Ink jet printer

Abstract

To provide an ink jet printer capable of continuing printing operation even during replacement work of a main tank in the ink jet printer which includes an ink jet head discharging ink, a sub-tank housing ink to be supplied for the ink jet head, and the main tank housing ink to be supplied for the sub-tank.SOLUTION: An ink jet printer 1 includes: an ink jet head 5; a sub-tank 11; a main tank 17; a buffer tank 18 disposed in a piping path between the sub-tank 11 and the main tank 17 and storing ink; a pump 19 disposed in the piping path between the sub-tank 11 and the buffer tank 18; and a check valve 20 which is disposed in parallel to the buffer tank 18 in a piping path between the main tank 17 and the pump 19 and allows an ink flow only in the direction going from the main tank 17 to the pump 19.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an inkjet printer for printing on a medium. [Background technology]

[0002] Conventionally, inkjet printers that print on media such as paper are known (see, for example, Patent Document 1). The inkjet printer described in Patent Document 1 includes an inkjet head that ejects ink, a carriage on which the inkjet head is mounted, a subtank that contains ink to be supplied to the inkjet head, a main tank that contains ink to be supplied to the subtank, and an ink pump for sending ink from the main tank to the subtank. The subtank is mounted on the carriage. The main tank is detachably attached to the body frame of the inkjet printer. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] JP 2020-116813 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] In the inkjet printer described in Patent Document 1, when the ink in the main tank runs out, the main tank is replaced. In this inkjet printer, ink cannot be supplied from the main tank to the subtank during the main tank replacement work, so the printing operation of the inkjet printer cannot be continued. In other words, in the inkjet printer described in Patent Document 1, the printing operation of the inkjet printer must be interrupted during the main tank replacement work.

[0005] Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an inkjet printer that is equipped with an inkjet head that ejects ink, a subtank that contains the ink supplied to the inkjet head, and a main tank that contains the ink supplied to the subtank, and that is capable of continuing printing operations even during replacement of the main tank. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] In order to solve the above problems, the inkjet printer of the present invention is characterized by comprising an inkjet head that ejects ink, a subtank that contains ink to be supplied to the inkjet head, a main tank that contains ink to be supplied to the subtank, a buffer tank that is arranged in a piping path between the subtank and the main tank and contains ink, a pump that is arranged in the piping path between the subtank and the buffer tank, and a check valve that is arranged in parallel to the buffer tank in the piping path between the main tank and the pump and allows ink to flow only in the direction from the main tank toward the pump.

[0007] The inkjet printer of the present invention includes a buffer tank disposed in the piping between the sub tank and the main tank. Therefore, in the present invention, even during replacement of the main tank, ink can be supplied from the buffer tank to the sub tank. Therefore, in the present invention, even during replacement of the main tank, the inkjet printer can continue to print.

[0008] Here, in the present invention, for example, if the consumption of ink ejected from the inkjet head increases to perform high-density printing, increasing the amount of ink flowing from the buffer tank to the subtank per unit time, or if a low-temperature environment causes the viscosity of the ink to increase and the amount of ink flowing from the main tank to the buffer tank per unit time to decrease, the supply of ink from the main tank to the buffer tank during printing may not be able to keep up, and the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank may become small during printing. On the other hand, in the present invention, a pump is disposed in the piping path between the subtank and the buffer tank to supply ink from the buffer tank to the subtank, so if the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank becomes small during printing and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank to the subtank, it may become difficult to perform proper printing with the inkjet printer.

[0009] However, the inkjet printer of the present invention is provided with a check valve that is arranged in parallel with the buffer tank in the piping path between the main tank and the pump and that allows ink to flow only in the direction from the main tank toward the pump. Therefore, in this invention, even if the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank becomes low during printing and ink can no longer be supplied from the buffer tank to the subtank, ink can still be supplied from the main tank to the subtank via the check valve. Therefore, in this invention, even if the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank becomes low during printing and ink can no longer be supplied from the buffer tank to the subtank, it is possible for the inkjet printer to continue proper printing operations.

[0010] In the present invention, the inkjet printer preferably includes an on-off valve disposed in the piping between the main tank and the buffer tank. With this configuration, the main tank can be replaced with the on-off valve closed. This makes it easier to replace the main tank.

[0011] In the present invention, it is preferable that ink is supplied from the main tank to the buffer tank by the head difference. This configuration allows the inkjet printer to be simplified compared to a case where a pump is installed in the piping path between the main tank and the buffer tank. On the other hand, compared to a case where ink is supplied from the main tank to the buffer tank by a pump, when ink is supplied from the main tank to the buffer tank by the head difference, it becomes difficult to supply ink to the buffer tank, and there is a high possibility that the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank will become small during printing. However, in the present invention, it is possible to continue the appropriate printing operation of the inkjet printer even if the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank becomes small during printing.

[0012] In the present invention, for example, the buffer tank is an ink pack formed in a bag shape. In this case, when the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank becomes small, the buffer tank, which is an ink pack, collapses.

[0013] In the present invention, the inkjet printer preferably includes a second on-off valve disposed in a piping path between the subtank and the pump, and a third on-off valve disposed in a piping path having one end connected to the piping path between the second on-off valve and the pump and the other end connected to the main tank. With this configuration, it is possible to form a circulation path for ink passing through the main tank and the buffer tank by closing the second on-off valve and opening the third on-off valve. Therefore, it is possible to circulate ink in the circulation path by driving the pump with the second on-off valve closed and the third on-off valve open, and as a result, it is possible to suppress settling of ink particles in the main tank and the buffer tank.

[0014] In the present invention, the inkjet printer preferably includes an on-off valve disposed in the piping path between the main tank and the buffer tank. With this configuration, it becomes possible to replace the main tank with the on-off valve closed. Therefore, it becomes possible to easily replace the main tank. Also, with this configuration, if the on-off valve and the second on-off valve are closed and the third on-off valve is open, the ink in the buffer tank can be discharged to the main tank by driving the pump. Therefore, for example, when it becomes necessary to replace the buffer tank, it becomes possible to discharge the ink in the buffer tank.

[0015] In the present invention, it is preferable that the inkjet printer is provided with a detection mechanism for detecting the volume of ink contained in the main tank, and the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank is indirectly detected by the detection mechanism. With this configuration, it is possible to detect the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank even if a mechanism for detecting the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank is not provided. Therefore, it is possible to simplify the configuration of the inkjet printer. Effect of the Invention

[0016] As described above, with the present invention, in an inkjet printer equipped with an inkjet head that ejects ink, a subtank that contains ink to be supplied to the inkjet head, and a main tank that contains ink to be supplied to the subtank, it is possible for the inkjet printer to continue printing even while the main tank is being replaced. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of an inkjet printer according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the configuration of the printer body shown in FIG. [Diagram 3]4 is a diagram for explaining an ink supply path when the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank shown in FIG. 1 becomes small. [Figure 4] 2 is a diagram for explaining a circulation path of ink passing through a main tank and a buffer tank shown in FIG. 1. [Diagram 5] 2 is a diagram for explaining a path of ink when the ink contained in the buffer tank shown in FIG. 1 is returned to the main tank. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

[0019] (Inkjet printer configuration) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining the configuration of an inkjet printer 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the configuration of the printer body 3 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the ink supply path when the remaining amount of ink in the buffer tank 18 shown in FIG. 1 becomes small. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining the ink circulation path passing through the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the ink path when the ink contained in the buffer tank 18 shown in FIG. 1 is returned to the main tank 17.

[0020] An inkjet printer 1 (hereinafter referred to as "printer 1") of this embodiment is, for example, an inkjet printer for commercial use, and prints on a medium 2 such as paper. The printer 1 comprises a printer main body 3 and an external supply unit 4 that supplies ink to the printer main body 3. The printer main body 3 comprises an inkjet head 5 (hereinafter referred to as "head 5") that ejects ink, a carriage 6 on which the head 5 is mounted, a carriage drive mechanism 7 that moves the carriage 6 in the main scanning direction, a guide rail 8 for guiding the carriage 6 in the main scanning direction, and a platen 9 on which the medium 2 is placed when printing. When printing on the medium 2 with the printer 1, the head 5 ejects ink while the carriage 6 moves back and forth in the main scanning direction.

[0021] The printer body 3 also includes a subtank 11 that contains ink to be supplied to the head 5, a pressure adjustment mechanism (not shown) for adjusting the pressure inside the subtank 11, an on-off valve 12, a degassing module 13 for removing gas from the ink, and a filter 14. The subtank 11 is fitted with a liquid level detection mechanism for detecting the liquid level of the ink contained in the subtank 11. The liquid level detection mechanism includes, for example, a float disposed inside the subtank 11 and a sensor for detecting the float. The on-off valve 12 is, for example, an electromagnetic valve. The on-off valve 12 is disposed in a piping path between the subtank 11 and the pressure adjustment mechanism. The degassing module 13 and the filter 14 are disposed in a piping path between the subtank 11 and the head 5.

[0022] The printer body 3 also includes an on-off valve 15 disposed in a piping path between the subtank 11 and a pump 19 (described later) of the external supply unit 4. The on-off valve 15 is an electromagnetic valve. The on-off valve 15 in this embodiment is a second on-off valve. The subtank 11, the on-off valves 12 and 15, the degassing module 13, and the filter 14 are mounted on the carriage 6. The on-off valves 12 and 15 may be manual valves that are manually opened and closed.

[0023] The external supply unit 4 is formed separately from the printer body 3 and is attached to the printer body 3. The external supply unit 4 includes a main tank 17 that stores ink to be supplied to the subtank 11, a buffer tank 18 that is arranged in a piping path between the subtank 11 and the main tank 17 and stores ink, a pump (liquid supply pump) 19 that is arranged in the piping path between the subtank 11 and the buffer tank 18, and a check valve 20 that is arranged in parallel with the buffer tank 18 in the piping path between the main tank 17 and the pump 19.

[0024] The external supply unit 4 also includes an on-off valve 21 arranged in a piping path between the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18, an on-off valve 22 arranged in a piping path having one end connected to a piping path between the on-off valve 15 and the pump 19 and the other end connected to the main tank 17, a detection mechanism 23 for detecting the volume of ink contained in the main tank 17, and a filter 24 arranged before the pump 19 in the supply direction of ink to the subtank 11. The on-off valve 22 in this embodiment is a third on-off valve.

[0025] The external supply unit 4 and the carriage 6 are connected by a pipe for supplying ink. This ink supply pipe is formed of a flexible resin tube. Most of this ink supply pipe is housed in a cableveyor (registered trademark). One end of the cableveyor (registered trademark) is fixed to the external supply unit 4. The other end of the cableveyor (registered trademark) is fixed to the carriage 6. Although one main tank 17 is shown in FIG. 1, the external supply unit 4 includes a plurality of main tanks 17. The external supply unit 4 also includes a plurality of buffer tanks 18, pumps 19, check valves 20, etc., corresponding to the number of main tanks 17. The printer body 3 includes a plurality of sub-tanks 11, etc., corresponding to the number of main tanks 17.

[0026] The main tank 17 is, for example, a hard ink bottle made of resin. The capacity of the main tank 17 is, for example, 10 liters. The buffer tank 18 is an ink pack formed in a bag shape. The buffer tank 18 has a bag-shaped tank body made of a flexible film, and an ink inlet and an ink outlet attached to the tank body. The buffer tank 18 is, for example, an aluminum pack having an aluminum tank body. The capacity of the buffer tank 18 is, for example, 2 liters.

[0027] The ink contained in the buffer tank 18 is supplied from the main tank 17. In this embodiment, ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 by a water head difference. That is, ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 by utilizing the difference between the ink liquid level in the main tank 17 and the ink liquid level in the buffer tank 18.

[0028] The check valve 20 includes a valve body and a spring member that biases the valve body toward the main tank 17, and allows ink to flow only in a direction from the main tank 17 toward the pump 19. When the pressure in the piping path on the pump 19 side of the check valve 20 becomes lower than the pressure in the piping path on the main tank 17 side of the check valve 20 by a certain value or more, ink flows from the main tank 17 toward the pump 19 through the check valve 20. The on-off valves 21 and 22 are, for example, solenoid valves. The on-off valve 21 is disposed in the piping path between the buffer tank 18 and the check valve 20, and the main tank 17. The on-off valves 21 and 22 may be manual valves.

[0029] The detection mechanism 23 is a load cell for detecting the weight of ink contained in the main tank 17. The detection mechanism 23 is electrically connected to the control unit 25 of the printer 1. The control unit 25 detects the volume of ink contained in the main tank 17 based on the detection result of the detection mechanism 23. In this embodiment, as the volume of ink in the buffer tank 18 decreases, ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18, and the volume of ink in the main tank 17 decreases. The control unit 25 indirectly detects the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank 18 based on the detection result of the detection mechanism 23. That is, in this embodiment, the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank 18 is indirectly detected by the detection mechanism 23.

[0030] In the printer 1, printing on the medium 2 is performed with the on-off valves 15 and 21 open and the on-off valve 22 closed. During printing on the medium 2, ink is normally supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11 by the pump 19 (see the arrow in FIG. 1). That is, during printing on the medium 2, the pump 19 normally sends ink from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11. Therefore, even if the ink in the main tank 17 runs out during printing on the medium 2 and replacement work for the main tank 17 is being performed, ink is still supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11. Note that replacement work for the main tank 17 is performed after the on-off valve 21 is closed, and when replacement work for the main tank 17 is completed, the on-off valve 21 is opened.

[0031] Here, for example, if the consumption of ink ejected from the head 5 increases in order to perform high-density printing on the medium 2, increasing the amount of ink flowing out from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11 per unit time, or if a low-temperature environment causes the viscosity of the ink to increase and the amount of ink flowing from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 per unit time to decrease, the supply of ink from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 may not be able to keep up while printing on the medium 2, and the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 may become low while printing on the medium 2. When the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 becomes low, ink will no longer be supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11.

[0032] Specifically, when the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 becomes small, the buffer tank 18, which is an ink pack, collapses and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11. Because the pump 19 is driven while printing on the medium 2, if the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 becomes small while printing on the medium 2 and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11, the pressure in the piping on the pump 19 side of the check valve 20 becomes negative.

[0033] In this embodiment, when the pressure in the piping path on the pump 19 side of the check valve 20 becomes negative and the pressure in the piping path on the pump 19 side of the check valve 20 becomes lower than the pressure in the piping path on the main tank 17 side of the check valve 20 by a certain value or more, a flow of ink occurs through the check valve 20. In other words, when the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 becomes small during printing of the medium 2 and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11, a bypass path (bypass flow channel) for ink passing through the check valve 20 is formed, and ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the subtank 11 by the pump 19 via the check valve 20 (see the arrow in FIG. 3).

[0034] In addition, in the printer 1, in order to suppress settling of ink particles in the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18, ink is circulated during pauses when printing on the medium 2 is not being performed and the carriage 6 is stopped for a predetermined period of time or more. Specifically, the on-off valve 15 is closed and the on-off valves 21 and 22 are opened to form a circulation path for ink passing through the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18, and then the pump 19 is driven to circulate the ink through this circulation path (see the arrow in FIG. 4). Furthermore, in the printer 1, for example, when it becomes necessary to replace the buffer tank 18 and ink is to be discharged from the buffer tank 18, the on-off valves 15 and 21 are closed and the on-off valve 22 is opened, and then the pump 19 is driven to return the ink from the buffer tank 18 to the main tank 17 (see the arrow in FIG. 5).

[0035] (Main effects of this form) As described above, in this embodiment, the printer 1 is provided with the buffer tank 18 disposed in the piping path between the sub tank 11 and the main tank 17, and while the medium 2 is being printed, ink is normally supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the sub tank 11 by the pump 19. Therefore, in this embodiment, as described above, even when the ink in the main tank 17 runs out while the medium 2 is being printed and the main tank 17 is being replaced, ink is still supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the sub tank 11. Therefore, in this embodiment, it is possible to continue the printing operation of the printer 1 even while the main tank 17 is being replaced.

[0036] In this embodiment, the printer 1 is provided with a check valve 20 that is arranged in parallel with the buffer tank 18 in the piping path between the main tank 17 and the pump 19. Therefore, in this embodiment, as described above, even if the remaining amount of ink in the buffer tank 18 becomes small and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11 during printing of the medium 2, a flow of ink passes through the check valve 20, and the pump 19 supplies ink from the main tank 17 to the subtank 11 via the check valve 20. Therefore, in this embodiment, even if the remaining amount of ink in the buffer tank 18 becomes small and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11 during printing of the medium 2, it is possible for the printer 1 to continue proper printing operations.

[0037] In this embodiment, ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 by the head difference. Therefore, in this embodiment, it is possible to simplify the configuration of the external supply unit 4 compared to the case where a pump is installed in the piping path between the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18.

[0038] In addition, compared to a case where ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 by a pump, when ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 by a head difference, it becomes difficult for ink to be supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18, and there is a high possibility that the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 will become small during printing of the medium 2. In particular, if the difference between the height of the ink liquid level in the main tank 17 and the height of the ink liquid level in the buffer tank 18 is reduced (i.e., the head difference is reduced) in order to reduce the size of the external supply unit 4, it becomes more difficult for ink to be supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18, and there is a high possibility that the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 will become small during printing of the medium 2. However, in this embodiment, even if the amount of ink remaining in the buffer tank 18 becomes small during printing of the medium 2, it becomes possible to continue the appropriate printing operation of the printer 1.

[0039] In this embodiment, the printer 1 includes an on-off valve 15 disposed in a piping path between the sub tank 11 and the pump 19, and an on-off valve 22 disposed in a piping path having one end connected to the piping path between the on-off valve 15 and the pump 19 and the other end connected to the main tank 17. Therefore, in this embodiment, as described above, by closing the on-off valve 15 and opening the on-off valves 21 and 22, it is possible to form a circulation path for ink passing through the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18. Also, in this embodiment, if the pump 19 is driven in this state, it is possible to circulate ink in the circulation path that has been formed. Therefore, in this embodiment, it is possible to suppress the settling of ink particles in the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18.

[0040] In this embodiment, the printer 1 is provided with an on-off valve 21 disposed in the piping path between the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18, and the on-off valve 21 is closed when replacing the main tank 17. Therefore, in this embodiment, the replacement of the main tank 17 can be easily performed. Also, in this embodiment, the on-off valves 15 and 21 are closed and the on-off valve 22 is opened, and then the pump 19 is driven to return the ink in the buffer tank 18 to the main tank 17. Therefore, in this embodiment, for example, when it becomes necessary to replace the buffer tank 18, it is possible to drain the ink in the buffer tank 18.

[0041] In this embodiment, the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank 18 is indirectly detected by the detection mechanism 23. Therefore, in this embodiment, even if a mechanism for detecting the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank 18 is not provided, it is possible to detect the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank 18. Therefore, in this embodiment, it is possible to simplify the configuration of the printer 1.

[0042] (Other embodiments) The above-described embodiment is one example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to this embodiment and various modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0043] In the above-mentioned embodiment, the buffer tank 18 does not have to be an ink pack. For example, the buffer tank 18 may be a hard ink bottle made of resin. Even in this case, when the remaining amount of ink in the buffer tank 18 becomes small and ink is no longer supplied from the buffer tank 18 to the subtank 11, a flow of ink occurs passing through the check valve 20. Also, in the above-mentioned embodiment, the printer 1 may be provided with a pump disposed in the piping path between the main tank 17 and the buffer tank 18. In this case, ink is supplied from the main tank 17 to the buffer tank 18 by this pump.

[0044] In the above-described embodiment, the detection mechanism 23 may be a detection mechanism other than a load cell. In the above-described embodiment, the printer 1 may be provided with a detection mechanism for detecting the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank 18. In the above-described embodiment, the printer body 3 may be provided with the main tank 17, the buffer tank 18, the pump 19, the check valve 20, the on-off valves 21 and 22, the detection mechanism 23, and the filter 24. In this case, the printer 1 does not include the external supply unit 4. In the above-described embodiment, the printer 1 is a device for printing on the medium 2, but the printer 1 may be used for purposes other than printing on the medium 2. For example, the printer 1 may be a 3D printer for forming a three-dimensional object. The printer 1 may be an inkjet printer for general consumers. [Explanation of symbols]

[0045] 1. Printer (inkjet printer) 5 heads (inkjet heads) 11 Subtank 15 On-off valve (second on-off valve) 17 Main Tank 18 Buffer Tank 19 Pump 20. Check valve 21 On-off valve 22 On-off valve (third on-off valve) 23 Detection mechanism

Claims

1. an inkjet printer comprising: an inkjet head for ejecting ink; a sub-tank for storing ink to be supplied to the inkjet head; a main tank for storing ink to be supplied to the sub-tank; a buffer tank disposed in a piping path between the sub-tank and the main tank and for storing ink; a pump disposed in the piping path between the sub-tank and the buffer tank; and a check valve disposed in parallel with the buffer tank in the piping path between the main tank and the pump, for allowing ink to flow only in a direction from the main tank toward the pump.

2. 2. The ink jet printer according to claim 1, further comprising an on-off valve disposed in a piping path between the main tank and the buffer tank.

3. 3. The ink jet printer according to claim 1, wherein ink is supplied from said main tank to said buffer tank by a water head difference.

4. 3. The ink jet printer according to claim 1, wherein the buffer tank is an ink pack formed in a bag shape.

5. 2. The inkjet printer according to claim 1, further comprising: a second on-off valve arranged in a piping path between the sub-tank and the pump; and a third on-off valve arranged in a piping path having one end connected to the piping path between the second on-off valve and the pump and the other end connected to the main tank.

6. 6. The ink jet printer according to claim 5, further comprising an on-off valve disposed in a piping path between the main tank and the buffer tank.

7. a detection mechanism for detecting the volume of ink contained in the main tank; 3. The ink jet printer according to claim 1, wherein the detection mechanism indirectly detects the volume of ink contained in the buffer tank.

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