Selective propagation of energy in light field and holographic waveguide array

Abstract

To provide an energy waveguide system.SOLUTION: Disclosed embodiments include an energy waveguide system having an array of waveguides and an energy inhibiting element configured to substantially fill a waveguide element aperture and selectively propagate energy along some energy propagation paths through the array of waveguides. The energy waveguide system may define energy propagation paths through the array of waveguides in accordance to a 4D plenoptic system. In an embodiment, energy propagating through the energy waveguide system may comprise energy propagation for stimulation of any sensory receptor response including visual, auditory, somatosensory systems, and the waveguides may be incorporated into a holographic display or an aggregated bidirectional seamless energy surface capable of both receiving and emitting two-dimensional, light field or holographic energy through waveguiding or other 4D plenoptic functions prescribing energy convergence within a viewing volume.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 9H

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to energy directing devices, and in particular to energy waveguides configured to direct energy according to a four-dimensional plenoptic system. [Background technology]

[0002] Popularized by Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek and originally envisioned by author Alexander Moszkowski in the early 1900s, the dream of an interactive virtual world inside a "holodeck" chamber has been an inspiration for science fiction and technological innovation for nearly a century. However, no groundbreaking realization of this experience exists outside the literature, media, and collective imaginations of children and adults alike. Summary of the Invention

[0003] An embodiment of an energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths comprises an array of energy waveguides, the array including a first side and a second side and configured to direct energy therethrough along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through a plurality of energy locations on the first side, a subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths may extend through the first energy locations.

[0004] In one embodiment, the first energy waveguide is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and the first energy waveguide, and further, the first energy propagation path extends from the first energy waveguide toward the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location. Energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first energy waveguide may substantially fill a first aperture of the first energy waveguide. In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system comprises an energy suppression element arranged to restrict propagation of energy along a portion of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that does not extend through the first aperture.

[0005] In one embodiment, an energy suppression element may be disposed on a first side between the array of energy waveguides and the plurality of energy locations. In one embodiment, the first energy waveguide includes a two-dimensional spatial coordinate and the unique direction defined by at least the first energy location includes a two-dimensional angular coordinate, whereby the 2D spatial coordinate and the 2D angular coordinate form a four-dimensional (4D) coordinate set.

[0006] In one embodiment, the energy directed along the first energy propagation path may include one or more energy rays directed through the first energy waveguide in a direction that is substantially parallel to the first chief ray.

[0007] Energy directed along a first energy propagation path may converge with energy directed along a second energy propagation path through a second energy waveguide, and the first and second energy propagation paths may converge at a side of the second side of the array, at a side of the first side of the array, or between the first and second side of the array.

[0008] Additionally, the energy suppression element structure may be configured to limit the angular range of energy proximate the first energy location and may include an energy relay adjacent to the first energy location. Additionally, the energy suppression structure may include at least one numerical aperture and may include a baffle structure. The energy suppression structure may be disposed adjacent to the first energy waveguide and extend generally toward the first energy location, or may be disposed adjacent to the first energy location and extend generally toward the first energy waveguide.

[0009] In one embodiment, the array of energy waveguides may be arranged to form a planar surface or may be arranged to form a curved surface.

[0010] An embodiment of an energy waveguide system for defining multiple energy propagation paths may include an array of lenslets, the array including a first side and a second side, and configured to direct energy therethrough along multiple energy propagation paths extending through the multiple energy locations, a first subset of the multiple energy propagation paths extending through the first energy location.

[0011] In one embodiment, a first lenslet is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and the first lenslet, and further, the first energy propagation path extending from the first energy waveguide toward a second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location. Energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first lenslet may substantially fill a first aperture of the first lenslet.

[0012] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system includes an energy suppression element positioned to restrict propagation of energy along a portion of a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that do not extend through the first aperture, hi one embodiment, the array of waveguides may be arranged to form a planar surface or may be arranged to form a curved surface.

[0013] In one embodiment, the elements of the array of waveguides may be Fresnel lenses.

[0014] In one embodiment, the shape of the first waveguide may be configured to additionally modify the unique direction defined by at least the first energy location.

[0015] An embodiment of an energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths includes a reflector element comprising a first reflector disposed on a first side of the reflector element, the first reflector including one or more aperture stops formed therethrough, and a second reflector disposed on a second side of the reflector element, the second reflector including one or more aperture stops formed therethrough. The first and second reflectors are configured to direct energy along a plurality of energy propagation paths that extend through the aperture stops of the first and second reflectors and a plurality of energy locations on the first side of the reflector element. A first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths may extend through the first energy locations.

[0016] In one embodiment, the reflector element is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of a first subset of the multiple energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between a first energy location and a first aperture stop of the first reflector, and further, the first energy propagation path extending from the first aperture stop of the second reflector toward a second side of the reflector element in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location. The energy directed along the first energy propagation path may substantially fill the first aperture stop of the first reflector and the first aperture stop of the second reflector.

[0017] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system includes an energy suppression element positioned to limit propagation of energy along portions of a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that do not extend through a first aperture stop of the first reflector.

[0018] In one embodiment, the size of the aperture stop of one or more of the first and second reflectors may be constant or may vary.

[0019] In one embodiment, the first and second reflectors include one or more paraboloids such that the first paraboloid of the first reflector and the first paraboloid of the second reflector are configured to reflect energy along the first energy propagation path. The focal length of the first paraboloid of the first reflector may be the same as the focal length of the first paraboloid of the second reflector or may be different from the focal length of the first paraboloid of the second reflector.

[0020] In one embodiment, an additional energy suppression element may be disposed between the first and second lateral sides of the reflector element.

[0021] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system propagates energy in both directions.

[0022] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured for the propagation of mechanical energy.

[0023] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured for the propagation of electromagnetic energy.

[0024] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured for the simultaneous propagation of mechanical, electromagnetic, and / or other forms of energy.

[0025] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide propagates energy at different rates for u and v in a 4D coordinate system.

[0026] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide propagates energy using an anamorphic function.

[0027] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide comprises multiple elements along the energy propagation path.

[0028] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is formed directly from the polished surface of the fiber optic relay.

[0029] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system includes a material that exhibits lateral Anderson localization.

[0030] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to suppress electromagnetic energy.

[0031] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to suppress mechanical energy.

[0032] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to suppress mechanical, electromagnetic, and / or other forms of energy.

[0033] These and other advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and appended claims. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0034] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating design parameters for an energy directing system. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an energy system having an active device region with a mechanical envelope. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an energy relay system. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of an energy relay element bonded and fastened together to a base structure. [Figure 5A] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an image relayed through a multi-core optical fiber; [Figure 5B] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a relayed image through an optical relay exhibiting the characteristics of the lateral Anderson localization principle. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing light rays propagating from an energy surface to a viewer. [Figure 7] 1 illustrates a top perspective view of an embodiment of an energy waveguide system operable to define multiple energy propagation paths. [Figure 8] 8 illustrates a front perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 7. [Figure 9A] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9B] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9C] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9D] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9E] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9F] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9G] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 9H] 1 illustrates various embodiments of an energy suppression element. [Figure 10] 1 illustrates additional embodiments of an energy waveguide system. [Figure 11] 1 illustrates additional embodiments of an energy waveguide system. [Figure 12] The differences between square packing, hexagonal packing, and irregular packing for energy waveguide design considerations are highlighted. [Figure 13] 1 illustrates an embodiment featuring an array of energy waveguides arranged in a curved configuration. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates an embodiment that highlights how a waveguide element can affect the spatial distribution of energy passing therethrough. [Figure 15] 1 illustrates an additional embodiment that further highlights how a waveguide element can affect the spatial distribution of energy passing therethrough. [Figure 16] 1 illustrates an embodiment in which the multiple energy waveguides comprise diffractive waveguide elements. [Figure 17] Illustrates a lenslet configuration used to provide a perfect density of light illuminance for a desired viewing angle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0035] One embodiment of the Holodeck (collectively referred to as the "Holodeck Design Parameters") provides sufficient energy stimuli to trick human sensory receptors into believing that energy impulses received within a virtual, social, and interactive environment are real, providing 1) binocular parallax without external accessories, head-mounted eyewear, or other peripherals; 2) precise motion parallax, occlusion, and opacity throughout the entire viewing volume for any number of viewers simultaneously; 3) visual focusing via synchronous convergence, ocular accommodation, and miosis for all perceived light rays; and 4) focused energy wave propagation of sufficient density and resolution to exceed human sensory "resolution" for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, and / or balance.

[0036] Based on current prior art, we are decades, if not centuries, away from technology that can provide all receptive fields in a groundbreaking way as suggested by the Holodeck Design Parameters, including visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, olfactory, and vestibular systems.

[0037] In this disclosure, the terms light field and holographic may be used interchangeably to define energy propagation for the stimulation of any sensory receptor response. Although the initial disclosure may refer to examples of electromagnetic and mechanical energy propagation through energy surfaces for holographic images and volumetric haptics, all forms of sensory receptors are contemplated within this disclosure. Furthermore, the principles disclosed herein for energy propagation along a propagation path may be applicable to both energy emission and energy capture.

[0038] Today, many technologies exist that are unfortunately often confused with holograms, including lenticular printing, Pepper's Ghost, autostereoscopic displays, horizontal parallax displays, head-mounted VR and AR displays (HMDs), and other such illusions that have been generalized as "folklography." While these technologies may exhibit some of the desired characteristics of true holographic displays, they lack the ability to stimulate the human visual sensory response in any way sufficient to address at least two of the four Holdecki design parameters identified.

[0039] These challenges have not been successfully addressed by conventional techniques to generate sufficiently seamless energy surfaces for holographic energy propagation. However, while there are various approaches to implementing volumetric and directionally multiplexed light field displays, including parallax barriers, hogels, voxels, diffractive optical elements, multi-view projection, holographic diffusers, rotating mirrors, multi-layer displays, time-sequential displays, head-mounted displays, etc., conventional approaches may require compromises in image quality, resolution, angular sampling density, size, cost, safety, frame rate, etc., and may ultimately render the technology unfeasible.

[0040] To achieve the Holdecki design parameters for the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems, the human acuity of each of the systems is studied and understood to propagate energy waves sufficiently to fool the human sensory receptors. The visual system can resolve up to about one arc minute, the auditory system may distinguish placement differences of only 3 degrees, and the somatosensory system of the hand can discern points 2-12 mm apart. There are various conflicting ways to measure these acuities, but these values ​​are sufficient to understand systems and methods for stimulating the perception of energy propagation.

[0041] Of the well-known sensory receptors, the human visual system is by far the most sensitive, with even a single photon capable of inducing a sensation. For this reason, much of this introduction focuses on visual energy wave propagation, with extremely low resolution energy systems coupled into the disclosed energy waveguide surfaces capable of focusing appropriate signals to induce holographic sensory perceptions. Unless otherwise noted, all disclosures apply to all energy and sensory domains.

[0042] When calculating the effective design parameters of energy propagation for a visual system with a given viewing volume and viewing distance, the desired energy surface may be designed to include many gigapixels of effective energy location density. For large viewing volumes, or near-field viewing, the design parameters of the desired energy surface may include effective energy location densities of hundreds of gigapixels or more. In comparison, the desired energy source may be designed to have an energy location density of 1-250 effective gigapixels for ultrasonic propagation in volumetric haptics, or an array of 36-3,600 effective energy locations for acoustic propagation in holographic acoustics, according to the input environmental variables. It is important to note that with the disclosed bidirectional energy surface architecture, all components may be configured to form the appropriate structure for any energy region and enable holographic propagation.

[0043] However, today, the main challenge to making the holodeck possible involves the limitations of available visual technology and electromagnetic devices. Acoustic and ultrasonic devices are less challenging given the difference in the desired density by a few orders of magnitude based on the sensory acuity in the respective receptive fields, but the complexity should not be underestimated. Holographic emulsions exist with resolutions that exceed the desired density and encode interference patterns in still images, whereas state-of-the-art display devices are constrained by resolution, data throughput, and manufacturing feasibility. To date, even extraordinary display devices have not been able to meaningfully generate light fields with holographic resolutions approaching visual acuity.

[0044] Fabricating a single silicon-based device capable of meeting the desired resolution for a groundbreaking light field display would be impractical and would involve extremely complex manufacturing processes beyond current manufacturing capabilities. The constraints on tiling multiple existing display devices together involve seams and gaps created by packaging, electronics, housings, optics, and many other challenges that would inevitably result in an unviable technology from an imaging, cost, and / or size standpoint.

[0045] The embodiments disclosed herein may provide a real-world route to building a holodeck.

[0046] Example embodiments will now be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and which illustrate example embodiments that may be practiced. As used in this disclosure and the appended claims, the terms "embodiment," "example embodiment," and "exemplary embodiment" do not necessarily refer to a single embodiment, but they may be a single embodiment, and various example embodiments may be readily combined and used interchangeably without departing from the scope or spirit of the example embodiments. Furthermore, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing the example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. In this regard, as used herein, the term "in" can include "in" and "on," and the terms "a," "an," and "the" can include singular and plural. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "by" can also mean "from," depending on the context. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "if" can also mean "when" or "on," depending on the context. Furthermore, as used herein, the word "and / or" may refer to and include any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0047] Holographic system Light Field Energy Propagation Resolution Overview Light field and holographic displays are the result of multiple projections where the energy surface location provides angle, color, and intensity information propagated within the viewing volume. The disclosed energy surfaces provide the opportunity for additional information to coexist and propagate through the same surface, eliciting other sensory system responses. Unlike volumetric displays, the viewed location of the converged energy propagation paths in space does not change as the viewer moves around the viewing volume, and multiple viewers may simultaneously observe the propagated objects in real-world space as if the objects were truly present there. In some embodiments, the energy propagation may be located within the same energy propagation path, but in opposite directions. For example, energy emission and energy capture along the energy propagation path are both possible in some implementations of the present disclosure.

[0048] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating variables related to the stimulation of sensory receptor responses. These variables may include surface diagonal 01, surface width 02, surface height 03, defined target seat distance 18, target seat field of view from the center of the display 04, number of intermediate samples 05 as demonstrated here as samples between the eyes, average separation distance between the eyes of an adult 06, average resolution per minute of human eye angle 07, horizontal field of view formed between the target viewer position and the surface width 08, vertical field of view formed between the target viewer position and the surface height 09, resulting horizontal waveguide element resolution or total number of elements across the surface 10, resulting vertical waveguide element resolution or total number of elements across the surface 11, interocular gap between the eyes, and sample distance 12 based on the number of intermediate samples for the angular projection between the eyes. The angular sampling may be based on the sample distance and the target seat distance 13, the full resolution Horizontal per waveguide element may be derived from the desired angular sampling 14, and the full resolution Vertical per waveguide element may be derived from the desired angular sampling 15. The Device Horizontal is a count of the determined number of desired discreet energy sources 16, and the Device Vertical is a count of the determined number of desired discreet energy sources 17.

[0049] A method for understanding the desired minimum resolution may be based on the following criteria to ensure sufficient stimulation of visual (or other) sensory receptor responses: surface size (e.g., 84 inch diagonal), surface aspect ratio (e.g., 16:9), seating distance (e.g., 128 inch distance from the display), seating field of view (e.g., 120 degrees or ±60 degrees relative to the center of the display), desired intermediate samples at a distance (e.g., one additional propagation path between the eyes), average separation between the lenses of an adult (approximately 65 mm), and average resolution of the human eye (approximately 1 arc minute). These example values ​​should be considered placeholders depending on the specific application design parameters.

[0050] Additionally, each of the values ​​attributed to the visual sensory receptors may be substituted for other systems to determine the desired propagation path parameters. For other energy propagation embodiments, the angular sensitivity of the auditory system may be considered to be as low as 3 degrees, and the spatial resolution of the somatosensory system of the hand may be considered to be as low as 2-12 mm.

[0051] Although there are various and conflicting ways to measure these perception acuity, these values ​​are sufficient to understand systems and methods that stimulate the perception of virtual energy propagation. While there are many ways to consider design resolution, the following proposed system of principles combines practical product considerations with the biological resolution limits of the sensory system. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the following outline is a simplification of any such system design and should be considered for illustrative purposes only.

[0052] Once the resolution limit of the sensory system is understood, the total energy waveguide element density can be calculated such that the receiving sensory system is unable to distinguish a single energy waveguide element from adjacent elements, given by:

number

[0053] The above calculations result in a field of view of approximately 32×18°, resulting in an energy waveguide element of approximately 1920×1080 (rounded to nearest format). Also, variables may be constrained so that the field of view is compatible for both (u,v) and provides a more regular spatial sampling of energy locations (e.g., pixel aspect ratio). The angular sampling of the system estimates the target viewing volume location defined between two points at the optimized distance, and additional propagating energy paths, as follows:

number

[0054] In this case, the interocular distance is utilized to calculate the sample distance, although any scale may be utilized to account for the appropriate number of samples for a given distance. Taking into account the above variables, approximately one ray per 0.57° is desired, and the overall system resolution for each individual sensory system can be calculated and is given as follows:

number

[0055] Using the above scenario, given the size of the energy surface addressed for the vision system and the angular resolution, the resulting energy surface may desirably include energy resolved positions of approximately 400k x 225k pixels, or a holographic propagation density of 90 gigapixels. These given variables are merely for illustrative purposes only, and many other sensory and energy metrology considerations should be considered for optimizing the holographic propagation of energy. In additional embodiments, energy resolved positions of 1 gigapixels may be determined based on the input variables. In additional embodiments, energy resolved positions of 1,000 gigapixels may be determined based on the input variables.

[0056] Limitations of current technology Active area, device electronics, packaging, and mechanical envelope 2 illustrates a device 20 having an active area 22 with a certain mechanical form factor. The device 20 may include drivers 23 and electronics 24 for power supply and connect to the active area 22, which has dimensions indicated by the x and y arrows. This device 20 does not take into account cabling and mechanical structures for driving power and cooling components, and furthermore, the mechanical footprint may be minimized by introducing flex cables into the device 20. The minimum footprint for such a device 20 may also be referred to as a mechanical envelope 21, with dimensions indicated by the M:x and M:y arrows. This device 20 is for illustrative purposes only, and application specific electronics design may further reduce the mechanical envelope overhead, but in almost all cases may not be the exact size of the active area of ​​the device. In one embodiment, this device 20 illustrates the dependency of electronic circuitry to associate with an active image area 22 on a micro OLED, DLP chip, or LCD panel, or any other technology having the purpose of image illumination.

[0057] In some embodiments, it may be possible to consider other projection technologies to aggregate multiple images across a larger display. However, this may result in costs due to greater complications with respect to throw distance, minimum focus, optical quality, uniform field resolution, chromatic aberration, thermal characteristics, calibration, alignment, additional size, or form factor. For most practical applications, hosting tens or hundreds of these projection sources 20 may result in less reliable and more extensive designs.

[0058] For illustrative purposes only, assuming an energy device having an energy location density of 3840 x 2160 sites, the number of individual energy devices (e.g., devices 10) desired for the energy surface can be calculated and is given as follows:

number

[0059] Given the above resolution considerations, approximately 105 x 105 devices similar to the energy device shown in Figure 2 may be desired. Note that many devices are composed of various pixel structures that may or may not be mapped to a regular grid. If there are additional sub-pixels or positions within each complete pixel, these may be exploited to generate additional resolution or angular density. Additional signal processing may be used to determine how to transform the light field into the correct (u,v) coordinates according to the specified position of the pixel structure(s), which may be a known, calibrated, explicit characteristic of each device. Furthermore, other energy regions may require different treatment of these ratios and device structures, and one skilled in the art will understand the direct inherent relationship between each of the desired frequency regions. This will be shown and discussed in more detail in the following disclosure.

[0060] The resulting calculations can be used to understand how many of these individual devices would be desirable to generate a maximum resolution energy surface. In this case, approximately 105 x 105, or approximately 11,080 devices, may be desired to achieve visual acuity threshold. Challenges and novelty exist in creating a seamless energy surface from these available energy locations for sufficient sensory holographic propagation.

[0061] Seamless Energy Surface Outline Construction and design of an array of energy relays In some embodiments, approaches are disclosed to address the challenge of producing high energy location densities from an array of discrete devices without the seams constrained by the mechanical structure of each device. In one embodiment, an energy propagation relay system may make it possible to increase the effective size of the active device area to meet or exceed the mechanical dimensions to make up an array of relays and form a single seamless energy surface.

[0062] 3 illustrates one embodiment of such an energy relay system 30. As shown, the relay system 30 may include a device 31 mounted on a mechanical envelope 32 with an energy relay element 33 that propagates energy from the device 31. The relay element 33 may be configured to provide the ability to reduce any gaps 34 that may occur when multiple mechanical envelopes 32 of a device are arranged in an array of multiple devices 31.

[0063] For example, if the active area 310 of the device is 20 mm×10 mm and the mechanical envelope 32 is 40 mm×20 mm, assuming that the array of these elements 33 can be seamlessly aligned together without changing or colliding the mechanical envelope 32 of each device 31, the energy relay elements 33 can be designed with a 2:1 scale factor to produce a tapered shape of about 20 mm×10 mm on the reduced end (arrow A) and about 40 mm×20 mm on the expanded end (arrow B). Mechanically, the relay elements 33 can be bonded or fused together, aligned and ground while ensuring a minimum seam gap 34 between each device 31. In such an embodiment, it becomes possible to achieve a seam gap 34 smaller than the visual acuity limit of the eye.

[0064] 4 illustrates an example of a base structure 400 with energy relay elements 410 formed together and securely fastened to an additional mechanical structure 430. The mechanical structure of the seamless energy surface 420 provides the ability to serially couple multiple energy relay elements 410, 450 to the same base structure through bonding or other mechanical processes to mount the relay elements 410, 450. In some implementations, each relay element 410 may be fused, bonded, glued, pressure fitted, aligned, or otherwise attached together to form the resulting seamless energy surface 420. In some implementations, the device 480 may be mounted to the rear of the relay element 410 and passively or actively centered to ensure proper energy position alignment within defined tolerances.

[0065] In one embodiment, the seamless energy surface includes one or more energy locations and one or more energy relay element stacks include first and second sides, each energy relay element stack arranged to form a unique seamless display surface that directs energy along a propagation path extending between the one or more energy locations and the seamless display surface, where the distance between the ends of any two adjacent second sides of the terminating energy relay elements is less than the smallest perceptible contour as defined by human visual acuity better than 20 / 40 vision at a distance greater than the width of the unique seamless display surface.

[0066] In one embodiment, each of the seamless energy surfaces includes one or more energy relay elements each having one or more structures forming a first and second surface in a lateral and longitudinal orientation, the first relay surface having a different area from the second relay surface resulting in a positive or negative magnification, and configured with a distinct surface contour for both the first and second relay surfaces that passes energy through the second relay surface to substantially satisfy an angle of ±10 degrees relative to a normal to the surface contour across the entire second relay surface.

[0067] In one embodiment, multiple energy fields may be configured within a single energy relay, or among multiple energy relays, to direct one or more sensory holographic energy propagation pathways, including visual, auditory, tactile, or other energy fields.

[0068] In one embodiment, a seamless energy surface may be comprised of an energy relay that includes two or more first sides for each second side to both receive and emit one or more energy fields simultaneously to provide bidirectional energy propagation throughout the system.

[0069] In one embodiment, the energy relay is provided as a loosely coherent element.

[0070] Introducing component design constructs Disclosed progress in transverse Anderson localized energy relays The properties of the energy relay may be significantly optimized in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for energy relay elements that induce lateral Anderson localization, which is the propagation of light rays transported through a material that is laterally disordered but longitudinally coherent.

[0071] This means that the material effects giving rise to the Anderson localization phenomenon will be less affected by total internal reflection than by randomization between multiple scattering paths, where wave interference may completely restrict the propagation of transverse orientations while continuing the propagation of longitudinal orientations.

[0072] An even more important advantage is the elimination of the cladding of conventional multicore optical fiber materials, which functionally eliminates scattering of energy between fibers, but at the same time acts as a barrier to the light energy, thereby reducing the transmission up to at least the core-to-cladding ratio (e.g., a 70:30 core-to-cladding ratio can transmit up to 70% of the received energy transmission), and also creates a strong pixelated patterning in the transmitted energy.

[0073] FIG. 5A illustrates an end view of one such non-Anderson localized energy relay 500, where an image is relayed through a multi-core optical fiber that may exhibit pixelation and fiber noise due to the inherent properties of the optical fiber. With conventional multimode and multi-core optical fibers, the relayed image may be inherently pixelated due to the total internal reflection properties of the discrete array cores, where any inter-core crosstalk would degrade the modulation transfer function and increase edge blurring. The resulting images produced using conventional multi-core optical fibers tend to have a residual fixed noise fiber pattern similar to that shown in FIG. 3.

[0074] Figure 5B illustrates an example of the same relay image 550 through an energy relay including a material exhibiting properties of lateral Anderson localization, where the relay pattern has a greater density of grain structure compared to the fixed fiber pattern from Figure 5 A. In one embodiment, a relay including randomized micro-component design structures induces lateral Anderson localization and more effectively transports light with a higher resolvable resolution of propagation than commercially available multimode glass optical fibers.

[0075] With respect to both cost and weight, the lateral Anderson localized material properties have significant advantages, with similar optical grade glass materials potentially costing 10-100 times more in cost and weight than the cost of the same material produced within one embodiment, and the disclosed systems and methods include randomized micro-component design structures that demonstrate significant opportunities to improve both cost and quality over other techniques known in the art.

[0076] In one embodiment, a relay element exhibiting lateral Anderson localization may include a plurality of at least two different component design structures in each of three orthogonal planes arranged in a one-dimensional lattice, the plurality of structures forming a randomized distribution of the wave propagation properties of the material in the lateral planes in the one-dimensional lattice, and equivalent channels of the wave propagation properties of the material in the longitudinal planes in the one-dimensional lattice, such that localized energy waves propagating through the energy relay have a higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation.

[0077] In one embodiment, multiple energy fields may be configured within a single, or between multiple lateral Anderson Localized Energy Relays, to direct one or more sensory holographic energy propagation pathways, including visual, auditory, tactile, or other energy fields.

[0078] In one embodiment, a seamless energy surface may be comprised of a lateral Anderson localized energy relay that includes two or more first sides for each second side to both receive and emit one or more energy fields simultaneously to provide bidirectional energy propagation throughout the system.

[0079] In one embodiment, the lateral Anderson localized energy relay is configured as a loosely coherent element, or a flexible energy relay element.

[0080] Considerations on 4D plenoptic functions Selective propagation of energy through holographic waveguide arrays. As discussed above and throughout this specification, a light field display system generally includes an energy source (e.g., an illumination source) and a seamless energy surface configured with sufficient energy position density, as clearly indicated in the above discussion. A plurality of relay elements may be used to relay energy from an energy device to the seamless energy surface. Once the energy is delivered to the seamless energy surface with the required energy position density, the energy may be propagated according to a 4D plenoptic function through the disclosed energy waveguide system. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the 4D plenoptic function is well known in the art and will not be further detailed herein.

[0081] The energy waveguide system, together with a structure configured to change the angular direction of energy waves passing therethrough through representing the angular components of the 4D plenoptic function, selectively propagates energy through multiple energy locations along a seamless energy surface representing the spatial coordinates of the 4D plenoptic function, and the propagated energy waves may converge in space according to multiple propagation paths directed by the 4D plenoptic function.

[0082] Now, referring to FIG. 6, an example of a light field energy surface in a 4D image space according to a 4D plenoptic function is illustrated. The figure shows a ray trace of the energy surface 600 to a viewer 620 in describing how rays of energy converge in space 630 from various locations in the viewing volume. As shown in the figure, each waveguide element 610 defines four-dimensional information describing the energy propagation 640 through the energy surface 600. The two spatial dimensions (referred to herein as x and y) are the physical energy locations that can be observed in the image space, and the angular components θ and φ (referred to herein as u and v) that are observed in the virtual space when projected through the energy waveguide array. Typically, and according to the 4D plenoptic function, the multiple waveguides (e.g., lenslets) can direct the energy locations from the x, y dimensions to specific locations in the virtual space along the directions defined by the u, v angular components in forming the holographic or light field systems described herein.

[0083] However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a significant challenge to light field and holographic display technologies results in uncontrolled energy propagation due to designs that do not properly account for diffraction, scattering, diffusion, angular orientation, calibration, focus, collimation, curvature, uniformity, element crosstalk, and any of the many other parameters that contribute to reduced effective resolution and the inability to precisely focus energy with great fidelity.

[0084] In one embodiment, an approach to selective energy propagation to address challenges associated with holographic displays may include substantially filling an energy suppression element and a waveguide aperture with nearly collimated energy within an environment defined by a 4D plenoptic function.

[0085] In one embodiment, an array of energy waveguides may define multiple energy propagation paths through which each waveguide element extends and substantially fill the effective aperture of the waveguide elements in a unique direction defined by a prescribed 4D function for the multiple energy locations along a seamless energy surface constrained by one or more elements positioned to restrict propagation of each energy location to only pass through a single waveguide element.

[0086] In one embodiment, multiple energy fields may be configured within a single energy waveguide or between multiple energy waveguides to direct one or more sensory holographic energy propagation including visual, auditory, tactile, or other energy fields.

[0087] In one embodiment, the energy waveguides and seamless energy surfaces are configured to both receive and emit one or more energy fields, providing bidirectional energy propagation throughout the system.

[0088] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured to propagate a nonlinear or non-regular energy distribution of energy that includes non-transparent void regions and leverages digitally encoded, diffractive, refractive, reflective, grin, holographic, Fresnel, or similar waveguide configurations for any seamless energy surface orientation including walls, tables, floors, ceilings, rooms, or other geometry-based environments. In further embodiments, the energy waveguide elements can be configured to generate a variety of shapes that provide any surface profile and / or tabletop field of view that allows a user to view a holographic image from all around the energy surface in a 360 degree configuration.

[0089] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide array elements may be reflective surfaces and the arrangement of those elements may be hexagonal, square, irregular, semi-regular, curved, non-planar, spherical, cylindrical, tapered regular, tapered irregular, spatially varying, and / or multi-layered.

[0090] For any component within the seamless energy surface, the waveguide or relay component may include, but is not limited to, optical fibers, silicon, glass, polymers, optical relays, diffractive, holographic, refractive, or reflective elements, optical face plates, energy combiners, beam splitters, prisms, polarizing elements, spatial light modulators, active pixels, liquid crystal cells, transparent displays, or any similar material that exhibits Anderson localization or total internal reflection.

[0091] The Realization of the Holodeck Integration of a bidirectional seamless energy surface system for stimulating human sensory receptors within a holographic environment Large-scale environments of seamless energy surface systems can be constructed by tiling, fusing, bonding, attaching, and / or stitching multiple seamless energy surfaces together to form any size, shape, contour, or form factor, including entire rooms. Each energy surface system can include an assembly having a base structure, energy surfaces, relays, waveguides, devices, and electronics collectively configured for the propagation, emission, reflection, or detection of bidirectional holographic energy.

[0092] In one embodiment, tiled seamless energy system environments are aggregated to form large seamless flat or curved walls that contain the equipment that makes up all surfaces within a given environment, and are configured as any combination of seamless, discontinuous, cut, curved, cylindrical, spherical, geometric, or non-regular shapes.

[0093] In one embodiment, the planar surface aggregate tiles form a wall-sized system for theater or venue-based holographic entertainment. In one embodiment, the planar surface aggregate tiles cover a room with 4-6 walls, including both the ceiling and floor, for a cave-based holographic installation. In one embodiment, the curved surface aggregate tiles create a cylindrical seamless environment for an immersive holographic installation. In one embodiment, the seamless spherical surface aggregate tiles create a holographic dome for an immersive holodeck-based experience.

[0094] In one embodiment, aggregate tiles of seamless curved energy waveguides provide mechanical edges that follow a precise pattern along the boundaries of the energy suppression elements within the energy waveguide structure, bonding, aligning, or fusing adjacent tiled mechanical edges of adjacent waveguide surfaces, resulting in a modular, seamless energy waveguide system.

[0095] In further embodiments of the aggregated tile environment, energy is propagated bidirectionally to multiple simultaneous energy regions. In further embodiments, the energy surface provides the ability to both display and capture simultaneously from the same energy surface using a waveguide that is designed such that light field data can be projected by an illumination source through the waveguide and simultaneously received through the same energy surface. In further embodiments, depth sensing and active scanning techniques may be further utilized to enable interaction between the energy propagation and the viewer in precise world coordinates. In further embodiments, the energy surface and the waveguide are operable to emit, reflect, or focus frequencies to induce haptic excitation or volumetric haptic feedback. In some embodiments, any combination of bidirectional energy propagation and aggregated surfaces is possible.

[0096] In one embodiment, the system comprises an energy waveguide that allows bidirectional emission and detection of energy through an energy surface with one or more energy devices separately paired using two or more path energy couplers to pair at least two energy devices to the same portion of a seamless energy surface, or one or more energy devices are fixed behind the energy surface and closest to additional components fixed to the base structure or to a location in front and outside the waveguide's FOV for off-axis direct or reflected projection or detection, the resulting energy surface providing bidirectional energy transmission that allows the waveguide to focus energy, a first device to emit energy, and a second device to detect energy, where the information is processed to perform computer vision related tasks including, but not limited to, a 4D plenoptic eye, and retinal tracking or detection of interference within the propagating energy pattern, depth estimation, approximation, motion tracking, image, color, or acoustic information, or other energy frequency analysis. In a further embodiment, the tracked position actively calculates and corrects the position of the energy based on interference between bidirectionally captured data and projection information.

[0097] In some embodiments, multiple combinations of three energy devices including an ultrasonic sensor, a visible electromagnetic display, and an ultrasonic emission device are configured together with each of three first relay surfaces that propagate the combined energy into a single second energy relay surface together with each of three first surfaces including two processed waveguide elements each configured to provide processing characteristics specific to the energy field of each device, and the ability for the ultrasonic and electromagnetic energy to separately direct and focus the energy of each device and be substantially unaffected by other waveguide elements configured for the separate energy fields.

[0098] In some embodiments, a calibration procedure is disclosed that uses encoding / decoding techniques as well as a dedicated integrated system for converting data into calibration information suitable for energy propagation based on a calibrated configuration file, allowing efficient manufacturing, removal of system artifacts, and generation of a geometric mapping of the resulting energy surface.

[0099] In some embodiments, a series of additional energy waveguides and one or more energy devices may be integrated into one system to generate indistinct holographic pixels.

[0100] In some embodiments, additional waveguide elements are integrated, including energy suppression elements, beam splitters, prisms, active parallax barriers, or polarization techniques, to provide spatial and / or angular resolution greater than the diameter of the waveguide, or for other super-resolution purposes.

[0101] In some embodiments, the disclosed energy system may also be configured as a wearable interactive device such as a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) device. In other embodiments, the energy system may include conditioning optics such that the displayed or received energy is focused in the vicinity of a defined plane in space relative to the viewer. In some embodiments, the waveguide array may be incorporated into a holographic head mounted display. In other embodiments, the system may include multiple optical paths that allow the viewer to see both the energy system and the real world environment (e.g., a transparent holographic display). In these examples, the system may present as near field in addition to other methods.

[0102] In some embodiments, the transmission of data includes an encoding process with selectable or variable compression ratio that receives any dataset of information and metadata, analyzes the dataset, and receives or assigns material properties, vectors, surface IDs, new pixel data forming a sparser dataset, where the received data may include 2D, stereo, multi-view, metadata, light field, holographic, geometric shapes, vectors or vectorized metadata, and the encoder / decoder may provide the ability to transform real-time or offline data including image processing for 2D, 2D plus depth, metadata or other vectorized information, stereo, stereo plus depth, metadata or other vectorized information, multi-view, multi-view plus depth, metadata or other vectorized information, holographic, or light field content via depth estimation algorithms with or without depth metadata, and where the inverse ray tracing method appropriately maps the resulting transformed data generated by inverse ray tracing from various 2D, stereo, multi-view, volumetric, light field, or holographic data to real world coordinates via a characterized 4D plenoptic function. In these embodiments, the total desired data transmission may be several orders of magnitude smaller than the transmitted information of the raw light field dataset.

[0103] Selective propagation of energy in light-field and holographic waveguide arrays 7 illustrates a top perspective view of one embodiment of an energy waveguide system 100 operable to define multiple energy propagation paths 108. The energy waveguide system 100 comprises an array 112 of energy waveguides configured to direct energy therethrough along the multiple energy propagation paths 108. In one embodiment, the multiple energy propagation paths 108 extend through a plurality of energy locations 118 on a first side of the array 116 to a second side of the array 114.

[0104] 7 and 9H, in one embodiment, a first subset 290 of the plurality of energy propagation paths 108 extends through the first energy location 122. The first energy waveguide 104 is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path 120 of the first subset 290 of the plurality of energy propagation paths 108. The first energy propagation path 120 may be defined by a first chief ray 138 formed between the first energy location 122 and the first energy waveguide 104. The first energy propagation path 120 may include rays 138A and 138B formed between the first energy location 122 and the first energy waveguide 104, which are directed by the first energy waveguide 104 along energy propagation paths 120A and 120B, respectively. The first energy propagation path 120 may extend from the first energy waveguide 104 toward the second lateral side of the array 114. In one embodiment, the energy directed along the first energy propagation path 120 includes one or more energy propagation paths between or including energy propagation paths 120A and 120B that are directed through the first energy waveguide 104 in a direction that is substantially parallel to the angle propagated by the first chief ray 138 through the second lateral side 114.

[0105] Some embodiments may be configured such that energy directed along first energy propagation path 120 may exit first energy waveguide 104 in a direction that is substantially parallel to energy propagation paths 120A and 120B and first chief ray 138. The energy propagation paths extending through energy waveguide element 112 of second lateral side 114 may be estimated to include multiple energy propagation paths of substantially similar propagation directions.

[0106] 8 is a front illustrative view of one embodiment of the energy waveguide system 100. The first energy propagation path 120 may extend in a unique direction 208 extending from the first energy waveguide 104 toward the second side 114 of the array 112 shown in FIG. 7, the unique direction being defined by at least the first energy locations 122. The first energy waveguide 104 may be defined by spatial coordinates 204, and the unique direction 208 defined by at least the first energy locations 122 may be defined by an angular coordinate 206 that defines the direction of the first energy propagation path 120. The spatial coordinates 204 and the angular coordinates 206 may form a four-dimensional plenoptic coordinate set 210 that defines the unique direction 208 of the first energy propagation path 120.

[0107] In one embodiment, energy directed along the first energy propagation path 120 through the first energy waveguide 104 substantially fills the first aperture 134 of the first energy waveguide 104 and propagates along one or more energy propagation paths that are located between the energy propagation paths 120A and 120B and parallel to the direction of the first energy propagation path 120. In one embodiment, the one or more energy propagation paths that substantially fill the first aperture 134 may include more than 50% of the diameter of the first aperture 134.

[0108] In a preferred embodiment, the energy directed along the first energy propagation path 120 through the first energy waveguide 104 substantially fills the first aperture 134, which may include between 50% and 80% of the diameter of the first aperture 134.

[0109] 7 and 9A-9H, in one embodiment, the energy waveguide system 100 may further comprise an energy suppression element 124 disposed to restrict propagation of energy between the first lateral side 116 and the second lateral side 114 and suppress energy propagation between adjacent waveguides 112. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to suppress energy propagation along a portion of the first subset 290 of the plurality of energy propagation paths 108 that does not extend through the first aperture 134. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may be disposed on the first lateral side 116 between the array of energy waveguides 112 and the plurality of energy locations 118. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may be disposed on the second lateral side 114 between the plurality of energy locations 118 and the energy propagation paths 108. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may be disposed on a first lateral side 116 or a second lateral side 114 orthogonal to the array or plurality of energy locations 118 of the energy waveguide 112 .

[0110] In one embodiment, the energy directed along the first energy propagation path 120 may converge together with the energy directed along the second energy propagation path 126 through the second energy waveguide 128. The first and second energy propagation paths may converge at a location 130 on the second lateral side 114 of the array 112. In one embodiment, the third and fourth energy propagation paths 140, 141 may also converge at a location 132 on the first lateral side 116 of the array 112. In one embodiment, the fifth and sixth energy propagation paths 142, 143 may also converge at a location 136 between the first and second lateral sides 116, 114 of the array 112.

[0111] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system 100 may comprise structures for directing energy, such as structures configured to change the angular direction of the energy passing therethrough, e.g., refractive elements, diffractive elements, reflective elements, gradient index elements, holographic elements, or other optical elements, structures including at least one numerical aperture, structures configured to redirect energy from at least one internal surface, optical relays, etc. The waveguide 112 may include: a) refraction, diffraction, or reflection; b) Single layer or composite multilayer elements; c) holographic optical elements and digital encoding optics; d) 3D printed elements, or lithographic masters or replicas; e) Fresnel lenses, diffraction gratings, zone plates, binary optical elements, f) retroreflective elements; g) Fiber optics, total internal reflection, or Anderson localization; h) gradient index optics, or various index matching materials; i) Glass, polymer, gas, solid, liquid, j) acoustic waveguide; k) micro- and nanoscale devices; or l) It should be recognized that the present invention may include any or a combination of bidirectional energy directing structures or materials, such as polarizers, prisms, or beam splitters.

[0112] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system propagates energy bidirectionally.

[0113] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured for the propagation of mechanical energy.

[0114] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured for the propagation of electromagnetic energy.

[0115] In one embodiment, an energy waveguide is configured to simultaneously propagate mechanical, electromagnetic, and / or other forms of energy by entangling, layering, reflecting, combining, or otherwise providing appropriate material properties within one or more structures within the energy waveguide element and within one or more layers that comprise the energy waveguide system.

[0116] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide propagates energy with different ratios for u and v in a 4D coordinate system.

[0117] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide propagates the energy using an anamorphic function, hi one embodiment, the energy waveguide comprises a plurality of elements along the energy propagation path.

[0118] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is formed directly from the polished surface of the fiber optic relay.

[0119] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide system includes a material that exhibits lateral Anderson localization.

[0120] In one embodiment, an energy waveguide system propagates hypersonic frequencies to focus tactile sensations in a volumetric space.

[0121] 9A-9H are illustrative diagrams of various embodiments of energy suppression element 124. For the avoidance of doubt, these embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes and in no way are provided in a manner that limits the scope of combinations or implementations provided within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0122] 9A illustrates one embodiment of a plurality of energy locations 118, where energy suppression elements 251 are disposed adjacent to a surface of the energy locations 118 and include specific refraction, diffraction, reflection, or other energy conversion properties. The energy suppression elements 251 may be configured to restrict a first subset of energy propagation paths 290 to a smaller range of propagation paths 253 by suppressing propagation of energy along energy propagation paths 252. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements are energy relays having a numerical aperture less than one.

[0123] 9B illustrates one embodiment of a plurality of energy locations 118, where energy suppression structures 254 are positioned orthogonally between regions of energy locations 118, where the energy suppression structures 254 exhibit absorbing properties, and where the suppression energy structures 254 have heights defined along the energy propagation paths 256 such that certain energy propagation paths 255 are suppressed. In one embodiment, the energy suppression structures 254 are hexagonal in shape. In one embodiment, the energy suppression structures 254 are circular in shape. In one embodiment, the shape or size of the energy suppression structures 254 is non-uniform along any orientation of the propagation path. In one embodiment, the energy suppression structures 254 are embedded within another structure having additional properties.

[0124] 9C illustrates a plurality of energy locations 118, with a first energy suppression structure 257 configured to orient energy 259 propagating therethrough substantially in a first state. A second energy suppression structure 258 configured to allow energy 259 oriented substantially in the first state to propagate therethrough and limit propagation of energy 260 oriented substantially differently than the first state. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 257, 258 are energy polarizing element pairs. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 257, 258 are energy wave bandpass element pairs. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 257, 258 are diffractive waveguide pairs.

[0125] 9D illustrates an embodiment of the plurality of energy locations 118, where the energy suppression element 261 is constructed to modify the energy propagation path 263 to a certain extent depending on which of the plurality of energy locations 118 the energy propagation path 263 extends through. The energy suppression element 261 may modify the energy propagation path 263 to be uniform or non-uniform along the energy propagation path 263 such that a certain energy propagation path 262 is suppressed. The energy suppression structure 254 is disposed orthogonally between the regions of the energy locations 118, where the energy suppression structure 254 exhibits an absorbing characteristic, and where the suppression energy structure 254 has a height defined along the energy propagation path 263 such that a certain energy propagation path 262 is suppressed. In one embodiment, the suppression element 261 is a field lens. In one embodiment, the suppression element 261 is a diffractive waveguide. In one embodiment, the suppression element 261 is a curved waveguide surface.

[0126] FIG. 9E illustrates one embodiment of multiple energy locations 118 where energy suppression elements 264 provide absorptive properties to limit the propagation of energy 266 while allowing other propagation paths 267 to pass.

[0127] 9F illustrates one embodiment of multiple energy locations 118 and multiple energy waveguides 112, where a first energy suppression structure 268 is configured to orient energy 270 propagating therethrough substantially in a first state. A second energy suppression structure 271 is configured to allow energy 270 oriented substantially in the first state to propagate therethrough and limit the propagation of energy 269 oriented substantially differently than the first state. To further control energy propagation through the system, exemplified by diverted energy propagation 272, the energy suppression structures 268, 271 may require multiple energy suppression elements to ensure energy propagation maintains a precise propagation path.

[0128] 9G illustrates one embodiment of the plurality of energy locations 118 where the energy suppression elements 276 provide absorptive properties to limit the propagation of energy along energy propagation paths 278 while allowing other energy along energy propagation paths 277 to pass through a pair of energy waveguides 112 to an effective aperture 284 in the array of waveguides 112. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 276 comprise black chrome. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 276 comprise an absorptive material. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 276 comprise a transparent pixel array. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 276 comprise anodized material.

[0129] FIG. 9H illustrates an embodiment including a plurality of energy locations 118 and a plurality of energy waveguides 112, with a first energy suppression structure 251 disposed adjacent to a surface of the energy locations 118 and including specific refraction, diffraction, reflection, or other energy conversion properties. The energy suppression structure 251 may be configured to restrict a first subset of the energy propagation paths 290 to a smaller range of propagation paths 275 by suppressing the propagation of energy along the energy propagation paths 274. The second energy suppression structure 261 is constructed to modify the energy propagation paths 275 to a certain range depending on which of the plurality of energy locations 118 the energy propagation paths 275 extend through. The energy suppression structure 261 may modify the energy propagation paths 275 in a uniform or non-uniform manner such that a certain energy propagation path 274 is suppressed. A third energy suppression structure 254 is disposed orthogonally between the regions of the energy locations 118. The energy suppression structure 254 exhibits absorptive properties and has a height defined along the energy propagation path 275 such that a particular energy propagation path 274 is suppressed. The energy suppression element 276 provides absorptive properties to limit the propagation of energy 280 while allowing energy 281 to pass. A composite system of similar or dissimilar waveguide elements 112 is arranged to substantially fill the effective waveguide element aperture 285 with energy from multiple energy locations 118 and alter the energy propagation path 273 defined by the particular system.

[0130] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may comprise structures for attenuating or modifying the energy propagation path. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include one or more energy absorbing elements or walls disposed within the system to restrict the propagation of energy into or out of the waveguide 112. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include a specific numerical aperture disposed within the system 100 to restrict the angular distribution of energy into and out of the waveguide 112.

[0131] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include one or more energy blocking walls, structures, metals, plastics, glass, epoxies, pigments, liquids, display technologies, or other absorbing or structural materials and has a defined thickness between the plane of the energy locations 122 and the waveguide array plane with gaps or structures that are equal to or less than the pitch of the waveguide aperture diameter.

[0132] In one embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 includes an optical relay faceplate disposed proximate and adjacent to the first energy location 122. In one embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 may include an optical relay faceplate including one or more spatially consistent or variable numerical apertures that significantly limit the angular distribution of energy to and from the waveguide 112. For example, one embodiment of the numerical aperture may be designed to provide an angular distribution that is twice or nearly twice the field of view formed between the location of the energy and a location perpendicular to the effective waveguide element size, entrance pupil, center of the aperture, or other physical parameter for energy propagation to provide an off-axis fill factor for a particular waveguide aperture 134.

[0133] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include binary, gradient index, Fresnel, holographic optical elements, zone plates, or other diffractive optical elements that change the path of the energy waves through the system to reduce scattering, diffusion, stray light, or chromatic aberration. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include positive or negative optical elements at or around the location where the energy propagation path is changed to further increase the fill factor of the waveguide aperture 134 or reduce stray light. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include an active or passive polarizing element combined with a second active or passive polarizing element designed to provide spatially or temporally multiplexed attenuation of the energy location 122, a defined region of the waveguide aperture 134, or other region. In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 124 may include an active or passive aperture barrier designed to provide spatially or temporally multiplexed attenuation of the energy location 122, a defined region of the waveguide aperture 134, or other region. In one embodiment, the energy suppression elements 124 often include one or any combination of the following: a) a physical energy baffle structure; b) volumetric, tapered or faceted mechanical structures; c) an aperture stop or mask; d) Optical relay and controlled numerical aperture; e) refraction, diffraction, or reflection; f) retroreflective elements; g) single layer or composite multilayer elements; h) holographic optical elements and digital encoding optics; i) 3D printed elements, or lithographic masters or replicas; j) Fresnel lenses, diffraction gratings, zone plates, binary optical elements, k) Fiber optics, total internal reflection, or Anderson localization; l) gradient index optics, or a variety of index matching materials; m) Glass, polymer, gas, solid, liquid, n) milli-, micro- and nanoscale elements; and o) a polarizer, a prism, or a beam splitter.

[0134] In one embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 may be constructed to include a hexagonal dense energy blocking baffle that is constructed to form a tapered gap along the Z axis, decreasing in gap size as it reaches the aperture stop position relative to the waveguide system. In another embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 may be constructed to include a hexagonal dense energy blocking baffle coupled to an optical relay faceplate. In another embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 may be constructed to include a hexagonal dense energy blocking baffle filled with a prescribed refractive index to further reroute the energy wave projection to or from the energy waveguide array. In another embodiment, diffractive or refractive elements may be disposed, attached, or coupled to the energy blocking baffle with a defined waveguide prescription to further reroute the energy projection to and from the energy waveguide element 112. In another example, the energy suppression structure 124 may be formed into a single mechanical assembly, and the energy waveguide array 112 may be disposed, attached, or coupled to the assembled energy suppression element 124. It should be appreciated that other implementations may be utilized to enable other energy guide configurations or super-resolution considerations.

[0135] In one embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 may be positioned proximate to the first energy location 122 and extends generally toward the first energy waveguide 104. In one embodiment, the energy suppression structure 124 may be positioned proximate to the first energy waveguide 104 and extends generally toward the first energy location 122.

[0136] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to suppress electromagnetic energy.

[0137] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to suppress mechanical energy.

[0138] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element is configured to simultaneously attenuate mechanical, electromagnetic, and / or other forms of energy by entangling, layering, reflecting, combining, or otherwise providing suitable material properties within one or more structures within the energy suppression element and within one or more layers that comprise the energy waveguide system.

[0139] In one embodiment, the array of energy waveguides may be arranged to form a planar or curved surface of a desired shape. Figure 13 is an illustrative diagram of an embodiment 1100 featuring an array of energy waveguides 1102 arranged in a curved configuration.

[0140] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be configured to direct energy of any wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, x-rays, etc. The present disclosure may also be configured to direct other forms of energy, such as acoustic vibrations and tactile waves.

[0141] 10 is an illustrative diagram of an additional embodiment of an energy waveguide system 300. The energy waveguide system 300 may define a plurality of energy propagation paths 304 and may comprise a reflector element 314 including a first reflector 306 disposed on a first lateral side 310 of the reflector element 314, the first reflector 306 including one or more aperture stops 316 formed therethrough, and a second reflector 308 disposed on a second lateral side 312 of the reflector element 314, the second reflector 308 including one or more aperture stops 318 formed therethrough. The first and second reflectors 306, 308 are configured to direct energy along the plurality of energy propagation paths 304 that extend through the aperture stops of the first and second reflectors 316, 318 and the plurality of energy locations 320 on the first lateral side 310 of the reflector element 314. A first subset 322 of the plurality of energy propagation paths 304 extends through the first energy location 324. The reflector element 314 is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path 326 of the first subset 322 of the plurality of energy propagation paths 304.

[0142] In one embodiment, the first energy propagation path 326 may be defined by a first chief ray 338 formed between the first energy location 324 and the first aperture stop 328 of the first reflector 306. The first energy propagation path 326 may extend from the first aperture stop 330 of the second reflector 308 toward the second lateral side 312 of the reflector element 314 in a unique direction extending from the first aperture stop 330 of the second reflector 308, the unique direction being determined by at least the first energy location 324.

[0143] In one embodiment, the energy directed along the first energy propagation path 326 substantially fills a first aperture stop 328 of the first reflector 306 and a first aperture stop 330 of the second reflector 308.

[0144] In one embodiment, the energy suppression element 332 may be positioned to limit the propagation of energy along a portion of the first subset 322 of the multiple energy propagation paths 304 that does not extend through the first aperture stop 328 of the first reflector 306.

[0145] In one embodiment where the energy is light and the energy waveguide is operable to direct the light using a perfect parabolic structure, any ray of light passing through or from the focal point of the first reflector is reflected parallel to the optical axis, reflected off the second reflector, and then relayed at the same angle in the reverse orientation.

[0146] In one embodiment, the first reflector and the second reflector have different focal lengths to generate different magnifications of the energy information and / or to change the angular field of view when a viewer views the reflected information from above the surface of the second reflector. The aperture stops can be of different sizes for different design purposes with different focal lengths.

[0147] Additional embodiments are provided in which both reflective surfaces are conical, faceted, curved in a non-linear shape, or other shape. The design of this curvature is important to ensure that the display information and the viewing information can have a non-linear relationship to modify or simplify signal processing.

[0148] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide includes a flexible reflective surface that allows the reflective surface profile to be dynamically altered to change the propagation path of the energy through the energy waveguide system.

[0149] In an embodiment, additional waveguides, including but not limited to reflective or optical elements, birefringent materials, liquid lenses, refractive, diffractive, holographic, etc., may be placed anywhere in the energy propagation path. Using this approach, such an embodiment provides a design where the field of view, when viewed, is at a significantly different location than the aperture stop and focal length would otherwise provide. Figure 11 demonstrates one such application of this approach.

[0150] 11 is an illustrative diagram of one embodiment of an energy waveguide system 700. The energy waveguide system 700 comprises first and second reflectors 702 and 704, respectively. At the focus of the second reflector 702, an additional optical element 706 and an energy suppressor 707 perpendicular to the energy location 708 are disposed. The additional optical element is designed to affect the energy propagation path of the energy propagating through the energy waveguide system 700. The additional waveguide element may be included within the energy waveguide system 700, or an additional energy waveguide system may be disposed in the energy propagation path.

[0151] In one embodiment, the array of energy waveguide elements comprises: a) a hexagonal packing of an array of energy waveguides; b) a square packing of an array of energy waveguides; c) irregular or semi-regular packing of the array of energy waveguides; d) curved or non-planar arrays of energy waveguides; e) a spherical array of energy waveguides; f) a cylindrical array of energy waveguides; g) a tilted regular array of energy waveguides; h) a tilted irregular array of energy waveguides; i) a spatially varying array of energy waveguides; j) a multi-layer array of energy waveguides.

[0152] FIG. 12 highlights the differences between square packings 901, hexagonal packings 902, and irregular packings 903 of an array of energy waveguide elements.

[0153] The energy waveguide may be fabricated on a glass or plastic substrate, and may be specifically and desirably designed with glass or plastic optical elements, as required, to include optical relay elements. Additionally, the energy waveguide may be faceted for designs that provide multiple propagation paths or other row / column or checkerboard orientations, including, but not limited to, multiple propagation paths separated by beam splitters or prisms, or tiled for waveguide configurations that allow for tiling or a single monolithic plate, or tiled in a curved arrangement (e.g., faceted cylinders or spheres that result in geometric changes to the mating tiles), and also specifically contemplates curved surfaces, including, but not limited to, spheres and cylinders, or any other geometric shape required for a particular application.

[0154] In an embodiment in which the array of energy waveguides includes a curved configuration, the curved waveguides may be fabricated via heat processing or by direct fabrication onto a curved surface, such as to include an optical relay element.

[0155] In one embodiment, the array of energy waveguides may be adjacent to other waveguides and may cover the entirety of a wall and / or ceiling and / or room depending on the particular application. The waveguides may be explicitly designed to mount above or below the substrate. The waveguides may be designed to fit directly into the energy surface or may be offset using an air gap or other offset medium. The waveguides may include alignment devices that provide the ability to actively or passively focus on the plane, either as a permanent fixture or as a reference element. The purpose of the described geometry is to help optimize the viewing angle defined by the waveguide elements and the normal of the displayed image. For a very large energy surface plane, the majority of the angular samples at the left and right edges of the surface are primarily outside the viewing volume relative to the environment. For that same energy surface with a curved profile and curved waveguides, the ability to use more of these propagating rays to form a focusing volume increases significantly. However, this is at the expense of useful information in the off-axis case. The specificity of the application for the design will generally determine which of the proposed designs will be implemented. Additionally, waveguides can be designed with regular, stepped, or area element structures that are fabricated with additional waveguide elements to tilt the elements toward a given waveguide axis.

[0156] In embodiments in which the energy guide is a lens, the embodiment may include both convex and concave lenslets and may include fabricating the lenses directly on the optical relay surface, which may require destructive or additive lenslet fabrication processes and may include removal of material to form or imprint the lenslet profile or direct replica fabricated directly on the surface.

[0157] An embodiment may include a multi-layer waveguide design that provides additional energy propagation optimization and angle control. All of the above embodiments may be combined together alone or in conjunction with this approach. In an embodiment, a multi-layer design with a slanted waveguide structure on the first waveguide element and a regionally varying structure for the second waveguide element may be considered.

[0158] One embodiment involves the design and fabrication of liquid lens waveguides per element or per region bonded together as a single waveguide. Additional designs of this approach include single birefringent or liquid lens waveguide cells that can simultaneously modify the entire waveguide array. This design offers the ability to dynamically control the effective waveguide parameters of the system without redesigning the waveguides.

[0159] In an embodiment configured to direct light using any combination of the disclosures proposed herein, it is possible to generate a wall-mounted 2D, light field, or holographic display. This wall-mounted configuration is designed so that the viewer sees an image that may float in front of or behind the designed display surface. Using this approach, the angular distribution of light rays can be uniform or can result in an increase in density at any particular location in space depending on the specific display requirements. In this way, it is possible to configure the waveguide to change the angular distribution as a function of the surface profile. For example, for a given distance perpendicular to the display surface and the planar waveguide array, an optically perfect waveguide would increase the density at the vertical center of the display that gradually increases within the light ray separation distance along a given perpendicular distance to the display. Conversely, if the viewer views light rays radially around the display maintaining the distance between both eyes and the center point of the display, the viewed light rays would maintain a consistent density throughout the field of view. Depending on the expected viewing conditions, the performance of each element can be optimized by modifying the waveguide function to generate any potential light distribution and optimize the viewing experience for any such environment.

[0160] FIG. 14 is an illustrative diagram of an embodiment 1200 highlighting how a single waveguide element function 1202 can produce the same distribution of energy 1204 across a radial viewing environment 1206; the same waveguide element function 1202, when propagated at a distance 1208 that is constant and parallel to the waveguide surface 1210, would appear to have an increased density at the waveguide element center 1212 of the waveguide surface and a decreased density further away from the center 1212 of the waveguide surface.

[0161] FIG. 15 is an illustrative diagram of an embodiment 1300 illustrating a configuration in which a waveguide element function 1302 exhibits a uniform density at a certain distance 1304 parallel to the waveguide surface 1306, which simultaneously produces an apparent smaller density at the center 1310 of the waveguide surface 1306 when measured around a radius 1308 about the center of the waveguide surface 1306.

[0162] The ability to create a waveguide function that varies the sampling frequency over the field distance is a distortion property of various waveguides and is known in the art. Conventionally, the inclusion of distortions in the waveguide function is undesirable, but for the purposes of waveguide element design, these are all properties that are claimed as advantages to the ability to further control and distribute the energy propagation according to the specific viewing volume required. This may require adding multiple functions or multiple layers, or gradients of functions throughout the waveguide array depending on the viewing volume requirements.

[0163] In one embodiment, the functions may be further optimized by the curved surface of the energy surface and / or the waveguide array. Variation of the normal of the chief ray angle relative to the energy surface itself may further increase efficiency and require a different function than a flat surface, but the gradient, variation, and / or optimization of the waveguide function still applies.

[0164] Furthermore, utilizing the optimized waveguide array obtained by considering the waveguide stitching methodology allows for the effective size of the waveguide to be further increased by tiling each of the waveguides and systems to produce any desired size or form factor. It is important to note that the waveguide array may exhibit different seam artifacts from the energy surface due to reflections generated between any two separate substrates, differences in apparent contrast at the mechanical seam, or any formation of a non-square lattice packing scheme. To counter this effect, a larger single waveguide may be generated, a refractive index matching material may be utilized between the edges of any two surfaces, or a regular waveguide grating structure may be used to ensure that elements are not split between the two waveguide surfaces, and / or a precise cut between the energy suppression elements and the seam along the non-square waveguide grating structure may be utilized.

[0165] Using this approach, it is possible to fabricate room-scale 2D, light field, and / or holographic displays that can be seamless across large flat or curved walls, can be generated to cover all walls in a cube, or can be fabricated in curved configurations that form cylindrical or spherical shapes to increase the viewing angle efficiency of the entire system.

[0166] Alternatively, it is possible to design a waveguide function that distorts the propagated energy and virtually removes undesired regions within the required viewing angle, resulting in a non-uniform distribution of energy propagation. To achieve this, one may implement a torus-shaped optical profile, annular lens, concentric lens array, Fresnel or diffractive function, binary, refractive, holographic, and / or any other waveguide design that allows for larger apertures and shorter focal lengths (herein referred to as "Fresnel lenslets") and may provide the ability to actually form single or multi-element (or multi-sheet) Fresnel waveguide arrays. This may or may not be combined with additional optics, including additional waveguide arrays, depending on the waveguide configuration.

[0167] To generate a wide energy propagation angle (e.g., 180 degrees), a very low effective F-number (e.g., <f / 0.5) is required, and to ensure that 4D "disk flipping" does not occur (the ability of a ray from one waveguide to view below an unwanted energy position of any second waveguide element), it is further necessary that the focal length can be appropriately and substantially matched to the required field of view angle. This means that to generate a viewing volume of approximately 160 degrees, a lens of approximately f / 0.17 and a focal length of approximately 0.17 mm that are substantially matched are required.

[0168] FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment 1400 in which a plurality of energy waveguides include a diffractive waveguide element 1402, demonstrating one proposed structure for a modified Fresnel waveguide element structure 1404 that generates a substantially very short focal length and a low f-number while simultaneously directing rays of energy to an explicitly defined position 1406.

[0169] FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment 1500 in which a plurality of energy waveguides comprise an element 1502, demonstrating how such a waveguide configuration 1506 can be used within an array to provide an overall density of ray propagation for a desired viewing volume 1504.

[0170] Further embodiments of the proposed modified waveguide configuration provide a method of generating a radially symmetric or helical ring, or a gradient of two or more materials, along either or both of a lateral orientation or a longitudinal orientation, with a refractive index divided by a predetermined amount of ring pitch per unit having a diameter X, where X may be constant or variable.

[0171] In a further embodiment, an equal or non-linear distribution of all rays is being generated for a modified waveguide configuration for wall-mounted and / or table-mounted waveguide structures, as well as for all rooms or environments, regardless of the presence or absence, based on a waveguide structure in which a plurality of waveguides are tiled.

[0172] With a waveguide array, it is possible to generate a plane of projected light that converges in space at a location that is not located on the surface of the display itself. By ray tracing these rays, one can clearly see the geometry involved and how the converging rays can appear both on-screen (away from the viewer), as well as off-screen (towards the viewer), or both at the same time. As a plane moves away from the viewer on a planar display with a traditional waveguide array design, it tends to grow with its viewing cone and can become blocked by the physical frame of the display itself depending on the number of contributing illumination sources. In contrast, as a plane moves towards the viewer on a planar display with a traditional waveguide array design, it tends to shrink with its viewing cone, but is viewable from all angles at a particular location as long as the viewer is at an angle that presents energy to the eye, and the virtual plane does not move beyond the angle created between the viewer and the active display area.

[0173] In one embodiment, the viewed 2D image or images are shown off-screen.

[0174] In another embodiment, the viewed 2D image or images are shown in a screen.

[0175] In another embodiment, the viewed 2D image or images are presented simultaneously on-screen and / or off-screen.

[0176] In another embodiment, the viewed 2D image or images are shown in combination with other volumetric elements or as text for other graphic design or interactive reasons.

[0177] In another embodiment, the viewed 2D image or images are presented with an effective 2D resolution greater than the physical number of X and Y waveguide elements, due to the ability of light rays to converge at a higher density in space than the physical elements would suggest otherwise.

[0178] The novelty of this approach is that it is entirely possible to fabricate holographic displays that generate both stereoscopic imaging possibilities as well as extremely high resolution 2D images, such that no additional mechanical or electronic devices or modifications to the waveguides within the display are required to seamlessly move between planar and stereoscopic images or to produce other interesting effects.

[0179] This property allows certain illumination sources to be programmatically isolated and presented to the viewer as only visible at specific angles relative to the display.

[0180] In one embodiment, a single pixel or group of pixels are illuminated under each waveguide element at angles that form a triangle with respect to the viewer's eyes, presenting an image that is only visible from that viewer's position in space.

[0181] In another embodiment, a second illumination source or group of illumination sources is shown simultaneously, triangulating to a location only visible to the second viewer, and containing an image which may be the same as or different from the first image shown to the first viewer. For the avoidance of doubt, this may be X addressable viewpoints, where X represents the number of individually addressable viewpoints which may be one or more.

[0182] In another embodiment, these images are presented with tracking sensors such as eyes, retinas, objects, etc., and algorithms known in the art to dynamically change the illuminated pixel locations to dynamically present images at locations that triangulate between the viewer and the pixels under each waveguide element. This may also be applied to one or more viewers. Tracking may be accomplished as a 2D process or as a 3D / volume process, or utilizing other depth sensing techniques known in the art.

[0183] In one embodiment, the profiles of both the first and second regions are parabolic, the focus of the first region is located at the apex of the second region, the focus of the second region is located at the apex of the first region, the display surface is located at an aperture located at the apex of the second region, and an aperture equal to the diameter of the display surface is shown at the apex of the second region located at the apex of the first region. With this approach, the display surface image appears to float above the surface without any physical surface, whereby a viewed ray passing through the focus of the second region from an off-axis viewpoint will reflect off the second region surface and not parallel to the first surface, then from the first region to the display surface in the opposite orientation at the same angle from the viewing position.

[0184] In one embodiment, the system includes two reflective regions, each with a focal point located at the apex of an alternating reflector, a display surface located at the apex of the second region, and an aperture portion equal to the diameter of the displayed display surface located at the first region which generates a virtual image of the display surface. If a waveguide array, holographic, or light field display is utilized, the viewed image will not only retain the properties of holographic data, but will also appear to float in space without a physical display surface.

[0185] In another embodiment, the focal positions of the two regions are different, producing a magnified or reduced image. In a second embodiment, the regions have matching focal lengths and are offset by a distance greater than the focal length to produce a virtual image with increased magnification.

[0186] In another embodiment, the parabolic profile is manufactured to fit a particular shape, which results in a different viewed position from the display, to accommodate various display surface geometries, or other required viewing angles or conditions.

[0187] In another embodiment, the region includes multiple facets to cause light rays to propagate separately through the faceted region, rather than as a single surface.

[0188] In another embodiment, a reflective surface is formed with an energy relay such that the CRA of the energy surface exceeds the viewing angle possible from the curvature applied to one or more surfaces, where a first surface that would otherwise be the reflective surface has a certain geometric profile and a second surface at alternating ends of the waveguide element has a certain geometric profile, and cumulatively, the surfaces reflect energy from the viewer's position, and the addition of an energy surface panel at the second surface can be implemented, thereby providing energy information that is not visible from the viewer's direct position, but may indirectly provide energy information via one or more reflective surfaces and the associated calibration process required to calculate reflected image data corresponding to the data ultimately viewed.

[0189] Although various embodiments according to the principles disclosed herein have been described above, it should be understood that these embodiments are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the exemplary embodiments described above, but should be defined only in accordance with the claims that derive from this disclosure and their equivalents. Moreover, the above advantages and features are provided in the described embodiments, but do not limit the application of such claims to processes and structures that achieve any or all of the above advantages.

[0190] It should be understood that the principal features of this disclosure can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to discover using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure and are covered by the claims.

[0191] Furthermore, the section headings herein are provided for consistency with the teachings under 37 CFR 1.77 or to otherwise provide a hint of organization. These headings are not intended to limit or characterize the invention described in any claims that may be derived from this disclosure. Specifically, as an example, even if a heading is called "Field of the Invention," such claims should not be limited by the language of this heading to describe the so-called technical field. Furthermore, the description of the technology in the "Background of the Invention" section should not be construed as an admission that the technology is prior art to any invention in this disclosure. The "Summary" is in no way intended to characterize the invention described in the claims at issue. Furthermore, references to the singular "invention" in this disclosure should not be used to assert that there is only a single novelty in this disclosure. Multiple inventions may be described according to the limitations of multiple claims derived from the invention, and such claims thus define the invention and their equivalents that are protected thereby. In all instances, the scope of such claims will be considered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by the headings set forth herein.

[0192] The word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claims and / or specification may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meanings of "one or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one." The term "or" used in the claims is used to mean "and / or" unless expressly referring to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, but the present disclosure supports a definition that refers to alternatives only and "and / or." Throughout this application, the term "about" is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent error variation of the device and the method is used to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the research questions. Generally, but subject to the foregoing discussion, numerical values ​​herein modified by approximation words such as "about" can vary from the stated value by at least ±1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, or 15%.

[0193] As used in this specification and the claims, the words "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes" and "include"), or "containing" (and any form of including, such as "contains" and "contain") are inclusive or open-ended, and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

[0194] Words relating to comparisons, measurements, and timings such as "at the time," "equivalent," "during," "complete," etc., should be understood to mean "substantially at the time," "substantially equivalent," "substantially during," "substantially complete," etc., where "substantially" means that such comparisons, measurements, and timings are practical to achieve the desired result implicitly or explicitly stated. Words relating to the relative positions of elements such as "near," "proximate to," "adjacent to," etc., are intended to mean close enough to substantially affect the interaction of the respective system elements. Other words of approximation similarly refer to conditions that, when so modified, are not necessarily understood to be absolute or complete, but would be considered close enough by one of ordinary skill in the art to warrant specifying the condition as existing. The extent to which the description may vary will depend on how significant the change is, and one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize the modified features as still having the desired properties and capabilities of the unmodified features.

[0195] As used herein, the term "or combinations thereof" refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, A, B, C, or combinations thereof are intended to include at least one of A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, as well as BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB, if order is important in a particular context. Continuing with this example, combinations including one or more repeats of an item or term, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, etc., are expressly included. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that there is typically no limit to the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise clear from the context.

[0196] All of the compositions and / or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure.The compositions and methods of the present disclosure are described in terms of preferred embodiments, but it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various variations can be applied to the compositions and / or methods, and in the steps or sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the present disclosure.All such similar substitutes and modifications that are apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

[0197] [Item 1] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: an array of energy waveguides, the array having a first side and a second side, configured to direct energy along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through a plurality of energy locations on the first side; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first energy location; a first energy waveguide configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and the first energy waveguide, and further, the first energy propagation path extending from the first energy waveguide toward the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location; an array of energy waveguides, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first energy waveguide substantially fills a first aperture of the first energy waveguide; an energy suppression element disposed to limit propagation of energy along portions of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that do not extend through the first aperture; an energy waveguide system, wherein a first portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first region and a second portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a second region, the first region and the second region are separated by the energy suppression element, and the first and second portions of the energy propagation paths intersect at the second side of the array. [Item 2] 2. The energy waveguide system of claim 1, wherein the energy suppression element is disposed on the first side between the array of energy waveguides and the plurality of energy locations. [Item 3] 3. The energy waveguide system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first energy waveguide includes two-dimensional spatial coordinates and the unique direction determined by at least the first energy position includes two-dimensional angular coordinates, whereby the two-dimensional spatial coordinates and the two-dimensional angular coordinates form a four-dimensional (4D) coordinate set. [Item 4] 4. The energy waveguide system of claim 3, wherein the energy directed along the first energy propagation path includes one or more energy rays directed through the first energy waveguide in a direction substantially parallel to the first chief ray. [Item 5] 5. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path converges with energy directed along a second energy propagation path through a second energy waveguide. [Item 6] 6. The energy waveguide system of claim 5, wherein the first energy propagation path and the second energy propagation path converge at a position on the second side of the array. [Item 7] 6. The energy waveguide system of claim 5, wherein the first energy propagation path and the second energy propagation path converge at a position on the first side of the array. [Item 8] 6. The energy waveguide system of claim 5, wherein the first energy propagation path and the second energy propagation path converge at a position between the first side and the second side of the array. [Item 9] Each energy waveguide comprises a structure for directing energy, the structure comprising: a) a structure configured to change the angular direction of energy passing therethrough; b) a structure including at least one aperture; c) a structure configured to redirect energy from at least one interior surface; 9) an energy waveguide system according to any one of the preceding claims, selected from the group consisting of: [Item 10] The energy suppression element comprises a structure for attenuating or modifying an energy propagation path, the structure comprising: a) an energy containment structure; b) an element configured to modify a first energy propagation path to modify a fill factor of the first aperture; c) a structure configured to limit an angular range of energy proximate to the first energy location. [Item 11] Item 11. The energy waveguide system of item 10, wherein when the energy suppression structure is a structure configured to limit the angular range of energy proximate the first energy location, the structure configured to limit the angular range of energy proximate the first energy location comprises an optical relay faceplate adjacent to the first energy location. [Item 12] 12. The energy waveguide system of claim 10 or 11, wherein the energy suppression structure includes at least one aperture. [Item 13] 13. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the energy suppression structure comprises a baffle structure. [Item 14] Item 14. The energy waveguide system of any one of items 10 to 13, wherein the energy suppression structure is disposed adjacent to the first energy waveguide and extends generally toward the first energy location. [Item 15] Item 14. The energy waveguide system of any one of items 10 to 13, wherein the energy suppression structure is disposed adjacent to the first energy location and extends generally toward the first energy waveguide. [Item 16] 16. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the array of energy waveguides is arranged to form a plane. [Item 17] 16. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the array of energy waveguides is arranged to form a curved surface. [Item 18] the energy directed along the first energy propagation path is electromagnetic energy defined by a wavelength, the wavelength being: a) Visible light, b) ultraviolet light, c) infrared, 18) The energy waveguide system according to any one of the preceding claims, which belongs to a regime selected from the group consisting of: d) X-rays. [Item 19] the energy directed along the first energy propagation path is mechanical energy defined by a pressure wave, the pressure wave comprising: a) Tactile waves, 18) b) acoustic vibrations. [Item 20] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: an array of lenslets, the array having a first side and a second side, the array configured to direct energy therethrough along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through a plurality of energy locations; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first energy location; a first lenslet configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and the first lenslet, and further, the first energy propagation path extending from the first lenslet towards the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location; an array of lenslets, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first lenslet substantially fills a first aperture of the first lenslet; and an energy suppression element disposed to limit propagation of energy along portions of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that do not extend through the first aperture; an energy waveguide system, wherein a first portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first region and a second portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a second region, the first region and the second region are separated by the energy suppression element, and the first and second portions of the energy propagation paths intersect at the second side of the array. [Item 21] 21. The energy waveguide system of claim 20, wherein the array of lenslets is arranged to form a plane. [Item 22] 21. The energy waveguide system of claim 20, wherein the array of lenslets is arranged to form a curved surface. [Item 23] the lenslets of the lenslet array being a) Hexagonal packing arrangement, b) Square packing arrangement; 23. The energy waveguide system according to any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the energy waveguide system is arranged side by side in an arrangement selected from the group consisting of: a) a random packing arrangement; [Item 24] 24. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 20 to 23, wherein the lenslets in the array of lenslets are Fresnel lenses. [Item 25] 25. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 20 to 24, wherein the shape of the first lenslet is configured to additionally change the unique direction determined by at least the first energy position. [Item 26] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: The reflector element is a first reflector disposed on a first side of the reflector element, the first reflector including one or more aperture stops formed therethrough; a second reflector disposed on a second side of the reflector element, the second reflector including one or more aperture stops formed therethrough; the first reflector and the second reflector are configured to direct energy along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through the aperture stops of the first reflector and the second reflector and a plurality of energy locations on the first side of the reflector element; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first energy location; the reflector element is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and a first aperture stop of the first reflector, and further, the first energy propagation path extends from a first aperture stop of the second reflector towards the second side of the reflector element in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location; a reflector element, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path substantially fills the first aperture stop of the first reflector and the first aperture stop of the second reflector; an energy suppression element disposed to limit propagation of energy along portions of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that do not extend through the first aperture stop of the first reflector; an energy waveguide system, wherein a first portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first region and a second portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a second region, the first region and the second region are separated by the energy suppression element, and the first and second portions of the energy propagation paths intersect at the second side of the reflector element. [Item 27] 27. The energy waveguide system of claim 26, wherein the size of the one or more aperture stops of the first reflector and the second reflector is constant. [Item 28] 27. The energy waveguide system of claim 26, wherein the size of the one or more aperture stops of the first reflector and the second reflector varies. [Item 29] 29. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 26 to 28, wherein the first reflector and the second reflector include one or more paraboloids such that a first paraboloid of the first reflector and a first paraboloid of the second reflector are configured to reflect energy along the first energy propagation path. [Item 30] 30. The energy waveguide system of claim 29, wherein a focal length of the first paraboloid of the first reflector is the same as a focal length of the first paraboloid of the second reflector. [Item 31] 30. The energy waveguide system of claim 29, wherein a focal length of the first paraboloid of the first reflector is different from a focal length of the first paraboloid of the second reflector. [Item 32] Item 32. The energy waveguide system of any one of items 26 to 31, wherein an additional energy suppression element is disposed between the first side and the second side of the reflector element.

[0198] [Item 1] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: an array of energy waveguides, the array having a first side and a second side, configured to direct energy along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through a plurality of energy locations on the first side; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through first energy locations and a second subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through second energy locations; a first energy waveguide configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and the first energy waveguide, and the first energy propagation path extending from the first energy waveguide toward the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location; a second energy waveguide configured to direct energy along a second energy propagation path of the second subset, the second energy propagation path being defined by a second chief ray formed between the second energy locations and the second energy waveguide, and the second energy propagation path extending from the second energy waveguide toward the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the second energy locations; an array of energy waveguides, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first energy waveguide substantially fills a first aperture of the first energy waveguide and energy directed along the second energy propagation path through the second energy waveguide substantially fills a second aperture of the second energy waveguide; an energy suppression element arranged to suppress energy propagation along energy propagation paths in the first subset that do not extend through the first aperture, thereby allowing energy propagation from the first energy location only along the first energy propagation paths, and to suppress energy propagation along energy propagation paths in the second subset that do not extend through the second aperture, thereby allowing energy propagation from the second energy location only along the second energy propagation paths; the energy suppression element having a numerical aperture to limit an angular distribution of energy into the energy waveguide; an energy waveguide system, the first energy propagation path extending through a first region and the second energy propagation path extending through a second region, the first region and the second region having the energy suppression element therebetween, and the first energy propagation path and the second energy propagation path converging at a side of the second side of the array. [Item 2] 2. The energy waveguide system of claim 1, wherein the energy suppression element is disposed on the first side between the array of energy waveguides and the plurality of energy locations. [Item 3] 3. The energy waveguide system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first energy waveguide includes two-dimensional spatial coordinates and the unique direction determined by at least the first energy position includes two-dimensional angular coordinates, whereby the two-dimensional spatial coordinates and the two-dimensional angular coordinates form a four-dimensional (4D) coordinate set. [Item 4] 4. The energy waveguide system of claim 3, wherein the energy directed along the first energy propagation path includes one or more energy rays directed through the first energy waveguide in a direction substantially parallel to the first chief ray. [Item 5] Each energy waveguide comprises one or more structures for directing energy, the one or more structures comprising: a) a structure configured to change the angular direction of energy passing therethrough; b) a structure including at least one numerical aperture; c) a structure configured to redirect energy from at least one interior surface; 5. The energy waveguide system according to any one of the preceding claims, selected from the group consisting of: [Item 6] The energy suppression element comprises one or more structures for attenuating or modifying an energy propagation path, the one or more structures comprising: a) an energy containment structure; b) an element configured to modify a first energy propagation path to modify a fill factor of the first aperture; c) a structure configured to limit an angular range of energy proximate to the first energy location. [Item 7] 7. The energy waveguide system of claim 6, wherein when the energy suppression structure is a structure configured to limit the angular range of energy proximate the first energy location, the structure configured to limit the angular range of energy proximate the first energy location comprises an optical relay faceplate adjacent to the first energy location. [Item 8] 8. The energy waveguide system of claim 6 or 7, wherein the energy suppression structure comprises at least one numerical aperture. [Item 9] 9. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the energy suppression structure comprises a baffle structure. [Item 10] 10. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the energy suppression structure is disposed adjacent to the first energy waveguide and extends generally toward the first energy location. [Item 11] 10. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the energy suppression structure is disposed adjacent to the first energy location and extends generally toward the first energy waveguide. [Item 12] Item 12. The energy waveguide system of any one of items 1 to 11, wherein the array of energy waveguides is arranged to form a plane. [Item 13] Item 12. The energy waveguide system of any one of items 1 to 11, wherein the array of energy waveguides is arranged to form a curved surface. [Item 14] the energy directed along the first energy propagation path is electromagnetic energy defined by a wavelength, the wavelength being: a) Visible light, b) ultraviolet light, c) infrared, 14. The energy waveguide system according to any one of the preceding claims, which belongs to a regime selected from the group consisting of: d) X-rays. [Item 15] the energy directed along the first energy propagation path is mechanical energy defined by a pressure wave, the pressure wave comprising: a) Tactile waves, 14. The energy waveguide system according to any one of claims 1 to 13, selected from the group consisting of: a) acoustic vibrations. [Item 16] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: an array of lenses, the array having a first side and a second side, configured to direct energy therethrough along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through a plurality of energy locations; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through first energy locations and a second subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through second energy locations; a first lens configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy locations and the first lens, and further, the first energy propagation path extending from the first lens toward the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy locations; a second lens configured to direct energy along a second energy propagation path of the second subset, the second energy propagation path being defined by a second chief ray formed between the second energy locations and the second lens, and further, the second energy propagation path extending from the second lens toward the second lateral side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the second energy locations; an array of lenses, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first lens substantially fills a first aperture of the first lens and energy directed along the second energy propagation path through the second lens substantially fills a second aperture of the second lens; an energy suppression element arranged to suppress energy propagation along energy propagation paths in the first subset that do not extend through the first aperture, thereby allowing energy propagation from the first energy location only along the first energy propagation paths, and to suppress energy propagation along energy propagation paths in the second subset that do not extend through the second aperture, thereby allowing energy propagation from the second energy location only along the second energy propagation paths; the energy suppression element having a numerical aperture for limiting an angular distribution of energy onto the lens; an energy waveguide system, the first energy propagation path extending through a first region and the second energy propagation path extending through a second region, the first region and the second region having the energy suppression element therebetween, and the first energy propagation path and the second energy propagation path converging at a side of the second side of the array. [Item 17] Item 17. The energy waveguide system of item 16, wherein the array of lenses is arranged to form a plane. [Item 18] Item 17. The energy waveguide system of item 16, wherein the array of lenses is arranged to form a curved surface. [Item 19] The lenses of the array of lenses are a) Hexagonal packing arrangement, b) Square packing arrangement; 19. The energy waveguide system according to any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the energy waveguide system is arranged side by side in an arrangement selected from the group consisting of: a) a random packing arrangement; [Item 20] 20. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the lenses in the array of lenses are Fresnel lenses. [Item 21] 21. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the shape of the first lens is configured to additionally change the unique direction determined by at least the first energy position. [Item 22] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: The reflector element is a first reflector disposed on a first side of the reflector element, the first reflector including one or more aperture stops formed therethrough; a second reflector disposed on a second side of the reflector element, the second reflector including one or more aperture stops formed therethrough; the first reflector and the second reflector are configured to direct energy along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through the aperture stops of the first reflector and the second reflector and a plurality of energy locations on the first side of the reflector element; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through first energy locations and a second subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through second energy locations; the reflector element is configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and a first aperture stop of the first reflector, and the first energy propagation path extends from a first aperture stop of the first reflector toward a second lateral side of the reflector element in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location; the reflector element is configured to direct energy along a second energy propagation path of the second subset, the second energy propagation path being defined by a second chief ray formed between the second energy location and a second aperture stop of the second reflector, and the second energy propagation path extends from the second aperture stop of the second reflector toward the second lateral side of the reflector element in a unique direction determined by at least the second energy location; a reflector element, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path substantially fills the first aperture stop of the first reflector and energy directed along the second energy propagation path substantially fills the second aperture stop of the second reflector; and an energy suppression element arranged to suppress energy propagation along energy propagation paths in the first subset that do not extend through the first aperture of the first reflector, thereby allowing energy propagation from the first energy location only along the first energy propagation path, and to suppress energy propagation along energy propagation paths in the second subset that do not extend through the second aperture of the second reflector, thereby allowing energy propagation from the second energy location only along the second energy propagation path; An energy waveguide system, wherein the first energy propagation path extends through a first region and the second energy propagation path extends through a second region, the first region and the second region having the energy suppression element therebetween, and the first energy propagation path and the second energy propagation path converge on the side of the second side of the reflector element. [Item 23] 23. The energy waveguide system of claim 22, wherein the size of the one or more aperture stops of the first reflector and the second reflector is constant. [Item 24] 23. The energy waveguide system of claim 22, wherein the size of the one or more aperture stops of the first reflector and the second reflector varies. [Item 25] 25. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the first reflector and the second reflector include one or more paraboloids such that a first paraboloid of the first reflector and a first paraboloid of the second reflector are configured to reflect energy along the first energy propagation path. [Item 26] 26. The energy waveguide system of claim 25, wherein a focal length of the first paraboloid of the first reflector is the same as a focal length of the first paraboloid of the second reflector. [Item 27] Item 26. The energy waveguide system of item 25, wherein a focal length of the first paraboloid of the first reflector is different from a focal length of the first paraboloid of the second reflector. [Item 28] 28. The energy waveguide system of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein an additional energy suppression element is disposed between the first side and the second side of the reflector element.

Claims

[Claim 1] 1. An energy waveguide system for defining a plurality of energy propagation paths, comprising: an array of energy waveguides, the array having a first side and a second side, configured to direct energy along a plurality of energy propagation paths extending through a plurality of energy locations on the first side; a first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first energy location; a first energy waveguide configured to direct energy along a first energy propagation path of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths, the first energy propagation path being defined by a first chief ray formed between the first energy location and the first energy waveguide, and further, the first energy propagation path extending from the first energy waveguide toward the second side of the array in a unique direction determined by at least the first energy location; an array of energy waveguides, wherein energy directed along the first energy propagation path through the first energy waveguide substantially fills a first aperture of the first energy waveguide; an energy suppression element disposed to limit propagation of energy along portions of the first subset of the plurality of energy propagation paths that do not extend through the first aperture; an energy waveguide system, wherein a first portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a first region and a second portion of the plurality of energy propagation paths extends through a second region, the first region and the second region being separated by the energy suppression element, and the first and second portions of the energy propagation paths intersect at the second side of the array.

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