Advanced first entry model for surgical simulation

Abstract

To provide a surgical training device for training laparoscopic first entry surgical techniques.SOLUTION: The training device includes a simulated abdominal wall that can be penetrated by an optical trocar. A receptacle containing a tissue simulation is located inside the receptacle. The tissue simulation is observable via a scope placed inside the optical trocar. Upon penetration of one or more of the simulated abdominal wall and the receptacle, the tissue simulation appears to translate distally relative to the simulated abdominal wall. The distal translation is effected by a variety of ways, including the release of negative pressure inside the receptacle upon penetration and the expansion of an elastic wall of the receptacle with the introduction of fluid under pressure into the receptacle.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application relates to surgical training tools, and in particular to simulated tissue structures and models for teaching and practicing surgical procedures or techniques.

[0002] Description of Related Applications This application claims the benefit of and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 952,289, filed March 13, 2014, entitled "Advanced first entry model for surgical simulation," which in turn claims the benefit of and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 971,714, filed March 28, 2014, entitled "First entry model," which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 14 / 340,234, filed July 24, 2014, entitled "First entry model," which in turn claims the benefit of and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 857,982, filed July 24, 2013, entitled "First entry model," all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [Background technology]

[0003] Laparoscopic surgery requires the making of several small incisions in the abdomen to allow the insertion of trocars, or small cylindrical tubes about 5-10 millimeters in diameter, through which surgical instruments and a laparoscope are placed into the abdominal cavity. The laparoscope illuminates the surgical field and transmits magnified images from inside the body to a video monitor, which provides the surgeon with a close-up view of the organs or tissues. The surgeon performs the surgery by monitoring the live video feed and manipulating the surgical instruments placed through the trocars.

[0004] The first step in laparoscopic surgery is to make a small incision for access and to access the abdomen to create a pneumoperitoneum. A pneumoperitoneum is the insufflation of carbon dioxide gas into the abdominal cavity. Insufflation of gas creates the necessary working space in the abdomen for laparoscopy. Once a suitable working space is created, surgical instruments can be inserted to perform the laparoscopic procedure. This process of penetrating the abdomen to create a pneumoperitoneum prior to the insertion of other instruments is called first entry. There are many different ways to achieve a pneumoperitoneum. One option is to use a Veress needle. A Veress needle is approximately 12-15 centimeters long and 2 millimeters in diameter. The surgeon inserts a spring-loaded needle into the patient's abdomen after making a small incision. As the needle breaks the abdomen and enters the internal abdominal space, a spring-loaded internal stylet springs forward to cover the sharp needle, the purpose of which is to protect the internal organs. The surgeon relies on the feedback of the needle and spring to ensure proper placement. Once proper entry is confirmed, carbon dioxide is introduced through the Veress needle into the patient's abdominal cavity, expanding the abdomen and creating a working space.

[0005] Another option is the Hasson or cut down technique, where the surgeon makes an initial incision at the umbilicus and bluntly dissects the tissue. Sutures are placed in the fascial layer on each side of the incision to help hold the instruments in place. The epiperitoneal tissue is dissected and the peritoneum is incised to enter the abdominal cavity. At this point, the Hasson trocar is inserted into the incision. The Hasson trocar has a blunt tip with a suture knot and / or balloon to hold the Hasson trocar in place. After the trocar is placed in the incision, the instruments are secured with sutures and / or a balloon and carbon dioxide is pumped through the trocar into the patient to achieve a pneumoperitoneum.

[0006] Another option is direct trocar entry. In this option, the surgeon uses a bladed or non-bladed trocar. The trocar can be used optically, where it is configured to receive a laparoscope, which is inserted into the trocar prior to entry to view the penetration as it is being made. The trocar can also be used non-optically, without a laparoscope inside. The trocar is placed through the abdominal wall layers after making the initial incision. Because a camera is present, all of the abdominal wall layers can be viewed during penetration. Once the surgeon knows he has breached the peritoneum, penetration can be stopped, the piercing tip of the trocar can be pulled back slightly or removed completely, and insufflation can begin by pumping carbon dioxide gas through the cannula, thereby creating a pneumoperitoneum.

[0007] Another option involves a dedicated first-entry trocar, such as the FIOS® first-entry trocar manufactured by Applied Medical Resources Corporation of California. Similar to optical direct trocar entry, a camera is inserted into the FIOS® trocar to view the abdominal wall layers during insertion into the abdominal cavity. The dedicated FIOS® trocar has a small vent hole at the tip so that carbon dioxide gas can be introduced through a small vent hole at the tip of the needle with the camera in place, without having to pull back or completely withdraw the trocar needle to introduce carbon dioxide through the cannula. Because carbon dioxide can be introduced through the tip, the FIOS® trocar does not need to penetrate as deeply into the abdominal cavity as a traditional trocar, thereby providing greater protection to the internal organs before insufflation can begin. Also, because there is no need to pull back or withdraw the needle, camera viewing of the insertion can be performed at the time of insufflation.

[0008] In addition to the above mentioned options for entering the abdominal cavity, there are two common rules regarding the abdomen in general that surgeons must know how to enter. The most widely used location for first entry is the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a naturally weak area in the abdomen where the umbilical cord was attached in utero. This area of ​​the abdomen does not have any rectus muscles, arteries, or veins, and therefore it is generally easy to reach the abdominal cavity. In addition, the umbilicus is typically a location that is easy to hide scars. When surgeons use the umbilicus as an entry site, particularly with the Hassan technique, they often use a clamp to grasp the base of the umbilicus and invert the umbilicus. At this point, an incision is made and the surgeon cuts down as desired and inserts a trocar or Veress needle. With optical entry, the surgeon can see all the layers of the abdominal wall. At this point, the surgeon can see the adipose tissue, the linea alba, the transversalis fascia, and finally, the peritoneum. In addition, entering at the umbilicus should also show the umbilical pedicle. The pedicle is what remains of the umbilical cord; it extends from the skin that makes up the umbilicus to the peritoneal layer.

[0009] If the patient has had prior surgery and adhesions are suspected at the umbilical region or a hernia is present, the first entry may need to be made at a different location. In this case, the surgeon will most likely enter from the left upper quadrant, as this location is less likely to cause damage to vital organs. The left upper quadrant differs from the umbilical region in that there is a layer of muscle present. The muscles of the umbilical region run parallel to the patient's abdomen and can be found on either side of the patient's midline. Beneath the rectus abdominis are the inferior epigastric vein and artery, which the surgeon must be careful to avoid. When the surgeon is optically entering the upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, he or she can see the skin, adipose tissue, the anterior rectus sheath, the rectus abdominis muscle, the posterior rectus sheath, and finally the peritoneum. If the left upper quadrant is not an ideal location for the port, the surgeon may choose to enter at a different location, for example, below the xiphoid process, where the subcutaneous fat, rectus sheath, and peritoneum are present. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] Since many options exist for first entry, it is important for surgeons to adopt ways of learning and practicing various techniques. There is a need for an anatomical model of the umbilical region and around the abdomen that is anatomically accurate and has all of the layers of the abdominal wall as well as the veins and arteries that run through the abdominal wall. Not only must the model be anatomically accurate, but it must also provide realistic auditory and tactile sensations. For example, with a Veress needle, two pops are typically felt when the surgeon pushes the needle through the abdominal wall. For optical entry, the surgeon must be able to see all of the appropriate tissue layers in the abdominal wall. For entry through the umbilicus, the surgeon must be able to grasp and invert the umbilicus. Also, the model must be able to be used for all four first entry techniques and at multiple entry sites (minimum umbilicus and upper left quadrant). [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] According to one aspect of the present invention, a surgical training device is provided. The training device includes a simulated tissue structure having an upper surface and a lower surface. The tissue structure includes at least one layer that simulates a tissue layer, for example, a tissue layer of an abdominal wall. The training device includes a container coupled to a lower surface of the simulated tissue structure. The container includes a wall that defines an interior and an exterior of the container. The training device further includes one or more simulated organs or tissue structures disposed within the container. The simulated organ is configured to be disposed proximal to the simulated tissue structure such that when one or more of the simulated tissue structure and the container are penetrated by a surgical instrument, for example, an optical trocar, at least a portion of the one or more simulated organs or tissue structures within the container translates distally away from the simulated tissue structure to simulate a surgical pneumoperitoneum condition.

[0012] According to another aspect of the invention, a surgical training device is provided. The surgical training device includes a penetrable mimic tissue structure configured to mimic an abdominal wall. Thus, the penetrable mimic tissue structure may include multiple layers. The training device includes a container coupled to the mimic tissue structure. The container has a wall defining an interior and an exterior of the container. The container also has a first configuration and a second configuration. The training device includes at least one tissue mimic disposed within the container. The tissue mimic within the container is disposed proximal to the mimic tissue structure relative to the second configuration while in the first configuration of the container, and at least a portion of the tissue mimic within the container is disposed distal to the mimic tissue structure relative to the first configuration while in the second configuration. The training device is configured such that a fluid is transferable into the container to transform the container from the first configuration to the second configuration.

[0013] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a surgical training device is provided for training laparoscopic first entry surgical techniques. The training device includes a simulated abdominal wall that is penetrable with an optical trocar. The surgical training device further includes a container having a tissue mimic therein. The tissue mimic is viewable with a scope disposed within the optical trocar. Upon penetration of one or more of the simulated abdominal wall and the container, the training device is configured such that the tissue mimic appears to translate distally away from the simulated abdominal wall. Distal translation is achieved by release of negative pressure within the container upon or as a result of penetration. Distal translation is also achieved by expansion of an elastic wall of the container due to introduction of fluid under pressure into the container upon or as a result of penetration.

[0014] According to another aspect of the invention, a method of simulating surgical insufflation is provided. The method includes providing a model including a penetrable artificial tissue structure configured to mimic an abdominal wall. The model has a container with a wall coupled to the artificial tissue structure. The model has at least one tissue mimic disposed within the container and proximal to the artificial tissue structure. The method includes moving an optical surgical obturator through the artificial tissue structure into the container. The method includes viewing the tissue mimic within the container through a distal end of the optical obturator. The method includes moving the tissue mimic from a position proximal to the artificial tissue structure to a position relatively distal to the artificial tissue structure to simulate a pneumoperitoneum. The method may further include creating a vacuum within the container, where moving the tissue mimic includes releasing the vacuum within the container. The method includes providing a container with an elastic wall. The method may further include transferring a fluid into the container, where moving the tissue mimic includes expanding the elastic wall of the container. The method may further include providing a laparoscopic training device with a cavity and a floor for the cavity, and suspending the model above the floor of the cavity in the laparoscopic training device.

[0015] According to one aspect of the present invention, a model is provided that allows a user to practice a first entry surgical procedure. The first entry model has an anatomical part connected to a support. The anatomical part has multiple anatomical layers captured between two frame elements that can be attached to a laparoscopic training device or used as a sales demonstrator. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0016] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of the first entry model of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of the first entry model of the present invention. [Diagram 3]FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of a laparoscopic training device used in a first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a side exploded view of the anatomical parts of the first entry model of the present invention. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 is a side view of the anatomical parts of the first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating two or more layers in an anatomical portion of the first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating two or more layers in an anatomical portion of the first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 is an exploded top perspective view of a mold for the skin layer of the first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a mold for a skin layer for the first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of a mold for the skin layer for the first entry model of the present invention. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a first entry model coupled to an organ container containing an organ in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a first entry model coupled to an organ container containing an organ in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0017] Referring now to FIG. 1, an abdominal model 10 is shown having an umbilicus for performing a first surgical entry into the abdominal cavity to perform a laparoscopic surgical procedure. Throughout this specification, the model 10 is referred to as a first entry model 10. The model 10 has an anatomical portion 12 connected to a support 14 to form a substantially flat configuration. The support 14 is a frame that circumscribes and connects to the anatomical portion 12 and holds the anatomical portion 12 together. Specifically, the support 14 has top and bottom frames made of a plastic material that is sufficiently rigid to provide structural support and maintain the flat shape of the model 10 and allow the centrally located anatomical portion to be penetrated from one side to the other. In one variation, the model 10 is slightly curved to mimic an outwardly curved abdomen. The top and bottom frames are connected to each other to capture the periphery of the anatomical portion 12 between the top and bottom frames. The model 10 in Figure 1 is a polygon with five sides forming a slightly elongated shape, with one side curving outward in a generally U-shaped configuration. The model 10 is shown in Figure 2 with a circular support 14 that frames the circular anatomical portion 12. The model 10 can be of any shape. The frame 14 has a connecting element 16 configured to connect the model 10 to a larger laparoscopic training device, as shown in Figure 3.

[0018] 3, the laparoscopic training device 20 includes a top cover 22 connected to a base 24 by a pair of legs 26 that space the top cover 22 from the base 24. The laparoscopic training device 20 is configured to simulate a patient's torso, e.g., abdomen. The top cover 22 represents the front of the patient, and a space or cavity 28 defined between the top cover 22 and the base 24 represents the patient's interior or body cavity in which the organs are contained. The laparoscopic training device 20 is a useful tool for teaching, practicing, and / or demonstrating various surgical procedures and their associated instruments in a simulated patient. When assembled, the top cover 22 is positioned directly above the base 24 with the legs 26 positioned substantially around and interconnected between the top cover 22 and the base 24. The top cover 22 and the base 24 are of substantially the same shape and size and have substantially the same peripheral contours. The laparoscopic training device 20 has a top cover 22 that is angled relative to a base 24. The legs 26 are configured to allow the angle of the top cover 22 relative to the base 24 to be adjusted. FIG. 3 shows the training device 20 adjusted to an angle of approximately 30-45 degrees relative to the base 24. The laparoscopic training device 20 is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 248,449, entitled "Portable laparoscopic trainer," filed Sep. 29, 2011 by Pravong et al., and assigned to Applied Medical Resources Corporation, which has been published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0082970, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0019] To practice various surgical techniques, surgical instruments are inserted into the cavity 28 of the laparoscopic training device 20 through preformed holes 30 in the top cover 22. These preformed holes 30 may have seals that mimic trocars or may have mimic tissue that mimics the skin and abdominal wall portions of a patient. For example, the circular first entry model 10 shown in FIG. 2 is connected to the top cover 22 at the central circular hole 30 that has a conforming circular shape. The top cover 22 of the laparoscopic training device 20 includes a removable insert 32 that is interchangeable with the first entry model 10 shown in FIG. 1. The insert 32 with the hole 30 has a shape that matches the opening of the top cover 22. Once the insert 32 is removed, the first entry model 10 with the conforming shape, such as the first entry model shown in FIG. 1, is inserted into the opening of the top cover 20, and the connecting element 16 on the first entry model 10 helps to secure the model 10 to the training device.

[0020] Various tools and methods can be used to penetrate the top cover 20 as described in the background section of this specification, thereby allowing full-scale procedures to be performed on the model 10 as well as additional model organs located between the top cover 22 and the base 24. When placed in the cavity 28 of the training device 20, the organ model is generally obscured from the user's view, and the user can then practice performing laparoscopic surgical procedures by indirectly viewing the surgical site via a video feed displayed on the video monitor 34. The video display monitor 34 is hinged to the top cover 22 and is shown in an open orientation in FIG. 3. The video monitor 34 can be connected to various vision systems to transmit images to the monitor 34. For example, a laparoscope inserted through one of the pre-formed holes 30 or a webcam located in the cavity 28 and used to complete the simulated procedure can be connected to the video monitor 34 and / or a mobile computing device to provide images to the user. After a first entry procedure has been performed on the first entry model 10 coupled to the training device 20, the first entry model 10 may be removed and replaced with a new insert, or the first entry model 10 may be reconfigured and recoupled to the training device 20 so that training can continue or be repeated. Of course, the first entry model 10 may be used independently of the training device 20 to practice first entry techniques.

[0021] 4 and 5, the anatomical portion 12 of the first entry model 10 will now be described. The anatomical portion 12 includes a skin layer 40, an umbilical pedicle 42, a fat layer 44, an anterior rectus sheath layer 46, a first rectus muscle layer 48, a second rectus muscle layer 50, a third rectus muscle layer 52, a posterior rectus sheath layer 54, a transversus fascia layer 56, and a peritoneum layer 58. The layers 40, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, and 58 are disposed one above the other as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, with the umbilical pedicle 42 penetrating all of the layers underlying the skin layer 40. The layers 40, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, and 58 are connected to one another by adhesive or other fasteners. In one form, the layers 40, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56 are connected together by at least one price tag holder that is punched through the layers and sandwiched between the skin layer 40 and the peritoneum layer 58 before attachment to the frame 14. In another form, the layers are held together without adhesive or other fasteners, and the layers are clamped between the top and bottom frames. An optional inferior epigastric vein and artery layer 60 is provided between the posterior rectus sheath layer 54 and the transversus fascia layer 56 as shown in Figures 4 and 5.

[0022] 4, the skin layer 40 is molded from a silicone or thermoplastic elastomer that is dyed a vibrant color. The skin layer 40 has a top surface 62 and a bottom surface 64 that define a thickness of approximately 0.1 inches (2.54 mm). The skin layer 40 has an integrally formed umbilical stalk portion 42a. The skin layer 40 is described in more detail below.

[0023] Still referring to FIG. 4, the fat layer 44 is made of cellular polyethylene foam that is yellow in color. The cellular foam layer is not solid and has a surface texture with air bubbles. The fat layer 44 is approximately 0.625 inches (15.88 mm) thick. The anterior rectus sheath layer 46 is made of solid ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam that is white in color and is approximately 1 millimeter thick. The first rectus muscle layer 48 is made of solid EVA foam that is red in color and is approximately 1 millimeter thick. The second rectus muscle layer 50 is made of cellular polyethylene foam that is pink in color. The second rectus muscle layer 50 is a cellular foam that includes air bubbles that provide a cellular texture and is approximately 0.125 inches (3.17 mm) thick. The third rectus muscle layer 52 is made of solid EVA foam that is red in color and is approximately 1 millimeter thick. The posterior rectus sheath layer 54 is made of solid EVA foam that is white in color and approximately 1 millimeter thick. The transverse fascia layer 56 is made of cellular polyethylene foam that is white in color and approximately 0.25 inches (6.35 mm) thick. The fascia layer 56 has a cellular texture resulting from the cellular polyethylene foam in contrast to the solid EVA foam layer. The peritoneum layer 58 is made of solid EVA foam that is white in color and approximately 1 millimeter thick. The inferior epigastric vein and artery layer 60 includes a solid or hollow elongated cylindrical structure made of silicone or Kraton polymer or other elastomer having a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 0.15 inches (3.81 mm). The arteries are red in color and the veins are blue in color. The above-mentioned layers provide an optical entry with a very lifelike appearance to the end user.

[0024] 6, a plan view is shown depicting the fat layer 44, the posterior rectus sheath layer 54, the transverse fascia layer 56, and the peritoneum layer 58. These layers are approximately 6 inches (152.40 mm) wide and 6.5 inches (165.10 mm) long. The fat layer 44, the posterior rectus sheath layer 54, the transverse fascia layer 56, and the peritoneum layer 58 all have circular holes 66 that are approximately 1 inch (25.40 mm) in diameter. The holes 66 are located in the same location in all of these layers 44, 54, 56, 58, approximately 2 inches (50.80 mm) apart on one side, so that when superimposed, the holes 66 will align for the passage of the umbilical pedicle 42 across these layers.

[0025] 7, there is shown a top view of the anterior rectus sheath layer 46, the first rectus muscle layer 48, the second rectus muscle layer 50, and the third rectus muscle layer 52. The layers are approximately 6 inches (152.4 mm) wide and 6.5 inches (165.10 mm) long. The anterior rectus sheath layer 46, the first rectus muscle layer 48, the second rectus muscle layer 50, and the third rectus muscle layer 52 all have elongated openings 68. The elongated openings 68 run along the centerlines of the layers and are shown in FIG. 7 to be rectangular cutouts approximately 1 inch (25.40 mm) wide and 5.75 inches (146.05 mm) long. When the layers 46, 48, 50, and 52 are placed on top of one another, all of the respective openings 68 line up. When layers 46, 48, 50, 52 are superimposed with other layers 44, 54, 56, 58, holes 66 are in communication with or aligned with elongated openings 68. Elongated openings 68 represent the belly white line.

[0026] Referring back to FIG. 4 and further to FIGS. 8-10, the skin layer 40 is formed by pouring uncured and dyed silicone or thermoplastic elastomer into a specialized mold 70. An exploded top perspective view of the mold 70 is shown in FIG. 8. The mold 70 has a base 72, a top 74, and a core 76. The base 72 of the mold 70 has a cavity 78 for receiving the plastic material. The cavity 78 is polygonal and substantially rectangular in shape. The cavity 78 has a first floor 79 surrounding a well 80 having a second floor 82. The second floor 82 of the well 80 is located approximately 1 inch (25.40 mm) below the first floor 79, and the second floor has a hole for inserting the core 76 into the well 80. The cross section of the well 80 is elliptical in shape with a major axis of about 1 inch (25.40 mm) and a minor axis of about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm). The cross section of the core 76 is also elliptical in shape and complementary to the well 80. The core 76 has a major axis of about 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) and a minor axis of about 0.25 inches (6.35 mm). With the core 76 in place within the well 80, a space of about 1 / 8 inch (3.18 mm) is formed around the core 76 between the outer surface of the core 76 and the inner surface of the well 80, and silicone or thermoplastic elastomer is poured into this space, thereby forming the tubular structure of the umbilicus stem 42a with the opening 92. The core 76 is about 1.5 inches (38.10 mm) long and extends above the pour line when placed within the well 80.

[0027] The mold cavity 78 further includes a circumferential well 84 formed circumferentially around the first well 80. The circumferential well 84 has a concave or curved floor 86 that is recessed approximately 1 / 8 inch (3.18 mm) from the first floor 79. When the silicone or thermoplastic elastomer is poured, an elliptical toroidal shape with a flat top is formed in the plastic material, resulting in an increased material thickness of approximately 0.25 inch (6.35 mm) in the region of the circumferential well 84 in the final product. The circumferential well 84 has an inner periphery 88 that coincides with the walls of the first well 80. The annular distance from the inner periphery 88 of the circumferential well 84 to the outer periphery or edge of the circumferential well 84 is approximately 0.75 inch (19.05 mm). The base 72 of the mold 70 further includes a plurality of pegs 90 upstanding from the first floor 79 to form holes in the resulting molded material. Although the first well 80 has been described as having an elliptical shape, in another variation, the first well is circular in shape with a corresponding circular core and circular circumferential well.

[0028] First, the core 76 is inserted into the well 80 and the silicone or thermoplastic elastomer is poured into the base 72 of the mold 70. The silicone or thermoplastic elastomer flows into the well 80 and forms a tubular structure defined by the space between the core 76 and the walls of the well 80. The silicone or thermoplastic elastomer also flows into the circumferential well 84 and covers the concave floor 86, thereby forming a substantially toroidal shape of increased thickness of about 0.25 inches (6.35 mm). A circumferential portion 94 of increased thickness is visible in FIGS. 4 and 5. In its liquid state, the silicone or thermoplastic elastomer will cover the first floor 79, thereby forming a flattened area with a thickness of about 1 / 8 inch (3.18 mm). The top 74 of the mold 70 is placed on the base 72 of the mold 70. The top 74 is configured to cover only the periphery of the poured silicone or thermoplastic elastomer to reduce the thickness of the silicone around the periphery.

[0029] After the silicone or thermoplastic elastomer has solidified, the top 74 of the mold is removed and the molded silicone or thermoplastic elastomer is removed from the mold 70. The core 76 is also removed from the material leaving behind an elliptical opening 92 through the skin layer 40. The tubular structure or umbilical stalk 42a integrally molded with the remainder of the skin layer 40 by the well 80 includes the opening 92, which is elliptical in shape, has a major axis of about 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) and a minor axis of about 0.25 inches (6.35 mm), and a wall thickness of about 1 / 8 inch (3.18 mm). The tubular structure 42a is inverted, i.e., it is forced into the opening 92 so that the surface in contact with the floor 79 of the mold 70 becomes the top surface 62 of the skin layer. This advantageously allows the floor 79 of the mold to have a textured surface that imparts a skin-like texture to the non-inconsistent top surface 62. Also, by inverting the tubular structure 42a, not only is an umbilical stalk formed, but an increased thickness 94 of the skin layer 40 advantageously forms a raised surface at the skin layer top surface 62, which is clearly visible in Figures 4 and 5. This raised portion 94 advantageously provides an extra thickness of material to thread the suture but keep it in place without pulling it through the silicone or thermoplastic material. Also, the circumferential raised portion 94 surrounding the opening 92 creates the realistic umbilicus effect that can be seen in Figure 1. A variation of the skin layer 40 without the raised circumferential portion 94 is shown in Figure 2. The umbilical stalk is approximately 1 inch (25.40 mm) in length, although the umbilical stalk may be molded to be longer, i.e., from about 1.25 inches (31.75 mm) to about 2.0 inches (50.80 mm) in length. The skin layer 40 is a flat sheet of molded material with a top surface 62 and a bottom surface 64 that define a skin layer thickness of approximately 0.1 inches (2.54 mm). The skin layer 40 has an opening 92 with a tubular extension 42 integrally molded at the opening 92 and interconnected with the remainder of the layer 40. Surrounding the opening 92 is a circumferential ridge 94 of increased thickness of approximately 0.2 inches (5.08 mm). The ridge 94 has a convex outer surface that transitions into the remainder of the top surface 62 of the skin layer 40.

[0030] The mold 70 is 3D printed from Vero White Plus Fullcure 835 material. The distance from the pour line to the floor 79 is about 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) to produce a skin layer thickness of about 0.1 inches (2.54 mm). The thickness below the top 74 of the mold 70 is reduced to about 0.05 inches (1.27 mm) around the periphery with the resulting skin layer thickness at the periphery having a reduced thickness of about 0.05 inches (1.27 mm) to facilitate connection to the frame support 14. At the location of the circumferential wells 84, the resulting skin layer 40 thickness is about 0.2 inches (5.08 mm). First, the mold 70 is sprayed with a mold release solution and allowed to dry. In one variation, about 5 grams of Dragon Skin Silicone is mixed, consisting of 2.5 grams of part A and 2.5 grams of part B. Alternatively, a thermoplastic elastomer such as Kraton CL2003X is used for its cost savings and its sewing performance. Mix about 20 microliters of flesh-colored dye into the silicone. Insert the core 76 into the well 80 and pour the silicone mixture into the mold base 72. Spread the mixture evenly up to the pour line, making sure all of the wells are filled. Place the top 74 onto the base 72 of the mold 70. Clean off excess silicone mixture and allow the silicone in the mold 70 to dry for about 1 hour under a heat lamp or 2 hours without a heat lamp.

[0031] After the silicone mixture has dried, the top 74 is removed and the molded skin layer 40 is peeled off and removed from the base 72. The core 76 is also removed. The integrally molded umbilical stalk 42 is inverted by passing it through the molded opening 92. Silicone adhesive is prepared and pumped into the interior of the umbilical stalk 42 tube using a syringe. The inverted umbilical stalk 42 is clamped closed and sealed using one or more clamps, in one variation three clamps, such as binder clips, to create an umbilical shape with a star or Y-shaped closure as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The lowermost portion of the umbilical stalk 42 is clamped to create a deep umbilicus rather than clamping it close to the bottom surface 64 of the skin layer. The skin layer 40 is inverted to remove excess glue that may have oozed from the umbilicus 42. The adhesive is allowed to dry for about one hour and the clamps are removed. In one variation, an umbilical shaft 42b is prepared. The umbilical shaft 42b is tubular with a central lumen and is made from a thin layer of white silicone approximately 1 millimeter thick. The umbilical shaft 42b is glued to the umbilical stalk 42a so that the umbilicus extends deep into the layer, creating a more lifelike look and feel. The umbilical shaft 42b is glued to the umbilical stalk 42a so that the lumens are interconnected. The proximal end of the umbilical shaft 42b is placed over and glued to the stalk 42a, and the distal end of the umbilical shaft 42b is left free. In another embodiment, the distal end of the umbilical shaft is glued to or molded integrally with the peritoneal layer 58.

[0032] All of the layers are properly oriented and aligned in the same direction so that the holes 66 and openings 68 overlap one another. Then, with the skin layer 40 inverted, the umbilical pedicle 42a, either alone or with the extended umbilical shaft 42b, is passed through the circular hole 66 in the fat layer 44 and through the elongated openings 68 in the anterior rectus sheath layer 46, the first rectus muscle layer 48, the second rectus muscle layer 50, and the third rectus muscle layer 52, and then through the circular holes 66 in the posterior rectus sheath layer 54, the transverse fascia layer 56, and the peritoneum layer 58, as shown in FIG. 5. In one variation, the umbilicus 42 is left against the peritoneum layer 58, or in another variation, the umbilicus 42 is attached to the peritoneum layer 58 by adhesive, and in yet another variation, is molded integrally with the peritoneum layer 58. An inferior epigastric vein and artery layer 60 is also provided. This layer 60 may be formed as a layer having circular holes 66 with the implanted arteries and veins, or may simply consist of a pair of cylindrical silicone structures, one red and one blue, located on one side of the midline and another pair of cylindrical silicone structures, one red and one blue, located on the other side of the midline, as shown in Figure 4. The cylindrical silicone structures representing the abdominal wall veins and arteries are adhered to the adjacent posterior rectus sheath layer 54 and / or transversus fascia layer 56. A price tag holder or other fastener may then be used to connect the layers together as shown in Figure 5, with the illustrated umbilicus 42 protruding through the hole 66 in the inferior peritoneal layer 58.

[0033] As can be seen in FIG. 5, the skin layer 50 and peritoneum layer 58 are slightly larger than the other inner layers 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56. Specifically, the skin layer 40 and peritoneum layer 58 are approximately 1.25 inches (31.75 mm) larger in length and width. The inner layers are approximately 6.5 inches (165.10 mm) long and 6 inches (152.40 mm) wide, while the peritoneum layer 58 and skin layer 40 are approximately 8 inches (203.20 mm) long and 7.5 inches (190.50 mm) wide. This extra length and width allows the pegs of either the top or bottom frame captured between the top and bottom frames of the support 14 to pass through holes in the skin layer 40 formed by the mold pegs 90. The peritoneum layer 58 may also have holes for the frame pegs to pass through. The top and bottom frames are then heat staked together, thereby capturing the anatomical portion 12. The resulting model 10 is approximately 1.5 inches (38.10 mm) thick.

[0034] The first entry model 10 is then placed into and securely attached to the opening in the top cover 22 of the laparoscopic training device 20. A laparoscopic first entry procedure, such as that described in the Background section of this specification, is then performed on the model 10 employing one or more of the trocar instruments described above, thereby making a first entry at any of the locations described above, including a first entry directly through the umbilicus. Alternative locations for the first entry may be within 1 / 2 inch (12.70 mm) on either side of the midline. Although such a first entry is not surgically preferred, the trainee will advantageously and quickly realize that the initial approach is incorrect if only the skin layer 40, fat layer 44, posterior rectus sheath layer 54, and peritoneum layer 58 are observed at the linea alba. If the pink first rectus layer 48 is not present, this should immediately alert the trainee during training that the penetration has been made in the wrong location. Alternative locations for the first entry penetration may be obtained in the upper left quadrant or the upper right quadrant. As mentioned above, the upper left quadrant differs from the umbilical region in that a muscle layer is present. During penetration in the upper right or upper left quadrant, the trainee will observe the following layers: skin layer 40, fat layer 44, anterior rectus sheath layer 46, first rectus muscle layer 48, second rectus muscle layer 50, third rectus muscle layer 52, posterior rectus sheath layer 54, transverse fascia layer 56, and peritoneum layer 58.

[0035] The first entry model 10 of the present invention is particularly suited for laparoscopic procedures and such a first entry model may be used in conjunction with a laparoscopic training device 20, although the present invention is not limited thereto and the first entry model 10 of the present invention may be used alone to equally effectively practice first entry surgical procedures.

[0036] 11, the first entry system 100 will now be described, where like parts are designated with like reference numerals. The first entry system 100 includes the same first entry model 10 as described above. The first entry model 10 may have one or more of the layers described above, and may or may not include openings 66, 68 and / or an umbilicus 42. The first entry model 10 is coupled to an organ container 102. The organ container 102 contains one or more live or simulated organs or tissue structures 104. The first entry system 100 is insertable into the same laparoscopic training device 20 as described above. The first entry system 100 is configured to mimic abdominal space insufflation (pneumoperitoneum) conditions to provide a realistic insufflation training experience to surgical trainees, as described herein below.

[0037] The first entry model 10 has at least a first mimicking tissue layer 40, e.g., skin layer 40, located at a first end and a second mimicking tissue layer 58, e.g., peritoneum layer 58, located at a second end. Any number of additional mimicking tissue layers and structures can be provided between the first mimicking tissue layer 40 and the second mimicking tissue layer 58, as described above. The first entry model 10 has a lower surface and an upper surface. Typically, the upper surface includes the top surface 62 of the skin layer 40 and the lower surface includes the outwardly facing surface of the peritoneum layer 58.

[0038] The organ container 102 has a base 106 interconnected to one or more sidewalls 108 to define an interior 110 with an open top. The organ 104 is disposed within the interior 110. The container 102 need not have a defined base 106 and defined sidewalls 108. Alternatively, the base 106 may form an amorphous, bag-like container without discernable sides, with the base 106 having an interior 110 with an open top or mouth. In such a configuration, the open top is sealingly connected to the underside of the model 10, which is typically the peritoneum layer 58. Alternatively, the open top is connected or captured between frame elements of the support 14. In another configuration, the container 102 may have a radially outwardly extending flange located around the open top. The flange is configured to be captured within a frame element of the support 14 for connection to the model 10. In another embodiment, the base 106 is rigid and substantially flat or planar, suitable for supporting the mimic organ 104, and the base is coupled to the flexible sidewall 108. In another embodiment, the container 102 is at least one layer of elastomeric material with an upper surface and a lower surface that define a thickness. This layer constitutes the container 102. The upper surface of the layer is sealingly attached to the lower surface of the first entry model 10. This upper surface can be attached with or without adhesive. For example, without adhesive, the layer of the container 102 is captured within the frame support 14 around its periphery and adjacent to the layers that mimic the abdominal wall. An adhesive may be used to provide a sealing attachment to the lower surface of the model 10, such that a portion of the unattached or unattached layer is surrounded or surrounded by a portion of the attached layer, thereby creating an expandable separation or pocket between the model 10 and this layer of the container 102. The walls / layers of the container 102 may be made of a transparent material.

[0039] The container 102 is sealingly coupled to the first entry model 10 such that the interior 110 of the container 102 is sealed to the first entry model 10 while the central portion remains unsealed. The central portion or pocket is surrounded by the sealed portion. The container 102 is a pocket. In one form, the organ container 102 is coupled to the first entry model 10 such that the open top is sealed against the lowermost mimicking tissue layer 58 and in a closed state. In another form, the organ container 102 is coupled to the support or frame 14 of the first entry model 10. The organ container 102 is coupled such that the interior 110 is sealed from the outside by at least a portion of the first entry model 10 and, in one form, by the second mimicking tissue layer 58 such that the second mimicking tissue layer 58 closes or covers at least a portion of the open top of the container 102.

[0040] In one embodiment, the container 102 is completely enclosed and does not have an open top. In such an embodiment, at least one side of the container 102 is adjacent to the first entry model 10 or at least one side of the container 102 itself is comprised of one of the layers of the first entry model 10, such as the second simulated peritoneal tissue layer 58. In this embodiment, the container 102 may further include a flange element located around its periphery, which is configured to be captured within a frame element of the support 14. In another embodiment, other fastening means are used to connect the container 102 to the model 10, including, but not limited to, magnets, hook-and-loop fasteners, snaps, flanges, screws, pegs, and friction fit configurations.

[0041] The container 102 can be made of any suitable material, such as elastic polymers, elastomers, polymers, silicone, Kraton, latex, rubber, gels, clear gels, clear silicones, etc. The container 102 is elastic and can expand when inflated and can reduce in size (shrink) when deflated. Thus, the container 102 is a balloon-like object. The mimic organ 104 placed within the container 102 can be made of any material, such as silicone, Kraton, elastomers, polymers, plastics, rubber, hydrogels, mesh materials, etc., and such mimic organs can be filled with liquids, water, heat conducting materials, filaments, etc. In one form, the mimic organ 104 has a two-dimensional image attached to a three-dimensional shape to provide a lifelike appearance of the inside of the abdomen. In another form, the mimic organ 104 has only a two-dimensional image attached to the inside surface of the container 102, which is smooth. The two-dimensional image can be a picture, photograph, drawing of the inside of the patient, including organs, tissues, and colors. In yet another embodiment, the mimic organ 104 comprises a two-dimensional image attached to the inside surface of the contoured container 102. As will be appreciated, the mimic organ 104 is not limited to representations or mimics of organs, but can include tissue in general, organ sub-parts, and / or colorants that are not readily identifiable as organs or tissues, but that represent the colors of blood, fat, muscle, and / or tumors, etc.

[0042] Furthermore, when the container 102 is sealed to the first entry model 10 or prior to attachment of the closed container 102, a negative pressure is created in the interior 110 of the container 102 relative to the outside. A valve 112 can be provided across the container 102 to create a vacuum in the container 102. The valve 112 is configured to be connectable to a vacuum source, such as a mechanical, electromechanical and / or manual pump. The container 102 is configured such that under application of negative pressure, the volume of the interior 110 is reduced as shown in FIG. 11 . The reduction in volume of the interior 110 is achieved by making at least the side walls of the container 102 from an elastic or soft plastic material, so that the sides of the container 102 are pulled up closer to the first entry model 10, and in particular closer to the second mimicking tissue layer 58 when a vacuum is applied. Of course, the entire container 102 can be made of an elastic, soft plastic, or balloon-like material so that it is pulled closer to the first entry model 10 in an undeformed state or when a negative pressure is applied. Alternatively, only the sidewall 108 is retracted under negative pressure, with the base 106 being substantially rigid relative to the sidewall 108. In such a configuration, the sidewall 108 is configured to contract, such that the base 106 is drawn closer to the first entry model 10 under vacuum. In any configuration, as a result of applying negative pressure, the mimicked organ 104 disposed within the container 102 is also drawn closer to the first entry model 10 together with the base 106, as shown in FIG. 11. Thus, the distance between the second mimicked tissue layer 58 and the base 106 is reduced.

[0043] As the first entry model 10 is positioned above the organ container 102, following penetration of the first mimetic tissue layer 40 by the trocar or other instrument, the second mimetic tissue layer 58 is penetrated by continuing advancement of the trocar or other instrument. Such penetration will include penetration of any additional intervening layers that may be part of the model 10, such as the fat layer 44, the anterior rectus sheath layer 46, the first rectus abdominis muscle layer 48, the second rectus abdominis muscle layer 50, the third rectus abdominis muscle layer 52, the posterior rectus sheath layer 54, the transversus fascia layer 56, and the inferior epigastric vein and artery layer 60. Upon penetration of the second mimetic tissue layer 58, or the layer located at the bottom, the vacuum is released and the pressure in the interior 110 is equalized with the exterior pressure, either through the puncture hole itself or through a hole in the distal tip of the trocar or other instrument. FIOS® trocars, manufactured by Applied Medical Resources, Inc. of California, advantageously have a vent hole distal to the penetration and a transparent tip of the trocar that provides fluid communication between the interior 110 of the container 102 and an external or other fluid source. In one form, the trocar or other instrument has a stopcock valve located at the proximal end of the trocar that the user opens to equalize pressure with the interior 110. When the seal of the container 102 is broken, such as by a penetrating trocar or other instrument, the pressure is equalized by, for example, penetrating the container 102, and the volume of the interior 110 increases. When the volume of the interior 110 increases, the flexible or elastic sidewalls 108 and / or base 106 expand, increasing the distance between the base 106 and the first entry model 10. A camera mounted within the trocar or other instrument, such as a laparoscope, will provide the user with live visualization of the penetration via a video feed coupled to the display monitor 34. Penetration of the seal and / or pressure equalization provides the user with a dynamic image of the organ 104 appearing to drop into the insufflation condition of the receptacle 102 shown in FIG. 12 for the first entry model 10. Thus, the present invention provides for the mimicking of insufflation without the use of insufflation gas.

[0044] If the container 102 has an open top or mouth connected to the model 10 or if the container 102 is a sealed container, a negative pressure can be created in the interior 110 across the valve 112 immediately prior to demonstration or at the factory prior to shipping. The user can attach a pump to bleed air and create the first configuration. In one configuration, the valve 112 is a check valve that allows flow in only one direction. In another configuration, the valve 112 is a one-way pressure valve that opens to bleed air from the interior of the container 102 when the container 102 is subjected to sufficient compressive pressure to open the valve. Relieving pressure on the container closes the valve 112. Thus, prior to use, the user can squeeze the container to bleed air from the interior of the container 102 across the one-way pressure valve, which closes to seal the container 102 after the user stops squeezing the container 102. With the excess air removed from the container 102, the interior volume of the container 102 decreases from a first volume to a second volume. The sidewalls of the container 102 crumple around and cover the simulated organ 104 within the container 102. When the container 102 is punctured, the volume of air within the container returns to the first volume, which is greater than the second volume. As the interior volume increases, typically under the influence of gravity, the weight of the container 102 and / or the simulated organ 104 is pulled downward and away from the model 10 by gravity. In such a configuration, the container 102 is suspended or hangs from the model 10 with space below the container 102, e.g., within the interior of the laparoscopic training device 20. The increase in volume of the interior of the container 102 occurs as a result of the sidewalls of the container 102 stretching or by the sidewalls of the container 102 widening, widening, or stretching out so that wrinkles disappear in one or more locations. Because the mimic organ 104 is heavier than the container 102, the mimic organ 104 will fall under the influence of gravity from its previous position where it was pulled up close to the model 10. The perforations allow air to enter the interior 110 of the container 102, causing the container 102 to expand downward and assume its natural shape.Essentially, air is removed or evacuated from the container 102, for example via a one-way valve or other opening, thereby holding the contents of the container 102 in place near the bottommost layer of the model 10 or mimic tissue 58, until a situation is created where the user creates a passage of air into the interior 110 of the container 102, at which point the interior opens due to the action of gravity acting on the container and / or mimic organ 104. The passage of air into the interior 110 of the container 102 is created by inserting a trocar into the interior of the container 102 across the model 10 in a simulated medical procedure. The container 102 may have a zipper for accessing the interior 110 to allow for customized selection and placement of the mimic organ 104 into the container 102 by the user. The mimic organ 104 may be preloaded into the container 102 or may be loaded by the user immediately prior to use. Also, the pressure differential within the container 102 may be created on-site by the user using various pumps, or alternatively, the container 102 is shipped to the user sealed and ready for use.

[0045] In another embodiment of the first entry system 100, no vacuum or pressure differential is used across the container 102. Instead, actual insufflation fluid is pumped into the interior 110 of the container 102 at the penetration site or elsewhere via a penetrating trocar or other device. The penetrating trocar is connected at its proximal end to a fluid source, such as air under pressure, to be pumped through a vent hole at the distal end of the trocar after the penetration has occurred. The fluid source may be, for example, a gas tank, an air-filled balloon, or an electric or mechanical pump, such as a hand pump. In such an embodiment, the container 102 is made of a balloon-like material. The container 102 is configured such that the sidewall 108 and / or base 106 expand under insufflation pressure from a first, small volume state to an expanded volume insufflation state. In such an embodiment, the volume of the interior 110 of the container 102 increases. This increase in volume can be accomplished by expansion of the container walls, for example by stretching an elastic material as in a balloon-like configuration, or by spreading, widening, or stretching out the side walls of container 102 in one or more locations. The change in volume provides an image of a simulated insufflation condition to a trainee observing the procedure on video monitor 34.

[0046] In yet another embodiment of the first entry system 100, a valve 112 is provided across the container 102 so that pressure is equalized or insufflation fluid is provided through the valve rather than through a trocar or other instrument. The valve can be opened / closed by a user or other operator to increase the volume of the container 102 to mimic insufflation.

[0047] In another embodiment, the distance between the base 106 and the first entry model 10 is increased by mechanical means, such as hydrodynamic means, levers, or balloons, that are actuated upon penetration of the first entry model 10 and that are actuated automatically upon penetration of the second mimic tissue layer 58 or manually by a user or teacher as desired. In one embodiment, the container 102 does not contain the mimic organ 104 within the interior 110. Instead, the mimic organ 104 rests on an exterior surface of the container 102 adjacent to the model 10 such that the mimic organ 104 is disposed between the container 102 and the model 10. In such an embodiment, the container 102, e.g., a balloon, includes an expanded configuration such that the exterior surface of the container 102 presses the mimic organ 104 into apposition against the underside of the model 10. When at least one piece of information is received that the underside of the model 10, e.g., the peritoneal layer 58, has been surgically penetrated by a trocar or other surgical instrument during the performance of a surgical procedure, the at least one piece of information is communicated to the processor, which instructs the processor to cause a mechanical or electromechanical deflation of the container 102 to occur. The deflated container 102 moves the mimic organ 104, which is resting on the outer surface of the container 102, downward so that the image content received from the vantage point of the penetrating instrument, e.g., the bandage of an optical obturator / trocar, shows the mimic organ retracted or moving distally away from the penetrating instrument or from the model 10. In such a configuration, the mimic organ 104 may be coupled to the outer surface of the container 102 by an adhesive. In another configuration of the mimic organ 104 located on the exterior of the container 102, the mimic organ 104 includes a two-dimensional image with or without a three-dimensional underlay. For example, the image of the mimicked organ may be provided by an imager attached to the exterior of the container 102 such that upon deflation of the container, the image moves distally away from the model 10. In another form, the imager is attached to a rigid flat or contoured surface attached to the exterior of the container 102.

[0048] In another form, the negative pressure of the interior 110 relative to the exterior can be restored via a valve 112 across the container 102 or via an inserted trocar to mimic the loss of pneumoperitoneum during the procedure. Restoration of negative pressure can be performed by an instructor during the surgical procedure to train students on how to handle a drop in pressure during the surgical procedure.

[0049] In another form of the first entry system 100, the first entry system 100 includes a penetrable tissue structure having multiple layers that mimic an abdominal wall, such as the first entry model 10 or anatomical portion 12 described above. The system 100 includes a container coupled to the penetrable tissue structure. The container 102 has a wall configured as at least one layer of elastomeric material. The at least one layer constitutes the container. The container layer has an upper surface and a lower surface. The container layer is attached to the penetrable tissue structure such that the upper surface of the container layer is adjacent to the penetrable tissue structure in apposition. The upper surface of the container layer is sealingly attached to the lower surface of the penetrable tissue structure. The upper surface of the container layer can be attached with or without an adhesive. For example, if without an adhesive, the layers of the container 102 are captured along their periphery within the frame support 14 between the frame elements described above. Thus, multiple layers that mimic an abdominal wall are provided adjacent their periphery. An adhesive may be used to sealingly attach the containment layer to the underside of the pierceable tissue structure such that a portion of the unattached or unattached layer is surrounded or enclosed by a portion of the attached layer, thereby creating an expandable separation or pocket between the pierceable tissue structure and the containment layer. The containment layer may be made of a transparent material, such as a transparent gel, a transparent silicone, or any transparent elastomer, including rubber, polymers, etc. An adhesive may be used to sealingly connect the containment layer to the pierceable tissue structure in a manner similar to creating at least one pocket. The containment layer is sealed to the pierceable tissue structure, thereby leaving a non-sealing central portion. The non-sealing central portion of the containment layer is surrounded by the portion of the containment layer sealed to the pierceable tissue structure. The non-sealing central portion forms a sealed pocket to prevent fluids, including gas, from entering or leaving the central portion. Thus, by carefully introducing fluid under pressure into the central portion, the elastomeric walls expand and inflate, providing the user with the illusion of simulated abdominal insufflation. Container 102 is a pocket.The system includes at least one tissue mimic similar to those described above, including but not limited to tissue with two-dimensional configurations such as texture, contour and color, organ mimicking images or three-dimensional structures. The tissue mimics located within the container pocket can include mimicking blood vessels, fat, organs, intestines, etc. In another embodiment, the tissue mimic is integrally formed with the container layer. For example, the container layer is made of multiple layers, each layer having a desired size, shape and transparency to mimic tissues and organs found within the human abdomen. The tissue mimic may or may not be attached to the container layer / wall. In one embodiment, the tissue mimic is attached to the underside of the container layer. In such an embodiment, the attached tissue mimic is visible through the transparent container layer. The container layer has a first form and a second form. While in the first configuration of the container, the tissue mimic within the container is disposed proximal to the mimic tissue structure relative to the second configuration, and while in the second configuration, at least a portion of the tissue mimic within the container is disposed distal to the mimic tissue structure relative to the first configuration. Fluid can be transferred into the container pocket, thereby transforming the container from the first configuration to the second configuration. This can be accomplished in several ways. One way is to evacuate air from the pocket to create a vacuum or partial vacuum, such that the container pocket layer is drawn closer to the penetrable mimic tissue structure. Upon penetrating the penetrable mimic tissue structure with a distal tip of a surgical instrument, such as the distal tip of an optical obturator, the vacuum is released and pressure is equalized, causing the container layer / wall to sag or move away from the penetrable mimic tissue structure, particularly under the influence of the weight of the tissue mimic disposed within the container. In another example, the second configuration is accomplished by pumping fluid, e.g., air, under pressure directly through the tip of a penetrating surgical instrument, e.g., an optical obturator having a tip-mounted vent hole at its distal end and a fluid port at its proximal end connectable to a source of fluid under pressure. The fluid port has a luer lock for turning on and off the insufflation gas. The fluid may be pumped by a mechanical hand pump connected to the fluid port of the obturator.The fluid may be delivered from an inflated bladder, such as a balloon or other canister. The fluid source is connected to the fluid port of the obturator via tubing. The fluid port is opened and fluid from the source is delivered into the obturator and out of the vent hole at the tip, and with the tip positioned inside the pocket, the fluid is delivered into the pocket. Because the container layer is elastic, it expands with the delivery of gas, thereby moving the tissue mimic away from the penetrable mimic tissue structures, thereby providing an image from the obturator's perspective that mimics real abdominal insufflation (pneumoperitoneum). In one form, the first entry system 100 described above is configured as a handheld model for sales demonstration purposes as well as for training first entry surgical techniques. The tubing connecting the fluid source to the fluid port can serve as a handpiece or handle for holding and carrying the system. The handheld model is also sized and shaped so that it can be easily held in one hand, such as by the handle, and easily flipped over. The system is therefore ergonomically designed and is approximately 3-6 inches (7.62-15.24 cm) in diameter. The penetrable mimic tissue structure and container are housed within a support with frame elements that expose the proximal skin inner side of the abdominal wall and a transparent distal container pocket layer. As mentioned above, the tissue mimic can have an image such as a mimic or real vasculature provided on the pocket. A salesperson or physician can utilize an obturator connected to a fluid source and begin penetration of the system from the skin side or top side of the model. By continuing to penetrate multiple layers, the user can turn on a fluid port to allow fluid to flow into the obturator. If the vent hole at the tip of the obturator is covered by a layer of the penetrable tissue structure as it advances through the layer of the penetrable tissue structure, fluid will not flow and the container layer will not expand. Only when the final layer in the penetrable tissue structure, e.g., the peritoneal layer, is penetrated where the pocket is, will the container layer expand as fluid from the fluid source can now flow freely into the pocket without being impeded by the tissue layers, thereby allowing the user to demonstrate and teach how many penetrations by the obturator are required to achieve insufflation.The observer or student will quickly see the expansion of the transparent container layer providing a visual indication that insufflation is occurring. The penetration points can also be noted when the handheld model is easily inverted to understand which of the tissue mimics are in contact with the distal tip when entering the pocket. The system further includes a plug, e.g., a dowel pin, sized to fit into the opening created by any previous penetration, so that the system is reusable and capable of multiple subsequent penetrations and demonstrations. Also, one of the layers in the penetrable mimicking tissue structure, preferably the fatty layer, i.e., the layer mimicking the fat layer, is made of a self-sealing foam to help seal the previous penetration points and make the structure reusable. In one variation, the tubing connecting the fluid source to the obturator includes a fluid flow regulator to regulate the amount and flow rate of fluid entering the obturator. The flow regulator can include a clip-type flow restrictor, e.g., with one or more settings for low, medium, and high flow rates.

[0050] It will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the embodiments of the first entry model 10 and first entry system 100 disclosed herein. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting the invention, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications that are within the scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims

1. 1. A surgical training device comprising: a tissue mimicking structure having an upper surface and a lower surface and having at least one layer mimicking a tissue layer; a container coupled to the mimicking tissue structure, the container having a wall defining an interior of the container; one or more mimicked organs disposed within the container, the mimicked organs configured to be disposed proximal to the mimicked tissue structure; The surgical training device is configured such that, as a result of penetration of the container, one or more of the mimicked tissue structures and at least a portion of the one or more mimicked organs within the container translate distally away from the mimicked tissue structures to mimic a surgical pneumoperitoneum condition.

2. 2. The surgical training device of claim 1, wherein the container has a top opening, the container being coupled to the penetrable mimicking tissue structure such that a periphery of the opening is sealed against the penetrable mimicking tissue structure to prevent fluids from entering or leaving the interior of the container.

3. 2. The surgical training device of claim 1, wherein the wall of the container completely encloses the simulated organ, the wall defining an exterior of the container, and the surgical training device further comprises a valve disposed across the wall of the container to allow fluid communication across the exterior and the interior of the container.

4. The surgical training device of claim 3 , wherein the valve is a check valve or a one-way pressure valve.

5. The surgical training device of claim 1 , further comprising a support configured to connect the surgical training device to a laparoscopic training device so that the container is suspended therefrom.

6. The surgical training device of claim 1 , wherein the mimicking tissue structure comprises a plurality of substantially flat layers configured to mimic an abdominal wall.

7. The surgical training device of claim 1 , wherein the simulated tissue structure is penetrable with blunt surgical instruments.

8. The surgical training device of claim 1 , wherein the container is configured to maintain a negative pressure within the interior relative to an exterior of the container.

9. The surgical training device of claim 8 , wherein penetration of the container relieves the negative pressure.

10. 1. A surgical training device comprising: a penetrable mimicking tissue structure configured to mimic an abdominal wall; a container coupled to the mimicking tissue structure, the container having a wall defining an interior and an exterior of the container, the container having a first configuration and a second configuration; at least one tissue mimic disposed within the container; the tissue mimic within the container is disposed proximal to the mimic tissue structure relative to the second configuration while in the first configuration of the container, and at least a portion of the tissue mimic within the container is disposed distal to the mimic tissue structure relative to the first configuration while in the second configuration; A surgical training device, wherein a fluid is transferable into said container to transform said container from said first configuration to said second configuration.

11. The surgical training device of claim 10 , wherein transfer of fluid into the container causes at least a portion of the tissue mimic to translate away from the mimic tissue structure.

12. 11. The surgical training device of claim 10, wherein the container has a first amount of fluid disposed therein when in the first configuration and a second amount of fluid disposed therein when in the second configuration, the second amount of fluid being greater than the first amount of fluid.

13. 11. The surgical training device of claim 10, further comprising a valve disposed across the wall of the container to allow fluid communication between the interior and the exterior of the abdominal cavity.

14. The surgical training device of claim 10 , wherein the first configuration is defined by removal of empty space around the tissue mimic.

15. The surgical training device of claim 10 , wherein the walls of the container are elastic and transfer of fluid into the container causes the walls of the container to stretch.

16. 16. The surgical training device of claim 15, wherein the wall of the container is a layer of elastomeric material having an upper surface and a lower surface, the layer sealingly attached to the underside of the penetrable tissue structure such that the attached portion of the wall surrounds the portion of the wall not attached to the penetrable mimicking tissue structure.

17. The surgical training device of claim 10 , wherein the wall of the container is transparent.

18. 11. The surgical training device of claim 10, wherein the penetrable mimic tissue structure comprises a plurality of mimic tissue layers disposed juxtaposed to one another, the mimic tissue layers including a mimic skin layer disposed over the remaining layers, each of the remaining layers having an opening extending therethrough, the mimic skin layer having a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface of the mimic skin layer defining a first side of an anatomical portion, and the penetrable mimic tissue structure comprises a tubular structure with a distal opening located at a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end of the tubular structure extending through one or more openings in the remaining layers.

19. 1. A method of simulating surgical insufflation, comprising: providing a model including a penetrable artificial tissue structure configured to mimic an abdominal wall, the model having a container with a wall connected to the artificial tissue structure, the model having at least one tissue mimic disposed within the container and proximal to the artificial tissue structure; manipulating an optical surgical obturator through the artificial tissue construct into the container; observing the tissue mimic within the container through a distal end of the optical obturator; The method comprises moving the tissue mimic from a position proximal to the artificial tissue construct to a position relatively distal to the artificial tissue construct to mimic a pneumoperitoneum condition.

20. creating a vacuum within the container; 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of moving the tissue mimic comprises releasing the vacuum within the container.

21. Providing a container with an elastic wall; and transferring a fluid into the container, 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of moving the tissue mimic comprises expanding the elastic wall of the container.

22. providing a laparoscopic training device having a cavity and a floor for said cavity; 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: floating the model above the floor of the cavity in the laparoscopic training device.

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