, C / EBP, LRF and MyoD, or NF1, PPAR, p53, C / EBP, LRF and MyoD, for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, in particular cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific gene expression. Further, for example, herein, nucleic acid regulatory elements are disclosed that contain binding sites for one or more of NFYA, SIN3A, TCF12, PHF8, IRF1, and combinations thereof, such as NFYA, SIN3A, TCF12, PHF8 and IRF1, in particular, for enhancing diaphragm and skeletal muscle specific gene expression.Further, for example, herein, nucleic acid regulatory elements are disclosed that contain binding sites for one or more of MAFF, FOXA2, TAL1, CEBPB, RFX5, HSF1, SRF, and combinations thereof, such as MAFF, FOXA2, TAL1, CEBPB, RFX5, HSF1 and SRF, in particular, for enhancing diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle specific gene expression.In some embodiments, these nucleic acid regulatory elements contain at least two, for example, two, three, four or more copies of any one or more of the listed TFBSs.

[0077] When the regulatory element is provided as a single-stranded nucleic acid, for example when using a single-stranded AAV vector, the complementary strand is considered to be equivalent to the disclosed sequence. Thus, herein, the term "regulatory element" refers to a sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequences described herein, particularly SEQ ID NOs: 1-89; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, e.g., 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of these sequences; or a functional fragment thereof. Also disclosed is a nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the complement of the sequence.

[0078] Further disclosed herein are nucleic acid regulatory elements as described herein for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression, in particular nucleic acid regulatory elements comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-89; a sequence having at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of these sequences; a functional fragment thereof; or a nucleic acid regulatory element hybridizing under stringent conditions to a complementary sequence thereof. Said nucleic acid regulatory elements need not be of equal length to the sequence to which they hybridize. In a preferred embodiment, the size of said hybridizing nucleic acid regulatory element does not differ from the sequence to which it hybridizes by more than 25% in length, in particular 20% in length, more particularly 15% in length, most particularly 10% in length.

[0079] The expression "hybridize under stringent conditions" refers to the ability of a nucleic acid molecule to hybridize to a target nucleic acid molecule under defined conditions of temperature and salt concentration. Generally, stringent hybridization conditions are no more than 25°C to 30°C (e.g., 20°C, 15°C, 10°C, or 5°C) below the melting point (Tm) of the native duplex. Methods for calculating Tm are well known in the art. As a non-limiting example, representative salt and temperature conditions for achieving stringent hybridization are as follows: 1×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 65°C. The abbreviation SSC refers to the buffer used in nucleic acid hybridization solutions. One liter of 20× (20-fold concentrated) stock SSC buffer solution (pH 7.0) contains 175.3 g of sodium chloride and 88.2 g of sodium citrate. A representative time for achieving hybridization is 12 hours.

[0080] Preferably, the regulatory elements described herein are only limited in length, but are fully functional.This allows them to be used in vectors or nucleic acid expression cassettes without unnecessarily restricting their payload capacity.Thus, in embodiments, the regulatory elements disclosed herein are nucleic acids of 1500 nucleotides or less, 1000 nucleotides or less, 900 nucleotides or less, 800 nucleotides or less, 700 nucleotides or less, more preferably 600 nucleotides or less, such as 550 nucleotides or less, 500 nucleotides or less, 450 nucleotides or less, 400 nucleotides or less, 350 nucleotides or less, or 300 nucleotides or less (i.e., the nucleic acid regulatory element has a maximum length of 1500 nucleotides, 1000 nucleotides, 900 nucleotides, 800 nucleotides, 700 nucleotides, preferably 600 nucleotides, such as 550 nucleotides, 500 nucleotides, 450 nucleotides, 400 nucleotides, 350 nucleotides, or 300 nucleotides).

[0081] However, it should be understood that the disclosed nucleic acid regulatory elements retain regulatory activity (i.e., with respect to transcription specificity and / or activity) and therefore, they particularly have a minimum length of 20 nucleotides, 25 nucleotides, 30 nucleotides, 35 nucleotides, 40 nucleotides, 45 nucleotides, 50 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 150 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, 250 nucleotides, 300 nucleotides, 350 nucleotides or 400 nucleotides.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a nucleic acid sequence comprising the steps of: SEQ ID NOs: 1-89; a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of the foregoing sequences; or a functional fragment thereof, comprising a sequence of 1000 nucleotides or less, preferably 900 nucleotides or less, preferably 800 nucleotides or less. Provided below are nucleic acid regulatory elements, preferably of 700 nucleotides or less.

[0083] The nucleic acid regulatory elements disclosed herein can be used in a nucleic acid expression cassette. Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides for the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein in a nucleic acid expression cassette.

[0084] In one aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid regulatory element described herein, operably linked to a promoter. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette does not contain a transgene. Such a nucleic acid expression cassette can be used to promote the expression of an endogenous gene. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises the nucleic acid regulatory element described herein, operably linked to a promoter and a transgene.

[0085] As used herein, the term "nucleic acid expression cassette" refers to a nucleic acid molecule that includes one or more transcriptional control elements (e.g., without limitation, promoters, enhancers and / or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences and introns) that direct the expression of a (trans)gene in one or more desired cell types, tissues or organs. Although they generally also contain transgenes, it is also envisioned that nucleic acid expression cassettes direct the expression of endogenous genes in a cell into which the nucleic acid cassette is inserted.

[0086] As used herein, the term "operably linked" refers to the positioning of various nucleic acid molecule elements relative to each other such that the elements are functionally connected and can interact with each other. Such elements can include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancers and / or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences, one or more introns and / or exons, and the coding sequence of the gene of interest to be expressed (i.e., transgene). When properly oriented or operably linked, the nucleic acid sequence elements can act together to modulate each other's activity, ultimately affecting the expression level of the transgene. Modulating means increasing, decreasing, or maintaining the level of activity of a particular element. The position of each element relative to other elements can be represented by the 5' and 3' ends of each element, and the distance between any particular elements can be referenced by the number of intervening nucleotides or base pairs between the elements. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, operably linked implies functional activity and does not necessarily relate to natural positional association. Indeed, when used in a nucleic acid expression cassette, the regulatory element is generally located immediately upstream of the promoter (this is generally true, but should not be construed as a limitation or exclusion of the position in the nucleic acid expression cassette), but this is not necessary in vivo. For example, a regulatory element sequence that is downstream of the gene whose transcription it affects can function similarly when located upstream of the promoter. Thus, according to specific embodiments, the regulatory or enhancing effect of the regulatory element is position independent.

[0087] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises one nucleic acid regulatory element described herein. In alternative embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette comprises two or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein, i.e., they are modularly combined to enhance their regulatory (and / or enhancing) action. In further embodiments, at least two of the two or more nucleic acid regulatory elements are identical or substantially identical. In further embodiments, all of the two or more regulatory elements are identical or substantially identical. Copies of identical or substantially identical nucleic acid regulatory elements can be provided as tandem repeats in the nucleic acid expression cassette. In alternative further embodiments, two or more At least two of the above nucleic acid regulatory elements are different from each other, i.e., defined by different SEQ ID NOs. The nucleic acid expression cassette can also include a combination of identical, substantially identical and non-identical nucleic acid regulatory elements.

[0088] For example, the nucleic acid expression cassette can include a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising SEQ ID NO:1, and a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs:2-689; or the nucleic acid expression cassette can include a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising any one or more of SEQ ID NOs:1-89, and a nucleic acid regulatory element (cis-regulatory element, CRE, CRM or SH) that is specific for another tissue type, such as those disclosed in previous applications from the same authors: WO2015110449; WO2009130208; WO2009071679; WO2011051450; WO2016146757, WO2014063753; or WO2014064277. Alternatively, this can be done for the remaining regulatory elements defined by SEQ ID NOs:2-89, respectively. In specific embodiments, the muscle-specific regulatory element designated Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) or CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) can be used in combination with any one of the diaphragm cis-regulatory elements defined by SEQ ID NOs: 1-89.

[0089] As used in this application, the term "promoter" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that directly or indirectly regulates the transcription of the corresponding nucleic acid coding sequence (e.g., transgene or endogenous gene) to which it is operably linked. A promoter can function alone to regulate transcription or can act in cooperation with one or more other regulatory sequences (e.g., enhancers or silencers, or regulatory elements). In the context of this application, to regulate the transcription of a (trans)gene, a promoter is generally operably linked to the regulatory elements disclosed herein. When the regulatory elements described herein are operably linked to both a promoter and a transgene, the regulatory elements can (1) confer a significant degree of diaphragm-specific, particularly diaphragm- and skeletal muscle-specific, or diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle-specific expression of the transgene in vivo (and / or in vitro in cell lines derived from heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or tissues), and / or (2) increase the expression levels of the transgene in the diaphragm and skeletal muscle, or in the diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle (and / or in vitro in cell lines derived from heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscle cells or tissues).

[0090] The promoter may be homologous (i.e., derived from the same species as the animal, particularly a mammal, that is transfected with the nucleic acid expression cassette) or heterologous (i.e., derived from a source other than the species of the animal, particularly a mammal, that is transfected with the expression cassette). Thus, the source of the promoter may be any virus, any unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism, any vertebrate or invertebrate organism, or any plant, or even a synthetic promoter (i.e., having a sequence that does not occur in nature), so long as the promoter is functional in combination with the regulatory elements described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is a mammalian promoter, particularly a murine or human promoter.

[0091] The promoter may be an inducible or a constitutive promoter. Non-limiting exemplary skeletal muscle and / or diaphragm specific promoters include the desmin promoter, other muscle specific promoters such as the muscle creatine kinase promoter (MCK) (Wang B et al., Gene Ther, 2008), alpha-myosin heavy chain (a-MHC), myosin light chain (MLC-2), cardiac troponin C (cTnC), myogenin MYF4 promoter (Pacak CA et al., Genet Vaccines Ther, 2008), viral promoters such as the murine stem cell virus (MSC V) promoter (Suga T et al., Plos One, 2011), and all potential promoters that can be used to clone downstream of the diaphragm nucleic acid regulatory element. The regulatory elements disclosed herein can be used in nucleic acid expression cassettes with their native promoters as well as other promoters. Preferably, the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein include diaphragm, heart and / or skeletal muscle specific promoters to increase diaphragm, heart and / or skeletal muscle specificity and / or to avoid leakage of expression in other tissues. Examples of such promoters are diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle specific promoters, such as the promoter of one of the genes defined in Table 3, i.e., the ACTA1, CKM, TPM2, MYL1, TNNC2, FHL1, TNNT1, TNNI2, MYLPF, TNNT3, MYH2, SLN, MYBPC1, ENO3, CA3, ATP2A1 and MYH1 genes; or diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart specific promoters, such as the promoter of any one of the genes defined in Table 4, i.e., the ACTA1, CKM, MYL2, MB, DES, TNNC1, TCAP, MYH7, ALDOA and TPM1 genes.Non-limiting examples of muscle-specific promoters include the desmin (DES) promoter, synthetic SPc-5-12 promoter (SPc5-12-GTRM), alpha-actin 1 promoter (ACTA1), creatine kinase, muscle (CKM) promoter, four and a half LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) promoter, alpha 2 actinin (ACTN2) promoter, filamin-C (FLNC) promoter, sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (ATP2A1) promoter, troponin I type 1 (TNNI1) promoter, myosin-1 (MYH1) promoter, phosphorylatable, fast skeletal myosin light chain (MYLPF) promoter, alpha-3 chain tropomyosin (TPM3) promoter, ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 (ANKRD2) promoter, myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter, myosin light chain (MLC) promoter, muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter, Li et al. (1999, Nat. Examples of such promoters include synthetic muscle promoters described in (Biotechnol. 17:241-245), such as the SPc5-12 promoter, the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter, and the dMCK promoter and tMCK promoter, which are each composed of a double or triple tandem from the MCK enhancer to the MCK basal promoter, as described in Wang et al. (2008, Gene Ther. 15:1489-1499).

[0092] In particularly preferred embodiments, the promoter is a mammalian promoter, in particular a mouse or human promoter.

[0093] In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is from the desmin gene, in particular the mouse desmin gene, for example the promoter as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90 (see FIG. 4), or from the human desmin gene, for example the promoter as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91 (1,0 kb) or SEQ ID NO: 92 (1,4 kb). In a preferred embodiment, the desmin promoter is the 1,4 kb promoter of SEQ ID NO: 92, which has been shown to further increase expression levels (see examples). For example, the mouse desmin promoter is commercially available as pDRIVE-mDesmin (Invivogen). The desmin promoter is expressed in both cardiac and skeletal muscles. In an embodiment, the promoter is a skeletal muscle specific promoter, in particular the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter, more particularly the double or triple MCK promoter, consisting of a double or triple tandem of the MCK enhancer and the MCK basal promoter, as described in Wang et al. (2008, Gene Ther, vol. 15:1489-1499). Furthermore, the promoter does not have to be the promoter of a transgene in a nucleic acid expression cassette, but the transgene can be transcribed from its own promoter.

[0094] To minimize the length of the nucleic acid expression cassette, the regulatory elements can be linked to a minimal promoter or a shortened version of the promoter described herein. As used herein, a "minimal promoter" (also called a basal promoter or core promoter) is a part of a full-size promoter that is still capable of promoting expression, but lacks at least a portion of the sequence that contributes to the regulation of (e.g., tissue-specific) expression. This definition encompasses both promoters that have deleted (tissue-specific) regulatory elements that are capable of promoting expression of a gene, but have lost their ability to express that gene in a tissue-specific manner, and promoters that have deleted (tissue-specific) regulatory elements that are capable of promoting (possibly reduced) expression of a gene, but have not necessarily lost their ability to express that gene in a tissue-specific manner. Preferably, the promoters contained in the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein are 1000 nucleotides or less, 900 nucleotides or less, 800 nucleotides or less, 700 nucleotides or less, 600 nucleotides or less, 500 nucleotides or less, 400 nucleotides or less, 300 nucleotides or less, or 250 nucleotides or less in length.

[0095] As used herein, the term "transgene" refers to a specific nucleic acid sequence that codes for a polypeptide or a portion of a polypeptide that is expressed in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is introduced. However, it is also possible that the transgene is expressed as an RNA, generally to control the amount (e.g., lower) of a specific polypeptide in the cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted. These RNA molecules include, but are not limited to, molecules that exert their function through RNA interference (shRNA, RNAi), microRNA regulation (miR) (which can be used to control the expression of a specific gene), catalytic RNA, antisense RNA, RNA aptamer, etc. How the nucleic acid sequence is introduced into the cell is not essential to the invention, which may be, for example, through integration into the genome or as an episomal plasmid. Of note, expression of the transgene can be restricted to a subset of cells into which the nucleic acid sequence is introduced. The term "transgene" is intended to include: (1) a nucleic acid sequence that is not naturally found in a cell (i.e., a heterologous nucleic acid sequence); (2) a nucleic acid sequence that is a mutated form of a nucleic acid sequence naturally found in the cell into which it is introduced; (3) a nucleic acid sequence that serves to add additional copies of the same (i.e., homologous) or a similar nucleic acid sequence naturally occurring in the cell into which it is introduced; or (4) a silent naturally occurring or homologous nucleic acid sequence, the expression of which is induced in the cell into which it is introduced.

[0096] The transgene may be homologous or heterologous to the promoter (and / or to the animal, particularly a mammal or human, into which it is introduced, for example when the nucleic acid expression cassette is used for gene therapy).

[0097] A transgene may be a full-length cDNA or genomic DNA sequence, or any fragment, subunit, or mutant thereof that has at least some biological activity. In particular, a transgene may be a minigene, i.e., a gene sequence lacking some, most, or all of its intron sequences. Thus, a transgene may optionally contain intron sequences. Optionally, a transgene may be a hybrid nucleic acid sequence, i.e., constructed from homologous and / or heterologous cDNA and / or genomic DNA fragments. "Mutant" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that contains one or more nucleotides that differ from the wild-type or naturally occurring sequence, i.e., a mutant nucleic acid sequence contains substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions of one or more nucleotides. Nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions can produce gene products (i.e., proteins or nucleic acids) whose amino acid / nucleic acid sequence differs from the wild-type amino acid / nucleic acid sequence. Preparation of such mutants is well known in the art. In some cases, a transgene may also include a sequence encoding a leader peptide or signal sequence, such that the transgene product is secreted from the cell.

[0098] The transgene, which the nucleic acid expression cassettes described herein can contain, generally encodes a gene product such as an RNA or a polypeptide (protein).

[0099] In an embodiment, the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein. The therapeutic protein may be a secretable protein. Non-limiting examples of secretable proteins, particularly secretable therapeutic proteins, include glucosidases, follistatin, clotting factors, such as factor VIII or factor IX, insulin, erythropoietin, lipoprotein lipase, antibodies or nanobodies, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, plasma factors, and the like. The therapeutic protein may be a structural protein. Non-limiting examples of structural proteins, particularly structural therapeutic proteins, include myotubularin, dysferlin, follistatin, microdystrophin 1, dystrophin, and sarcoglycan. In a preferred embodiment, the transgene comprises the microdystrophin 1 (MD1 and MD2) gene, or the follistatin (FST) gene, preferably an exon-omitted construct of follistatin.A non-exhaustive and non-limiting list of transgenes contemplated in the present application includes angiogenic factors, such as VEGF, PlGF, or guidance molecules, such as ephrins, semaphorins, slits and netrins, or their cognate receptors, for therapeutic angiogenesis; cytokines and / or growth factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO), interferon-α, interferon-β, interferon-γ, interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 7 (IL-7), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 9 (IL-9), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 11 (IL-12), interleukin 12 (IL-13), interleukin 13 (IL-14), interleukin 14 (IL-15), interleukin 15 (IL-16), interleukin 16 (IL-17), interleukin 17 (IL-18), interleukin 18 (IL-19), interleukin 19 (IL-20), interleukin 20 (IL-21), interleukin 22 (IL-22), interleukin 23 (IL-24), interleukin 25 (IL-25), interleukin 26 (IL-26), interleukin 27 (IL-27), interleukin 28 (IL-28), interleukin 29 (IL-29), interleukin 30 (IL-30), interleukin 31 (IL-31), interleukin 32 (IL-32), interleukin 33 (IL-33), interleukin 34 ( 1), interleukin 12 (IL-12), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), proteins involved in calcium handling, e.g., SERCA (sarcoplasmic / endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase), calcineurin, microdystrophin 1 (MD1), follistatin (FST), alpha-glucosidase (GAA), myotubularin 1 (MTM1), transgene-encoded antibodies, nanobodies, antiviral dominant-negative proteins, and fragments, subunits or mutants thereof.

[0100] In embodiments, the transgene encodes an immunogenic protein, non-limiting examples of which include epitopes and antigens derived from pathogens.

[0101] As used herein, the term "immunogenic" refers to a substance or composition capable of eliciting an immune response.

[0102] Other sequences can also be incorporated into the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein, generally to further increase or stabilize expression of the transgene product (e.g., introns and / or polyadenylation sequences).

[0103] Any intron can be utilized in the expression cassettes described herein. The term "intron" encompasses any portion of a complete intron that is large enough for the nuclear splicing machinery to recognize and splice. Generally, short and functional intron sequences are preferred to keep the size of the expression cassette as small as possible, facilitating construction and manipulation of the expression cassette. In some embodiments, the intron is obtained from a gene that encodes the protein encoded by the coding sequence in the expression cassette. An intron can be The intron may be located 5' of the coding sequence, 3' of the coding sequence, or within the coding sequence. The advantage of placing the intron 5' of the coding sequence is that it minimizes the possibility that the intron will interfere with the function of the polyadenylation signal. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette disclosed herein further comprises an intron. Non-limiting examples of suitable introns are the minute virus of mice (MVM) intron, beta globin intron (beta IVS-II), factor IX (FIX) intron A, simian virus 40 (SV40) small-t intron, and beta-actin intron.

[0104] Preferably, the intron is an MVM intron. Any polyadenylation signal that induces the synthesis of a polyA tail is useful in the expression cassettes described herein, and examples of which are well known to those skilled in the art. Exemplary polyadenylation signals include, but are not limited to, the polyA sequence derived from the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) late gene, the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation signal, the minimal rabbit-globin (mRBG) gene, and the synthetic polyA (SPA) site described in Levitt et al. (1989, Genes Dev 3:1019-1025).

[0105] Preferably, the polyadenylation signal is derived from SV40 (ie, SV40 pA).

[0106] In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a promoter, preferably selected from the group consisting of a promoter from the desmin gene or the SPc5-12 promoter, and a nucleic acid regulatory element selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-89, or a sequence having 95% identity to said sequences, operably linked to a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding luciferase. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette further comprises an MVM intron. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation signal, preferably a polyadenylation signal derived from synthetic polyA (SynthpA: SEQ ID NO: 127 and Figures 9A and B).

[0107] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a promoter, preferably a promoter from the desmin gene, and a nucleic acid regulatory element selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-89, or a sequence having 95% identity to said sequences, operably linked to a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding micro-dystrophin, an exon-omitted construct, or follistatin. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette further comprises an MVM intron. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation signal. Alternatively, any one of the following transgenes can be introduced: a secretable protein, in particular a secretable therapeutic protein, such as glucosidase, follistatin, clotting factors, such as factor VIII or factor IX, insulin, erythropoietin, lipoprotein lipase, antibodies or nanobodies, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, plasma factors, etc.; or a structural protein, such as a structural therapeutic protein, such as myotubularin, dysferlin, follistatin, microdystrophin 1, dystrophin and sarcoglycan. In an embodiment, the transgene comprises the microdystrophin 1 (MD1) gene, or the follistatin (FST) gene, preferably an exon-omitted construct of follistatin.

[0108] The nucleic acid regulatory elements and nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein may be used in this manner or, more generally, they may be part of a nucleic acid vector. Thus, a further aspect relates to the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein or the nucleic acid expression cassettes described herein in vectors, in particular nucleic acid vectors.

[0109] In one aspect, the present invention also provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein. In a further embodiment, the vector comprises a nucleic acid expression cassette disclosed herein.

[0110] The term "vector" as used in this application refers to a nucleic acid molecule, e.g., double-stranded DNA, into which another nucleic acid molecule (inserted nucleic acid molecule), such as, but not limited to, a cDNA molecule, may be inserted. A vector is used to transport an inserted nucleic acid molecule into a suitable host cell. A vector can contain the necessary elements that allow the transcription of the inserted nucleic acid molecule and, if necessary, the translation of the transcript into a polypeptide. The inserted nucleic acid molecule can originate from the host cell or can originate from a different cell or organism. Once inside the host cell, the vector can replicate independently or simultaneously with the host chromosomal DNA and generate several copies of the vector and its inserted nucleic acid molecule. The vector can be an episomal vector (i.e., not integrated into the genome of the host cell) or a vector that is integrated into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the term "vector" can also be defined as a gene delivery vehicle that facilitates gene transfer into a target cell. This definition includes both non-viral and viral vectors. Non-viral vectors include cationic lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, PEG, PEI, plasmid vectors (e.g., pUC vectors, Bluescript vectors (pBS) and pBR322, or derivatives thereof lacking bacterial sequences (minicircles)), transposon-based vectors (e.g., PiggyBac (PB) vectors or Sleeping Viral vectors are derived from viruses, including, but not limited to, retroviruses, lentiviruses, adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, hepatitis virus vectors, and the like. Generally, but not necessarily, viral vectors are replication-defective, since the viral genes essential for replication have been eliminated from the viral vector, and thus the viral vector has lost the ability to grow in a given cell. However, some viral vectors can also be adapted to replicate specifically in a given cell, such as cancer cells, and are commonly used to induce (cancer) cell-specific (cancer) lysis. Virosomes are a non-limiting example of vectors that contain both viral and non-viral elements, more specifically, they combine liposomes with inactivated HIV or influenza viruses (Yamada et al., 2003). Another example includes viral vectors mixed with cationic lipids.

[0111] In a preferred embodiment, the vector is a viral vector, for example, a retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral or adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, more preferably an AAV vector.To overcome one of the limiting steps in AAV transduction (i.e., single-stranded to double-stranded AAV conversion), AAV vector is preferably used as self-complementary double-stranded AAV vector (scAAV) (McCarty, 2001, 2003; Nathwani et al., 2002, 2006, 2011; Wu et al., 2008), and also the use of single-stranded AAV vector (ssAAV) is encompassed herein (Figure 9A and B).

[0112] To achieve efficient transduction in heart and skeletal muscle, AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) is ideally suited. Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the vector is an AAV9 vector.

[0113] AAV vector particles were generated by transient co-transfection of AAV reporter and AAV helper constructs encoding the AAV serotype 9 capsid into HEK293 cells as described (Vanden Driessche et al., 2007) and This can be achieved by a subsequent purification step based on cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation.

[0114] Because the nucleic acid regulatory elements are modular in nature, the best diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements are also tested in combination with any other muscle-specific and / or cardiac-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements to maximize expression in the desired target tissue. As a result, this can be used to treat diseases that affect skeletal muscle, the diaphragm, and in some cases, the heart as well (e.g., MTM or GSD). II) This can result in the generation of a tailor-made, versatile muscle-specific nucleic acid regulatory element platform. Furthermore, the diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory element can be combined with other promoters or nucleic acid regulatory elements that are active in other target tissues.

[0115] In other embodiments, the vector is a non-viral vector, preferably a plasmid, minicircle, or transposon-based vector, such as a Sleeping Beauty (SB)-based vector or a piggyBac (PB)-based vector.

[0116] In yet other embodiments, the vector comprises viral and non-viral elements.

[0117] In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a nucleic acid regulatory element selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-89, a promoter, preferably a promoter from the desmin gene, an MVM intron, a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding micro-dystrophin 1 / 2 or a construct with omitted exons thereof, and a polyadenylation signal. Alternatively, any one of the following transgenes can be introduced: a secretable protein, in particular a secretable therapeutic protein, such as glucosidase, follistatin, clotting factors, such as factor VIII or factor IX, insulin, erythropoietin, lipoprotein lipase, an antibody or nanobody, a growth factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, a plasma factor, etc.; or a structural protein, such as a structural therapeutic protein, such as myotubularin, dysferlin, follistatin, micro-dystrophin 1, dystrophin and sarcoglycan. In embodiments, the transgene comprises the micro-dystrophin 1 (MD1 or 2) gene, or the follistatin (FST) gene, preferably an exon-omitted construct of follistatin.

[0118] In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a nucleic acid regulatory element selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 89, a promoter, preferably a promoter from the desmin gene, an MVM intron, a transgene, preferably a transgene encoding follistatin, and a polyadenylation signal. Alternatively, any one of the following transgenes can be introduced: a secretable protein, in particular a secretable therapeutic protein, such as a glucosidase, follistatin, a clotting factor, such as factor VIII or factor IX, insulin, erythropoietin, lipoprotein lipase, an antibody or nanobody, a growth factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, a plasma factor, etc.; or a structural protein, such as a structural therapeutic protein, such as myotubularin, dysferlin, follistatin, microdystrophin 1, dystrophin and sarcoglycan. In embodiments, the transgene comprises the micro-dystrophin 1 (MD1 or 2) gene, or the follistatin (FST) gene, preferably an exon-omitted construct of follistatin.

[0119] The nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein can be used, for example, to express proteins that are normally expressed and utilized in muscle (i.e., structural proteins) or to express proteins that are expressed in muscle and then transported to the bloodstream for transport to other parts of the body (i.e., secretable proteins). For example, the expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein can be used to express therapeutic amounts of gene products (e.g., polypeptides, more particularly therapeutic proteins or RNA) for therapeutic purposes, particularly gene therapy. Generally, the gene product is encoded by a transgene in the expression cassette or vector, although in principle it is also possible to increase the expression of endogenous genes for therapeutic purposes. In an alternative example, the expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein can be used to express immunological amounts of gene products (e.g., polypeptides, more particularly immunogenic proteins or RNA) for vaccination purposes.

[0120] The nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors taught herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions with a pharma- ceutically acceptable excipient, i.e., one or more pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier substances and / or additives, such as buffers, carriers, excipients, stabilizers, etc. The pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of a kit.

[0121] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical acceptable" is consistent with the art and means compatible with other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

[0122] Thus, a further aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector as described herein.

[0123] Also disclosed herein is the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein for the manufacture of these pharmaceutical compositions.

[0124] In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition may be a vaccine. The vaccine may further comprise one or more adjuvants to enhance the immune response. Suitable adjuvants include, for example, but are not limited to, saponin, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surfactants such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil or hydrocarbon emulsions, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Corynebacterium parvum, and the synthetic adjuvant QS-21. Optionally, the vaccine may further comprise one or more immunostimulatory molecules. Non-limiting examples of immunostimulatory molecules include various cytokines, lymphokines and chemokines that have immunostimulatory, immune enhancing and proinflammatory activity, such as interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13); growth factors (e.g., granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony stimulating factor (CSF)); and other immunostimulatory molecules, such as macrophage inflammatory factor, Flt3 ligand, B7.1; B7.2, and the like.

[0125] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a nucleic acid regulatory element, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for use in medicine.

[0126] As used herein, the term "treat" or "treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, prevention of an undesirable clinical condition or disorder, whether detectable or undetectable, reduction in the incidence of a disorder, alleviation of symptoms associated with a disorder, reduction in the extent of a disorder, a stable (i.e., non-worsening) state of a disorder, a delay or slowing of the progression of a disorder, an improvement or alleviation of the state of a disorder, remission, "Treatment" can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

[0127] As used herein, the term "therapeutic treatment" or "therapy" and the like refers to a treatment the purpose of which is to bring the subject's body or elements thereof from an undesirable physiological change or disorder to a desired state, e.g., a less severe or less unpleasant state (e.g., amelioration or alleviation), or its normal, healthy state (e.g., restoring the subject's health, physical integrity and physical well-being), to keep it in said undesirable physiological change or disorder (e.g., stabilization or not worsening), or to prevent or slow the progression to a more severe or worse state compared to said undesirable physiological change or disorder.

[0128] As used herein, the terms "prevention", "prophylactic treatment" or "prophylactic treatment" and the like include preventing the onset of a disease or disorder, e.g., reducing the severity of a disease or disorder or symptoms associated therewith, before the onset of said disease or disorder. Such prevention or reduction before onset refers to administration of a nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition described herein to a patient who is not affected by overt symptoms of the disease or disorder at the time of administration. "Prevention" also includes preventing recurrence or relapse - e.g., preventing a disease or disorder after a period of improvement. In embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) described herein may be for use in gene therapy, particularly gene therapy directed to diaphragm and skeletal muscle. Alternatively, the nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4) described herein may be for use in gene therapy, in particular gene therapy directed to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart.

[0129] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) described herein for the manufacture of a drug for gene therapy, in particular for gene therapy directed to diaphragm and skeletal muscle.

[0130] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid regulatory element, nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4) described herein for the manufacture of a drug for gene therapy, in particular for gene therapy directed to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart.

[0131] Provided herein is a method for gene therapy, particularly diaphragm and skeletal muscle directed gene therapy, in a subject in need of said gene therapy, comprising: - introducing into a subject, in particular into a diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle tissue or cell of the subject, a nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition as described herein, wherein the nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing a therapeutically effective amount of the transgene product in a subject, in particular in tissues or cells of the diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle of the subject; Also disclosed is a method comprising:

[0132] Provided herein is a method for gene therapy, particularly diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart directed gene therapy, in a subject in need of said gene therapy, comprising: - introducing into a subject, in particular into diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissues or cells of the subject, a nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition as described herein, wherein the nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4) operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing a therapeutically effective amount of the transgene product in the subject, particularly in tissues or cells of the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart of the subject; Also disclosed is a method comprising:

[0133] The transgene product may be any one of the following transgenes that can be introduced: a secretable protein, in particular a secretable therapeutic protein, such as glucosidase, follistatin, clotting factors, such as factor VIII or factor IX, insulin, erythropoietin, lipoprotein lipase, antibodies or nanobodies, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, plasma factors, etc.; or a structural protein, such as a structural therapeutic protein, such as myotubularin, dysferlin, follistatin, microdystrophin 1, dystrophin and sarcoglycan. In an embodiment, the transgene comprises the microdystrophin 1 (MD1 or 2) gene, or the follistatin (FST) gene, preferably an exon-omitted construct of follistatin. In a particular embodiment, the transgene product is follistatin or microdystrophin, in particular microdystrophin 1 (MTM1). Alternatively, the transgene product may be an RNA, such as an siRNA.

[0134] Exemplary diseases and disorders that may benefit from gene therapy using the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, vectors, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein include myotubular myopathy (MTM), Pompe disease, muscular dystrophies (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) / Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)), myotonic dystrophy, myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM), Miyoshi myopathy, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, dysferlinopathy, neuromuscular disease, motor neuron disease (MMD), and the like. ND), such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), congenital muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, metabolic myopathies, muscle inflammatory diseases, myasthenia, mitochondrial myopathy, ion channel abnormalities, nuclear envelope diseases, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, distal myopathy, cardiovascular diseases, hemophilia including hemophilia A and B, and diabetes. In addition, many neuromuscular disorders affect respiratory function by weakening the diaphragm and respiratory muscles (www.medscape.com / viewarticle / 805299_3)Semin Respir Crit Care Med. June 2002; Vol. 23 (No. 3): 191-200). The causes of diaphragm disorders are varied, but they can be due to genetic defects that directly affect diaphragm function. In detail, there are multiple genetic disorders due to mutations in genes that affect the function of the diaphragm, often in conjunction with abnormalities at the level of skeletal muscles and / or the heart. For example, myotubular myopathy (MTM) affects skeletal muscles and the diaphragm due to mutations in the myotubularin gene. Patients suffering from MTM commonly present at birth with hypotonia, generalized muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency. Survival beyond the postnatal period often requires intensive support, including gastrostomy feeding and mechanical ventilation. Due to their severe respiratory distress, patients suffering from MTM generally do not survive beyond the age of 2 years. For MTM, muscle Meat-directed gene therapy is currently the only clinically significant option. Alternatively, Pompe disease (also called glycogen storage disorder type II or GSD II) primarily affects skeletal muscle, the diaphragm, and the heart. GSD II results in a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which leads to a lysosomal storage defect. GSD II patients are unable to effectively break down glycogen into glucose. The accumulation of glycogen in GSD II patients causes myopathy with progressive muscle weakness. Without medical intervention, patients suffering from the most severe form of GSD II die from respiratory failure within the first year after birth. Other muscle diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), affect roughly 1 in every 3500 male births. The disease leads to the progressive destruction of skeletal muscles, including the diaphragm, and most affected individuals die of ventilatory failure in their 30s. Many other myopathies also affect lung function, including but not limited to polymyositis / dermatomyositis, hereditary channelopathies, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, acid maltase deficiency, and congenital myopathies, disuse atrophy. Other diseases that affect the diaphragm include congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM), Miyoshi myopathy, Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy, and dysferlinosis. In addition, many neuropathic disorders also weaken the diaphragm and respiratory muscles. These include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome, Kennedy syndrome, stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, syringomyelia, neuralgic neuropathy, and motor neuron disease. Brachial plexitis and isolated unilateral or bilateral phrenic neuropathy can also significantly weaken the diaphragm. Peripheral neuropathy that affects breathing is primarily acute, e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome, porphyria, and critical illness neuropathy, but chronic diseases such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) can also cause respiratory insufficiency. Disorders of neuromuscular transmission, such as Lambert-Eaton syndrome and myasthenia gravis, often affect breathing.Alternatively, diaphragmatic dysfunction may be the result of congenital defects resulting in anatomical abnormalities (e.g., Arnold-Chiari malformation), or acquired defects resulting from injury, trauma, infection (e.g., West Nile virus, botulism), exposure to organophosphate compounds, radiation therapy, malnutrition, tumor compression, or surgery. Cold cardioplegia used in cardiac surgery is another common cause of phrenic nerve damage. Furthermore, radiation therapy can affect the phrenic nerve resulting in diaphragmatic dysfunction. Obstructive airway diseases affecting the lungs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, can result in significant hyperinflation leading to diaphragmatic damage and weakness. Finally, it is known that lupus and thyroid disorders can also contribute to diaphragmatic dysfunction.

[0135] Gene therapy protocols have been extensively described in the art. These include, but are not limited to, intramuscular injection of plasmids (naked or in liposomes), hydrodynamic gene delivery in various tissues including muscle, interstitial injection, instillation into airways, application to endothelium, intrahepatic parenchyma, and intravenous or intra-arterial administration. Various devices have been developed to enhance the availability of DNA to target cells. A simple approach is to physically contact the target cells with a catheter or implantable material containing DNA. Another approach is to utilize a needleless jet injection device that directly injects a column of liquid under high pressure into the target tissue. These delivery paradigms can also be used to deliver vectors. Another approach to targeted gene delivery is the use of molecular conjugates, which consist of proteins or synthetic ligands to which nucleic acids or DNA-binding agents are attached for specific targeting of nucleic acids to cells (Cristiano et al., 1993). In embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes, vectors or pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be for vaccines, more particularly for prophylactic vaccines.

[0136] The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a drug or a vaccine, more particularly for the preparation of a prophylactic vaccine. Also disclosed is the use of a nucleic acid regulatory element, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein for the manufacture of a nucleic acid regulatory element, a nucleic acid expression cassette, a vector, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

[0137] Provided herein is a method for vaccination, in particular prophylactic vaccination, of a subject in need thereof, comprising: - introducing into a subject, in particular into diaphragm and skeletal muscle tissues or cells of the subject, a nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition as described herein, wherein the nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing an immunologically effective amount of the transgene product in cells or tissues of the subject, particularly the diaphragm and skeletal muscle of the subject. Also disclosed is a method comprising:

[0138] Provided herein is a method for vaccination, in particular prophylactic vaccination, of a subject in need thereof, comprising: - introducing into a subject, in particular into diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissues or cells of the subject, a nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition as described herein, wherein the nucleic acid expression cassette, vector or pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4) operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing an immunologically effective amount of the transgene product in cells or tissues of the subject, particularly in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart of the subject. Also disclosed is a method comprising:

[0139] As used herein, phrases such as "subject in need of treatment" include subjects who would benefit from treatment of the recited disease or disorder. Such subjects can include, without limitation, those who have been diagnosed with the disease or disorder, those susceptible to or prone to the disease or disorder, and / or those in whom the disease or disorder is to be prevented.

[0140] The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein and refer to animals, preferably vertebrates, more preferably mammals, particularly including human patients and non-human mammals. "Mammalian" subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, livestock, commercial animals, livestock animals, zoo animals, sport animals, pets and laboratory animals, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cows, cows; primates, such as apes, monkeys, orangutans and chimpanzees; canines, such as dogs and wolves; felines, such as cats, lions and tigers; equines, such as horses, donkeys and zebras; food animals, such as cows, pigs and sheep; ungulates, such as deer and giraffes; rodents, such as mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs; and the like. A preferred patient or subject is a human subject.

[0141] As used herein, "therapeutic amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of a gene product effective to treat a disease or disorder in a subject, i.e., to obtain a desired local or systemic effect. Thus, the term refers to the amount of a gene product that elicits a biological or medicinal response sought by a researcher, veterinarian, physician or other clinician in a tissue, system, animal or human. Such an amount generally depends on the gene product and the severity of the disease, but can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, perhaps through routine experimentation.

[0142] As used herein, "immunologically effective amount" refers to an amount of a (trans)gene product that is effective to enhance a subject's immune response to subsequent exposure to the immunogen encoded by the (trans)gene. The level of induced immunity can be determined, for example, by measuring the amount of neutralizing secretory and / or serum antibodies, for example, by plaque neutralization, complement fixation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent or microneutralization assays.

[0143] Generally, the amount of (introduced) gene product expressed when using the expression cassette or vector described herein (i.e., having at least one nucleic acid regulatory element) is higher than when the same expression cassette or vector is used but without the nucleic acid regulatory element therein. More specifically, the expression is at least 2-fold higher, at least 5-fold higher, at least 10-fold higher, at least 20-fold higher, at least 30-fold higher, at least 40-fold higher, at least 50-fold higher, or even at least 60-fold higher when compared to the same nucleic acid expression cassette or vector without the nucleic acid regulatory element. Preferably, the higher expression remains specific to diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle tissues or cells. Furthermore, the expression cassettes and vectors described herein induce the expression of therapeutic amounts of gene product for a long period of time. Generally, it is envisioned that the therapeutic expression will last for at least 20 days, at least 50 days, at least 100 days, at least 200 days, and in some cases 300 days or more. Expression of a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) can be measured by any art-recognized means, such as an antibody-based assay, such as a Western blot or ELISA assay, for assessing whether therapeutic expression of the gene product is achieved. Expression of the gene product can also be measured in bioassays that detect enzymatic or biological activity of the gene product.

[0144] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid regulatory element according to SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3), or a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein comprising said nucleic acid regulatory element, for transfecting or transducing cells of the diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle.

[0145] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid regulatory element according to SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81 and 84-89 in Table 4), or a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein comprising said nucleic acid regulatory element, for transfecting or transducing diaphragm, skeletal muscle and / or cardiac cells.

[0146] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) for expressing a transgene product in cells of the diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle, wherein the nucleic acid expression cassette or vector comprises a nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein operably linked to a promoter and a transgene.

[0147] Also disclosed herein is the use of a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 in Table 4) for expressing a transgene product in cells of the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart, wherein the nucleic acid expression cassette or vector comprises a nucleic acid regulatory element disclosed herein operably linked to a promoter and a transgene.

[0148] Provided herein is a method for expressing a transgene product in diaphragm and / or skeletal muscle cells, comprising: - transfecting or transducing said cells with a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein, the nucleic acid expression cassette or vector comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 (see Dph-CRE1-7, 10-65, 82 and 83 in Table 3) operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing the transgene product in said cell Further disclosed is a method comprising:

[0149] Provided herein are methods for expressing a transgene product in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac cells, comprising: - transfecting or transducing said cell with a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein, the nucleic acid expression cassette or vector comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 (see Dph-CRE1-9, 66-81, and 84-89 in Table 4) operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; and - expressing the transgene product in said cell Further disclosed is a method comprising:

[0150] Non-viral transfection or viral vector-mediated transduction of diaphragm, heart and / or skeletal muscle cells can be performed by in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo procedures. In vitro approaches require in vitro transfection or transduction of diaphragm, heart and / or skeletal muscle cells, such as cells previously harvested from a subject, such as cell lines or cells differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic cells. Ex vivo approaches require harvesting of diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart cells from a subject, in vitro transfection or transduction, and optionally reintroduction of the transfected cells into the subject. In vivo approaches require administration of a nucleic acid expression cassette or vector disclosed herein to a subject. In a preferred embodiment, transfection of diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart cells is performed in vitro or ex vivo.

[0151] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein will have implications beyond gene therapy, for example, to transgenic models for the successful differentiation of stem cells into diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac cells, overexpression of proteins in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart, etc.

[0152] The invention is further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES

[0153] Working Example Example 1: Identification of diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements To identify highly expressed diaphragm genes, gene expression profiling of human diaphragm tissue was investigated in comparison with that of other tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart, liver, spleen and kidney. Total RNA samples extracted from each tissue were purchased from a commercial source (Table 1).

[0154] [Table 3]

[0155] Gene expression profiling was performed by RNA next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq). This method provides deep coverage and base-pair level resolution. RNA sequencing quantification has proven to be an efficient alternative to microarray technology in gene expression studies, and it is an important technique in differential expression analysis.

[0156] In this study, RNA sequencing was accomplished using an Illumina™ Hiseq 4000 Sequencing 50SE (20 clean reads per sample) by BGI (Hong Kong). All samples showed good to excellent quality with high RNA Integrity Number (RIN) index.

[0157] First, gene expression levels in diaphragm samples were ranked from highest to lowest based on RNA-seq data. The 25 highest expressed genes in diaphragm were selected. Next, gene expression profiles were compared between diaphragm with and without heart, skeletal muscle, versus other tissues to identify only genes that were highly and specifically expressed in i) diaphragm and skeletal muscle (Dph+SkM), or ii) diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart (Dph+SkM+Hrt). Based on this comparison, 18 genes that were highly and specifically expressed in diaphragm and skeletal muscle (Table 3), and 8 genes that were highly expressed in diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart (Table 4) were identified. All 25 genes (17 genes in Dph+SkM and 10 genes in Dph+SkM+Hrt: two genes, ACTA1 and CKM, overlap with the Dph+SkM group) were analyzed using ENSEMBL to find transcription start sites (TSS). These TSSs were then mapped to the UCSC Genome Browser database for the identification of nucleic acid regulatory elements. Nucleic acid regulatory elements were selected based on i) high DNase hypersensitive sites, ii) high content of epigenetic markers (i.e., acetylation, methylation) associated with open chromatin, iii) high content of transcription factor binding sites, iv) strong evolutionary conservation among vertebrates, and v) conserved transcription factor binding sites in three species (human, rat, and mouse). (Figure 1). Finally, based on these five criteria, 89 nucleic acid regulatory elements from 25 genes were identified. 65 nucleic acid regulatory elements were identified that were sequenced for high expression in diaphragm and skeletal muscle (Table 3), and 31 nucleic acid regulatory elements were identified that were sequenced for high expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart (Table 4). Seven of these are common CREs and therefore present in both tables.

[0158] [Table 4]

[0159] Example 2: In vivo comparison of the desmin promoter. Experimental procedure AAV vectors containing the muscle-specific regulatory element Sk-SH4 were generated by the protocol described in Example 3. Briefly, the muscle-specific regulatory element Sk-SH4 was synthesized by conventional oligonucleotide synthesis and cloned upstream of the human desmin 1.4 kb promoter (SEQ ID NO: 92), the human desmin 1.0 kb promoter (SEQ ID NO: 91) or the mouse desmin promoter (SEQ ID NO: 90) in the context of the AAV vector backbone AAVsc-hDes1.4 kb-MVM-Luc, AAVsc-hDes1.0 kb-MVM-Luc or AAVsc-mDes-MVM-Luc, respectively.

[0160] Adult CB17 / IcrTac / Prkdc SCID (SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency) mice were treated with 1 × 10 10 The mice were intravenously injected at a dose of 1000 mg / mouse (n=5).

[0161] Mice were sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks after vector injection and cultured in different muscle types (biceps, Muscles (diaphragm, gastrocnemius, heart, quadriceps, tibialis and triceps) were isolated and quantified using bioluminescence imaging as described in Keyaerts M1, Caveliers V, Lahoutte T. Trends Mol Med. 2012 March;18(3):164-72. doi:10.1016 / j.molmed.2012.01.005. Epub 2012 February 8. Bioluminescence imaging:looking beyond the light.

[0162] result Comparison of luciferase expression induced by the different AAV vectors, quantified as photon signal, shows that the expression cassette containing Sk-SH4-hDES1.0kb or Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb, especially Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb, leads to higher luciferase expression compared to the expression cassette containing Sk-SH4-mDES in different muscle types in mice (biceps, diaphragm, gastrocnemius, cardiac, quadriceps, tibialis and triceps) (Figure 4). Example 3: In vivo validation of Dph-CRE AAV vector backbone (e.g., pAAV SC or pAAV SS To drive expression of reporter genes in the diaphragm, selected top diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements (see Tables 3 and 4) were cloned upstream of a promoter that is active in muscle, diaphragm and, optionally, heart tissue (e.g., the mouse or human desmin promoter (DES, more preferably mDES, hDES1.0 kb or hDES1,4 kb as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 90-92, respectively) or the SPc5-12 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 124)). Other promoters of genes highly expressed in the diaphragm can also be used. Additionally, other muscle specific promoters such as muscle creatine kinase promoter (MCK) (Wang B et al., 2008), alpha-myosin heavy chain (a-MHC), myosin light chain (MLC-2) or cardiac troponin C (cTnC), myogenin MYF4 promoter (Pacak CA et al.; 2008) or viral promoters such as the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) promoter (Suga T et al., Plos One 2011) are all potential promoters that can be used for cloning downstream of the diaphragm nucleic acid regulatory element.

[0163] The plasmid also contains the Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) intron (SEQ ID NO: 125) and a polyadenylation site (pA), such as the Simian Virus 40 polyadenylation site (SEQ ID NO: 126) or a synthetic polyA site (SEQ ID NO: 127). This leads to the general AAV backbone pAAV-Dph-CRE01-89-Des / SPc-promoter-MVM-intron-transgene / reporter gene-pA (Figure 8A).

[0164] Some of these backbones were further supplemented with a muscle / heart CRE, such as those disclosed in WO2015 / 110449. This leads to the AAV backbone pAAV-CSk / Sk-CRE-Dph-CRE01-89-Des / SPc-promoter-MVM-intron-transgene / reporter-pA (FIG. 8B) or pAAV-Dph-CRE01-89-Sk / CSk-CRE-Des / SPc-promoter-MVM-intron-transgene / reporter-pA (FIG. 8c), where Sk-CRE / CSk-CRE is any one of the CREs disclosed in WO2015 / 110449, preferably the skeletal muscle CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121), or the skeletal and cardiac CREs CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) and CSk-SH1 (SEQ ID NO: 123) regulatory elements.

[0165] The reporter gene is preferably a luciferase reporter gene, and the transgenes tested below are the human GAA and MTM1 genes or their codon-optimized variants (see Example 4).

[0166] To study the effect of Dph-CRE on tissue-specific expression, the following AAV vector backbone was used: - For Dph-CRE from Table 3: pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb-MVM-Luciferase-pA - for Dph-CRE from Table 4: pAAVss-CSk-SH5-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-Luciferase-pA, Here, a different Dph-CRE is cloned before or after the Sk-SH4 or CSk-SH5 CRE.

[0167] Generation of AAV vector particles was achieved by transient co-transfection of AAV reporter and AAV helper constructs encoding AAV serotype 9 capsids into HEK293 cells, followed by a purification step based on cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation, as previously described (Vanden Driessche et al., 2007 J Thromb Haemost 5:16-24), which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.

[0168] Briefly, 2 days after transfection, cells were harvested and vector particles were purified using isopycnic centrifugation. Harvested cells were lysed by successive freeze-thaw cycles and sonication, treated with benzonase (Novagen, Madison, WI) and deoxycholate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then subjected to three successive rounds of cesium chloride (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) density gradient ultracentrifugation. Fractions containing AAV vectors were collected, concentrated in 1 mM MgCl2 in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Gibco, BRL), and stored at -80°C.

[0169] Vector titers (number of viral genomes (vg) per ml) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR Green mix (containing SYBR Green dye, Taqman polymerase, ROX and dNTPs all in one) and luciferase-specific primers in an ABI7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystem, Foster city, CA, USA). The forward and reverse primers used were 5'-CCCACCGTCGTATTCGTGAG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 128) and 5'-TCAGGGCGATGGTTTTGTCCC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 129), respectively.

[0170] Typically, for all vectors, 1.5–6.1 × 10 cells were obtained from small production batches of 20 producer cells in Petri dishes. 11 Titers in the range of 10 vg / ml of AAV particles were achieved. When more dishes of producer cells, such as 60 dishes, were used, titers of AAV particles were typically 10 per ml. 12 ~10 13 Higher titers in the gc range were achieved. The known copy numbers (10 2 ~10 7 ) was used to generate a standard curve.

[0171] All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. All mice were housed in specific pathogen-free conditions. Food and water were provided ad libitum.

[0172] Four-week-old immunodeficient CB17-SCID mice (Janvier, France) were injected intravenously (i.v.) with purified AAV vectors at different vector doses, and the identity of most robust diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements was determined by quantifying reporter gene expression. Different muscle tissues (biceps, diaphragm, gastrocnemius, heart, quadriceps, tibialis, and triceps) were quantified using bioluminescence imaging. Whole-body bioluminescence was performed approximately 1 week after AAV injection, and organ bioluminescence was performed approximately 3 weeks after AAV injection.

[0173] Luciferase expression induced by the different AAV vectors, quantified as photon signal, is shown in Figure 5A-5I for Dph-CRE-02, -58, -59, -60, -64, -21, -41, -18, -04, -06 for the Sk-SH4 backbone and for Dph-CRE-77, -02, -04, -06, -69, -70, -71, -66, -68 and -07 for the CSk-SH5 backbone. All 20 tested Dph-CREs ​​show increased expression relative to baseline expression using Sk-SH4-hDES1,4kb or CSk-SH5-SPc5-12 backbones. 100% of the diaphragm CREs tested showed enhanced luciferase expression. In particular, Dph-CRE-02, 21 and 64 show particularly higher expression levels compared to the Sk-SH4-hDES1,4 kb backbone, and Dph-CRE-04, -02 and -06 show particularly higher expression levels compared to the CSk-SH5-SPc5-12 kb backbone.

[0174] Individual screening of 20 diaphragm CREs clearly demonstrated successful generation of (Diaphragm CRE + Skeletal CRE) and (Diaphragm CRE + Skeletal / Heart CRE) synergistic CRE combinations that led to robust gene expression in the diaphragm and skeletal muscle and / or heart higher than with any conventional vector designs currently used in clinical trials or envisioned for future trials.

[0175] The experiments show that the skeletal muscle-specific CRE (Sk-SH4) leads to a robust increase in reporter (or transgene) expression in vivo when compared to a control without a muscle-specific CRE (hDES1.4kb). In particular, the diaphragm-specific CREs (Dph-CRE64, CRE02 and CRE21) coupled to the muscle-specific CRE (Sk-SH4) act synergistically as a composite module, leading to extremely high levels of enhanced luciferase expression in vivo. Other Dph CREs (60, 58, 04, 18, 41, 69, 06) also showed moderate enhancement of luciferase gene expression.

[0176] Similarly, the composite cardiac / skeletal muscle-specific CRE (CSk-SH5) led to a robust increase in luciferase expression in vivo when compared to the control without the CSk-SH5 CRE but only the SPc5-12-GTRM promoter driving the luciferase gene. Furthermore, we showed that the diaphragm-specific CRE (Dph-CRE04, 02 and 06) acted synergistically when coupled to the composite cardiac / skeletal muscle-specific CRE (CSk-SH5), leading to extremely high levels of enhancement of luciferase expression in vivo. Other Dph CREs (77, 70, 66, 71, 69, 68, 07) showed moderate levels of enhancement of luciferase gene expression.

[0177] Dph-CRE64 showed the greatest increase in luciferase gene expression when combined with the Sk-SH4 muscle CRE driven by the human desmin 1.4 kb promoter. There is a clear synergistic effect of the diaphragm CRE in combination with the muscle CRE.

[0178] Dph-CRE04 showed the greatest increase in luciferase gene expression when combined with the CSk-SH5 muscle CRE driven by the synthetic SPc5-12 promoter. There is a clear synergistic effect of the diaphragm CRE in combination with the muscle CRE.

[0179] This demonstrates that CREs can act synergistically in a modular manner. The individual organ data confirmed the whole body data. In diaphragm tissue, the most robust expression was observed for the diaphragm CRE group in combination with the Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb expression cassette. The diaphragm CREs are: CRE02, CRE64, CRE60 and CRE21, which lead to a 400-600-fold enhancement of luciferase expression when compared to luciferase expression driven by the human desmin 1.4kb promoter alone (normalized to hDes1.4kb, fold differences are shown in the lower numbers above the graph on the left side of Figure 5A). This 400-600-fold increase in luciferase expression is the contribution of the diaphragm CREs in combination with the muscle CRE (Sk-SH4). When normalized to Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb, up to 10-fold enhancement of luciferase expression can be detected from these four robust diaphragm CREs (fold differences are shown in the upper numbers above the graph on the left side of Figure 5A). This 10-fold difference is the contribution of each individual diaphragm CRE driven from this expression cassette.

[0180] Similarly, for the group of diaphragm CREs combined with the CSk-SH5-SPc5-12-GTRM expression cassette, the diaphragm CREs that are the most robust are: CRE02, CRE04, and CRE06, which lead to an approximately 300-fold enhancement of luciferase expression when compared to luciferase expression driven by the SPc5-12-GTRM promoter alone (normalized to SPc5-12-GTRM, the fold difference is shown in the lower number above the graph on the right side of Figure 5A). This 300-fold increase in luciferase expression is the contribution of the diaphragm CRE combined with the muscle / heart CRE (CSk-SH5). When normalized to CSk-SH5-SPc5-12-GTRM, up to a 23- to 25-fold enhancement of luciferase expression can be detected from these three robust diaphragm CREs (the fold difference is shown in the upper number above the graph on the right side of Figure 5A). This 23- to 25-fold enhancement is the sole contribution from individual diaphragmatic CREs.

[0181] For other muscle tissues, perform similar comparisons: Figure 5B) Expression in quadriceps, Figure 5C) Expression in gastrocnemius, Figure 5D) Expression in tibialis, Figure 5E) Expression in biceps, Figure 5F) Expression in triceps, Figure 5G) Expression in heart, Figure 5H) specificity of diaphragm CRE (predominantly expressed in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart but not other tissues). The numbering of diaphragm CRE corresponds to the numbering in Tables 3 and 4 (Figure 5I). Example 4: Codon optimization of the therapeutic genes GAA and MTM1 Experimental procedure Generation of AAV plasmid constructs The human alpha-glucosidase (hGAA) gene and human myotubularin 1 (hMTM1) gene were codon-optimized using Gene Optimizer (GeneArt, Life technologies, Germany).

[0182] Wild-type human alpha-glucosidase (hGAA; SEQ ID NO: 93) and the codon-optimized hGAA gene (hGAAco; SEQ ID NO: 94) flanked by BsiWI and XmaJI restriction sites at the 5' and 3' ends were cloned and driven by the SPc5-12 promoter operably linked to the regulatory element CSk-SH5.

[0183] On the other hand, wild-type human myotubularin 1 (hMTM1; SEQ ID NO: 95) and codon-optimized hMTM1 (hMTM1co; SEQ ID NO: 96) genes flanked by BsiWI and XmaJI restriction sites at the 5' and 3' ends were cloned and promoted from hDES1.4kb (SEQ ID NO: 92) operably linked to the regulatory element Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121).

[0184] The Sk-SH4 regulatory element (SEQ ID NO: 121) operably linked to the hDES 1.4 kb promoter (SEQ ID NO: 92) or the CSk-SH5 regulatory element (SEQ ID NO: 122) operably linked to the SPc5-12 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 124) were cloned upstream of the MVM intron (SEQ ID NO: 125) in the context of a single-stranded adeno-associated viral vector (AAVss) backbone. The vectors were modified with a 49 bp synthetic polyadenylation site ( Levitt N et al., 1989) (SEQ ID NO: 127). The resulting construct was pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1 pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co pAAVss-CSk-SH5-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAA pAAVss-CSk-SH5-SPc5-12-MVM-hGAAco It was named. AAV vector generation and purification AAV vector production and purification was carried out as described in Example 2. Animal studies All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. All mice were housed in specific pathogen-free conditions. Food and water were provided ad libitum.

[0185] Concentrated vector (5 × 10 11 vg / mouse) was injected into the tail vein of 4-week-old CB.17-SCID mice (Janvier, France). Four to five weeks after injection, mice were euthanized and individual organs were analyzed to assess mRNA and protein expression. hGAA(co) and hMTM1(co) ELISA For all GAA and MTM1 ELISAs, protocols are followed as indicated by the manufacturer's instructions. Both kits (MyBiosources) require PBS as a protein extraction cocktail. To inhibit protease activity and maximize sample quality, add a protease inhibitor cocktail (Invitrogen, USA).

[0186] For each ELISA, 50 mg of tissue was taken from frozen storage. Then, 500 μL of cold PBS containing protease inhibitors was added to the tissue, which was then homogenized with Matrix D (MPBio) for 3 cycles of 20 seconds each. The lysates were then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4°C. The supernatants were collected and either treated as indicated by each ELISA kit or stored at -20°C until analysis. mRNA analysis For qRT-PCR, 30–50 mg of sample was removed from frozen storage. Samples were homogenized using Matrix D (MPBio) for 2 cycles of 20 s. RNA was then extracted using an RNA Nucleospin (Macherey-Nagel). cDNA was synthesized using the SuperScript III cDNA Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA was then synthesized using the ABI cDNA was amplified by quantitative qPCR on a 7700 (Applied Biosystems, USA). Primer sequences for each gene are listed in the table below. Target Primer Sequence Amplicon Size (bp) SEQ ID NO. hGAA F TGCCCTCGCAGTATATCACAG 129 140 R GAGACCCGTAGAGGTTCGC 141 hGAAco F ACCCCTTCATGCCTCCTTAT 148 142 RTCCATGTAGTCAGGTCGTT 143 hMTM1 F GTTTGAGATCCTCACGAGATACG 96 144 R GTCCATCCATCCACGTTAAACTT 145 hMTM1co F GGCAAGAGAAACAAGGACGA 150 146 RGGCATCGTCGGACTCATATC 147 result hGAA(co) expression Quantitative RT-PCR was used to characterize the CB.17-SCs injected with SPc-hGAAco, CSk-SH5-SPc-hGAAco and CSk-SH5-SPc-hGAA constructs. We investigated the expression of hGAA and hGAAco genes in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius and heart of CB.17-SCID mice. The results show that CSk-SH5 can increase the expression of hGAAco mRNA by 16.9, 9.8 and 14.2-fold in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius and heart of CB.17-SCID mice, respectively (Figure 6a). Furthermore, Figure 6b shows that compared with wild-type hGAA, the codon-optimized hGAA sequence itself improves the translation efficiency in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius and heart of CB.17-SCID mice, resulting in more than two-fold higher hGAA protein expression. hMTM1(co)expression Quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA were used to investigate the expression of hMTM1 and hMTM1co genes in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles of CB.17-SCID mice injected with hDES1.4kb-hMTM1co, Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb-hMTM1co and Sk-SH4-hDES1.4kb-hMTM1 constructs. The results show that Sk-SH4 can increase the expression of hMTM1co mRNA by 5.3 and 3.2-fold in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles of CB.17-SCID mice, respectively (Figure 7A). Furthermore, Figure 7B shows that compared with wild-type hMTM1, the codon-optimized hMTM1 sequence can alone improve the translation efficiency in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles of CB.17-SCID mice, resulting in 2-4 times higher hMTM1 protein expression. Example 5: Prototype AAV vectors for MTM and GSD-II for potential clinical trials for MTM and GSD II associated diseases.

[0187] The prototype AAV vector for MTM (Figure 9a) was designed to maximize transcription and translation of MTM1. Transcription was enhanced by coupling the diaphragm CRE (Dia-CRE) to a previously identified skeletal muscle CRE (Sk-SH4). These elements were cloned upstream of the 1.4 kb human desmin promoter to drive expression of a human biased codon usage optimized human MTM1 gene (hMTM1co) combined with the minute virus of mice (MVM) intron and a synthetic polyadenylation site (Synth polyA).

[0188] The prototype AAV vector for GSD-II (Figure 9b) was designed to maximize transcription and translation of GAA. Transcription was enhanced by coupling the diaphragm CRE (Dia-CRE) to a previously identified cardiac / skeletal muscle CRE (CSk-SH5). These elements were cloned upstream of the synthetic SPc5-12-GTRM promoter to drive expression of a human biased codon usage optimized human GAA gene (hGAAco) combined with the minute virus of mouse (MVM) intron and human acid α-glucosidase gene (hGAAco) and a synthetic polyadenylation site (Synth polyA).

[0189] The following ten different AAV constructs will be evaluated for in vivo expression of therapeutic genes in mice, with the best performing ones being targeted for preclinical or Phase I clinical trials: 1) pAAVss-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, no muscle CRE Sk-SH4, only Desmin1.4kb promoter driving MTM1 gene expression + MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 135) 2) pAAVss-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, no muscle CRE Sk-SH4, + Des1.4kb + codon-optimized MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 134) 3) pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE Sk-SH4 + Des1.4kb + MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 137) 4)pAAVss-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-Sy nthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE Sk-SH4 + Des1.4kb + codon-optimized MTM1) (SEQ ID NO: 136) 5) pAAVss-CRE64-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA (containing the best-selected diaphragm CRE64 in combination with muscle CRE Sk-SH4) (SEQ ID NO: 131) 6) pAAVss-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAA-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, no muscle CRE, only the SPc5-12-GTRM promoter driving GAA gene expression) (SEQ ID NO: 139) 7) pAAVss-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (no diaphragm, no muscle CRE CSk-SH5, + SPc5-12-GTRM + codon-optimized GAA) (SEQ ID NO: 138) 8) pAAVss-CSk-SH5-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAA-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE CSk-SH5+SPc5-12-GTRM+GAA) (SEQ ID NO: 133) 9) pAAVss-CSk-SH5-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (no diaphragm CRE, + muscle CRE CSk-SH5 + SPc5-12-GTRM + codon-optimized GAA) (SEQ ID NO: 132) 10) pAAVss-CRE04-CSK-SH5-SPc-5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA (containing the best selection diaphragm CRE04 combined with muscle CRE CSk-SH5) (SEQ ID NO: 130) Since myotubular myopathy (MTM) patients do not have cardiac problems, it is not intended to target the heart for the treatment of this disease. For this, we used Sk-SH4CRE with human desmin1,4 kb promoter cassette in combination with Dia-CRE64 to express the MTM1 gene or codon-optimized MTM1co in diaphragm and skeletal muscle tissues.

[0190] Since Pompe patients also suffer from cardiac problems, it is also important to target the heart. For this, CSk-SH5 CRE in combination with Dia-CRE04 is used with a synthetic SPc5-12 promoter cassette to express a therapeutic GAA gene or a codon-optimized GAAco gene, as this combination leads to very robust expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues. Example 6: In vivo validation of prototype AAV vectors pAAVss-CRE04-CSk-SH5-SPc-5-12GTRM-MVM-hGAAco-SynthpA and pAAVss-CRE64-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA.

[0191] 5×10 AAV backbones containing the diaphragm-specific regulatory elements CRE04 (defined by SEQ ID NO:4) or CRE64 (defined by SEQ ID NO:64) combined with the muscle-specific Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO:121) or cardiac / muscle-specific CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO:122) regulatory elements, respectively, were 10 CB17-SCID pups were injected with a dose of 1000 mg / mouse. At 8 weeks post-injection, organs were removed for total RNA extraction using AllPrep DNA / RNA Mini Kit (Qaigen) as per manufacturer's instructions. RNA was reverse transcribed using Superscript VI cDNA synthesis kit (ThermoFisher). cDNA from each organ was then submitted to perform qRT-PCR using hGAA, hGAAco, hMTM1 or hMTM1co therapeutic gene specific primers. Relative expression (2 ΔΔCtThe mGapdh gene was used as an internal standard for normalization resulting in

[0192] AAV containing a combination of diaphragm-specific CRE04 and skeletal muscle and heart-specific CSk-SH5 (AAVss-CRE04-CskSH5-SPc5-12GTRM-MVM-h GAAco-SynthpA (SEQ ID NO: 130) increased the expression of hGAAco in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, tibialis and heart by at least 17-fold compared to the control (FIG. 10).

[0193] An AAV containing the diaphragm-specific CRE64 and Sk-SH4 combination (referred to as Sk-CRM4 in the figure - AAVss-CRE64-Sk-SH4-hDes1.4kb-MVM-hMTM1co-SynthpA (sequence number 131)) increased the expression of hMTM1co in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, tibialis and heart by at least 2.6-fold compared to the control (Figure 11).

Claims

1. 1. Use of a nucleic acid regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, 600 nucleotides or 550 nucleotides, for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue, said nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 4, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to said sequence, a complementary sequence to said sequence, or a sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid regulatory element.

2. 13. A nucleic acid expression cassette comprising at least one, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more, nucleic acid regulatory element of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter, wherein the promoter is a diaphragm, heart and / or skeletal muscle specific promoter of any one of genes selected from the group consisting of SPc5-12, MYL2, MB, DES, TNNC1, TCAP, MYH7, ALDA and TPM1.

3. The nucleic acid expression cassette of claim 2 , wherein the nucleic acid regulatory element is operably linked to a promoter and a transgene.

4. The nucleic acid expression cassette of claim 2 or 3, wherein the promoter is SPc5-12.

5. The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic or immunogenic protein.

6. The nucleic acid expression cassette of any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the transgene encodes a secretable or structural protein, such as acid glucosidase (GAA), myotubularin (MTM1), follistatin, dystrophin, sarcoglycan or dysferlin.

7. 7. The nucleic acid expression cassette of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the transgene encodes an acid glucosidase (GAA) as defined by SEQ ID NO:93, more preferably the codon-optimized human acid glucosidase gene (hGAAco) as defined by SEQ ID NO:

94.

8. The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 7, further comprising an intron, preferably a Minute Virus of Mouse (MVM) intron.

9. The nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 8, further comprising a polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyadenylation signal (SEQ ID NO: 127) or a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation signal.

10. A vector comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 9.

11. The vector according to claim 10, which is a viral vector, preferably an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, more preferably an AAV9 vector.

12. Non-viral vectors, preferably plasmids, minicircles, episomal vectors or 11. The vector of claim 10, wherein said vector is a transposon-based vector, such as a PiggyBac-based vector or a Sleeping Beauty-based vector.

13. The vector of claim 10 or 11, further comprising a cardiac-specific CRE CSk-SH5 (SEQ ID NO: 122) before or after the nucleic acid regulatory element.

14. 14. The vector of any one of claims 10, 11 or 13, comprising the CRE-CSk-SH5 regulatory element, a nucleic acid regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, 600 nucleotides or 550 nucleotides, comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:4, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to said sequence, a complement of said sequence, or a sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to said nucleic acid regulatory element, an MVM intron, an SPc5-12 promoter, a human GAA transgene (SEQ ID NO:93) or a codon optimized variant thereof (SEQ ID NO:94), and a synthetic polyA site (SEQ ID NO:127).

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 9 or the vector according to any one of claims 10 to 14, and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier.

16. A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 9, a vector according to any one of claims 10 to 14 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 for use in medicine.

17. The nucleic acid expression cassette of any one of claims 2 to 9, the vector of any one of claims 10 to 14 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 for use in the treatment of Pompe disease.

18. A nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 9, a vector according to any one of claims 10 to 14 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 for use as a vaccine, preferably a prophylactic vaccine, or for use in a vaccination therapy, preferably a prophylactic vaccination.

19. A method for expressing a transgene product in cells of the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart, preferably an in vitro or ex vivo method, comprising: - introducing into said cell a nucleic acid expression cassette according to any one of claims 2 to 9 or a vector according to any one of claims 10 to 14, comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element according to claim 1; and - expressing said transgene product in said cell The method includes:

20. 1. Use of a nucleic acid regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, 600 nucleotides or 550 nucleotides, for enhancing gene expression in diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart tissue, said nucleic acid regulatory element comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 64, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any of these sequences, a complementary sequence of said sequence, or a sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid regulatory element.

21. A nucleic acid expression cassette comprising at least one, for example one, two, three, four, five or more, of the nucleic acid regulatory element described in claim 20, and an intron, preferably a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron; operably linked to a promoter and a transgene; the promoter is DES, preferably hDES 1.4kb; and the transgene encodes myotubularin (MTM1) defined by SEQ ID NO:95, preferably codon-optimized human myotubularin (hMTM1co) defined by SEQ ID NO:

96.

22. 22. The nucleic acid expression cassette of claim 21, further comprising a polyadenylation signal, preferably a synthetic polyadenylation signal (SEQ ID NO: 127) or a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation signal.

23. 23. A vector comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette of claim 21 or 22, which is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, preferably an AAV9 vector.

24. The vector of claim 23, further comprising a cardiac-specific CRE Sk-SH4 (SEQ ID NO: 121) before or after the nucleic acid regulatory element.

25. 25. The vector of claim 23 or 24, comprising a CRE-Sk-SH4 regulatory element, a Dph-CRE64 nucleic acid regulatory element of claim 20, an MVM intron, a DES promoter, a human MTM1 transgene (SEQ ID NO: 95) or a codon-optimized variant thereof (SEQ ID NO: 96), and a synthetic polyA site (SEQ ID NO: 127).

26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette of claim 21 or 22 or the vector of any one of claims 23 to 25, and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier.

27. A nucleic acid expression cassette according to claim 21 or 22, a vector according to any one of claims 23 to 25 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 26 for use in medicine.

28. A nucleic acid expression cassette according to claim 21 or 22, a vector according to any one of claims 23 to 25 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 26 for use in the treatment of myotubular myopathy.

29. A nucleic acid expression cassette according to claim 21 or 22, a vector according to any one of claims 23 to 25 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 26 for use as a vaccine, preferably a prophylactic vaccine, or for use in a vaccination therapy, preferably a prophylactic vaccination.

30. A method for expressing a transgene product in cells of the diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart, preferably an in vitro or ex vivo method, comprising: - introducing into said cell a nucleic acid expression cassette according to claim 21 or 22 or a vector according to any one of claims 23 to 25, comprising a nucleic acid regulatory element having a maximum length of 1000 nucleotides, preferably 800 nucleotides, more preferably 700 nucleotides, 600 nucleotides or 550 nucleotides, comprising a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 64, a sequence having at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, such as 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity thereto, a complementary sequence of said sequence, or a sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to said nucleic acid regulatory element; and - expressing said transgene product in said cell The method includes:

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