Movable target, accelerator, decelerator, experimental device, nuclear fusion system, and nuclear conversion system

Abstract

To provide a system in which a muon target is less likely to undergo activation to deal with the issue that using a target made of carbon material or bulk carbon using carbon atoms as a muon target makes the carbon atoms become highly activated through irradiation with high-energy protons, to provide a system which reduces the load and the number of steps to exchange a target, and to solve the issue that muon move too rapidly to react with carbon atoms in the target easily.SOLUTION: A system is devised in which high-speed muons, such as cosmic muons or muons generated by collisions, are decelerated using electric fields and deceleration means, and then used for nuclear conversion.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 17

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention is an invention related to nuclear power. The present invention relates to a muon-catalyzed fusion system. (An application based on an idea that requires verification)

Background Art

[0002] The muon-catalyzed fusion method (muon-catalyzed fusion) is known as in Non-Patent Document 1.

[0003] Hydrogen molecules containing deuterium D or tritium T are used as a liquid, and muons are introduced therein, and the muons act like a catalyst for nuclear fusion to cause a nuclear fusion reaction. However, in hydrogen molecules, the charge of the nucleus after nuclear fusion increases from +1 of a hydrogen atom to +2 of a helium atom, and the muon is captured and trapped by the Coulomb force by the nucleus with a +2 charge, the helium nucleus, and the alpha particle nucleus, and there has been a problem that the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion stops (making the reaction difficult).

[0004] According to Non-Patent Document 2, a thermonuclear fusion method using protons and boron is known. In a thermonuclear fusion reactor, a high-energy neutron beam that can radioactivate the fusion reactor in D-T and D-D reactions has been a problem. As an example of solving this problem, a system using protons and boron that does not emit neutrons and is difficult to do so (P-11B system, proton-boron system) has been studied. When performing the P-11B system in a thermonuclear fusion reactor, there has been a problem that the temperature at which thermonuclear fusion occurs needs to be 10 times higher than that of the D-T system.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0005]

Non-Patent Document 1

Non-Patent Documents

[0006] [Non-Patent Document 2] Nuclear Fusion Science Institute NIFS, Demonstration of Fusion Reaction Using Advanced Fusion Fuel - The First Step Towards a Clean Fusion Reactor Utilizing the Boron-11 Reaction that Does Not Produce Neutrons - [Internet Web Page, URL: https: / / www.nifs.ac.jp / news / researches / 230309-01.html, Accessed on September 18, Reiwa 5] [Summary of the Invention] [Problems to be Solved by the Invention]

[0007] The problem to be solved is that in the muon-catalyzed fusion system using hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules, muons are captured and trapped by the Coulomb force, causing the muon-catalyzed fusion to stop (making the reaction difficult). Also, in systems using deuterium D or tritium T in muon fusion, neutrons that may irradiate the members of the fusion reactor or fusion system are generated, but there may be a system that does not generate neutrons. [Means for Solving the Problems]

[0008] In muon-catalyzed fusion, we want to bring muons close to hydrogen atoms, which are the fuel substances before fusion, to cause fusion. However, the helium nucleus of the nucleus after fusion has a greater charge than the hydrogen nucleus before fusion, making it easier to capture muons. Therefore, in the present invention, as a system that reverses this change in charge, a system using protons and boron is disclosed as Example 1 in FIG. 1. Also, an assumed example of a spaceship 3 and a transportation device 3 equipped with it is shown in FIG. 5.

[0009] Regarding the intention of FIG. 5, a spaceship or a space exploration robot 3 that travels between stars and planets may be required to generate electricity and propulsion using the fuel carried on the spaceship even in interplanetary and interstellar space where sunlight and starlight do not reach. Against this background, it was considered that if the vacuum environment of the universe could be used to operate a particle accelerator to generate muons and protons to construct a fusion reactor or a fusion propulsion device.

[0010] Although there is a possibility that neutrons may be emitted, as another example (Example 2) from another perspective of the present invention, as an example not limited to the system using proton boron, a system using protons and lithium, etc. is also disclosed. The intention of disclosing the lithium system is that lithium has a lower melting point than boron and is easily heated to liquid lithium. On the other hand, for the system using boron, it is necessary to heat it to a high temperature exceeding 2000 degrees Celsius as the melting point of boron.

[0011] The present invention focuses on the fact that in the nuclear fusion reaction system (P-11B system) using proton boron, the charge of the boron atomic nucleus serving as the nuclear fusion fuel is +5, and the charge of the helium generated after nuclear fusion is +3. The P-11B system is a system in which the charge of the atomic nucleus decreases when the nuclear fusion reaction occurs from boron to helium. (*On the other hand, as described above, the D-T system is a system in which the charge increases after nuclear fusion and trapping occurs.)

[0012] In FIG. 1 of the present application, the following reaction is assumed. (Not proven) 1. A proton having a charge of +1 collides with a boron atomic nucleus (a muon molecule containing boron) having a charge of +5 that has captured a muon having a charge of -1, and a nuclear fusion reaction occurs to promote the reaction. 2. By nuclear fusion, three helium alpha rays having a charge of +3 and energy are generated from one proton and one boron. 3. It is considered that the muon prefers to be trapped by boron having a charge of +5 existing in a large amount in bulk around the muon rather than being trapped by the +3 helium generated later (electrically attracted). 4. The muon comes to stay near boron rather than helium, traps the muon, and boron (muon molecularizes and the proton approaches electrically easily and is easy to fuse) fuses with the incident proton repeatedly, and the muon catalyzes the nuclear fusion reaction between the proton and boron.

[0013] In the present invention or device, in a nuclear fusion reaction system using proton boron (P-11B system), since boron, which is a nuclear fusion fuel, has a charge of 5 (+5) and helium generated after nuclear fusion has a charge of 3 (+3), a system (Figure 1) is proposed in which muons and protons are irradiated onto a boron target to cause muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion. *Although this application is at the idea stage and has not been verified, in the P-11B system, it is assumed that the fuel has a +5 charge of boron and is a system that can strongly capture and trap negatively charged muons more easily than the +2 charge of helium after generation, and the application is filed.* In the reverse system, a known hydrogen-DT system muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, negatively charged muons are easily captured by helium.

[0014] *Although the present invention and device have shown a system of nuclear fusion of proton boron as an example, in order not to limit the scope of the invention, more generally, when disclosing the conditions of the present invention, it may be sufficient that the system is such that the charge of the substance generated when atomic nuclei fuse is smaller than the charge of the atom that becomes the nuclear fusion fuel. *For example, a reaction formula system as described in Figure 2 can be considered. A system using boron B or lithium Li as in the example of Figure 2 may also be used.

[0015] ● Boron and lithium in this application may be heated from room temperature and used as a liquid. For example, liquid lithium may be used. In existing muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion systems, cooled liquid hydrogen (melting point is minus 250 degrees Celsius) is used. On the other hand, since the melting point of liquid lithium is about 180 degrees Celsius, liquid lithium may have the advantage of being more easily liquefied than liquid hydrogen when it is desired to be liquefied and used in the target part of muons. ● Boron also has a melting point of 2070 °C and a boiling point of 4000 °C. Although the temperature is higher compared to lithium, it can be used in the target part irradiated with muons and protons as liquid boron. In the target part, muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion is expected to occur using boron with a nuclear charge of +5 or lithium with a nuclear charge of +3 as nuclear fusion fuel. After the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, helium alpha rays with a nuclear charge of +2 are generated and released from the system. (The system using boron and protons is disclosed in Fig. 1, and the system using protons, neutrons, and lithium is disclosed in Fig. 3.)

[0016] The most main feature of the present invention is to use, in a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, a system in which the charge of the substance (He and alpha rays in Fig. 1) generated when the nucleus undergoes the nuclear fusion is smaller than the charge of the atom (B in Fig. 1) that becomes the nuclear fusion fuel.

Advantages of the Invention

[0017] The present invention is a nuclear fusion system of the P-11B system that does not emit neutrons, and has the advantage that the substance activated during nuclear fusion may be less likely to be produced.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0018]

Figure 1

Figure 2

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Figure 5

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Figure 11

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Figure 17

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0019] Figure 1 shows Example 1. Focusing on the trap problem of muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system using boron was devised as described in M1, T1, and B1 of Figure 1. As an actual form of use in Figure 1, the form of a spacecraft or exploration robot 3 that moves between planets and stars where sunlight does not reach is described in Figure 5.

Example

[0020] Figure 1 is an explanatory diagram of an embodiment of the device / system of the present invention that uses boron for fuel F1 and target section T1. *Since this system uses muons and protons, equipment such as an accelerator is required. A vacuum is required to drive the accelerator. When placing the accelerator in space, the vacuum in space may be used.

Example

[0021] Figure 2 is an explanatory diagram of an embodiment of the device / system of the present invention that uses lithium for fuel F1 and target section T1. Lithium has a lower melting point than boron.

Industrial Applicability

[0022] Although it is necessary to secure resources such as boron and lithium, it may be possible to generate power by nuclear fusion. The invention of the present application uses an accelerator that requires a vacuum and generates alpha rays, which are assumed to have a high ejection speed. Therefore, it may be used as a propulsion device for a spacecraft that navigates in the vacuum of space as shown in Figure 5.

Explanation of Reference Numerals

[0023] <Figures 1 and 3> 1F-SYS: Explanatory diagram of a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system using a nuclear fusion reaction using boron and protons. M1: Muon generation means, means for injecting and irradiating muons into the nuclear fusion fuel target T1. Example: A system using a particle accelerator capable of generating muons P1: Proton generation means, means for injecting and irradiating protons into the nuclear fusion fuel target T1. Example: A particle accelerator capable of accelerating protons and implanting / irradiating them into the target. An element of the nuclear fusion fuel in a boron-proton nuclear fusion reaction system. N1: Neutron generation means, means for injecting and irradiating neutrons into the nuclear fusion fuel target T1. Example: A particle accelerator capable of accelerating neutrons and implanting / irradiating them into the target. A1: Particle accelerator A1. T1: Target part containing nuclear fusion fuel. Nuclear fusion fuels T1, F1. B1: The part of T1 that uses boron. Boron target. Boron may be molten. L1: The part of T1 that uses lithium. Lithium target. Lithium may be molten liquid lithium. EX1: Product EX1 after nuclear fusion. In FIG. 1, FIG. 3, etc., helium He and alpha rays generated after nuclear fusion. <Figure 5> 3: Transportation equipment 1R: The nuclear fusion reactor 1F-SYS. A nuclear fusion reactor including 1F-SYS. It may be provided with a power generation unit for converting the energy of alpha rays into electric energy. 1GENR: Power generation unit (the part that converts the energy obtained by the nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS or the nuclear conversion system 1EXP-SYS into electric power) * Although not specified in FIG. 5, the nuclear fusion-derived electric power generated by 1EXP-SYS, 1F-SYS, and 1R may be supplied to the muon generation unit M1 and the proton generation unit P1 and used to generate muons and protons. This electric power may be used to drive the system of the present invention and each part of the system. A nuclear fusion application propulsion device, a thrust generating device, propulsion means, and moving means including 1TH:1F-SYS. (When 3 is a spacecraft, 1TH may be a particle beam emitting part such as an alpha ray, gamma ray, photon, or particle. When 3 is an aircraft, it may be a propellant ejection part that uses the power obtained by 1GENR to take in propellant and air, heat and compress it, and eject it to the rear of 3, or it may be an electrically driven propeller part. When 3 is a ship, it is a part that can generate the rotation of a propeller or the generation of water flow using the power obtained by 1GENR. When 3 is a robot with arms or a vehicle moving on land, it may be wheels, tires, motors that can be driven by the power obtained by 1GENR, or the motor and arm parts of the robot.) 1TH-NZ: The nozzle part of 1TH. When the product EX1 after nuclear fusion is helium or an alpha ray with energy, it is a nozzle part that emits the alpha ray. It may also be a thrust deflection device or a nozzle. The alpha ray may be irradiated on the propellant to heat and inject the propellant. *Separate from 1TH-NZ, a propulsion device that operates by using the power generated by 1R to emit an ion thruster or a photon laser and propelling by the reaction may also be operated. <Figure 6> System using diborane B2H6 BH1: A substance containing boron, which is B1 such as boron hydride, diborane, or borane. T1 and F1 are diborane. The target of diborane. Diborane and BH1 may be gas, liquid, fluid, or (solid). (The configuration of Figure 7 using fluid is also possible.) In the system of Figure 6, since diborane containing hydrogen and protons is used, the proton introduction part P1 described in Figure 1 etc. becomes unnecessary. <Figure 7> 1F-SYS-RAM: A nuclear fusion system. (An assumed diagram when the system using the diborane of the present application is applied to a system in which a nuclear fusion fuel fluid having a known ramjet part circulates in a closed loop system) RAM: The ram pressure generating device part when compressing in a ramjet manner. PBH1: The compressed BH1 part. The target part of a muon having a compressed diborane fluid part. FP: The nuclear fusion reaction part, the muon irradiation part. FEEDC: The part that removes helium from the diborane fluid circulating within the system, removes surplus substances, and adds necessary substances and diborane serving as fuel. The feed control section. The fuel supply system, the fuel control system. The helium He removal section, the diborane fuel supply section, etc. HX: Heat exchanger ENEX: Although not shown in the figure, the device section that generates electricity based on alpha rays and nuclear fusion energy, the power generation section. It may be included within the system. PUMP: Compressor, pump. Pressurizes, compresses, and circulates the fluid within the system. Driven by a motor or the like. (Driven by obtaining power from the power generation section) M1: Muon generation section, muon irradiation section. (Driven by obtaining power from the power generation section) EX1: Helium (to be removed) generated after nuclear fusion.

[0024] <Others> In this application, by using a system in which the positive charge of the atomic nucleus of the nuclear fuel substance (e.g., B, Li) is larger than that of the nuclear fusion product (e.g., He), it is intended to retain negatively charged muons in the atomic nucleus of the nuclear fuel substance. It is intended that having muons located in the nuclear fusion fuel rather than in the nuclear fusion product makes it more stable in terms of the Coulomb force, charge, electric field, and electricity. * For example, in the case of a boron system, if there are impurities with an atomic number Z larger than that of boron, according to the concept of this application, the impurities with a larger Z than boron may trap muons and stop the reaction. (Considering sodium borohydride NaBH4 used as a raw material for diborane, sodium has a larger Z than boron, and according to the concept of this application, muons should be trapped by Na in NaBH4.)

[0025] The device of this application and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, but these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, replacements, and changes can be made without departing from the gist of the invention.

[0026] <<Supplementary Part by Application Claiming Priority>>The following items were added to the previous application, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635.

[0027] In FIG. 1, protons are irradiated onto boron. However, as shown in FIG. 6, borane, diborane B2H6, or boron hydride in which boron is pre-bonded to protons and hydrogen atoms may be used for the target part T1. For example, liquefied, liquid diborane may be used for the fusion fuel F1 or the target T1 part. In the system of FIG. 6, since diborane containing hydrogen and protons is used, there may be an advantage that the proton introduction part P1 described in FIG. 1 and the like becomes unnecessary.

[0028] FIG. 7 shows a system 1F-SYS-RAM in which diborane is pressurized, compressed, circulated, irradiated with muons, and caused to undergo nuclear fusion. (FIG. 7 is one of the examples and embodiments of FIG. 6.) FIG. 7 is an assumed diagram when the system using the diborane of the present application is applied to a system in which a fusion fuel fluid having a known ramjet part circulates in a closed loop system.

[0029] The diborane in the 1F-SYS-RAM system of FIG. 7 is pressurized and compressed by a compressor PUMP and circulated. The pressurized diborane fluid is further compressed by a compression device part RAM to form a compressed BH1 part (PBH1 part). Muons are irradiated from the muon irradiation part M1 onto the PBH1 to promote nuclear fusion. (Since diborane is compressed, its density increases, making it easier for muons to come into contact, proximity, and interaction, and it is expected that the catalytic nuclear fusion reaction will easily occur.)

[0030] In the 1F-SYS-RAM system of FIG. 7, there is an advantage that both protons and boron can be supplied to the system as diborane in which hydrogen and boron are bonded. Not only is the proton introduction part P1 unnecessary, but it is also possible to add fuel to the system and remove He (degas) from the system. (Using a helium He removal part, a diborane fuel supply part, etc., a feed control part FEEDC)

[0031] Also, considering the ease of contamination by impurities with an atomic number larger than that of boron, diborane in gaseous form, which can be purified, might be better than solid boron. (Solid boron requires generation, purification, and refining as solid crystals.) As described by taking sodium borohydride NaBH4 as an example in paragraph 0024 of this application, this application considers the presence of atoms with an atomic number larger than that of the nuclear fusion fuel, post - fusion products EX1, or impurities in the fuel to be unfavorable.

[0032] Also, in the systems such as Figures 1, 3, 6, 7, etc. of this application, it is assumed that there are no atoms with an atomic number larger than that of the nuclear fusion fuel, post - fusion products EX1, or impurities in the path of the muons. For example, it is premised that there are no atmospheric molecular atoms (such as nitrogen N or oxygen O) with an atomic number larger than that of boron B. If nitrogen N exists, it might be trapped. The configuration of this application might need to consider avoiding atoms with an atomic number larger than that of boron (or other candidate elements / atoms such as lithium) used as fuel.

[0033] <Document Name>Claims <Claim 1>A muon - catalyzed nuclear fusion system using a nuclear fusion reaction system, characterized in that the electric charge of the nucleus of the atom or particle generated by the nuclear fusion reaction is smaller than the electric charge of the nucleus of the atom of the nuclear fuel material. <Claim 2>The muon - catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to Claim 1, wherein the nuclear fusion fuel contains boron or lithium, and the atom or particle generated by the nuclear fusion reaction is helium alpha rays. <Claim 3>The muon - catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to Claim 2, wherein the fuel is in a liquid or fluid state. <Claim 4>A system having the characteristic of being unlikely to generate neutrons by a nuclear fusion reaction, wherein the nuclear fusion fuel uses boron or boron hydride, and the atom or particle generated by the nuclear fusion reaction is helium alpha rays. The muon - catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to Claim 1. <Document Name>Abstract <Abstract><Problem> In known muon-catalyzed fusion, there was a problem that muons adhered to, were captured by, and trapped in helium, which is a product substance after fusion rather than a fusion fuel substance such as hydrogen, deuterium D, or tritium T, causing the catalyzed fusion to stop. We aimed to solve the problem that muons were captured by the product substance after fusion rather than the fusion fuel substance, making it difficult for the muon-catalyzed fusion reaction to proceed. Also, we wanted to devise a system that is less likely to generate neutrons. <Solution> In muon-catalyzed fusion, when atomic nuclei fuse, a nuclear fusion reaction system is used that has the characteristic that the charge of the atomic nucleus of the substance generated by the nuclear fusion is smaller than the charge of the atomic nucleus of the atom that becomes the fusion fuel. Specifically, we propose a muon-catalyzed fusion system that uses protons and boron as the fusion fuel, or diborane that contains protons as hydrogen molecules along with boron.

[0034] <<Supplementary part based on the application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous applications, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787.

[0035] <Figure 8: When P1 and M1 in Figure 5 are introduced into the target part together and mixed on the same ray line as muonic hydrogen> In this application, as shown in Figure 5, the proton P1 and the muon M1 can be irradiated onto the target part T1 together and mixed on the same ray line. Using the particle accelerator A1 as shown in Figure 5, the proton P1 of the fuel and the muon M1 serving as a catalyst can be irradiated onto the target part T1 containing boron together and mixed on the same ray line.

[0036] Also, in this application, using the particle accelerator A1 or the neutral beam injection device NBI as shown in Figure 5, the electrically neutral muonic hydrogen atom MP1 formed by the combination of the proton P1 of the fuel and the muon M1 (muon M1) serving as a catalyst (in some cases, the electrically neutral muonic hydrogen molecule MP12 consisting of two muonic hydrogen atoms) can be irradiated onto and introduced into the boron hydride in the target part T1. (Or MP1 and MP12 can be mixed with boron hydride and blown into the target part for compression.) When irradiating and injecting muonic hydrogen atom MP1 into the pressurized boron hydride in the target part T1, during the injection process or near the target part T1, the muonic hydrogen atom MP1 and boron hydride are pressurized, (furthermore, inside the gas fluid, MP1 and boron hydride, MP12 and boron hydride can also be mixed by pressurization,) and a mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atom and boron hydride is formed. The mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atom and boron hydride is pressurized and transported to the ram part (RAM), and further pressurized and compressed in the ram part to become a compressed mixture PMP1-XMB. The mixture MP1-XBH (compressed mixture PMP1-XMB) of muonic hydrogen atoms MP1·MP12 and boron hydride compressed in the ram part increases the temperature during the muon-catalyzed reaction and the density per volume of muons, protons, and boron, leading to promoting the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction. Also, using the ram part in the ramjet method, the mixture MP1-XMB can be pressurized, compressed, and heated to a high temperature. In addition to increasing the temperature during the muon-catalyzed reaction and the density per volume of muons, protons, and boron, the mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atoms MP1·MP12 and boron hydride can cause the muon-catalyzed reaction under conditions of high temperature and active movement of molecules and particles. In this application, muonic hydrogen atoms are used to increase the temperature during the muon-catalyzed reaction, the density per volume of muons, protons, and boron, and the thermal movement of muons, protons, and boron, thereby promoting the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction.

[0037] When irradiating a single muon (muon beam line) on the surface of boron, the surface of lithium, or the surface of the gas / fluid of boron hydride, it becomes negatively charged and repels each other, and there is a risk that the muons cannot be concentrated or compressed at one point. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 8 of this application, the muons are combined with the protons of the proton-boron fuel to make the charge neutral, and the compressed muons and proton-boron fuel are concentrated at one place with high density, bringing more muons and fuel closer to promote muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion. Due to the problem of the negative charge of muons, there is a risk that muons will electrically repel each other and it will be difficult to compress them in one place. However, by combining muons with protons and hydrogen atomic nuclei (which are also fuels in boron-proton nuclear fusion) to form muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 (or MP12) and electrically neutralizing them, it becomes possible to compress them without electrically repelling each other.

[0038] Lithium hydride has a high melting point and usually exists as a solid or a liquid. Lithium hydride is more difficult to turn into a gas than boron hydride. Since lithium hydride and solid boron are solids at normal temperature and pressure as described above, it is difficult to mix them compared to boron hydride, which is a gas at normal temperature and pressure, and it may also be difficult to pump them into the ram part and compress them. On the other hand, MP1 and MP12, which are considered to be gases, and gaseous boron hydride can be mixed using means such as pressurization and mixing means, and then pressurized and pumped toward the ram part, and further compressed and adiabatically heated.

[0039] In the known D-T reaction, a maximum of 2 muons are required, while 4 muons are required for lithium and protons, and 6 muons are required for boron. It may be necessary to compress and confine muons, protons, and boron in a limited space. Compared with the known D-T reaction system, it may be necessary to mix muons and nuclear fusion fuel in the p-11B reaction system studied in this application, confine them in one place to a high density, and react them with the nuclear fusion fuel. Therefore, in this application, we attempt to use the electrically neutral muonic hydrogen atom MP1 and boron hydride, mix them, compress them, confine them in one place to a high density, and cause muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion (or fusion assisted by muons).

[0040] <Muon-Catalyzed Nuclear Fusion in Flight> The muonic hydrogen atom MP1 has a smaller Bohr radius and a lower Coulomb barrier (or is more quantum mechanically prone to tunneling) than a normal hydrogen atom consisting of a proton and an electron, and is expected to fly towards other atoms and react more easily in nuclear fusion (muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion) when colliding and approaching other atoms. A muonic hydrogen atom with velocity colliding with boron generates an alpha ray with energy afterwards. Using the energy of the alpha ray to heat boron hydride, when the boron hydride passes through the heat exchanger HX, it transfers thermal energy to an external steam generator or the like, and the thermal energy and kinetic energy are transmitted from the steam generator supplied with water to the turbine generator 1PP to rotate and operate the steam turbine generator 1PP to generate electricity.

[0041] In FIG. 8, it passes through the path or route S1 filled with boron hydride (such as B2H6) from the part MP1 that is the source of the muonic hydrogen atom MP1 or the neutral particle beam injection device NBI and the particle accelerator A1, passes through the nozzle part NZ, and proceeds towards the target part T1 and the ram part RAM. The muonic hydrogen atom MP1 and the mixture of MP1 and boron MP1-XMB proceed. At this time, the muonic hydrogen atom MP1 may react with the boron hydride on the path S1. * When MP1 is incident on the surface of solid boron, molten boron, or solid-liquid lithium hydride, a nuclear fusion reaction can be expected to occur on the surface and energy is generated. As an example of the present application, muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion may be promoted when using solid or liquid boron, lithium hydride, or lithium as the target T1. (However, it may not be possible to compress and make the mixture, mixed fluid, or mixed gas MP1-XMB of MP1, MP12 and boron hydride as in FIG. 8 to a high density and high temperature to promote nuclear fusion.)

[0042] Symbols etc. <FIG. 8> 1F-SYS-MP1, 1F-SYS-MP1-RAM: Nuclear fusion system using a mixture of muonic hydrogen atoms and fuel Muonic hydrogen atom MP1: AMP1: Muonic hydrogen atom generation irradiation part (particle accelerator A1, neutral particle beam irradiation device NBI, etc., which can generate and inject MP1 and MP12). S1: Path S1 (with a mixture of MP1 and boron hydride) MP1-XMB: A mixture of MP1 and boron hydride / diborane. Or a mixture of hydrogen and boron·(carbon·)nitrogen·oxygen·fluorine, etc. Or a part / mixture part containing a compound in which a raw material atomic nucleus with a first atomic number ZA and a raw material atomic nucleus with a second atomic number ZAA necessary for nuclear fusion are chemically bonded. PMP1-XMB: The mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and / or heated) by compression means such as RAM, or the mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and / or heated) by compression means such as RAM. RAM: Compression means such as a ram part. Inertial confinement fusion, which irradiates and confines a nuclear fusion target fuel pellet by laser irradiation (when the RAM part is of the laser confinement / inertial confinement type, the wavelength of the light of the laser may preferably use short wavelengths on the blue·ultraviolet·X-ray·gamma-ray side so that the momentum of the photon can be taken larger), is known. Also in the present application, the target part / mixture may be compressed by laser in the compression part RAM part. (A muon injection process may be added to the laser confinement type inertial confinement fusion.) The ram part may be irradiated with a laser, an ion beam, or an ion beam containing raw material atoms so as to converge from a plurality of emission parts to the part containing raw material atoms (Fig. 9). (Inertial types such as Z-pinch and magnetized target type that can compress raw material atoms and can be confined by inertia may also be used.) In the RAM part, while compressing and heating a part of raw material atoms that become fuel necessary for nuclear fusion, a compound / mixture in which raw material atoms are chemically bonded to each other, by using a laser or a mechanism such as a ram jet and irradiating with muons, the molecular motion / atomic motion within the compound molecule or in the compound / mixture can be increased by compression heating. As a result, particles bonded to muons are more likely to approach each other due to thermal motion, and the intention is to make nuclear fusion / muon nuclear fusion / muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion more likely to occur due to the approach. In addition to this, there is also an aim to make the muons that become catalysts after nuclear fusion more likely to cause the next catalytic reaction (be released and approach / capture the next raw material atoms repeatedly). (Even if muons are irradiated onto liquid hydrogen, DT, DD, and TT cooled to extremely low temperatures, there is a possibility that the temperature remains low and the proximity effect of the raw material atoms due to thermal motion is low. However, when muons, muonic atoms, and muonic hydrogen are introduced into the compressed and heated parts such as by lasers or ramjet parts, the proximity effect due to compression and thermal motion can be expected.) NZ: Nozzle section 1PP: Steam turbine generator HX: Heat exchanger, steam generation section, steam pipe, and cooling pipe 1BKT: There may be a part or blanket that receives particles flying with energy due to nuclear fusion reactions such as neutrons and gamma rays, converts them into thermal energy, etc., and can utilize the energy. When there is a RAM or reaction vessel section, a container section RAM for packing and ramming FEED, or a wall surface of the reaction vessel near the part where the nuclear reaction occurs, the blanket 1BKT may be arranged inside the RAM section or the container wall surface.) AEC: Alpha-ray energy conversion device (a device that receives alpha rays and converts them into electric power. The AEC may generate radicals using alpha rays such as titanium oxide, decompose water (like a photocatalytic reaction) to obtain hydrogen and oxygen, and provide and output energy outside the system in the form of hydrogen and chemical energy. *The AEC may be an alpha-voltaic-cell.* The AEC part may receive the energy of alpha rays and generate photons of synchrotron radiation (of bremsstrahlung). The photons of the synchrotron radiation may be used to cause chemical reactions or photocatalytic reactions of chemical substances. The photons may be irradiated onto the part to be heated for manufacturing substances, heating and injecting propellants or steam. By using means to convert the wavelength of the photons of the synchrotron radiation to the long-wavelength side, converting them into photons on the long-wavelength side, and receiving and photoelectrically converting the photons on the long-wavelength side with a photoelectric conversion element to obtain electric power and output it outside the system, or if the photons on the long-wavelength side are photons with energy capable of photocatalytic reactions with a photocatalyst, a photocatalytic reaction to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water may be caused to convert it into hydrogen energy. If the photons on the long-wavelength side have a wavelength that can dissociate the bonds within carbon dioxide and nitrogen molecules and cause a photocatalytic reaction, carbon dioxide may be dissociated and converted into the energy of chemical substances such as carbon, carbon compounds, and nitrogen compounds and output outside the system.)

[0043] <Claim 1> A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, wherein the nuclear fusion fuel contains protons (P1) and boron (B1), and after the nuclear fusion fuel is fused by a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction or a nuclear fusion reaction using muons, the generated atoms and particles are helium alpha rays. The nuclear fusion fuel uses boron hydride. A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, wherein muonic hydrogen atoms formed by the combination of muons (M1) and protons (P1) and electrically neutralized are introduced and incident on the boron hydride to form a mixture (MP1-XMB) of muonic hydrogen atoms and boron hydride. A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system having a feature that muonic hydrogen atoms are introduced and incident on the boron hydride by using an irradiation means (NBI) of muonic hydrogen atoms. A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, wherein the mixture (MP1-XMB) has a feature of being pressurized by a first pressurizing means (PUMP). A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, wherein the mixture (MP1-XMB) has a feature of being mixed by a first pressurizing means (PUMP). A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system, wherein the mixture (MP1-XMB) is compressed (to become a compressed mixture PMP1-XMB) by a second pressurizing means (PUMP) to a pressure higher than the pressure by the first pressurizing means and then heated (muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system (FIG. 8, 1SYS-MP1)). <Claim 2> The muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to Claim 1, wherein the second pressurizing means is performed in a compression part using a ram part (RAM) of a ramjet (FIG. 8, 1SYS-MP1-RAM).

[0044] <<Supplementary part based on the application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous applications, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174791. <<<Examples of systems with decreasing atomic number Z>>> In addition to the system using boron-11, the present application also discloses a system using nitrogen-15. (At the time of filing, it is necessary to confirm whether nuclear fusion occurs using boron-11 or nitrogen-15 with muons. The said system may be a system of a nuclear fusion system or an experimental system / experimental system regarding atomic nuclei in physics.) The following examples of boron-11 and nitrogen-15 are one example of the invention to be expressed by the present invention. As shown in Group A of FIG. 2 of the present application, elements with atomic numbers Z from 3 (lithium) to 9 (fluorine) are being studied. <<System using boron-11>> A nuclear fusion reaction in which a proton and boron-11 are fused to produce three helium-4 (alpha rays) and energy is known. (p + 11B -> 3×4He + 8.7 MeV) A molecule in which a boron atom and a hydrogen atom are chemically bonded may be used as a raw material / nuclear fusion fuel before causing a nuclear fusion reaction. For example, boron hydride, borane, diborane may be used. When boron hydride in which hydrogen and boron-11 are combined is used, since they are bonded within the molecule, the atoms can be brought close to each other in advance. When boron and a proton are brought close to each other and irradiated with muons, boron is a solid (liquid even when heated to a high temperature) in its elemental form, and even if a hydrogen raw material is blown into boron, hydrogen touches the solid surface of boron, and muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion may occur on the surface of solid boron. Therefore, in the present application, by using a bulk fluid / gas / liquid of boron hydride in which a proton and boron-15, which are raw materials for a nuclear fusion reaction, are brought close to each other by chemical bonding / covalent bonding as a raw material substance, the first raw material atom (proton) and the second raw material molecule (boron-11, the same applies to the case of nitrogen-15 described later) involved in the nuclear fusion reaction can be arranged in an arrangement where they are easily close to each other, or in a state where the two raw material atoms are mixed and close to each other in advance. Therefore, preferably, boron hydride B2H6 etc., nitrogen hydride NH3 etc. are used. Muons or muonic hydrogen may be irradiated and introduced.

[0045] <<System using nitrogen-15>> A nuclear fusion reaction in which a proton and nitrogen-15 are fused to produce carbon-12, helium-4 (alpha rays), and energy is known. (In nature, in the CNO cycle reaction in stars, a reaction in which nitrogen-15 and a proton produce carbon-12 and helium-4 is known.) (p + 15N -> 12C + 4He + 5.0 MeV) In the present application, a nitrogen-15 molecule composed only of hydrogen molecules and nitrogen-15 may be mixed to form a liquid mixture, a gaseous mixture, or a fluid mixture, and the above-mentioned nuclear fusion using the muon may be caused to occur in the mixture, and it may be used in a nuclear fusion system. Also, similar to the example of the boron hydride, a molecule in which a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom are chemically bonded, such as ammonia NH3, may be used as a raw material substance / nuclear fusion fuel before causing a nuclear fusion reaction. For example, hydrogen nitride, azane, ammonia NH3 may be used. (Azane, diazane may be used.) Muons or muonic hydrogen may be irradiated and introduced. <Utilization of azane and ammonia molecules, utilization of fluid / gaseous ammonia> For example, ammonia 15NH3 composed of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen is irradiated with muons, and muons are bonded and substituted for the nitrogen-15 atom and hydrogen atom (for the electrons of those atoms) in the ammonia 15NH3 molecule, shortening the radius of the above-mentioned atoms, and promoting the proximity of the nuclei of the nitrogen-15 atom and hydrogen atom to fuse the two nuclei to cause a nuclear fusion reaction. (In a gaseous / liquid / fluid ammonia molecule containing 15N and P, a nuclear fusion reaction of generating 12C and 4He from p + 15N may be caused using muons)

[0046] <Utilization of organic compounds / organic molecules containing nitrogen-15> For example, there is an organic compound CHN15 composed of carbon, nitrogen-15, and hydrogen. The compound may be a compound CHN15 with a bond between nitrogen-15 and hydrogen. Or it may be a compound CHN15 having a molecular structure with the characteristic that nitrogen-15, a nuclear fusion fuel / raw material atom, and hydrogen are close to each other within the compound CHN15 molecule. When the organic compound CHN15 is irradiated with muons and the muons cause nuclear fusion of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen that are in the proximity within CHN15, carbon-12 is generated within the compound. However, it is intended that the catalytic reaction by muons continues when the muons bind to another nitrogen-15 present in the surroundings within the bulk of the compound rather than to carbon-12. (For example, as a simple example of a compound, there is methylamine CH3-15NH3 which becomes a liquid / gas / fluid containing nitrogen-15 (15N).) Boranes and ammonia are gases but have toxicity and corrosive effects, and it is also necessary to compress the gases into tanks, so care must be taken in handling. However, for an organic compound, a compound / organic compound in which hydrogen can be placed in proximity to nitrogen-15, a carbon-nitrogen-15-hydrogen compound CHN15, it is less corrosive and less toxic than boranes and ammonia. As a gaseous or liquid substance CHN15 (without being compressed and liquefied and enclosed in a cylinder), (for example, a volatile oil, a liquid raw material substance CHN15 such as a hydrocarbon fuel), it can be stored in a tank and transported as a fuel substance CHN15 to a region with demand or to a power generation system section. Then, when supplying it to a nuclear fusion system / react reactor / reactor later, the liquid compound CHN15 is heated, and the liquid whose physical properties such as viscosity have changed due to heating or the substance CHN15 that has become a gas / vapor due to heating can be circulated or compressed inside a reactor having a compression section. By using the compound CHN15 which may be a liquid for nuclear fusion fuel, it may be easier to transport to the power generation system section if it can be transported in the market like a volatile oil / oil while suppressing toxicity and corrosiveness compared to boranes and ammonia. Note that for the atoms in the compound CHN15, regarding the atomic number ZA of the raw material atom with the largest atomic number that undergoes nuclear fusion reaction among the atoms in the compound, and the atomic number ZB of the generated atom with the largest atomic number among the atoms and particles generated by the nuclear fusion reaction, the atomic number ZB may have the characteristic that it is less than or equal to the atomic number ZA. In the case of using nitrogen-15, nitrogen-15 as the raw material atom has an atomic number of 7 (the atomic number ZA is 7), and carbon-12 generated by the reaction of nitrogen-15 and a proton has an atomic number of 6 (the atomic number ZB is 6), and the atomic number ZB has the characteristic that it is less than or equal to the atomic number ZA. In the case of using nitrogen-15, even if carbon-12 is generated by a nuclear fusion reaction, the positive charge of the atomic nucleus is the same as that of the carbon-12 contained in the original compound CHN15 (for example, as the carbon skeleton part of an organic compound). It is assumed that muons move around towards another nitrogen-15 with a more positive nuclear charge than the generated carbon-12, are captured by nitrogen-15 to produce carbon-12 and helium, and are recaptured by nitrogen-15 repeatedly, and a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction continuously occurs.

[0047] <Cross-sectional area> From the perspective of the cross-sectional area of the nuclear reaction (*Reference B), *hydrogen 1-H-1: 33.22 barns, *1-H-2: 4.70 *lithium 6: 942.1 *lithium 7: 1.22 *beryllium 9: 7.33 *boron 11: 5.96 *nitrogen 15: 5.35 barns. Others are fluorine 9: 4.23, carbon 12: 5.57. The cross-sectional areas of nitrogen-15 and boron-11 are between 5 and 6 barns. On the other hand, the cross-sectional area of lithium 7 is about 1, which is smaller than that of the nitrogen-boron case. Therefore, from the perspective of the cross-sectional area, it may be preferable to use boron-11 or nitrogen-15. [*Reference B: Japan Atomic Energy Agency website https: / / wwwndc.jaea.go.jp / jendl / j33 / J33_J.html, Internet, accessed on November 17, 2023. Neutrons in each table are cited from the Maxwellian Average of MT1. Although the cross section may be different in a system using actual muons and atoms, it is described to consider the cross section during muon fusion by comparing burn values under the same conditions between isotopes. 〇Reference B: JENDL-3.3 - JAEA Nuclear Data Center K. Shibata, T. Kawano, T. Nakagawa, O. Iwamoto, J. Katakura, T. Fukahori, S. Chiba, A. Hasegawa, T. Murata, H. Matsunobu, T. Ohsawa, Y. Nakajima, T. Yoshida, A. Zukeran, M. Kawai, M. Baba, M. Ishikawa, T. Asami, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, M. Igashira, N. Yamamuro, H. Kitazawa, N. Yamano and H. Takano: "Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library Version 3 Revision-3: JENDL-3.3," J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 39, 1125 (2002). (Eds.) T. Nakagawa, H. Kawasaki and K. Shibata: "Curves and Tables of Neutron Cross Sections in JENDL-3.3 (Part I and II)," JAERI-Data / Code 2002-020, Part I, Part II (2002).(Ed.) K. Shibata: "Descriptive Data of JENDL-3.3 (Part I and II)," JAERI-Data / Code 2002-026, Part I, Part II (2003).]

[0048] <System using lithium> <Lithium 7> The system using Lithium 7 and protons has the characteristics of a low cross-sectional area, being difficult to turn into gas molecules, and existing as a solid or liquid. Although it is used in materials such as lithium-ion batteries and the resource amount is limited, it is disclosed as an example of the present application. When using lithium, lithium hydride composed of lithium 7 and hydrogen can be utilized. Muons are irradiated onto the surface of liquid lithium hydride. p + 7Li -> 2×4He + 17.2 MeV <Lithium 6> When using lithium 6 (denoted as 6Li in this application) and deuterium D (when using lithium deuteride 6, 6LiD), it is speculated that the cross-sectional area of the nuclear fusion reaction of lithium 6 is larger than that of lithium 7 and is advantageous for the nuclear fusion reaction. In this case, the compound of lithium 6 and deuterium D, which is the raw material FEED, may be heated by the heating means RAMH, for example, it may be heated by laser, radio wave, or electromagnetic wave. Or the mixture · FEED and / or its storage container (the container · part that holds FEED in the reaction system) may be heated by heating means such as an electric resistance heater · electric heating means, and the mixture FEED may be in a bulk liquid state. * It may also be lithium deuteride 6 (6LiD), which is a bulk liquid capable of muon irradiation. When using deuterium D and lithium 6 as described below, reactions that produce alpha rays · helium 4, protons, neutrons, etc. may occur. (The reaction formulas related to lithium are described in Group B of Figure 2.) D + 6Li -> 2×4He (alpha ray) + 22.4 MeV D + 6Li -> 7Li + p + 5.0 MeV D + 6Li -> 4He (alpha ray) + p + 2.6 MeV D + 6Li -> 3He (helium 3) + 4He + n + 1.8 MeV *Using lithium-6, which has a larger cross-sectional area than lithium-7, and deuterium, chemically bonded (ionic bond) as a raw material substance FEED, the raw material substance FEED may be heated by heating means RAMH, placed in the target parts T1, FP, PBH1, PMP1-XMB, and irradiating / introducing muons (μ-muonic atoms) into the arranged FEED may be able to promote nuclear fusion using muons (and connect it to a nuclear fusion system, nuclear fusion reactor, nuclear fusion reactor). As described above, in the case of the invention / devise using lithium-6 with a large cross-sectional area and deuterium chemically bonded as the raw material substance FEED, the cross-sectional area can be made larger than when using lithium-7, boron-11, nitrogen-15, oxygen-18 and hydrogen / deuterium for nuclear fusion / μ-muon nuclear fusion, and there is an advantage that it can be more easily fused.

[0049] <System using beryllium> Disclosed as one example of the present application. A system for causing a nuclear fusion reaction between beryllium-9 and protons may be used. Beryllium hydride BeH2 may be used as the raw material substance to be irradiated when irradiating muons. Beryllium hydride is a solid and separates near its melting point, so it is difficult to use as a fluid in a nuclear fusion system and cannot be used. p+9Be‐>4He+6Li+2.1MeV p+9Be‐>d+2×4He+0.6MeV Beryllium-9 is a stable isotope of natural beryllium and accounts for 100% of beryllium, so the isotope separation process may be made unnecessary. Beryllium-9 has a characteristic of having a larger cross-sectional area compared to lithium-7 (lithium isotopes that exist in a large ratio in nature) (compared to boron-11 and nitrogen-15), and may be advantageous when using the system of the present application from the perspective of the cross-sectional area. Beryllium borohydride Be(BH4)2 is a compound composed of boron, beryllium, hydrogen, and protons, and is a compound, inorganic compound, and inorganic polymer compound in which boron-11, beryllium-9, and hydrogen atoms are chemically bonded and can be arranged in a close state, and can also be used as one form of the present application. This substance can be used in liquid, solid, etc. In the reaction of boron-11 (Z = 5), helium (Z = 2) is produced, and in the reaction of beryllium-9 (Z = 4), lithium (Z = 3) and helium-deuterium are produced. However, the final products ZB group (helium, lithium, deuterium, ZB is 3) generated in these two reactions are the nuclear fusion fuel atoms ZA group (boron-11, beryllium-9, hydrogen, ZA is 11 or 9). Therefore, since the atomic nuclei of the nuclear fusion fuel atoms ZA group have a larger positive charge than lithium-6 with a positive charge of 3 in the final product, it can be inferred that negative muons are more likely to be captured by the nuclear fusion fuel atoms and can be utilized.

[0050] <Resource quantity, etc.> From the perspective of the resource quantity in the universe and the terrestrial sphere, oxygen-18 and oxygen-17 with a magic number of 8 may be dominant. In addition, nitrogen-15 and boron-11 are dominant. Oxygen-18 and nitrogen-15 are contained in atmospheric nitrogen and can be separated from oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere by an oxygen and nitrogen distillation process. Carbon also has a large resource quantity. As the atomic number increases, there are also effects such as muons decaying into electrons and neutrinos by weak interactions (the lifetime of negative muons decreases). Therefore, for nitrogen-15 (Z = 7) with a larger Z than lithium (Z = 3), it is necessary to consider this influence. In this application, the use of lithium is not restricted. (If Z is from 1 to about 10, the lifetime of negative muons is close to microseconds. Therefore, if the time for acting as a catalyst in the nuclear fusion reaction can also be maintained at about microseconds, atoms up to Z = 10 can be used as candidates for the raw material atoms of the system of this application. Or up to Z = 20, etc. The lifetime of negative muons can be considered.) In this application, preferably, elements from Z = 9 to 3 are considered, and lithium-6, oxygen-18, nitrogen-15, and boron-11 are disclosed as examples. Examples using compounds in which they are chemically bonded to protons and deuterium as the second raw material are also disclosed.

[0051] <System using fluorine> In an experimental system, a nuclear fusion system that generates oxygen-16 (Z = 8) and helium from fluorine-19 (Z = 9) and protons can be used. Muons can also be irradiated onto hydrogen fluoride in which fluorine-19 and protons are bonded. (Hydrogen fluoride has a high toxicity.)

[0052] <System using oxygen> A nuclear fusion system that generates nitrogen-15 and helium from oxygen-18 and protons may be used. It is also possible to irradiate hydrogen oxide in which oxygen-18 and protons are bonded, water H2O (liquid, gas, vapor, fluid water H2O) with muons. In this case, nitrogen-15 is obtained (the reaction formula is Group A in FIG. 2 of the present application), and then nitrogen-15 and protons may be reacted as described above and used in a nuclear fusion reaction that produces carbon-12 and helium. Oxygen-18 is present at 0.2 percent. For example, on Venus, it exists as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and in the rocks of the moon, Mars, and asteroids (which may contain silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, etc.), oxygen atoms combined with metal elements (silicon, aluminum, iron, etc.) are contained, and it may be easily obtained as a resource and may be collectable when navigating through space. For oxygen isotopes, the desired oxygen isotope may also be separated from oxygen in the atmosphere or substances in which oxygen is combined with celestial bodies (oxygen obtained by reducing rocks containing silicon oxide, etc.) by a known separation process. Oxygen-17 and protons may also be used.

[0053] <<Example where the atomic number Z does not decrease but the raw material atoms are chemically bonded to other raw material atoms>> As one example of the present application, an example is disclosed in which, when the atomic number ZB in the nuclear fusion reaction is greater than or equal to the atomic number ZA, the first raw material atom ZA and the second raw material atom ZB as raw materials are provided in the same compound molecule. <System using carbon> In an experimental system, muons may be irradiated onto hydrocarbons containing protons and carbon. A molecule in which a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom are chemically bonded may be used as a raw material substance and nuclear fusion fuel before the nuclear fusion reaction. For example, organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen such as hydrocarbons and methane may be used. Muons or muonic hydrogen may be irradiated and introduced into organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen such as methane. For the system using carbon and the system using hydrocarbons and organic substances such as methane, the hydrocarbons and organic substances such as methane (gases and fluids) may be compressed by the compression section PUMP·RAM as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, and muons such as muons or muonic hydrogen atoms may be introduced into the compressed locations (target section T1, FP, PBH1, PMP1-XMB) to promote muon nuclear fusion at these locations. When using hydrocarbon gases such as methane and propane, the existing gas transportation, transport, and storage infrastructure can be used. Gas pipes, pipelines, valves, pumps, etc. can be diverted. (On the other hand, gases such as ammonia and boron hydride may require dedicated infrastructure, pipes, and pumps.) (When a negative muon approaches the atomic nucleus, the negative muon undergoes a weak interaction with the protons in the atomic nucleus, causing the protons in the atomic nucleus to change into neutrons and converting the atomic nucleus into an atomic nucleus with an atomic number one less. When carbon-12 is irradiated with muons, it becomes boron-11, and then a reaction between boron-11 and hydrogen atoms or protons can also be expected due to the muons that arrive again.) <Nuclear fusion between carbon atoms, carbon combustion, nuclear fusion reaction with atoms having a carbon or higher Z> Regarding the raw material FEED of the organic compound in which carbon atoms are bonded to each other as shown in FIG. 9 etc., while heating (and compressing) the FEED using heating and compression means such as RAM and RAMH, irradiating and introducing muons and muonic atoms into the FEED may be used to promote the nuclear fusion reaction between carbon atoms using muons. Also, for experimental purposes or for the purpose of nuclear conversion or artificially synthesizing elements with a larger atomic number Z, muonic carbon atoms having carbon atoms among muonic atoms may be collided with other atoms to promote nuclear fusion. In addition to the nuclear fusion between carbon atoms, the nuclear fusion between oxygen atoms in the oxygen combustion process, the silicon combustion process, and the nuclear fusion reaction between elements with a larger atomic number Z may also be attempted in the system of the present application.

[0054] <System capable of heating or compressing the raw material FEED> As a configuration that can be further compressed and heated in the RAM section (RAMH section) compared to the configuration of FIG. 8, FIG. 9 discloses a system that can irradiate a target section from an emission source such as (a plurality of) lasers, ion beams, microwaves, etc., and heat the FEED in the target section. (It may be compressed by a laser or an ion beam.) FIG. 9 is an example of a system 1F-SYS having a compression section and a heating section for a raw material substance FEED. (The figure is an example and is not limited to the experimental system, reaction system, device, structure, and arrangement described in the figure. For example, in FIGS. 8 and 9, the FEED circulates within a closed cycle, but the FEED may be stored in a closed container or a batch-type container, and the heating section RAMH may be provided in the container or reaction section storing the FEED. While irradiating and injecting muons and muonic atoms to the FEED while heating the FEED in the heating section RAMH. A laser may be irradiated to the container storing the FEED (from a light source section that may also be a plurality of light source sections) like laser confinement inertial fusion, and confined and heated by the laser. The FEED may be heated by irradiating a container storing the FEED with a laser, millimeter wave, microwave, which are electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic induction, a particle-based ion beam, or a particle beam.) For example, the compression section RAM in FIG. 9 may be irradiated with a laser or an ion beam. It may be compressed by a laser. Also, heating by a laser, photon, electromagnetic wave, electric field magnetic field, radio wave, or beam may be possible.

Example 3

[0055] As one form of the present application, FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 are fusion systems using a raw material substance FEED containing raw material atoms in the molecule, and are fusion systems having a step of irradiating and injecting muons into the raw material substance. The raw material atoms include two or more raw material atoms with a first atomic number ZA, or are raw material atoms each containing one or more atoms with a first atomic number ZA and one or more raw material atoms with a second atomic number ZAA. The raw material atoms with a first atomic number ZA and the raw material atoms with a second atomic number ZAA that fuse are chemically bonded, covalently bonded, or ionically bonded and are contained in the raw material substance, which is an explanatory diagram of the fusion system.

Example 4

[0056] In one form of the present application, FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of a fusion system including a step of irradiating and injecting muon-muonic atoms into FEED, which is provided with a heating means RAMH and a compression means RAM for a raw material FEED. The heating means RAMH may use, for example, laser heating, ion beam heating, microwave / millimeter wave, electric field / magnetic field, or heating means by electromagnetic induction. FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of a fusion system that irradiates (for example, from a light source unit that may be a plurality of light source units) a laser and confines it with the laser, or a fusion system that may be heated by a laser, and includes a step of irradiating and injecting muon-muonic atoms into FEED. Alternatively, FIG. 9 shows a fusion system that irradiates a container storing FEED with a laser, millimeter wave, microwave, which are electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic induction, particle-based ion beam, particle beam, millimeter wave to heat FEED (in some cases, for example, by emitting an ion beam toward a single point, multiple ion beams are irradiated toward a single point FP, T1 where FEED is located, and the ion beam advancing toward a single point compresses FEED by being in a form that compresses, packs, and rams FEED, performing compression and heating), and includes a step of irradiating and injecting muon-muonic atoms into FEED.

Example 5

[0057] In one form of the present application, (B) in the lower part of FIG. 3 of the present application is an explanatory diagram of a system in which lithium deuteride 6 is placed in a solid, liquid, or molten state in a raw material FEED (preferably in a liquid or molten state when considering that raw material atoms can move due to heat and it becomes easier for raw material atoms to approach each other) in a target part T1, and muons (muonic atoms) are irradiated and injected into the lithium deuteride 6. In (B) of FIG. 3, the lithium deuteride 6 in the T1·FEED part may be heated using a heating means RAMH. (The FEED may be melted using the heating means RAMH and heated to a liquid state.) *Lithium 6 with a cross-sectional area larger than that of lithium 7 is chemically bonded to deuterium to form a raw material substance FEED, which may be heated by heating means RAMH, and is arranged in the target parts T1, FP, PBH1, PMP1-XMB. By irradiating and injecting muons (muonic atoms) into the arranged FEED, it is intended to promote nuclear fusion using muons and connect it to a nuclear fusion system, a nuclear fusion reactor, and a nuclear fusion reactor. When lithium 6 with a large cross-sectional area is chemically bonded to deuterium to form a raw material substance FEED, the cross-sectional area can be made larger than when using lithium 7, boron 11, nitrogen 15, oxygen 18 and hydrogen / deuterium for nuclear fusion and muon nuclear fusion, and there is an advantage that it is easier to fuse. In terms of the cross-sectional area, lithium 6 is preferred over lithium 7, and it is preferable to use lithium 6 and deuterium. When using lithium 7, there is a problem of a small cross-sectional area. Therefore, in one example of the present application, the use may be limited to lithium 6 and deuterium to increase the cross-sectional area and attempt to solve the problem of a small cross-sectional area.

[0058] Symbols, etc. <Figure 9> PMP1-XMB: A mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and / or heated) by compression means such as RAM, or a mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and / or heated) by compression means such as RAM. RAM: Compression means such as a ram part. Inertial confinement fusion in which a nuclear fusion target fuel pellet is irradiated and confined by laser irradiation (when the RAM part is of the laser confinement / inertial confinement type, the wavelength of the laser light may be a short wavelength on the blue, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma-ray side so that the momentum of the photon can be taken larger) is known. In the present application, the target part and the mixture may also be compressed by a laser in the compression part RAM part. (A muon injection process may be added to the laser confinement type inertial confinement fusion.) The ram part may be irradiated so as to converge a laser, an ion beam, and an ion beam containing raw material atoms from a plurality of emission parts to a part containing raw material atoms (Fig. 9). (It may also be an inertial type such as Z-pinch or magnetized target type that can compress raw material atoms and can be confined by inertia.) In the RAM section, while using a mechanism such as a laser or a ramjet to compress and heat, by irradiating muons, the raw material atoms that are the fuel necessary for nuclear fusion and the parts of compounds or mixtures in which the raw material atoms are chemically bonded to each other, the molecular motion or atomic motion within the compound molecules or in the compound / mixture can be increased significantly by compression and heating. As a result, the particles bonded to muons are more likely to approach each other due to thermal motion, with the intention of facilitating nuclear fusion, muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, and muon-induced nuclear fusion. In addition, there is also the aim of making it easier for the muons that act as catalysts after nuclear fusion to cause the next catalytic reaction (released and approaching / capturing the next raw material atoms repeatedly). (Although irradiating muons on liquid hydrogen, DT, DD, TT cooled to extremely low temperatures of several kelvins may result in a low temperature and a low proximity effect of raw material atoms due to thermal motion, when introducing muons, muonic atoms, and muonic hydrogen into the compressed and heated parts by a laser, ramjet section, etc., a proximity effect due to compression and thermal motion can be expected.) RAMH: Heating means. (It may be included in the ram section. For example, means such as a laser or microwave that can irradiate a substance remotely with electromagnetic waves or photons and heat the substance. For example, in a system using water, hydrogen peroxide, and muons, water can be heated by microwaves. Alternatively, the substance may be inductively heated electromagnetically.) For example, when using hydrocarbons as raw material substances and promoting nuclear fusion between carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms that are chemically bonded and close to each other in hydrocarbons using muons in the configurations of FIGS. 8 and 9, FIG. 9 may have a greater effect of promoting muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion than FIG. 8 because the raw material can be heated by a laser or the like, and the motion of atoms and particles in the raw material substance becomes more active as the temperature rises by heating means such as a laser. (Heating means such as laser heating, ion beam, neutral particle beam / NBI, ion beam or neutral particle beam / NBI containing raw material atoms, particle beam in which muons are bonded to ions / raw material atoms, millimeter wave, and microwave may also be used.) RAM and RAMH may be irradiated with a laser or ion beam. They may also be compressed by a laser or heated by a laser. PUMP: Compressor, pump, motor FEED: Source material (e.g., boron hydride, (hydrocarbon), hydrogen nitride, hydrogen oxide, etc.). (Lithium deuteride, etc. may be a liquid or solid target. A substance that serves as a raw material for nuclear fusion reactions.) FEEDC: Feed control section. It may also include a feed source material supply section, a fuel supply section, etc., and a section for removing products after nuclear fusion such as helium. FP: Nuclear fusion (promotion) section

[0059] <Claims> <Claim NB1> A nuclear fusion system using a source material containing source atoms, wherein the source material uses a fluid, gas, or liquid source material, a nuclear fusion system having a step of irradiating / introducing muons into the source material, the source atoms include two or more source atoms with a first atomic number ZA, or the source atoms include one or more atoms with a first atomic number ZA and one or more source atoms with a second atomic number ZAA, for the atomic number ZA of the source atom with the largest atomic number undergoing nuclear fusion reaction and the atomic number ZB of the generated atom with the largest atomic number among the atoms / particles generated by the nuclear fusion reaction, the atomic number ZB has a characteristic that it is less than or equal to the atomic number ZA. <Claim NB2> The nuclear fusion system according to Claim NB1, characterized in that the atoms with a first atomic number ZA and the source atoms with a second atomic number ZAA undergoing nuclear fusion are chemically bonded, covalently bonded, or ionically bonded and are included in the source material. <Claim NB3> The nuclear fusion system according to Claim NB1, wherein the atoms with a first atomic number ZA are boron - 11 and nitrogen - 15, and the source atoms with a second atomic number ZAA are hydrogen and protons. <Claim NB4> A muon - catalyzed nuclear fusion system characterized by introducing / inciding atoms / particles with muons bonded / added to the nucleus or muonic atoms into the nuclear fusion fuel material. <Claim NB5>A muon-catalyzed fusion system characterized in that after muons or muonic atoms are introduced into and incident on the nuclear fusion fuel substance, the nuclear fusion fuel substance is pressurized by a pressurizing means. <Claim NB6> The muon-catalyzed fusion system according to claim NB1, characterized in that after muons or muonic atoms are introduced into and incident on the nuclear fusion fuel substance, the nuclear fusion fuel substance is mixed by a pressurizing means. <Claim MMF1> A nuclear fusion system using a raw material substance containing raw material atoms, A nuclear fusion system having a step of irradiating and introducing muons into the raw material substance, (The raw material atoms include two or more raw material atoms with a first atomic number ZA, or are raw material atoms each containing one or more atoms with a first atomic number ZA and one or more raw material atoms with a second atomic number ZAA,) A nuclear fusion system characterized in that the raw material atoms for nuclear fusion (or the raw material atoms with a first atomic number ZA and the raw material atoms with a second atomic number ZAA) are contained in the raw material substance by chemical bonding, covalent bonding, or ionic bonding. <Claim MMF2> The nuclear fusion system according to claim MMF1, wherein the atoms with the first atomic number ZA are boron-11 and nitrogen-15, and the raw material atoms with the second atomic number ZAA are hydrogen and protons, or the atoms with the first atomic number ZA are lithium-6, and the raw material atoms with the second atomic number ZAA are deuterium. <Claim MMF3> The nuclear fusion system according to claim MMF1, wherein the atoms with the first atomic number ZA are carbon, and the raw material atoms with the second atomic number ZAA are hydrogen and protons, (the raw material substance is an organic compound containing methane, hydrocarbon, or a bond between carbon and hydrogen.) <Claim MMF4> A nuclear fusion system using a raw material substance containing raw material atoms, A nuclear fusion system having a step of irradiating and introducing muons into the raw material substance, and using (liquid) lithium deuteride in which lithium-6 and deuterium are chemically bonded as the raw material substance. <Claim MHF1> A fusion system equipped with a heating means RAMH for a raw material substance FEED, the fusion system including a step of irradiating and introducing muon-muonic atoms into the raw material substance FEED. <Claim MHF2> The heating means RAMH uses heating performed by irradiating the raw material substance FEED with a laser, an ion beam, a particle beam, a neutral particle beam, an ion beam or a neutral particle beam containing raw material atoms, or a particle beam in which muons are combined with ions and raw material atoms. Or, the fusion system according to Claim MHF1, characterized by using heating by radio waves, millimeter waves, microwaves, heating by an electric or magnetic field, or heating by electromagnetic induction for the raw material substance FEED. <Document Name>Abstract <Abstract><Problem>In known muon-catalyzed fusion, there has been a problem that in fusion fuel substances such as hydrogen, deuterium D, and tritium T, muons (muons) are attached, captured, and trapped by helium, which is the product substance after fusion, and the catalytic fusion stops. It was considered necessary to solve the problem that muons are captured by the product substance after fusion rather than the fusion fuel substance, making it difficult for the muon-catalyzed fusion reaction to proceed. <Solution>Disclosed is a system including a chemical bond between a raw material atom with a first atomic number ZA and a raw material atom with a second atomic number ZAA in a fusion fuel substance and a raw material substance in fusion using muons. A muon-catalyzed fusion system using lithium hydride containing lithium 6 and deuterium, diborane containing a proton and boron 11, or ammonia containing a proton and nitrogen 15 is proposed. Also proposed is a fusion system using muons equipped with a heating means and a compression means.

[0060] <<Supplementary Part by Application Claiming Priority>>The following items were added to the previous applications, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174791, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-196029. <Document Name>Abstract <Abstract><Problem> It is desired to make it easier to replace the muon target without stopping the muon fusion reactor. (It is desired to reduce the downtime during target replacement. It is desired to increase the target life.) Also, it is desired to miniaturize the muon generation section and the accelerator. <Solution> In a circular accelerator (fixed magnetic field strong focusing accelerator FFAG accelerator, MERIT ring·MERIT accelerator *MERIT: Multiplex Energy Recovery Internal Target method), a wedge-shaped or thin disk·plate (insertable) movable target is used. The movable target may be exchangeable by an exchange device, or two or more movable target sections and solenoids for muon capture·muon extraction sections may be provided so that the movable target section can be taken in and out·moved back and forth (at the MOVE location in Fig. 12) from the outer periphery to the inner periphery of the accelerator. The movable target may be irradiated with a proton particle beam to generate pion muons. <Mode for Carrying Out the Invention>

[0061] <Problem> The problem to be solved by the invention <Problems of muon target activation, replacement maintenance, and reduction of downtime when muons cannot be generated> When generating muons, a high-energy proton beam accelerated is irradiated onto a muon generation target section of carbon or lithium to generate pions, pions (mesons), and muons. At this time, the pion·muon generation target section·muon target that receives the proton beam irradiation deteriorates and becomes activated over time and needs to be replaced. The target becomes highly activated to a level where it is difficult for humans to approach. There was a problem in replacing the muon target that it was necessary to stop the muon generation device and the muon fusion system. Therefore, a rotating muon target has been developed in which the irradiated time is dispersed and averaged over other parts of a rotatable disk by rotating the target section. In a muon fusion system, it may also be preferable if the replacement and maintenance of the muon target can be performed without stopping the muon generation unit during the operation of the muon fusion system (·downtime during which muons cannot be generated can be reduced), and commercially (for example, a muon fusion power plant does not need to stop power generation for a span of once every six months, three weeks, etc. for muon target replacement).

[0062] <Means for solving the problem, mode for carrying out the invention> <Muon target long life extension and downtime reduction by rotating muon target MU-DISK-TGT> In a circular accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING (FFAG accelerator 2MU-FFAG, MERIT ring · MERIT accelerator 2MU-MERIT-RING), (especially in the MERIT type ring), a muon target part arranged to protrude in a wedge shape, which is a thin and sharp (sharp-shaped and protruding in a wedge shape) pharmaceutical cart type rotating target part, or a record disk · disk-shaped rotating target part MU-DISK-TGT whose outer periphery is thin, thin, and sharp like a rotary saw (the thin and thin disk with a sharp tip at the outer periphery in FIGS. 10, 11, and 12, or the wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT in a wedge shape) is used to suppress the activation of the MERIT type wedge muon target (fixed muon target), average it, extend the life of the muon target, delay the activation, and increase the available time of the muon target. ※ For example, the cross-section on one side of the disk in FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 may be wedge-shaped or triangular that becomes thinner in the outer peripheral direction (it may also be a thin disk), the rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, MU-DISK-TGT, and a movable muon target unit (2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT) equipped with rotating means such as a motor for rotating the rotating muon target and rotating support means such as bearings may be configured. The muon target portion MU-MOVABLE-TGT, MU-DISK-TGT may be inserted (or withdrawn) into the particle beam orbit portion of the accelerator (2MU-FFAG, 2MU-ACC-RING, 2MU-MERIT-RING) toward the particle orbit on the outer periphery of the accelerator, and the rotating muon target portion 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT may be provided in the target portion and pion-muon generation portion of the muon generation device 2MU. (※ Regarding the circular accelerator as a donut shape, a rotating muon target such as a rotating saw in the poloidal direction may be inserted, withdrawn, and moved (MOVE) into the portion where particles circulate on the outer periphery of the donut, the protruding portion of the wedge of the MERIT ring. A rotating target capable of making a cut or withdrawing with a rotating saw on the ring may be inserted and removed from the 2MU-MERIT-RING in FIGS. 10 and 12.) ※ As shown in FIG. 10, the wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, or the rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT having a thin plate-like movable part (the target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT may be rotatable, and the shape of the target may be such that particles can recover energy again inside the MERIT ring or circular accelerator after the MERIT-type particle beam hits the target, such as a wedge shape, a shape where the protruding portion in the ring part is thin, or a thin plate shape). ※ In FIG. 10, the rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT (having a wedge shape and a shape with a thin portion) is inserted into a part of the outer peripheral side of the accelerator cross-section so as to cut the outer peripheral side through which the particles pass perpendicularly to the toroidal direction of the circular or doughnut-shaped particle accelerator, circular accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring in a vacuum, and is rotatable. In FIGS. 10, 11, 12, and 13, the operation of the particle accelerator, rotation, or insertion and movement (MOVE) of the rotatable muon target can be performed while maintaining a vacuum, and replacement (EXCHANGE, SET) of the rotatable muon target can be performed. For rotation, a motor (MU-TGT-MOT) and bearings (MU-TGT-BRG) are used. The wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT attached to the axis (AXIS-TGT-BRG) rotates across a part of the outer periphery of the circular accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring (rotating so as to cross a part of the outer peripheral side of the ring doughnut. *Cross-sectional view CS part of FIG. 10, cross-sectional part CS from point CSP1 to CSP2). <Replacement during activation of the muon target and removal of the activated part> Also, when the wedge-shaped rotating muon target is activated as shown in the right figure of FIG. 11, the activated tip can be cut, sliced, or severed to remove the activated part, and the less activated part can be recycled and used again. Also, machines or robots may be used for unmanned operation. In the case of a rotating muon target, it is expected that the part near the wedge-shaped and thinner portion will be activated rather than a fixed target or a thick rotating target, which can reduce the thickness and volume of the portion irradiated by the proton ion beam, leading to a reduction in the radioactive waste generated by activation. <During the muon generation operation and during the accelerator operation, a system for cutting and maintaining the irradiated portion of the rotating muon target where muon target activation is about to progress, and for removing the activated portion by grinding with a grinding stone. A system for cutting, grinding, and removing during the muon generation operation, during the accelerator operation, and during the device operation before the target is highly activated.> As shown in the right figure of Fig. 11 of the wedge-shaped rotating muon target, the rotating target part can approach the irradiation part of the disk with a device capable of grinding or cutting a part of the grinding stone or the target during rotation during the operation of the muon generation part, the accelerator, and the MERIT ring, and grind or cut the irradiation part. Also, the activated part may be ground, cut, and removed by the cutting and removing device. (If it cannot be cut completely after grinding, or if the surface of the disk cannot be formed by grinding during operation, it may be replaced with a new disk by a disk exchange machine or a robot arm.) <Use in space> This application also assumes use as a power unit of a spacecraft. For the accelerator system, the parts that require a vacuum may use the vacuum environment of space.

[0063] <Automation of replacement of movable muon target> As an example of replacement, an alternating system, and replacement of the target when there is one fixed muon target extraction port after proton irradiation and activation of the wedge-shaped rotating muon target for muon generation, a system capable of replacing the muon target is disclosed in Fig. 10.

[0064] For example, a device / robot part (TGT EXCANGE ROBOT / ARM (JUKE BOX MACHINE LIKE)) that can replace a record turntable / disk (wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT), such as in a jukebox, with a robot arm or the like, and a plurality of wedge-shaped rotating muon targets MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT (like the rotating magazine of a revolver) are mounted on a shaft (2TGT-EXCHANGE-AXIS) that can be rotated by a motor or the like (2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT) and a magazine part / disk holder / arm (2TGT-EXCHANGE-ARM) that can be rotated by the rotating means 2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT. The arm can be rotated to replace the wedge-shaped rotating muon target. Automation of the replacement may be performed.

[0065] Figure 12 describes the replacement, alternating system, (when arranging two muon extraction ports and solenoids, and when one extraction port is in standby and its target is replaced) after proton irradiation activation of the muon generation wedge-shaped rotating target. Although two systems are required for the muon extraction port and the muon irradiation system for the solenoid / fusion fuel, without the above-described rotating mechanism for replacement, and the target T1 of the irradiation system and the fusion reaction part can also be made into two systems, with the intention of reducing the downtime when power generation cannot be performed. (Although there are two systems in Figure 12, a plurality of systems may also be used) In Figure 12, a movable muon target part / wedge-shaped rotating target part MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT having two or more wedge-shaped rotating target parts and muon capture solenoid / muon extraction parts can be moved in and out, back and forth, and inserted (at the MOVE part in Figure 12) from the outer periphery to the inner periphery of the accelerator. The movement (MOVE), extrusion, insertion, extraction, and retraction of the movable target part into the MERIT ring are controlled by the MOVE step and the insertion / removal step, so that the generation of pion muons at one extraction port can be controlled to be turned on and off. When replacing the target part in Figure 12, it is completely extracted and retracted from the MERIT ring for maintenance and replacement. Replacement and the like may be automated using a machine / robot (TGT EXCANGE ROBOT / ARM).

[0066] <Problem> <Miniaturization of a muon - generating device, necessity of a small - scale accelerator and a small - scale muon generator> It is preferable to miniaturize a system (accelerator, accelerating cavity, deflection magnet) for generating muons. When it is desired to install the fusion system on transportation equipment, spacecraft, spaceships, aircraft, vehicles, ships, submarines, various facilities, and robots, it is preferable that the size of the system including the accelerator and the muon - generating device can be reduced.

[0067] <Solution means, embodiments for carrying out the invention> 〇Regarding the muon generation section, as a high - intensity muon source, the Multiplex Energy Recovery Internal Target method (MERIT method) using a Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerator (FFAG accelerator, FFAG: Fixed Field Alternating Gradient, an accelerator having a gradient magnetic - field shape in a constant magnetic field (static magnetic field) and alternating the gradient direction) which is a circular accelerator is known. A wedge - shaped target is installed on the beam orbit such as protons inside the ring, and the beam is circulated, stored, accumulated, and accelerated. At the same time, by irradiating the target with the beam, secondary particles are generated. And for the beam that has been irradiated on the target once but has not reacted with the target, (after accelerating again,) the energy is recovered, and by continuously hitting the target many times, it is possible to generate secondary particles with high efficiency. This method may be used for the muon generation section M1 and the particle accelerator of the present application.

[0068] In the MERIT method, protons incident on the center of the MERIT ring transition to an outer orbit while accelerating and rotating inside, and enter a muon target section that protrudes in a wedge - shaped and thin - plate - like manner on the outside, generating pions and muons while being accelerated again, recovering energy, colliding with the target again, and generating pions and muons. The generated pions and muons are introduced into the solenoid for muon capture and transport (MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT SOLENOID in FIGS. 10, 11, 12, and 13), and then those containing muons are irradiated and introduced into the target section T1 (selected isotopes, such as lithium hydride (lithium deuteride 6), boron hydride, hydrogen nitride, hydrogen oxide, hydrogen fluoride, etc., hydrocarbons, raw material substances) and the fusion reaction section FP of the muon fusion system 1F-SYS from the said section (optionally passing through an acceleration section, a deflection section, or various devices, etc., remaining as muons, becoming a neutral particle beam, or becoming a muonic atom). In the present application, as described above, a movable muon target section MU-MOVABLE-TGT and a wedge-rotating target section MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT may be used for the muon target. By using the wedge-rotating target section, the target can have a longer lifespan than a fixed wedge target. By adopting the configurations shown in FIGS. 10, 11, 12, and 13, it is intended to miniaturize the muon generation device and extend the lifespan of the target and the device (by extending the time of radioactivity).

[0069] <Acceleration cavity> Regarding the synchrotron and circular accelerator that generate muons, it may include an acceleration cavity for acceleration and deflection magnets (such as quadrupole magnets) for controlling, converging, and bending the orbits of the accelerated particles and protons. Regarding the acceleration cavity, it is known to use a superconducting acceleration cavity by plating and coating niobium on a copper cavity, which can reduce power consumption, so it may be used. Also, a method for accelerating protons, ions, and particles using plasma generated by a high-intensity laser (ion and electron acceleration driven by laser plasma, Laser Wake Field Acceleration (LWFA), which uses the ponderomotive force of a laser) is known. By using a cavity capable of laser particle acceleration, the acceleration cavity portion can be miniaturized. (Since it is considered preferable when used for the acceleration cavity portion of the muon generation section of a muon fusion reactor mounted on a device that moves, such as a transportation device, spacecraft, aircraft, vehicle, ship, submarine, exploration robot, etc., and can be miniaturized), the proton acceleration method using plasma by the laser, LWFA, etc. can be used to configure a laser-utilization type accelerator or muon generation section.

[0070] <Deflection magnet> <Muon capture transport solenoid, conductor, and wire within the system of the present application> 〇A superconductor may be used for the deflection magnet, quadrupole electromagnet, and muon capture solenoid section. A superconductor may be used for the deflection magnet, quadrupole electromagnet, and muon capture solenoid section. ● For the lead wire part, deflection magnet, quadrupole electromagnet, and muon capture solenoid part of the system of this application, (for the purpose of avoiding the problem of wanting to use an electrically conductive wire by enhancing the conductivity of carbon materials, etc., or making the lead wire from copper to a carbon-based material to reduce weight, reduce the amount of copper used, eliminate the cooling procedure and cooling equipment for superconductivity, and refrain from using substances with a long half-life such as niobium in the superconductor while maintaining conductivity), a lead wire 1WIRE that can charge the capacitor part composed of the insulator, material part, and gate electrode of the transistor by the voltage applied to the gate electrode disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-123161. By applying a voltage (VGS) between the first electrode (106) and the second electrode (102), a carrier introduction part (104) is formed in the material part (101). It is an element whose conductivity of the material part (101) including the carrier introduction part (104) can be changed. The material part (101) of the element includes the channel part of the transistor, the carrier introduction part (104) includes the channel part, the first electrode (106) of the element is the gate electrode (106) of the transistor, the second electrode (102) of the element is the source electrode (102) of the transistor, and the element has the characteristic that the capacitor part composed of the insulator (105), material part (101), and gate electrode (106) of the transistor can be charged by the voltage (VGS) applied to the gate electrode (106). The lead wire 1WIRE using the element, or a lead wire that can charge the capacitor part composed of the insulator, material part, and gate electrode of the transistor by the voltage applied to the gate electrode. The material part is composed of a porous film or has a space that becomes a gap with respect to the total volume of the material part, or the surface area of the interface where the material part contacts the insulator is larger than the total surface area of the material part. The deflection electromagnet including the lead wire may be used in the muon generation part and particle accelerator of this application. The particle accelerator, muon generation part, and fusion system of this application may be equipped with the electric circuit including the 1WIRE.

[0071] <Magnetic levitation method of bearing> Known bearing and support means may be used as the part that supports the movable muon target part when it is moved. Alternatively, a magnetic levitation type bearing may be used to increase the lifespan. The system of the present application is also considering utilization in space, spacecraft, and spaceships. In space, there may be a vacuum and zero gravity. A rotating muon target part that rotates in a vacuum (while utilizing zero gravity in space and having a magnetic levitation, magnetic conveyance, movement, levitation control, and levitation mechanism) is configured in a spacecraft in space. It is inserted so as to pass through a part of the cross-section obtained by cutting the outer periphery of the MERIT ring in the poloidal direction as shown in FIG. 10, and the rotating muon target part may rotate. <Utilization of Vacuum and Zero Gravity in Space> The system of the present application, the muon generation part of the present application, the MERIT ring type particle accelerator from FIGS. 10 to 13, the movable muon target, and the muon capture solenoid, and the fusion system part 1F - SYS may utilize the vacuum and zero gravity environment in space. For example, the acceleration tube and cavity inside the accelerator may be evacuated and constructed to have the strength to withstand the force pushed by atmospheric pressure. As a result, it may become a heavy accelerator used to ensure strength such as steel materials. On the other hand, in space, it is already in a high vacuum and there is no atmosphere or atmospheric pressure. So, there are fewer parts for ensuring the strength to keep the accelerator in a vacuum and vacuum pumps, the number of parts and strength are less, and it is lightweight. It is possible to reduce the number of parts and the weight of the launch when lifting members from the Earth to space, thereby reducing costs. Therefore, devices and systems such as the fusion system, particle accelerator, and pion - muon generation system of the present application may be used in space. Also, the system of the present application may be installed for use as a power source or power supply for the movement and operation of transportation equipment, spacecraft, space bases, spaceships, and exploration robots in space, as well as for particle experiments using particles.

[0072] <Another Form of the Rotatable and Movable Muon Target Part> In FIGS. 10 to 12, the rotating muon target is disk-shaped, but the shape is not limited thereto. As shown in FIG. 13, for example, a target portion is attached to the rotating chip portion or the saw chain portion of a chain saw to form a movable muon target portion. The saw chain portion is inserted into and circulated through the accelerator so as to pass through a part of the cross section obtained by cutting the outer peripheral portion of the MERIT ring in the poloidal direction as shown in FIG. 10 and return to the chain catcher portion. The muon target portion may rotate, and the muon target portion on the chip may generate pions and muons by the collision of ions, protons, and particles having energy. From the viewpoint of activation, it is preferable that the target portion is a light element, and elements with low Z such as lithium and carbon are used. (When using an element with a large Z, there are concerns about the management cost due to a long half-life when activated.) The chip portion may be removed before the degree of activation becomes strong when activated, and replaced with a new wedge-shaped or thin chip-shaped muon target. The muon target may be able to pass through and be movable in the particle irradiation portion in the particle accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring of the present application.

Example 6

[0073] <Example MT1> FIGS. 10, 11, 12, and 13 are explanatory diagrams of a particle accelerator, a MERIT ring that generates and captures pions and muons and irradiates and injects muons into a muon utilization system and a muon fusion system, a movable protruding, inserted wedge-shaped, thin movable muon target, a rotating muon target, a generation portion of pions and muons generated by the collision of particles and particle beams having energy with the target, a pion and muon generation portion, and a muon capture solenoid that captures pions and muons and transports them toward a target portion. ● In the present application, it is desired to miniaturize the size of the fusion system using muons so that it can be mounted on the transportation equipment. The acceleration cavity of the circular accelerator may use a superconducting cavity, a laser wakefield acceleration type acceleration cavity, or an acceleration cavity using a laser. ● Further, the movable muon target and the rotating muon target may be replaced by unmanned machinery so that humans do not approach highly activated targets and members by machinery or robot arms. ● By replacing the muon target due to the activation and deterioration of the target, the particle accelerator, nuclear fusion system, and power generation system are not stopped (so as to reduce the above-mentioned downtime). The muon target is movable to avoid continuous irradiation of the particle beam at one point for a long time. Instead, the particle beam is irradiated on other surfaces of the target, and the irradiation parts are dispersed, enabling the target to be available for a long time. <Example MT2> Figure 12 shows a system equipped with two movable targets, a muon capture solenoid, and two muon extraction ports. Then, muons are injected into two nuclear fusion systems and nuclear fusion reactors, and the targets T1 and the nuclear fusion reaction points FP in the nuclear fusion systems are irradiated with muons to promote muon fusion (or various muon-related experiments, irradiating muons on substances for nuclear conversion, nuclear fusion of radioactive waste, and muon application experiments are possible). In one of the two, one extraction port is stopped, and the movable target at that location is exchanged and maintained. In Figure 13, the movable target can be exchanged and maintained at the part where the movable target is caught.

[0074] Symbols, etc. <Figure 10> MU-MOVABLE-TGT: (Muon) target part where the part receiving the particle beam is movable MU-DISK-TGT: Target part of the muon target, which may be a disk type where the part receiving the particle beam is rotatable and movable MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT: Target part of the muon target, which is movable and may be of the disk type. The thickness of the part receiving the beam irradiation is thin, and the cross-sectional shape becomes thinner towards the outer periphery of the disk, being wedge-shaped. MU-TGT-BRG: Support means such as bearings for supporting the movable part during movement and rotation. AXIS-TGT-BRG: When moving and rotating, it is the rotation axis. 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT: Target unit part equipped with a means for making the muon target part and the muon target movable, a motor, and a bearing. 2MU: Example of muon generation unit M1. (It may include a target, an accelerator, a charged conversion beam incident section, a section for adjusting charge, a proton particle beam incident section, a proton particle beam accelerator section, a muon capture solenoid, etc.) Muons at M1 may be combined with protons or atomic nuclei to generate muonic atoms MP1 (neutral particle beam). 2MU-ACC-RING: Circular accelerator, particle accelerator 2MU-FFAG: FFAG accelerator 2MU-MERIT-RING: MERIT ring type accelerator (The target in the wedge-shaped part may be movable and inserted. A movable muon target that becomes thinner towards the inserted tip may be inserted. A muon target part may be formed on the outer periphery of a rotatable disk or the tip of a chain saw and be movable. A proton particle beam is irradiated on the inner peripheral side of the circumference of a circle, and then circular acceleration and helical acceleration are performed by the accelerator and the ring, and it transitions to high energy and high speed on the outer peripheral side, and then decelerates while colliding with the movable muon target described above, and it may also recover energy and be able to collide with the target again. (The particles may decelerate due to target collision and move in the inner peripheral direction, or may be accelerated again and transition to the outer periphery and collide again. An accelerator where particles are stored, accumulated, and re-accelerated in the ring.) 2MU-FFAG-CS·2MU-ACC-RING-CS·2MU-MERIT-RING-CS: When the accelerator is regarded as a donut, it is a cross-section perpendicular to the toroidal direction and a cross-section cut in the poloidal direction, that is, the cross-section of the accelerator when cut between point CSP1 and point CSP2. A movable target (for example, a thin disk-shaped muon target) into which a particle beam accelerated to high energy on the outer peripheral side of a circular accelerator or a MERIT ring is inserted can be inserted and moved in the outer peripheral direction of the circle of the accelerator cross-section. CS: Cross-section CS between point CSP1 and point CSP2 <Figure 12> · Replacement of the proton-irradiated and activated rotating target for muon generation, alternating system Explanation diagram when two movable muon target parts, a muon extraction port, and a muon capture solenoid that can be inserted, removed, and moved inside the accelerator are arranged, with one extraction port put on hold, the muon target part removed from the accelerator, alternated, and replaced. 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT: Movable muon target part unit / system that can be MOVED, INSERTED, and EJECTED inside the accelerator. MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT SOLENOID: Muon capture and transport solenoid <Figure 11> 2TGT-EXCHANGE: Device for replacing a movable muon target with a mechanical robot, target exchange section 2TGT-EXCHANGE-ARM: Arm section of the exchange section, robot arm 2TGT-EXCHANGE-AXIS: Rotation axis of the exchange section 2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT: Motor of the exchange section * It may be a device like the record replacement section of a jukebox. TGT EXCANGE ROBOT / ARM: (JUKE BOX MACHINE LIKE) <Figure 13> Example of a movable muon target, an example having a part that makes a chain-saw-like (or cableway-like and lift-like) target movable. CHAIN-CATCHER: Also the chain catcher part of a chain saw, and a part where the muon target part MU-MOVABLE-TGT on the saw chain can be replaced by a machine such as a robot arm. Chain-Sow-and-TGT: Guide bar part for guiding the chain section with the muon target TGT of the chain saw attached. (In Figure 13, the muon decelerator MUDECE may be able to decelerate muons.)

[0075] <Claims> <Claim MT1> A muon generation unit, muon target unit, muon target, or target having a rotatable disk-shaped muon target or a rotatable and movable target unit MU-MOVABLE-TGT · MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, (For example, the cross-sectional part from the inner peripheral part to the outer peripheral part of the disk has a thick and wide outer peripheral part, a thin, narrow, and sharp outer peripheral part, or the central part of the disk is thick and the outer peripheral part of the disk is thin with respect to the thickness of the disk. A muon generation unit having a disk-shaped muon target, (the outer peripheral part of the disk or wheel is thin, pointed, wedge-shaped, or in the shape of a mortar wheel or a circular saw) The disk-shaped muon target is a muon generation unit in which a proton beam or particle beam is irradiated on a point on the outer periphery of the circle of the circular accelerator or its peripheral part, and pions, pions, and muons can be generated. <Claim MT2> The muon generation unit according to claim MT1, having a target unit using lithium or carbon (a material with a low atomic number Z) capable of generating pion muons. <Claim MT3> A muon generation unit in which the muon target unit is dynamic and movable, or a muon generation unit (muon target) in which the part that becomes the muon target unit and is activated is moved, and the activated part can be dispersed on a disk or a plate. <Claim MTEX1> A muon generation unit in which the muon target can be replaced by a mechanical device, having a rotatable disk-shaped muon target or a rotatable and movable target unit (MU-MOVABLE-TGT · MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT) for the replaceable accelerator (muon generation unit, muon nuclear fusion system). <Claim MERMT1> The target part of the rotatable and movable target part MU-MOVABLE-TGT described in claim MT1 is a cross-section (·poloidal cross-section · cross-section cut in the poloidal direction) in which a part of the outer peripheral part is cut perpendicular to the outer periphery of the circle with respect to the circumferential direction · toroidal direction of the MERIT ring · FFAG ring · circular accelerator · doughnut-shaped accelerator, and the muon target can be inserted · removed · arranged in the part through which the proton beam · particle beam passes. An accelerator (·target · muon generation unit · muon nuclear fusion system · transportation equipment equipped with a muon nuclear fusion system). <Claim MERLSR1> (For the purpose of miniaturizing the acceleration cavity of the accelerator,) a proton acceleration method using plasma by laser, ion · electron acceleration by laser plasma drive, laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), an accelerator using the ponderomotive force of the laser (·muon generation unit · muon nuclear fusion system · transportation equipment equipped with a muon nuclear fusion system).

[0076] <<Addendum by application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous applications, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174791, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-196029, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-196327. (This application is a utility model and requires demonstration) <<<Description regarding the raw materials · fuel substances of the muon nuclear fusion system · muon nuclear conversion system>>> <Mode for carrying out the invention> <Electronegativity: From the perspective of a relative measure of the strength with which an atom attracts electrons> Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atomic nucleus to attract electrons (negative charges). According to the electronegativity of arenes, fluorine electrons have a higher electronegativity compared to helium atoms and are expected to be more likely to attract electrons and muons. Therefore, according to the electronegativity of arenes, when muons irradiate hydrogen fluoride and fuse to produce helium, from the perspective of electronegativity, muons may be more likely to be attracted to the fluorine in hydrogen fluoride than to the helium produced after nuclear fusion. From this perspective, it is also possible to implement in the present invention to introduce muons into hydrogen fluoride (which may also be a liquid or gaseous fluid of hydrogen fluoride) to promote nuclear fusion. <Viewpoint of effective nuclear charge> Regarding the effective nuclear charge, the effective nuclear charge felt by the 1S orbital is [helium He: 1.688, hydrogen H: 1.000, lithium Li: 2.691, beryllium Be: 3.685, boron B: 4.680, carbon C: 5.673, nitrogen N: 6.665, oxygen: 7.658, fluorine F: 8.650, neon Ne: 9.642, sodium Na: 10.626, potassium K: 18.490, rubidium Rb: 36.208, cesium Cs: larger than Rb]. In terms of effective nuclear charge, when a nuclear fusion reaction that produces helium occurs by injecting muons into a system containing boron or nitrogen (and hydrogen), the effective nuclear charges of boron or nitrogen in the nuclear fusion fuel are greater than the effective nuclear charge of the helium in the nuclear fusion product. It can be expected that muons will be attracted to boron or nitrogen with a larger effective nuclear charge rather than helium. Therefore, it can be used in the nuclear fusion system of the present application. Regarding the nuclear fusion reaction system, in the present invention, a nuclear fusion reaction system can be used in which the effective nuclear charge of the atomic nucleus of the nuclear fusion fuel is greater than the effective nuclear charge of the atomic nucleus of the product after nuclear fusion. (A nuclear fusion reaction system having a raw material atom for nuclear fusion with an effective nuclear charge greater than the effective nuclear charge of the atomic nucleus generated by nuclear fusion can be used.) <Viewpoint of muon nuclear fusion in molecules with chain or polymer structures> <Chain or polymeric boron hydrides> Boron atoms may form chain or polymer structures as hydrides. Also, as described above, there are compounds of hydrogen, beryllium, and boron, which may be used. Borane, boron hydride may be used as a muon nuclear fusion fuel in the present invention. (Examples of borane, boron hydride: BH3, B2H6, B2H2, B2H4, B4H10, B5H9, B5H11, B6H10, B6H12, B10H14, B18H22) In muon-catalyzed fusion, it is considered necessary to sustain the catalytic reaction and increase the number of muon-catalyzed fusion reactions between boron and hydrogen per muon. Since it is considered advantageous to achieve a large number of fusion reactions within one molecule, in the present invention, preferably, chain or polymer boron hydrides with a long boron connectivity number can be used for muon-catalyzed fusion. *Boron has anions of boron hydride (e.g., dodecaborate, chemical formula [B12H12]2−). On the other hand, the cations paired with the anions of the dodecaborate may be lithium, sodium, cesium, etc. However, from the perspective of the effective nuclear charge, if cesium or sodium cations, which have a larger effective nuclear charge than boron, are used, there is a risk that the muon will be trapped by sodium instead of boron, causing the muon fusion to stop. Therefore, for example, a lithium cation may be bonded to the boron hydride anion. Regarding the production of the substance, the following reaction equations for 2LiB3H8 and Li2[B12H12] are assumed. 5NaBH4 + BF3 -> 2NaB3H8 + 3NaF + 2H2, 2NaB3H8 -> NA2[B12H12] (existing production example using Na) 5LiBH4 + BF3 -> 2LiB3H8 + 3LiF + 2H2, 2LiB3H8 -> Li2[B12H12] (example using Li. Actual verification and study are required) Also, lithium borohydride LiBH4 may be used as the muon nuclear fusion fuel of the present invention. <Chain or polymer nitrogen hydride, azane> Nitrogen atoms may form chain or polymer structures as hydrides. In the present invention, azane may be used as a fuel substance for muon fusion. (Examples of azane: NH3, N2H4, N3H5, N4H6, N5H7, N6H8, N7H9, N8H10, N9H11, N10H12, and azanes with a nitrogen count of more than that) *In the case of hydrogen molecule H2 (the melting point of H2 is -259 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is -252.7 degrees Celsius) and nitrogen molecule N2 (the melting point of N2 is -209 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is -195 degrees Celsius), below 209 degrees Celsius, the nitrogen molecule is solid while the hydrogen molecule is gaseous, and there is a risk that N2 and H2 may not mix easily. (It may be difficult to adopt a configuration that promotes fusion by bringing nitrogen molecules and hydrogen molecules close to each other in a liquid state.) On the other hand, in the present application, compounds of hydrogen and nitrogen can be used. Since nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms are bonded and mixed within the compound molecule, there is an advantage that a fusion reaction using nitrogen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and muons can occur within the compound or azane molecule. In the case of boron, since the melting point of elemental boron is 2076 degrees Celsius, at 2076 degrees Celsius, it cannot be mixed and coexisted with hydrogen molecules that are gaseous. Therefore, in the present application, there is an intention to introduce muons into boron hydride in which hydrogen and boron are chemically bonded, so as to bring hydrogen and boron close to each other within the molecule and cause a fusion reaction. <From the perspective of muon fusion of hydrocarbons> When muons are irradiated onto methane CH4 composed of 12C and 1H, the hydrogen bonded to carbon 12 undergoes fusion to become nitrogen 13, then hydrogen undergoes fusion to become oxygen 14, then hydrogen undergoes fusion to become fluorine 15, and fluorine 15 can decay into oxygen 14 by emitting one proton (proton emission) after a short lifespan (1.1 zsec, 10 to the power of -21 seconds, zeptosecond). *If oxygen 14 can fuse with hydrogen again, there is a possibility that a cycle reaction can occur in which oxygen 14 and fluorine 15 fuse as described above, and fluorine 15 returns to oxygen 14 by emitting a proton as described above. Therefore, a fusion fuel using carbon 12 and hydrogen may also be used in the muon fusion system of the present application. When methane consisting of 13C and 1H is irradiated with muons, hydrogen fuses with carbon-13 to form nitrogen-14, then hydrogen fuses to form oxygen-15, and then hydrogen fuses to form fluorine-16. Fluorine-16 has a short lifespan (21 zsec, 10 to the -21 power seconds) and emits a proton to become oxygen-15, so it can fuse with a hydrogen atom again to repeat proton emission and decay. Methane can also be liquefied. By liquefying it, methane molecules can be closer to each other than in the gaseous state, so it can be expected to make the muon-catalyzed reaction more likely to occur. For example, a nuclear fusion system that irradiates liquefied methane CH4 consisting of 12C and 1H with muons may be considered. (In the table of nuclides of isotopes, when hydrogen is bonded to carbon-12 and the element type is changed in the horizontal direction and the direction where Z increases by 1, it reaches fluorine-15, which is an unstable nuclide. It is assumed that it decays from fluorine-15 to oxygen-14 and then fuses with hydrogen repeatedly. Such a system may be used for muon nuclear fusion.) * When muons are irradiated onto hydrogen molecules, stable and long-lived helium-alpha rays with an effective nuclear charge larger than that of the fuel hydrogen are generated, and the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction stops when the muon is trapped by helium. On the other hand, in the present application, for example, when generating helium by nuclear fusion from fuels such as hydrogen and boron or nitrogen, the effective nuclear charge is larger for fuels such as boron and nitrogen than for helium, and there is an intention to trap the muon with fuels such as boron and nitrogen to sustain the catalytic reaction. And when performing muon nuclear fusion with hydrogen and carbon-12 as fuels, hydrogen atoms are fused with carbon-12 twice to form oxygen-14, and oxygen-14 and hydrogen are muon-fused to generate fluorine-15. Fluorine-15 decays to emit hydrogen with an effective nuclear charge smaller than that of oxygen-14 as a proton, with the intention of sustaining the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction between oxygen-14 and hydrogen atoms. <Utilization of Carbon> Carbon-12 may be irradiated with muons to promote nuclear fusion reactions, nuclear fragmentation reactions, and nuclear conversions. Carbon-12 is produced from three alpha rays, helium nuclei (beryllium-8 and helium). However, if it is possible to cause a decomposition reaction from carbon-12 to three alpha rays, which is the reverse, by irradiating muon elementary particles, the said reaction may be used. In the present application, a fusion system or a reactor system may be configured using a fusion reaction using carbon and muons. In the present application, chain or polymer carbon compounds may be included in the muon fusion fuel. Such as graphite made of carbon-12. <Viewpoint when irradiating muons to carbon-12> 〇 When muons are irradiated to carbon-12, the muons and protons in carbon-12 may interact weakly and replace neutrons, resulting in a decrease in atomic number Z by one and becoming boron-12. Boron-12 has two decay modes. In the main stream (99.4%) of negative beta decay, carbon-12 is produced. In (0.6%) of negative beta decay, one alpha ray and beryllium-8 are produced. Beryllium-8 has a short half-life and produces two alpha rays. Therefore, when muons are irradiated to carbon-12, two alpha rays can be generated via beryllium-8 by positive beta decay while releasing energy. Thus, in the present application, a fusion system or a nuclear conversion system / experimental system that injects muons into carbon-12 may be implemented / configured. 〇 Beryllium-8 may have a structure of two helium particles in its nucleus and is stabilized by becoming (decaying into) helium particles. Carbon-12 may have a structure of three helium particles in its nucleus and may decay to be stabilized by adding some energy / means to release three helium particles and energy. (Similar to releasing energy while decaying into helium by releasing helium after the fusion of protons and boron, carbon decays to release binding energy). This is the image. * To generate carbon-12 from helium-3 (via beryllium-8), it is necessary to be in a foil state. The foil state is a state existing at the excitation energy of 7.65 MeV of the carbon-12 nucleus. *Negative muons are captured by the Coulomb field of atomic nuclei to form muonic atoms. When a negative muon is captured by a nucleus N(Z, A) with atomic number Z and mass number A, as an elementary process within the nucleus, the muon combines with a proton to form a neutron and an electron neutrino. *It is considered that most of the rest mass energy of the muon, which is 106 MeV, is carried away by the neutrino as kinetic energy, leaving about 10 - 20 MeV as the nuclear excitation energy. *In the capture reaction of muonic nuclei of nuclei with atomic number Z, multiple neutrons are emitted from the compound nuclear excited state (20 to 10 MeV) of the nucleus with Z - 1, generating isotopes of the nucleus with Z - 1. When a muon is captured by a carbon - 12 atom, it becomes boron - 12, and the nucleus of boron - 12 can be excited from 20 to 10 MeV. Or the carbon atom can be excited from 20 to 10 MeV. (Boron - 12 decays into carbon - 12 in 20 milliseconds or decays into two alpha rays via beryllium - 8.) Here, when a muon is captured by carbon - 12 and carbon - 12 is excited by more than 10 MeV based on the rest mass energy of the muon, energy exceeding the excitation energy of 7.65 MeV to the foil state of carbon - 12 is imparted to the carbon nucleus. And if the excited carbon - 12 proceeds in the direction of decomposing into three helium nuclei later, the carbon nucleus may generate and output the energy when it was bound, gamma rays, and three alpha - ray helium nuclei. *When boron - 11 and a proton are fused, it can pass through highly - energized and excited carbon - 12 to produce three helium - 4 and 8.7 MeV of energy. In the present application, when carbon - 12 is irradiated with muons and carbon - 12 is excited to the foil state, the excited carbon can produce three helium - 4 and 8.7 MeV (3.76 + 2 * 2.26 [MeV]) of energy. Based on the above assumptions, in the present invention, a muon - fusion system and a muon - nuclear - conversion system that can generate three alpha rays and energy (gamma rays) when muons are irradiated onto carbon nuclei (carbon - 12), which are nuclear - fusion fuels and nuclear - conversion fuels, may be configured and implemented. <From the perspective of carbon - 13> Natural carbon contains carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. When carbon-13 is irradiated with muons, the muons and the protons in carbon-13 can interact weakly and replace the neutrons, resulting in a decrease in atomic number Z by one and becoming boron-13. Boron-13 has two decay modes. In the main (99.7%) negative beta decay, carbon-13 is produced, and in the (0.2%) positive beta decay, carbon-12 is produced. Regarding carbon-12, it is as described above. 〇 When muons are irradiated onto hydrocarbon compounds in which protons are bonded to carbon-13 and the protons in carbon-13 are fused, nitrogen-14, gamma rays, and energy of 7.54 MeV can be produced, so it can be used in the nuclear fusion system and nuclear conversion system of the present application. * In the process of nuclear fusion between carbons, although it may be unlikely to occur, two carbon-12s can be fused by muons to produce magnesium-24, gamma rays, and energy of 13.3 MeV. And since 13.3 MeV exceeds the excitation energy of 7.65 MeV for carbon-12 in the foil state, if this energy is used for excitation, carbon-12 can be made into the foil state and a state where muons exist, and the excited carbon-12 may generate and output the energy when the carbon nuclei were bonded, gamma rays, and three alpha rays (helium nuclei) if it proceeds in the direction of decomposing into three helium atoms later. (However, in this reaction between carbons, atoms with a larger Z than carbon such as magnesium are likely to be produced and trap muons. If atoms with a larger Z than carbon such as magnesium are less likely to be produced, the excited carbon-12 that has been irradiated with muons and becomes a muonic carbon atom may generate and output the energy when the carbon nuclei were bonded, gamma rays, and three alpha rays (helium nuclei) if it proceeds in the direction of decomposing into three helium atoms later. When muons are irradiated onto each of carbon allotropes (graphite, graphene, diamond) composed of carbon-12, hexagonal carbon nitride in which carbon-12 is replaced by nitrogen-14, and boron nitride BN containing no carbon, differences may occur due to the presence or absence of carbon-12 and the proximity of carbon-12.) <Viewpoint of adjacent carbon atoms and excited carbon atoms> When carbon-12 irradiated with muons becomes excited carbon atom \(^{12}C^*\) and decays into three alpha rays, the excitation energy (or the energy of the muon and the excitation energy) can be transferred to the next adjacent carbon-12 atom to continuously excite and generate excited carbon-12 atoms (\(^{12}C^*\)), and then by repeatedly decaying \(^{12}C^*\) into helium-4, it may be possible to continuously extract the energy from the nuclear conversion of carbon-12 into helium. For example, there is a polymer of hydrocarbon molecules (alkane - paraffin, alkene - olefin, polyacetylene) containing a carbon chain of carbon-12 and hydrogen. When this polymer is irradiated with muons, carbon-12 and muons combine to generate muonic carbon-12 atoms excited from the ground state, and then, by having energy above the foil state, three helium-4 can be generated for nuclear conversion to produce energy, so it can be used in the nuclear conversion system of the present application and the energy generation system and power generation system applying the same. When a polymer of hydrocarbon molecules containing a carbon chain of carbon-12 is irradiated with muons and the carbon-12 within the molecule combines with muons to generate excited carbon-12* and decays into helium, if the energy for muon or carbon atom excitation can be transferred to adjacent carbon-12 atoms within the polymer, (using muons like a catalyst for nuclear conversion) it may be possible to cause a reaction (intramolecular muon-catalyzed nuclear conversion reaction) that successively converts adjacent carbon-12 within the polymer into helium. 〇For example, when using such a polymer instead of gas molecules such as borane - methane, since carbon atoms are bonded and close to each other within the polymer, there is an advantage in that the distance for transferring muons (or the excitation energy of muons and carbon atoms) to the next atom can be reduced compared to moving muons between other (such as methane) gas molecules and liquid molecules with a large physical distance separation. In the present invention, it is considered more advantageous to achieve a large number of nuclear conversion times within one molecule, so it may be possible to irradiate a polymer of hydrocarbon molecules containing carbon-12, a carbon chain, and hydrogen with muons to promote nuclear conversion. If the excited carbon-12 (12C*) is like an exciton, the excited state may be transmitted and transferred (· quantum mechanically tunneled) between adjacent excited and ground atoms by resonance and energy exchange, like the intermolecular and intramolecular energy transfer of excitons in photosynthesis, i.e., the excited energy transfer of excitons in resonance energy transfer (Förster mechanism) or charge transfer (Dexter mechanism). The excited energy and the state of the excited carbon-12 may be transmitted to adjacent carbon atoms, and carbon-12 may be converted into helium-4. (For example, in the Förster mechanism, the Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency · FRET efficiency varies inversely with the sixth power of the intermolecular distance between donor and acceptor atoms, and the smaller the distance, the higher the FRET efficiency. If the excited carbon-12 (12C*) of the donor excited by the muon of the present application transfers the excited energy to the carbon-12 of another acceptor, it is expected that the smaller the distance, the better the efficiency.) As one embodiment of the present application, in order to shorten the distance, carbon-12 atoms may be bonded to form a molecule to shorten the distance between carbon-12 atoms, and the molecule may be irradiated with muons. <Configuration using carbon and hydrogen> For example, (it is not clear whether the following reaction can occur, and it is simply an assumption that nuclear fusion occurs and the number of neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus increases.) If deuterium D (2H1) is bonded to carbon-13 (13C6) and muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion can occur, nitrogen-15 (15N7) may be produced. Nitrogen-15 can also be expected to react with hydrogen and undergo nuclear fusion, and may be used in the nuclear fusion system of the present invention. If tritium T (3H1) is bonded to carbon-12 (12C6) and muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion can occur, nitrogen-15 (15N7) is produced and may be used. For example, as a compound, a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion fuel [(13C6)n(2H1)2n+2], [(13C6)n(2H1+1H1)2n+2] consisting of carbon-13 and deuterium, which uses carbon-13 for the carbon atoms of methane · aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2, n is the number of carbon atoms) and deuterium for the hydrogen atoms, may be used in the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system of the present application. Methane and aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons composed of carbon-13 and deuterium can fuse n carbon-13 atoms in the molecule with muon nuclei to produce nitrogen-15, and then nitrogen-15 can fuse with the hydrogen atoms remaining in the molecule. Therefore, they can be used in the muon nuclear fusion system of the present application. Nitrogen-15 and protons can fuse to produce carbon-12, helium-4, and energy. Methane and aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons composed of carbon-14 and hydrogen protons [(14C6)n(1H1)2n+2] can fuse n carbon-14 atoms and hydrogen in the molecule with muon nuclei to produce nitrogen-15, and then nitrogen-15 can fuse with the hydrogen atoms remaining in the molecule. Therefore, they can be used in the muon nuclear fusion system of the present application. <Examples of Claims> <Claim NCT1> A nuclear conversion system characterized by injecting and irradiating muons into carbon-12 to convert it into helium-4. <Claim NCT2> A power generation system using the energy generated by the nuclear conversion system described in Claim NCT1. <Claim NCT3> A nuclear conversion system characterized by injecting muons into carbon atoms. <Claim NCT4> A nuclear conversion system using muons, wherein the atomic number Z or the effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom A, which is the raw material for nuclear conversion when performing nuclear conversion, is greater than the atomic number Z or the effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom X generated after the nuclear conversion of said atom. <Claim CMF1> A nuclear fusion system characterized by injecting muons into carbon atoms. <Claim CMF2> A muon nuclear fusion system characterized by injecting muons into a compound or molecule of carbon and hydrogen. <Claim CMF3> A muon nuclear conversion system characterized by injecting muons into a compound or molecule of carbon and hydrogen and converting a carbon atomic nucleus into another atomic nucleus. <Claim ACM1>A muon nuclear conversion system that fuses atom A and atom B using muons to produce atom X. <Claim ACM2>The nuclear conversion system according to Claim ACM1, characterized in that it obtains from atom X after generating atom X using gallium 68, copper 63, silver 107, gold 197, platinum 195 (etc.) for the atom A, atom B, and muons, or obtains from atom Y obtained by decaying atom X. <Claim ACM3>An atom produced using the nuclear conversion system according to Claim ACM2.

[0077] <<<Description regarding muon target and neutron generator>>> <Problem>When using a target made of a carbon material or bulk carbon with carbon atoms as the muon target, there is a problem that the carbon atoms are highly radiated after being irradiated with high-energy protons. There may also be similar problems when using beryllium or lithium for the target. It is desired to devise a system in which the muon target is less likely to be radiated. Also, when the muon target undergoes a knockout reaction and the nucleus in the target is converted into alpha rays or the like and escapes, increasing the voids and becoming brittle and unusable, target replacement is required. It is desired to devise a system that reduces the load and man-hours of target replacement. <Solution 1><Form for Implementing the Invention><Example> <Selection of Isotopes Constituting the Muon Target> Protons (or atomic nuclei / particles such as alpha rays and helium) are incident on and collided with the atomic nucleus of atomic number Z that serves as a target to generate muons. At this time, the atomic nucleus should be impacted and protons and neutrons, which are components of the atomic nucleus, should fly out. After that, the target or the part containing the atomic nucleus serving as the target may be (highly) radiated by becoming some radioactive isotope. (Radiation of the muon target during muon generation, knockout reaction) For example, when using carbon as a muon target, if the process of selecting a single isotope has not been carried out, the target may contain carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. When protons accelerated to carbon-12 (natural abundance approximately 98.9%) are incident, knockout can occur, and (alpha particles are ejected by the nuclear knockout reaction, and) beryllium-8 and alpha rays can be generated. Beryllium-8 has a half-life of 8.19×10^−17 seconds and can decay into two alpha rays. Similarly, when protons are incident on carbon-13 (natural abundance 1.1%), the nucleus can be broken up, and beryllium-9 and alpha rays can be generated. When beryllium-9 is produced on the muon target, it can continue to collide with the protons irradiated on the target, and a knockout reaction can occur. Furthermore, when carbon-14 is included, when protons are incident, the nucleus can be broken up, and beryllium-10 and alpha rays can be generated. Beryllium-10 is an isotope with a half-life of over one million years. If protons are collided with a muon target containing carbon-14 to generate muons, and it is assumed that the carbon-14 nucleus is knocked out by the protons to generate one helium nucleus (alpha ray) and beryllium-10, the muon target is assumed to be radioactivated over a long period. If the above assumption actually occurs in the muon target, it is necessary to artificially control the ratio of isotopes and the type of atomic nucleus that make up the muon target so that radioactive isotopes such as beryllium-10 do not occur in the muon target using carbon. For example, if the above assumption actually occurs for the muon target using carbon, by using only carbon-12 (or only carbon isotopes that do not generate radioactive isotopes after knockout), the degree of radioactivation of the muon target using carbon may be reduced. A muon target consisting only of carbon-12 may show a difference in the degree of activation compared to a muon target containing carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. Therefore, it may be necessary to select isotopes so that the isotopes of the muon target are of a single type. *For example, a muon target using carbon may be a target made of graphite or a carbon allotrope composed only of carbon-12. A muon target using carbon may also be a muon target that does not contain carbon-14.* Further, the part of the target irradiated with protons may be movable. The target may be a movable target, such as a target portion of a thin disk that can rotate along the circular orbit in FIG. 10, where the part irradiated with the proton beam is movable. (According to the above-mentioned invention of the present application, for a muon target using carbon, in order not to generate beryllium-10 with a half-life exceeding 1 million years by a nuclear fragmentation reaction caused by proton collision, it is speculated that it is useful to separate carbon-14 and use a muon target consisting only of carbon-12. In the present invention, a muon target using only carbon-12 can be used.) <Nuclear transformation on muon target> In addition to the knockout reaction, when a high-energy proton (or an alpha ray, or other nuclear beam lines of atomic nuclei) capable of causing nuclear fusion collides with the atomic nucleus of the target portion, a nuclear fusion reaction due to the collision may occur, and new nuclides and isotopes may be generated in the muon target portion by nuclear fusion. For example, beryllium-9 is generated by a knockout reaction from carbon-13, and then beryllium-9 (with a large cross-sectional area) collides with the irradiated protons and undergoes nuclear fusion to generate alpha rays and lithium-6, or deuterium and alpha rays. Lithium-6 can further undergo nuclear fusion with the protons that reach next. For example, when carbon-12 collides with the irradiated protons and undergoes nuclear fusion, nitrogen-13 is generated, or deuterium and alpha rays can be generated. Lithium-6 can further undergo nuclear fusion with the protons that reach next. When using a solid target on a bulk mass containing carbon, beryllium, boron, lithium, etc., there is a risk that nuclear fragmentation may occur due to the knockout reaction, and the solid part may become brittle and fall off while emitting alpha rays. <Solution 2><Form for implementing the invention><Example> In the case of a carbon target or the like, the solid portion can be knocked out and fall off due to the collision of protons. Therefore, a system is devised in which an atom with a smaller atomic number Z (hydrogen atom / proton in one form of the present application, helium atom / alpha ray in another form) is used as the muon target instead of carbon. <System using protons, proton beams, hydrogen atoms, or helium atoms for the nuclei of muon targets> In order to solve the problem that the solid portion falls off due to the knockout reaction of the solid target (and becomes brittle, the mechanical strength decreases, and the target needs to be replaced), and to solve the problem of target activation, a system in which protons are collided with hydrogen atoms (protons) or helium atoms instead of protons and carbon atoms at the collision point 2CLP is described in FIG. 14 and the like. For atoms with a small atomic number Z and light weight such as protons and helium, it is a collision system of particles with the expectation of not undergoing a nuclear fragmentation reaction. Even if nuclear fusion occurs due to the collision, protons become a helium nucleus (in the case of helium atoms, they fuse into beryllium 8 and decay with a short half-life to return to helium). It is a system in which no other nucleus is generated from the original nucleus (carbon 12) through knockout reactions or nuclear fusion due to collisions on the target like a muon target using carbon. Moreover, a target MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT is described in FIG. 14, which is expected not to be physically damaged due to the knockout reaction of the target part, causing voids and becoming mechanically and physically brittle. After the accelerated helium / protons collide with the helium target / proton target, the remaining helium nuclei generated can be reused / collected through the accelerator (in the case of the fixed magnetic field strong focusing FFAG method and the MERIT ring method, the energy can be recovered and re-accelerated). A muon generation system 2MU having a target MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT is described in FIG. 14.) ● In FIG. 14, a proton beam is accelerated and circulated in the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, and hydrogen or helium (ionized) is accelerated, circulated, and looped in a particle accelerator in a part where it can be used in the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, and the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING are made to intersect and collide at the intersection 2CLP to generate muons. (In Fig. 14, protons (·helium· particles) are injected into the first accelerator (2MU-FFAG, 2MU-ACC-RING, 2MU-MERIT-RING, 2HE-FFAG-1ST in Fig. 15), and while tracing circular orbits and helical orbits, the protons (·helium· particles) are accelerated and circulated on the outer peripheral side. In the second accelerator (2HE-ACC-RING, 2HE-FFAG, 2HE-FFAG-2ND in Fig. 15), protons or helium ions are injected as the target section MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT and accelerated and circulated. They are circulating inside the second accelerator while tracing circular orbits and looped orbits. Then, at the intersection part 2CLP of the orbits of the first accelerator and the second accelerator, the protons of 2MU-ACC-RING are collided with the protons and helium of 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons (pions, K mesons), and then muons are to be generated from the pions.) ● In the system of Fig. 14, a proton beam (or helium· particle) accelerated to a level capable of generating muons in a hydrogen atom or a helium atom is collided. In Fig. 14, nuclear fusion occurs by the collision of protons with protons, or nuclear fusion by the collision of hydrogen and helium atomic nuclei occurs. In the case of hydrogen-hydrogen, it is not necessary to generate new nuclei derived from nuclear fragmentation by a nuclear fragmentation reaction. Also, in the case of hydrogen and helium, the helium atomic nucleus is a stable atomic nucleus with a magic number of 2 and is expected to be difficult to be nuclear-fragmented, and it may not be necessary to generate new nuclei derived from nuclear fragmentation.) (When hydrogen or helium is used as a muon target, it is expected that long-lived radioactive isotopes such as beryllium 10 generated after a nuclear fragmentation reaction and after nuclear fusion by protons, like the case when carbon is used as a muon target, are less likely to occur, and as a result, it is less likely to be radioactivated. Also, since it is a beam of protons and helium accelerated by an accelerator rather than a solid target, there is a possibility that the target knocked out by a knockout reaction does not become brittle.) ● In Fig. 15, the target ring 2HE-FFAG-2ND is provided with an ion removal unit (which may also serve as an ion extraction unit and an ion injection unit). The ion removal unit 2EXTEJ is a part that removes ions of unintended heavy elements in the accelerator. For example, when an atom with a large atomic number Z such as carbon is generated in the accelerator orbit where hydrogen and helium should exist, a device 2EXTEJ that can separate and remove it according to the atomic number Z, charge ZC, or mass MS may be provided. For example, an electric field or a magnetic field may be applied to the ions moving along the orbit of 2HE-FFAG-2ND to separate the ions according to their mass and the magnitude of the positive charge Z. (2EXTEJ may have a mass separation function unit of a mass spectrometer that ionizes and separates and analyzes the mass by an electric and magnetic field.) The device 2EXTEJ is intended to perform particle exchange and impurity management in the accelerator and reduce the necessary exchange processes in the solid disk muon target, and there is an intention to continuously operate the meson generation device of the present application.) <A system using helium-4 as the nucleus of the muon target (an example of using a stable helium nucleus that is expected to be less likely to undergo nuclear fragmentation reactions as the target)> Helium-4 (alpha particle) is a stable isotope with a magic number of 2. In Figs. 14 and 15, proton beams and particle beams are accelerated and circulated in the first accelerators 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-FFAG-1ST, and hydrogen or helium and particle beams are accelerated in a part where a particle accelerator may also be used in the second accelerators 2HE-ACC-RING and 2HE-FFAG-2ND, and they are made to collide at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING (2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND) to generate mesons, muons (elementary particles, particles). At this time, 2MU-ACC-RING may use helium in addition to protons, and an attempt may be made to circulate helium-4 in 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING and make it intersect and collide at the intersection part 2CLP to generate muons. (The angle at the time of the intersection is not specified in the present application, but for example, it is also assumed that they collide at a right angle or orthogonally.) When two helium-4 nuclei collide, unstable beryllium-8 can be produced. However, after a short half-life (10^-17 seconds), it can become two helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles). Even if two helium-4 nuclei undergo nuclear fusion by collision, there is an expectation that it is difficult for new nuclides to be generated because beryllium-8 will return to alpha particles in a short time (10^-17 seconds). From the perspective that helium-4 itself is a stable particle and it may be difficult for new nuclides to be generated by nuclear fragmentation or nuclear fusion when they collide one-on-one, in one form of the present application, helium nuclei, helium-4 nuclei can be accelerated and collided (using a particle accelerator) to generate mesons, pions, pi mesons, K mesons, and then particles such as muons can be generated, and these muons can be used for muon nuclear fusion or nuclear conversion of radionuclides (nuclear conversion of long-lived radioisotopes). 〇According to one embodiment of the present application, helium-4 can be accelerated and circulated in the accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING which may be the first MERIT method, and helium-4 can be accelerated and circulated in the accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING which may be the second MERIT method, and they can be collided at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. (The orbits of the two particles may intersect. In one embodiment, the two particle orbits may be orthogonal.) In this case, even when helium-4 and helium-4 undergo collision-type nuclear fusion, the generated atom is beryllium-8 with a short half-life and short lifespan. Considering that beryllium-8 decays and becomes two helium-4 nuclei again, there is a possibility that new elements (radioactive elements) are difficult to be generated. In the present application, a device for generating mesons and elementary particles using a particle collision system that uses helium-4 and collides helium-4 nuclei with each other to form beryllium-8 is proposed. *For the generation of elementary particles including mesons, the 2CLP, 2HE-FFAG-1ST, 2HE-FFAG-2ND of the present application and a particle collision-type device including protons and helium can be used. (In addition to mesons, for an experimental system that collides particles with a target to generate some elementary particles, a device including the collision system of the present application can be used.) *In the configurations of FIGS. 14 and 15, since helium atoms are ionized and collided within the accelerator, it is expected that problems such as a decrease in the mechanical strength and dimensional changes of the target, which are observed in the case of a solid target (the target replacement problem observed in the case of a solid disk target), are less likely to occur. When helium is generated after nuclear fusion in muon fusion, the generated helium may be used as the muon target atom.* <<Target portion with controlled lithium isotopes>> Focusing on the short half-life of beryllium 8 generated by the nuclear fusion of lithium 7 and a proton, a system that collides lithium 7 and a proton may also be a candidate. For example, when beryllium 8 is generated by colliding lithium 7 and a proton through collision-type nuclear fusion, beryllium 8 has a short half-life (10 to the power of minus 17 seconds), and the generation of two alpha rays and helium 4 has been carried out by Cockcroft-Walton et al. and is well-known. Paying attention to this reaction, a target portion with an increased abundance ratio of lithium 7 in natural lithium (lithium 7 is 92.5% and lithium 6 is 7.5%) (or a target portion consisting only of lithium 7 by removing lithium 6 / extracting lithium 7) may be used in the muon / meson generation device. (For example, a movable disk-type MU-DISK-TGT as shown in FIG. 10 may be used, or a muon target consisting only of lithium 7 may be used. The ions of the accelerators 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND in FIGS. 14 and 15 may be protons and lithium 7 ions, and the two may be collided at 2CLP.) *When only lithium-6 is used as the muon target and lithium-6 is irradiated with protons and fused by collision, beryllium-7 with a long half-life of 53 days can be produced. Since beryllium-7 remains in the target part within the time when the next proton collision is possible, protons and beryllium-7 can collide. When the target part containing beryllium-7 is irradiated with protons again, boron-8 may be produced, or (as the long-lived product gradually proceeds with nuclear fusion with protons) radioactive products on the heavy element side such as carbon-9 may be generated and accumulated in the target. On the other hand, in the case of a target containing only lithium-7, it fuses with protons to produce beryllium-8, which then becomes an alpha ray in a short time (10 to the power of minus 17 seconds), (if it volatilizes and detaches in the form of helium from the lithium-7 muon target and is removed without remaining), products such as the above-mentioned long-lived beryllium-7 may be less likely to be produced. <<Utilization of muon target atoms with short-lived nuclei (e.g., 10 to the power of minus 17 seconds) generated by nuclear fusion due to collision>> 〇In one embodiment of the present application, when considering the pattern of producing beryllium-8 (8Be4) with atomic number Z = 4, the case of colliding two helium-4s (4He2 + 4He2 -> 8Be4) and the case of colliding a proton (1H1) with lithium-7 (7Li3) (7Li3 + 1H1 -> 8Be4) are considered. In the present application, when focusing on the lifetime of beryllium-8, these two patterns can be used to collide two particles and can be used for muon generation and nuclear fusion. 〇In one embodiment of the present application, a system for colliding protons and helium may be used. If protons and helium-4 collide and simply fuse, lithium-5 is generated, but its half-life is short, and after decay, helium-4 and protons are generated, so it can be recycled and used for the collision of the meson-muon generation device again. When using protons and helium-3, lithium-4 is also generated, but its half-life is short, and after decay, helium-3 and protons are generated, so it can be recycled and used for the collision of the meson-muon generation device again. <Examples of claims><Claim PHE1> A proton beam is being accelerated and circulated in the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, and hydrogen or helium is accelerated in a portion where a particle accelerator may also be used in the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING. Collision occurs at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. A particle generation system having this feature. <Claim PHE2> A muon fusion system using the meson particle generation system according to claim PHE1, which has the feature of colliding protons with protons, protons with helium, or helium with helium to generate muons and performing muon nuclear fusion using the muons. <Claim PHE3> A particle generation system having the feature of generating mesons and muons using a muon target made of lithium 7 or a collision target for particles.

Example 7

[0078] Explanation diagrams are described in FIGS. 14 to 17 as assumed diagrams of the examples and embodiments of the present application. <Explanation of the Figures> <Figure 14> Explanation diagram of a particle generation system having the feature of accelerating and circulating a proton beam and helium in the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, accelerating hydrogen or helium in a portion where a particle accelerator may also be used in the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, colliding at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING, and generating mesons and muons. Protons may be collided with protons, protons with helium, or helium with helium. (Explanation diagram of a particle generation system having the feature of accelerating and circulating a proton beam in the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, accelerating hydrogen or helium in a portion where a particle accelerator may also be used in the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, colliding at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING, and generating mesons and muons. Protons may be collided with protons, protons with helium, or helium with helium.) <Figure 15> As one of the embodiments of the present application, an explanatory diagram of a collision experiment system for meson generation using helium-protons as a target part. (B) A collision experiment system for meson generation including two paths 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND looped in (B). *The two paths 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND may be FFAG or MERIT-type accelerators or the orbits of particles in the accelerator. In the case of the MERIT method, even if helium-hydrogen atoms collide within the paths of the two accelerators and then the energy decreases, it is intended to regenerate and re-accelerate the energy in the accelerator again to generate mesons (or some particles, elementary particles, atomic nuclei) again. <Figure 16> As one of the embodiments of the present application, an explanatory diagram of an example (A) used for muon fusion or nuclear species conversion and an example (B) used for manufacturing product atomic nuclei after element conversion and nuclear conversion. <Figure 17> As one of the embodiments of the present application, an example including a process of decelerating cosmic muons SM1 or high-speed muons and irradiating and injecting them into target part atoms for combination. (A) An example of using a dome-shaped decelerator array - decelerator 2MUDECE covering the celestial sphere and the sky to decelerate high-speed cosmic muons, capturing them at the capture part 2CAP, and irradiating the decelerated muons to T1 to attempt nuclear conversion. (B) An example of directly irradiating a laser to the target T1 of raw material atoms and molecules to form an electric field 2LASER-EF - a laser track field having the intensity for decelerating cosmic muons, using the electric field to decelerate cosmic muons, and combining the decelerated muons with raw material atoms to attempt muon fusion and muon nuclear conversion.

[0079] <Explanation of symbols> <Figure 13> (A) An example of a movable muon target (including a negative muon deceleration part) MU-MOVABLE-TGT: Movable muon target 2MUCAP: A device for capturing and moving muons. An acceleration part of muons, solenoid, etc. MUDECE-ELEMENT: A deceleration part and deceleration element arranged in the direction of decelerating negatively charged muons with velocity (a deceleration part using a laser track field applied accelerator may also be used). MUDECE (MDC): A speed reducer containing a MUDECE - ELEMENT. A muon speed reducer (the accelerator 2AC or accelerator A1 that may use a laser track field or may be used for deceleration) <Figure 14> 2MU: Muon generation device 2MESON: Meson generation device 2PARTICLE - COLLIDER: Particle collision device, a meson and elementary particle generation device by particle collision 2MU - ACC - RING: An accelerator that accelerates, circulates, and moves protons, hydrogen (or helium) as ion beams. The first accelerator. 2MU - FFAG: FFAG - type 2MU - ACC - RING. 2MU - MERIT - RING: MERIT - ring - type 2MU - ACC - RING. 2HE - ACC - RING: An accelerator that accelerates, circulates, and moves helium (or protons, hydrogen) as ion beams. And the orbit of the accelerator. The second accelerator. 2HE - FFAG: FFAG - type 2HE - ACC - RING. 2MU - FFAG - CS, 2MU - ACC - RING - CS, 2MU - MERIT - RING - CS: Cross - sectional views of the first accelerator MU - MOVABLE - TGT: Movable target. The atoms of the muon target are movable. MU - P - HE - ORBIT - TGT: A muon target consisting of hydrogen or helium (ion beam, orbit in the accelerator) that is movable. A target for generating mesons and elementary particle muons of hydrogen or helium that accelerate, circulate, and move in the accelerator. 2CLP: Intersection or collision point of the orbits of accelerated particle ion beams, or intersection or collision part. The collision parts (2CCP) of helium and hydrogen, helium and helium, and hydrogen and hydrogen. Locations where mesons and elementary particles can be generated by collisions. *In the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING·2HE-FFAG-1ST, a proton beam and a particle beam (helium) are accelerated and circulated. In the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING·2HE-FFAG-2ND, a hydrogen or helium·particle beam is accelerated within a part where a particle accelerator may also be used. At the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING (2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND), they are made to collide, and the part where the intersection and collision occur when attempting to generate mesons and muons (elementary particles and particles). <Figure 15> 2AC: Accelerating cavity, accelerating means. *The accelerating cavity of the laser wakefield may be used, and the laser may be a laser device, or a photon of synchrotron radiation light (radiation light) using a particle accelerator or an alpha ray, or a laser. 2MGF: Magnet, deflection means and convergence means for ions, ion beams, and charged particles. Deflection magnets such as deflection electromagnets, and convergence magnets such as quadrupole electromagnets that constrict and converge the beam so that it does not scatter. 2ISRC: Ion source He (or, H / p). Ion incident part. It may include a device for ionization or a device for accelerating and incident ions. 2EXTEJ: Ion removal part. It may be an ion intake part or an ion extraction part. EX-ION: Among the ions that move and circulate in 2HE-FFAG-2ND (the orbit of the accelerator), the ions removed by 2EXTEJ. A separation method using the difference in the mass of the ions used in mass spectrometry may be used. Ions may be separated by using the difference in mass with respect to the charge of the ions by means of charge and magnetic field, taking advantage of the fact that ions have different masses. 2HE-FFAG-1ST: The first accelerator. A circular accelerator such as an FFAG type that accelerates and circulates helium. 2HE-FFAG-2ND: The second accelerator. A circular accelerator such as an FFAG type that accelerates and circulates helium. 2CLP: The part where two He·particle·beams collide <Figure 16> 2MU, 2MESON - GENERATOR, 2PARTICLE - COLLIDER: Muon generation means, meson generation means, particle collision means. MUON - CAPTURE - TRANSPORT - SOLENOID: Means for capturing and transporting muons from mesons such as pions and K mesons. A solenoid that captures pions by a magnetic field, moves the pions, and transports muons while the pions change into muons. MUDECE: Means for decelerating muons. Negative muon decelerator. Low - speed muon generation section. MUDECE may be provided in the MUON - CAPTURE - TRANSPORT - SOLENOID part. A decelerator for negative muons combining a pulse power supply and a deceleration cell has been studied and is known, and it may be used. It is preferable to use a negative muon decelerator that can decelerate to a lower speed. The energy of negative muons generated using an accelerator and a meson generation section is preferably about 300 keV (= 8 MeV / c) or more, and for example, it is preferably decelerated to 30 keV or less. If a laser wakefield and an accelerating cavity / accelerating section using it can be arranged in the reverse direction (decelerating direction), they may be arranged and used for decelerating negative muons. 1F - SYS: Fusion system using muons 1EXP - SYS: Experimental system using muons, nuclear conversion system (nuclear conversion system for LLFP·MA) FP: Fusion part, muon fusion part, part of the fusion reactor core. NCTP: Nuclear conversion part, muon nuclear conversion part, part of the nuclear conversion reactor core. Muonic - Atom - Generator: Part for binding negative muons to atomic nucleus A (or, B) to generate muonic atom A (or, B). MA1: Muonic atom A (or, B). (Atom A / B irradiated to the target) FUSIONED - T1 - AB - X: Atom X. Atom X generated by nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion of atomic nuclei A and B by muons. T1 - AB: Target T1 part of muons composed of a compound / mixture in which atomic nuclei A and B are combined. Atom A and atom B may have different Z values, or they may have the same Z value. For example, atom A and atom B may both be the same carbon-12. T1-AB is a compound or mixture in which nuclei A and B are bonded. T1-AB may be a mixture of atoms A and B formed by colliding atom A with atom B, or it may be a configuration where A and B are placed in close proximity. FUSIONED-T1-MA1B-X: Atom X. Atom X is generated by the nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion of muonic atoms A and B by muons. Atom Y may be generated from atom X through a radioactive decay process. T1-B: Target of nucleus B (or A). T1-B is a target of muons or muonic atoms, and the irradiation section of T1-B is a movable T1. (T1-B may be the film surface or solid / liquid surface of movable T1. Depending on the element, it may also be a gas, plasma, or beam.) T1-B may be able to remove its surface in the atom X removal process. (Similar to polishing the muon target MU-DISK-TGT, which may be a movable disk type in solid form in Fig. 11, with a grinding stone MU-DISK-GRINDING-DEVICE, after manufacturing atom X from atoms A and B on target T1 through muon nuclear conversion, atom X may be removed and recovered by a grinding stone or polishing / cutting means.) T1-IN: Atom supply process / means. Supply section for atoms A and B. T1-OUT: Atom removal process / means. Removal section for atom X. <Figure 17> (A) An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons with a dome-shaped decelerator array that covers the celestial sphere and upper sky side as seen from T1 placed on the ground side, irradiating T1, and attempting nuclear conversion. SM1: Cosmic muons flying in from above (cosmic ray muons, cosmic ray muon particles). High-speed cosmic muons SM1. When cosmic rays collide with the Earth's atmosphere (atmosphere), cosmic ray pions and mesons are generated by the collision of the cosmic rays with atmospheric molecules and cosmic ray particles, and cosmic ray muons are generated from these mesons. Cosmic ray pions can be generated at an altitude of about 20 km, and muons pour down at altitudes below 5 km. (The transport device 3 of an aircraft having the system in Fig. 17(A) is at an altitude where it can receive cosmic muons. The aircraft 3 can use cosmic muons for nuclear conversion. Other transport devices near the ground or on the sea can also receive cosmic muons.) Cosmic rays: Particles flying around in outer space with high energy. MDC-LASER: When the muon decelerator uses an accelerator with a laser track field as a decelerator, it refers to the laser light source and laser generation unit of the accelerator. The light source may use an existing laser device. The light source may also use emitted light. MDC: Decelerator. 2MUDECE: Decelerator. A muon decelerator (an accelerator may be used for deceleration) (an accelerator such as 2AC or A1 that may use a laser track field may also be used for deceleration). 2MUDECE-ARRAY: An array of 2MUDECE. It may distribute photons and lasers to 2MUDECE. It may also include circuits such as electricity, power, signals, and lasers for driving 2MUDECE. 2MUCAP: MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT Device, a device for capturing and moving muons. Such as a solenoid. T1: Target, Feed. According to one embodiment, in the configuration where the system 1F-SYS / 1EXP-SYS combines muons decelerated by a decelerator 2MUDECE with nuclear fuel atoms and raw material atoms for muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, such as existing well-known hydrogen H, deuterium D, tritium T, and lithium 6 (or raw material atoms with each other), muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion may be attempted. Also, the raw material atoms and fuel atoms for nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion such as hydrogen, boron, carbon, and nitrogen described in this application may be used in the system 1F-SYS / 1EXP-SYS such as in FIGS. 13(B) and (A). The configuration, system, and device for decelerating cosmic muons in FIG. 17 may be mounted on the transport device 3. When muon nuclear conversion can be performed using cosmic muons, a large accelerator can be made unnecessary. Therefore, when mounted on the transport device 3, if the size of the transport device 3 can be made compact by eliminating the large accelerator for muon generation, there is an advantage. In addition, an accelerator such as 2AC or A1 that may use a laser track field may also be used for deceleration in order to make the muon decelerator for cosmic muons compact. (A configuration for accelerating electrons and negatively charged particles to the GeV level with a laser track field is known, and this application assumes the use of such a configuration for decelerating negative muons, which are also negatively charged particles, as an application.) Also, an accelerator such as accelerator 2AC or A1 that uses a laser track field may be used for the purpose of compactly mounting a muon and meson generation unit and a high-speed muon deceleration unit on the transportation device 3. Devices for generating mesons such as device 2MU, 2MESON-GENERATOR, and 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER may be configured. (B) An example of irradiating a target T1 of direct raw material atoms or molecules with a laser to decelerate muons and attempting muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear conversion of T1 2LASER-PLASMA: The plasma part generated by the laser and T1 when forming a laser track field by plasmaizing T1. 2LASER-EF: The electric field by the laser and T1, and the laser track field formed in T1. T1, FEED: Target atoms, raw material atoms, and fuel atoms to be subjected to nuclear conversion and nuclear fusion. 2LASER: Laser source. MDC-LASER: Laser used in a laser-based decelerator (in this figure, the laser may be generated by external energy, or the energy of alpha rays, gamma rays, etc. generated by nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion may be used to generate photons and gamma rays and used for laser generation. AEC is a conversion unit for alpha ray energy, and in this figure, it can be taken out as the energy of photons by bremsstrahlung of alpha rays instead of electric power)

[0080] <Velocity of muons> Cosmic rays contain muons, and their energy is in the GeV region and the speed of cosmic muons is high. (Close to the speed of light) (Cosmic muons are considered to be faster than muons generated by known accelerators and muon generation units on the ground. Assuming that muon particles move at the speed of light c, it is simply calculated that they travel approximately 660 m in 2.2 microseconds. Cosmic muons have too high energy to pass through matter.) Since the muons used in this application are intended to be combined with raw material atoms, it is preferable to configure them to combine at a lower speed rather than a configuration that allows the raw material atoms to pass through at high speed. For example, the muons used in this application may need to be slower than cosmic muons. The muons may be irradiated and combined with muons such as carbon-12 and the like and then irradiated and introduced at a speed at which they can combine with the atoms to be subjected to nuclear conversion at a low speed. At the Earth's surface, approximately 170 high-speed cosmic muon particles from space pass through an area of 1 m2 per second. High-speed muons (although this is an assumption) may not easily cause muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion or muon-catalyzed nuclear conversion intended in this application because even if the muons are to catalyze the nuclear conversion of the atomic nuclei of boron, carbon, nitrogen, etc. that are the targets of nuclear conversion in this application, the cosmic muons will pass through at high speed. Therefore, in this application, muons that are slow enough to cause muon-catalyzed nuclear conversion or muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion (obtained from neutrons, pions, etc. that can be generated by known ground-based devices capable of generating mesons) may be used. <Muon Nuclear Conversion System Using a Cosmic Muon Decelerator> In this application, muons are obtained from a meson generation device, and then a device unit MUDECE (2MUDECE, 2MUDECE-ARRAY) for decelerating the muons may be used to decelerate them and introduce them into the atoms for which muon-catalyzed nuclear conversion and nuclear fusion are to be performed. And if cosmic muons can be decelerated, they may also be used in the muon-catalyzed nuclear conversion and fusion system of the present invention. 〇A muon decelerator that combines a negative muon with a pulse power supply and a deceleration cell has been studied and is known. A huge aircraft or spaceship (such as a spaceship, which is physically easy to provide a distance for muon deceleration) is floated in the air, and a large-scale muon decelerator is configured and installed inside the aircraft to decelerate the muons. The muons are captured and transported by a solenoid or the like and irradiated onto the target part of muon-catalyzed nuclear conversion to promote the nuclear conversion. The aircraft may be propelled by the energy generated by the nuclear conversion, and the energy and power of the aircraft may be generated and supplied using a power generation unit (a power generation unit 1PP in a form that converts the energy of alpha rays into heat to boil water and drive a steam turbine or a part AEC that converts the energy of alpha rays into electric power and energy). <Laser Trajectory Field for Muon Deceleration and Requirements for Acceleration Cavity and Acceleration Section Using the Same> 〇Electrons (negative muons) can be accelerated by a laser trajectory field and an acceleration cavity and acceleration section using the same. However, the acceleration section may be arranged (if possible, in the direction of decelerating the traveling negative muons) and used for the muon deceleration section (MUDECE (2MUDECE, 2MUDECE-ARRAY)). An accelerator using a laser trajectory field has a plasma device section that plasmaizes a helium laser target or the like and generates an electric field by laser irradiation. The electric field intensity of the laser trajectory field accelerator is higher than that of existing accelerators that generate electric and magnetic fields using magnets and high frequencies, and it is expected that the accelerator can be made smaller than existing accelerators that use high frequencies and electromagnets for particle acceleration. (As shown in Fig. 17(A), it may be possible to configure a cosmic muon decelerator array 2MUDECE-ARRAY that covers the entire sky in all directions as seen from the ground by miniaturizing 2MUDECE. Then, a transport device 3 including a nuclear conversion system 1EXP-SYS including 2MUDECE-ARRAY and a power generation unit 1GENR including the same may be configured. By configuring a muon decelerator array that covers the target section T1 in a dome shape, cosmic muons flying / approaching (e.g., two cosmic muons in Fig. 17(A)) from the air toward the ground side at various angles toward 2MUDECE-ARRAY and T1 can be decelerated by the pre-installed decelerator array, and the decelerated muons can be collected and injected / irradiated into the target section T1, which may be made possible in the present invention.) Since muons can be trapped by heavy elements with a large atomic number Z through weak interactions and react with and decay the nucleus, it is preferably considered that the atomic elements of the plasma in the laser wakefield and the acceleration cavity and accelerator section using the same have a low Z, and for example, helium may be used. (If a heavy element such as iron is used for the plasma of an accelerator using a laser wakefield, since iron has a large Z and negative muons are consumed in the reaction to reduce the Z of heavy elements such as iron due to the weak interaction in which muons are trapped, they may not be decelerated and may not be usable for the intended nuclear conversion applications. Therefore, in one form of the present application, a laser wakefield using a plasma of an atom that hardly interacts weakly with muons such as helium, an acceleration cavity and an acceleration section using the same, or a muon deceleration section 2MUDECE- may be used.) <Generation of a laser wakefield by laser irradiation of a laser target gas resource (plasma resource, plasma atom) for the laser of the laser device of the laser wakefield, deceleration of high-speed cosmic muons or high-speed muons derived from accelerator atom collisions in the field where the laser wakefield is generated, and promotion of muon nuclear conversion reactions using the decelerated muons> Instead of the helium laser target, a substance containing atoms with a small Z and expected to hardly cause weak interactions, which are atoms that cause muon nuclear conversion such as boron, carbon, and nitrogen claimed in the present application (e.g., Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne... further H, He, Li, Be. For example, borane, azane, methane, carbon-12) may be used as the gas resource (plasma resource, plasma atom) of the laser target irradiated with the laser for the laser device of the laser wakefield. Further, if a plasma of an atom (e.g., Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne...) is generated in the laser device to generate a plasma wave and a laser wakefield of a high-intensity electric field, and the laser wakefield can decelerate high-speed cosmic muons flying from the universe to the atmosphere / ground side, the decelerated muons may be combined with the atoms (e.g., Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne...) of the plasma generating the laser wakefield to cause muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear conversion. Therefore, a configuration having such a feature may be used for the muon nuclear conversion system of the present application. 〇In Fig. 9, a laser may be irradiated onto a target T1 (T1 is a substance containing atoms that cause muon nuclear conversion such as boron, carbon, nitrogen, etc. claimed in the present application, atoms with a small Z value that are expected to have a weak interaction and are difficult to cause a weak interaction, for example, Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne... Furthermore, H, He, Li, Be. For example, borane, diborane, azane, methane, carbon-12), and as shown in Fig. 9, a laser capable of generating a laser track field on T1 is irradiated from a laser source / laser generation device (2LASER) to decelerate the cosmic muons flying towards T1 at T1 (by an electric field formed by the laser and atoms / plasma) into slow muons, and the slow muons may be combined with the raw material atoms of the T1 part to promote the nuclear fusion / nuclear conversion of the raw material atoms of T1. 〇As shown in Fig. 17(B), a laser is irradiated onto the target T1 from the laser sources 2LASER and MDC-LASER to generate a plasma (2LASER-PLASMA) on T1, generate and form a high-intensity electric field 2LASER-EF and a laser track field 2LASER-EF. By the electric field 2LASER-EF, the high-speed muons or high-speed cosmic muons SM1 incident on T1 and incident on 2LASER-EF are decelerated, and (inside or near the 2LASER-EF of T1) are made into slow muons / decelerated muons, and the decelerated muons are combined with the raw material atoms to which the muons contained in T1 are to be bound. Since the binding of muons can cause muon nuclear conversion reactions or muon nuclear fusion in the raw material atoms of T1, such a configuration may be used in the present invention. Irradiate the target atom T1 with a laser to form an electric field that decelerates high-speed muons, high-speed cosmic muons SM1, and muons M1, decelerate the high-speed muons to slow muons, and the slow muons may be used for the nuclear conversion / nuclear fusion of the target atom T1. <Examples of the claims> <Claim MUDEC1> A nuclear conversion system for target atoms / raw material atoms, comprising a step of decelerating muons and having a feature that enables the muons to be combined with the target atoms / raw material atoms for nuclear conversion. <Claim MUDEC2> The nuclear conversion system according to claim MUDEC1, which irradiates a target atom and a raw material atom with a laser to generate an electric field or a laser wakefield, and performs nuclear fusion or nuclear conversion of the target atom and the raw material atom. <Claim MUDEC3> The nuclear conversion system according to claim MUDEC2, wherein muons can be decelerated in the electric field or the laser wakefield. <Claim MUDEC4> The nuclear conversion system according to claim MUDEC2, which irradiates a target atom and a raw material atom to be nuclear-converted with a laser to generate an electric field or a laser wakefield, decelerates muons generated by cosmic muons, cosmic-ray muons, or cosmic rays flying from the cosmic side to the ground side, and has a feature that the decelerated muons can be combined with the target atom and the raw material atom to be nuclear-converted. <Claim DLAL1> The nuclear conversion system of a target atom and a raw material atom, which includes a step or means for decelerating muons and has a feature that the muons can be combined with the target atom and the raw material atom to be nuclear-converted. <Claim DLAL2> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL1, wherein muons can be decelerated in an electric field, a laser wakefield, or an accelerator. <Claim DLAL3> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL1, which irradiates a target atom and a raw material atom with a laser to generate an electric field or a laser wakefield, and performs nuclear fusion or nuclear conversion of the target atom and the raw material atom. <Claim DLAL4> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL1, which irradiates a target atom and a raw material atom to be nuclear-converted with a laser to generate an electric field or a laser wakefield, decelerates muons derived from cosmic muons or cosmic rays flying from the cosmic side to the ground side, and has a feature that the decelerated muons can be combined with the target atom and the raw material atom to be nuclear-converted. <Claim DLAL5> A nuclear conversion system using muons, wherein the atomic number Z or the effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom A, which is the raw material for nuclear conversion when performing nuclear conversion, is greater than the atomic number Z or the effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom X generated after the nuclear conversion of said atom. The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL1 (or claim DLAL2). <Claim DLAL6> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL2, characterized by injecting and irradiating muons into a target atom containing carbon and carbon-12. <Claim DLAL7> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL2, characterized by injecting and irradiating muons into a target atom containing nitrogen and nitrogen-15. <Claim DLAL8> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL2, characterized by injecting and irradiating muons into a target atom containing boron. <Claim DLAL9> A power generation system using the energy generated by the nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL5. <Claim DLAL10> Hydrogen or helium is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator (2MU-ACC-RING), and hydrogen or helium is accelerated and circulated in a second accelerator (2HE-ACC-RING). Muons are generated using a particle generation system characterized by colliding hydrogen or helium at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of the first accelerator and the second accelerator to generate mesons, and used for said nuclear conversion. The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL1. <Claim DLAL11> The nuclear conversion system according to claim DLAL1 (or claim DLAL2), characterized by nuclear-converting nuclear fission products. <Claim DLAL12> The nuclear conversion system according to claim 1 and claim DLAL10, which nuclear-converts nuclear fission products, and is characterized by irradiating a beam of muons towards a section of a building having nuclear fission products.

[0081] <<Apparatus for Converting Nuclides and Atomic Nuclei Using Muons>> <Problem> When the resource amount of a certain atom X is limited, it may be desired to artificially produce atom X (for example, an atom used in industry such as gallium or a Group 11 atom). Nuclear fusion can be used to produce atom X, but in magnetic confinement type nuclear fusion, etc., it is necessary to confine atoms in a high-temperature plasma and cause nuclear fusion by heat. To fuse heavier atomic nuclei with larger Z, it may be necessary to create a more severe high temperature. <Means for Solving the Problem> On the other hand, in muon-catalyzed fusion, even for atomic nuclei with large Z, muons may easily bind to the atomic nuclei and cause nuclear fusion due to collisions or proximity. Therefore, in the present application, it is devised to produce atom X by combining a muon generation device, a muon deceleration means, atoms A·B or a compound in which atoms A and B are combined with muons to cause muon-catalyzed fusion. <Mode for Carrying Out the Invention><Example> <As an example of creating a desired atomic nucleus, an attempt is made to generate a Group 11 atom or a gallium atomic nucleus in the periodic table. Although not verified, for example, as shown in (B) of FIG. 16, it may be possible to generate another atomic nucleus X by causing a nuclear fusion reaction between atoms A and B, or to generate another atomic nucleus Y by the change or decay of atomic nucleus X. (As described above, if it becomes possible, for example, to use protons or helium as a target for neutron generation during muon generation so that the target is not easily radioactive, the muon target is less likely to become nuclear waste, and the environmental load and cost of muon generation can be reduced. As a result, in addition to muon-catalyzed fusion, it may also be possible to conduct experiments on irradiating radioactive waste with muons to convert it into non-radioactive atoms, and to cause nuclear conversion such as nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, and nuclear fragmentation by combining muons with existing elements. *, Electric energy is required to drive the muon generation device and accelerator. For example, it is assumed that the electric power is from a space solar power plant or a nuclear fusion power plant. The following examples are ideas and have not been verified. <Gold Au>● For example, irradiate tungsten carbide (specifically, a film-shaped tungsten carbide target where the muon-irradiated part can move so as to feed out a film or sheet and is movable) in which tungsten 184 is bonded to carbon 12 or carbon 13 with muons, and experiment whether muon nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion between tungsten and carbon occur. Then, attempt to generate mercury (mercury 196, mercury 197) atoms or gold atoms that may be produced by nuclear fusion and nuclear conversion. *In addition to tungsten carbide, tantalum nitride using nitrogen 15 and tantalum 181 may also be used. *After that, it may be attempted to irradiate mercury 196 with neutrons to obtain mercury 197, and then synthesize gold 197 through the electron capture step of mercury 197. *Alternatively, tungsten carbide composed of tungsten 184 and carbon 13 (such as tantalum nitride composed of nitrogen 15 and tantalum 181, etc.) may be used as the target part T1-AB, irradiate it with muons to attempt to generate mercury 197, and then implement a system (experimental system) to test whether mercury 197 changes to gold 197 by electron capture EC. (Reactions of the following formulas. 12C6: carbon 12, 13C6: carbon 13, 196Hg80: mercury 196, 197Hg80: mercury 197, 184W74: tungsten 184, 15N7: nitrogen 15, 181Ta73: tantalum 181, n: neutron, 197Au79: gold 197, EC: process of electron capture reaction. EC is a reaction / phenomenon in which a proton in the atomic nucleus absorbs an orbital electron to become a neutron and simultaneously emits an electron neutrino) 12C6 + 184W74 -> 196Hg80 13C6 + 184W74 -> 197Hg80 15N7 + 181Ta73 -> 196Hg80 196Hg80 + n -> 197Hg80 197Hg80 -> EC -> 197Au79 + electron neutrino ● Alternatively, a muon may be bonded to a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom (atom A) to form a muonic carbon atom, and the atom A may be accelerated as the muonic carbon atom and collided with a tungsten atom to promote nuclear fusion. (Or, tungsten may be irradiated with a muon to form a muonic tungsten atom, and a carbon atom may be accelerated and collided therewith. When carbon-12 is irradiated with a muon and carbon decays, tungsten may be irradiated instead. Nitrogen and tantalum may be used instead of carbon and tungsten.) (12C6 + negative muon) + 184W74 -> 196Hg80 12C6 + (184W74 + negative muon) -> 196Hg80 13C6 + (184W74 + negative muon) -> 197Hg80 196Hg80 + n -> 197Hg80 197Hg80 -> EC -> 197Au + electron neutrino ● After particle collision, in order to generate a nucleus X and then prevent atoms B and A from colliding with the nucleus X to generate an unwanted atom D, the collision part may have a configuration as shown in (B) of FIG. 16 where a muon-containing particle is collided with a film material or a liquid of a target atom so that it becomes a movable and flowable raw material supply part and a product atom recovery part. The nucleus X may be recovered by using a process of removing the nucleus X generated on the target surface (such as a surface heating, knocking off, and removing process by a grindstone or laser irradiation). <Generation of silver Ag> Similar to the case of Au, carbon-12 (12C6) and molybdenum-95 (95Mo42) are fused using a muon with atoms A and B to generate cadmium-107. Then, cadmium-107 may be held with a half-life of about 6.5 hours and subjected to electron capture, or the value of Z may be decreased by one through the reaction of a muon and a proton to convert cadmium to silver-107 (107Ag47). Similarly, it is conceivable to fuse silver-109 with carbon-12 and molybdenum-97 using muons to produce cadmium-109, and then hold cadmium-109 with its half-life as a reference and cause electron capture, or reduce Z by 1 through the reaction of muons and protons to convert cadmium to silver-109. (When using carbon-12, in the case of gold, it was tungsten and mercury, but in the case of silver, molybdenum and cadmium, which are one period and one group lower in the periodic table, are used. It may also be possible to attempt to produce cadmium-107 (107Cd48) using niobium-93 (93Nb41) and nitrogen-14 (14N7).) <Production of copper Cu>Similar to the case of Au, for atoms A and B, carbon-12 and chromium-53 are fused using muons to produce zinc-65. Then, zinc-65 is held with a half-life of 243 days as a reference and undergoes positive beta decay that emits positrons, or Z is reduced by 1 through the reaction of muons and protons to convert zinc to copper-63. *As another example, boron-10 and manganese-55 are fused using muons to produce zinc-65. Then, zinc-65 is held with its half-life as a reference and undergoes positive beta decay, or Z is reduced by 1 through the reaction of muons and protons to convert zinc to copper. <Gallium Ga>For atoms A and B, carbon-12 and iron-56 are used for muon fusion to produce germanium-68, and then germanium-68 may be attempted to be converted to gallium-68 by an electron capture EC process (with a half-life of 270.8 days). <Production of platinum Pt>For atoms A and B, boron-11 and tungsten-184 are used for muon fusion to produce gold-195. Then, gold-195 is held with a half-life of 186.01 days as a reference and electron capture is caused, or Z is reduced by 1 through the reaction of muons and protons to convert gold-195 to platinum-195 (195Pt78). (Note that platinum-195 (195Pt78) may be fused with hydrogen-2 and deuterium (2H1) using muons to become gold-197 (197Au79).) <Examples of conversion of radioactive elements> In one embodiment of the system of the present application, it may be used for the purpose of converting high-level waste waste atoms generated by driving a fission nuclear reactor or the like into lower-level radioactive atoms. Using the system of the present application, muons may be irradiated onto long-lived fission products (LLFPs) such as 79Se and 93Zr that have a long half-life of thousands of years or more, and minor actinides (MAs) such as Am, Cm, and Np. 〇Muon irradiation may be performed on a nuclear reactor including a difficult-to-access area due to high-energy waste, inside the reactor during reactor decommissioning, the reactor, and nuclear fuel debris to convert the atomic nuclei in the waste. Although the present application and the present invention are ideas and it is unclear whether they can be actually implemented, muons are generated using a muon generation unit, and the muons are irradiated toward a building compartment (including the nuclear fuel debris part inside the reactor building) containing a nuclear reactor or fuel debris where radioactive waste has accumulated and entry is impossible due to an accident or the like (even from an intermediate neutron generation and emission site farther away from the compartment). It may be attempted to convert LLFP and the like of the fuel debris. *When it is desired to lower the radioactive level of decommissioned LLFP by nuclear conversion, muons are desired, but there may be a problem that the muon target part is radioactivated by muon generation. Therefore, by using helium (hydrogen and lithium-7 are also possible) as the target, the muon target part of the apparatus of the present application is less likely to be radioactivated, and it may be possible to solve the problem of radioactivation of the muon target when performing conversion of LLFP, MA, etc. using muons or muon nuclear fusion. The present application proposes a method of using hydrogen and helium as targets during particle collisions in order to solve the problem of radioactivation of the muon target. A method of using lithium-7 as the target is also proposed.

[0082] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, replacements, and changes can be made without departing from the gist of the invention.

Claims

1. A system for nuclear transmutation of target atoms / source atoms, comprising a step or deceleration means or decelerator or deceleration device for decelerating muons, and characterized in that the muons can be bound to target atoms / source atoms to be transmuted.

2. The nuclear transmutation system of claim 1, wherein the step or deceleration means or decelerator or decelerator device for decelerating the muons has a feature capable of generating an electric field or field, and the muons can be decelerated in an electric field or laser wake field or accelerator or charged particle accelerator.

3. The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 1, wherein the step of slowing down the muons or the deceleration means or the decelerator or the deceleration device has a feature capable of generating an electric field, and performs nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of the target atoms / raw material atoms by irradiating the target atoms / raw material atoms with a laser to generate an electric field or a laser wake field.

4. 2. The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 1, characterized in that it is capable of irradiating a laser onto a target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted to generate an electric field or a laser wake field, decelerating cosmic muons or muons originating from cosmic rays traveling from space to the ground, and binding the decelerated muons to the target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted.

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