Mobile processing system for removal of hazardous radioactive isotope

Abstract

To provide a mobile processing system for the removal of radioactive contaminants from nuclear process waste water.SOLUTION: The system is fully scalable, modular, and portable allowing the system to be fully customizable according the site-specific remediation requirements. It is designed to be both transported and operated from standard sized intermodal containers or custom designed enclosures for increased mobility between sites and on-site, further increasing the speed and ease with which the system may be deployed. Additionally, the system is completely modular wherein the various different modules perform different forms or stages of waste water remediation and may be connected in parallel and / or in series. Depending on the needs of the particular site, one or more different processes may be used. In some embodiments, one or more of the same modules may be used in the same operation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001] [CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] The following related applications are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety: Currently pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 850,890, filed March 26, 2013, entitled "Submersible Filter for Use in Separating Radioisotopes from Radioactive Waste Materials," and provisional application Ser. No. 61 / 615,516, filed March 26, 2012, to which Ser. No. 13 / 850,890 claims priority; Currently pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 850,908, filed March 26, 2013, entitled "Selective Regeneration of Isotope-Specific Media Resins in a System for Radioisotope Separation from Liquid Waste Materials," which also claims the benefit of the previously listed U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 850,908; Currently pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 863,206, filed April 15, 2013, entitled "Advanced Tritium System for Tritium Separation from Radioactive Waste and Reactor Water in Light Water Systems," and provisional application Ser. No. 61 / 320,515, filed April 2, 2010; and U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 079,331, a provisional patent application, entitled "Advanced Tritium System and Advanced Permeation System for Tritium Separation from Radioactive Waste and Nuclear Reactor Water," filed April 4, 2011, to which U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 863,206 claims priority; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 016,517, entitled "Mobile Processing System for Removal of Harmful Radioactive Isotopes," filed June 24, 2014, from which this application claims priority.

[0002] Applicant believes that certain of the above-incorporated materials constitute "essential material" within the scope of 37 CFR 1.57(c)(1)-(3) and has amended this specification to expressly state that such material is incorporated by reference as permitted by the applicable regulations. [Field of the Invention] The present invention relates generally to nuclear waste remediation, and more particularly to a mobile treatment system for the removal of radioactive contaminants from nuclear processing wastewater. The mobile system is fully scalable, capable of serving large-scale industrial nuclear wastewater cleanup projects globally, and transportable via conventional domestic and international transportation infrastructure. [background] Due to the global need for abundant and cheap energy production, nuclear power generation has increased exponentially along with the growth of the world's population. The first commercial nuclear power plant began operation in June 1954. Since then, nuclear power generation has grown to over 443 operational commercial reactors in 31 countries, with a total capacity of over 375,000 MWe. Currently, as of 2015, approximately 66 more reactors are under construction. Increased nuclear production requires increased nuclear wastewater remediation.

[0003] At the current state of the art, nuclear wastewater is typically stored in containers indefinitely in specialized storage facilities. What is needed in the art is a mobile, modular, and scalable wastewater treatment system designed to be both transported and operated from intermodal shipping containers for increased mobility, modularity, and scalability between and within sites, further increasing the speed, flexibility, and ease with which the system can be deployed. Additionally, a complete modular wastewater treatment system is needed, in which a variety of different modules performing different forms of wastewater remediation are connected in parallel and / or series to meet all of the wastewater remediation and treatment time requirements for any given site. Final Treatment It would also be advantageous if additional modules were available for further treatment of contaminants previously removed from the water during the wastewater remediation process, eliminating the need to transport the contaminants off-site for further treatment. An all-in-one, mobile, modular, and scalable wastewater remediation and contaminant post-treatment system as described in this disclosure would be advantageous for providing a complete solution for any given site, reducing the transportation of hazardous materials, lowering implementation costs, and reducing the overall complexity of standard existing practices.

[0004] Mobile water treatment is well known in the art. However, many existing mobile water treatment systems consist of only one specific process or multiple processes within a single transportable module. Sites requiring wastewater remediation vary in their specific requirements, topography, and location. Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and breakdowns often require the rapid deployment of assistance to mitigate overall damage to the environment and adverse effects on people living in the area surrounding the site. Current water remediation systems are inadequate to perform this task. What is needed is a system that is rapidly deployable (often within 24 hours, depending on the site location, topography, and remediation requirements), cost-effective, highly mobile, easily transportable, scalable, and modular. The system should be highly adaptable to different remediation requirements, scalable to maximize efficiency, and modular to perform all remediation needs, including processing removed contaminants to final treatment standards in addition to outputting water within safety standards.

[0005] In order to reduce the complexity and length of a detailed specification and to fully establish the state of the art in certain areas of the art, applicant expressly incorporates by reference all of the following publications identified below. Applicant expressly reserves the right to swear behand with respect to all incorporated material.

[0006] KUR-5P12-SDD-001 "Kurion Mobile Processing System" (KMPS), System Level Design Description, previously Kurion Confidential, document published February 9, 2014, filed June 24, 2014 as U.S. Provisional Application 62 / 016,517, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0007] Applicant believes that the above-incorporated materials are "non-essential" under 37 CFR 1.57 because they are referenced for the purpose of providing background to the invention or explaining the state of the art. However, if the examiner determines that any of the above-incorporated materials constitute "essential material" within the meaning of 37 CFR 1.57(c)(1)-(3), Applicant intends to amend the specification to expressly state that the material is incorporated by reference in accordance with the applicable rule. [Description of Related Art] In discussing the prior art, Chinese Patent No. 101229949, entitled "Mobile Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Equipment" and issued on September 7, 2011, generally describes a mobile treatment device for radioactive wastewater. The device includes a protective vehicle, a heat preservation cabin, a wastewater treatment system, a PLC control system, and external connection pipelines. The wastewater treatment system includes a liquid and solid separator, a pre-filter, an ultrafilter, a security filter, a two-level reverse osmosis filter, and an integrated adsorption device. The PLC system includes a PLC, a flow meter, a conductivity meter, a radiation detector, and a pressure controller. This invention resolves the tradeoff between low interception and adsorption efficiency of nuclides and small amounts under high flow rates. Meanwhile, this invention solves the problems of integrating multiple technologies and protecting the mobile treatment device for radioactive wastewater, achieving automatic operation, safety, and reliability in the entire treatment process. What this patent does not disclose is the mobile treatment system. This mobile treatment system offers modularity for increased mobility between and within sites, the ability to perform multiple different wastewater remediation treatments within individual modules, and multiple system configurations for faster system treatment times required for a given project. It is designed to be shipped and operated from standard size intermodal containers, allowing for system scalability by adding any number of process-specific modules.

[0008] In a discussion of the prior art, U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,216, entitled "Portable Multifunctional Modular Water Filtration Unit" and issued on October 26, 1999, generally describes a portable, multifunctional, modular water filtration unit having multiple configurable modules. These modules may be adapted to render environmental water potable. Alternatively, these modules may be adapted to separate contaminants from groundwater or separate water from other sources, such as reverse osmosis water purification units (ROWPUs) or backwash from showers or laundry water ("gray water"), so that the water can be reused or discharged in full compliance with applicable laws. Multiple treatment tanks as well as inlet and outlet filters may be connected in series and parallel configurations via pressure gauges with quick-connect fittings to allow for filter element changes (for substitution or replacement of different active materials) and to provide flow within the filtration array. The water purification system specifically addresses changing water purification needs that occur during troop deployments, training and exercises, disaster relief, and environmental cleanup. What this patent does not disclose is a mobile treatment system. The mobile treatment system is designed to be transported and operated from standard size intermodal containers for increased mobility between and within sites, modularity with the ability to perform multiple different wastewater remediation treatments within individual modules, and system expandability to add multiple treatment-specific modules for faster system treatment times required for a given project.

[0009] In a discussion of the prior art, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14 / 041,474, entitled "Mobile Water Filtration Unit and Control System, and Related Apparatus, Components, Systems, and Methods," filed September 30, 2013, generally describes a standardized, modular, mobile water purification unit for producing safe drinking water and treating wastewater to ensure water supplies for humans, animals, and households. In one embodiment, the unit can be based on a standardized, climate-safe container that is physically and functionally robust, allowing for easy transport and rapid assembly in remote and disaster-stricken areas. The unit can be effective for purifying brackish water, seawater, or polluted surface water, and for purifying wastewater, and can be customized for a given water type based on easily modifiable treatment modules. The unit includes a rigid frame that can be removed from the container and also includes a control system for remote monitoring and control of the unit. This application teaches the reverse of operating a water treatment system from within an intermodal container. [Summary of the Invention] Although the best understanding of the invention will be obtained by reading the specification and claims set forth below, this summary is provided to acquaint the reader with some of the new and useful features of the invention. Of course, this summary is not intended to be an exhaustive long-winded account of all of the features of the invention, nor is it intended in any way to limit the breadth of the claims provided at the end of this description.

[0010] The mobile treatment system as disclosed is designed to be transported and operated from standardized intermodal containers or custom-designed enclosures for increased mobility between and within sites, increased speed, and the ease with which the system can be deployed. Furthermore, the system is fully modular, with a variety of different modules performing different forms of wastewater remediation and being connected in parallel and / or series to perform all of the remediation requirements at a given site. A further advantage of the mobile treatment system is the availability of additional modules to further treat contaminants removed from the water during the wastewater remediation process, eliminating the need to transport the contaminants off-site for further treatment prior to final treatment. The all-in-one mobile modular wastewater remediation and pollutant post-treatment system: It would be highly advantageous to provide a complete solution for any given site and to reduce hazardous material transportation, implementation costs, and overall complexity of standard existing practices.

[0011] Mobile treatment systems encompass multiple forms of wastewater treatment. One or more different processes may be used depending on the needs of a particular site. In some embodiments, one or more identical modules may be used in the same operation. For example, two or more separate ISM modules may be used in series, with each module operating to remove a specific isotope from the waste stream. Another example is placing two identical modules in parallel to accommodate increased flow rates or to bring one module online while the other is offline for maintenance. For more time-consuming processes, such as feed / mixing, it may be advantageous to place one or more modules in parallel to reduce overall processing time.

[0012] In one embodiment, a system and method is disclosed for mobile treatment system (MPS) water treatment to remove radioactive contamination from nuclear processing wastewater and contaminated groundwater. In embodiments, systems and methods are disclosed for utilizing modified transportable intermodal containers (e.g., ISO containers) or custom-designed containers containing components of various subsystems of a processing system (hereinafter, all enclosure containers are referred to as skids unless otherwise specified). The skids may remain on and be operated from the trailer used to transport the system to the processing site, or the skids may be lowered and placed adjacent to each other or stacked. An example of an intermodal container for use with the system is a modified ISO shipping container; however, other containers that comply with conventional intermodal freight regulations may also be used.

[0013] In embodiments, systems and methods are disclosed that allow skids to be connected in various configurations to provide different operating modes or capacities as needed, particularly for treating nuclear processing wastewater. As previously described, each skid consists of an enclosed and modified intermodal container, which is further configured with a drip pan and leak detector. The processing lines between skids may consist of hoses with dual containment to prevent spills into the environment.

[0014] In embodiments, systems and methods are provided for the on-site removal of radioactive material from nuclear facility process water using a fully scalable, transportable, and modular system. Generally, the system and method are designed to prevent radioactive material from leaking into the environment. In the unlikely event that radioactive material is released from trains, weir systems, gas leak detector systems, or piping installed inside or outside the reactor building, the system will have leak protection, e.g., joints, designed to prevent the spread of radioactive material. The design prevents retention of flammable gases, such as hydrogen gas, if such retention is a concern. The treatment system has the flexibility to operate in different modes of filtration and ion removal and is designed for ease of transport from one site to another.

[0015] In embodiments, systems and methods are disclosed for modularity and scalability of the system. Skids (processing-related) are used to allow for a phased approach to site improvements. specific modules) may be added or removed. A suitable processing time can be achieved by adding multiple specific skids.

[0016] Aspects and applications of the invention presented herein are explained in the appendix and in the description of the invention below. Unless otherwise noted, the terms used in the specification and claims should be given their plain, ordinary and accustomed meanings to those skilled in the applicable art. The inventor fully recognizes that he may act as lexicographer, if necessary. In his capacity as lexicographer, the inventor has clearly chosen words and phrases in this specification and claims to use only their plain and ordinary meanings unless expressly noted otherwise, and if he gives a "special" definition to a term, he will so state and explain how that meaning differs from the plain and ordinary meaning. In the absence of an express statement that a "special" definition is intended to apply, it is the inventor's intent and desire that the simple, plain, and ordinary meaning of the word be applied in interpreting this specification and claims.

[0017] The inventors are also fully aware of the basic principles of English grammar. Accordingly, if a noun, term, or phrase is intended to further characterize, qualify, or in any way limit the scope of meaning, such noun, term, or phrase is expressly intended to include additional adjectives, descriptive terms, or other modifiers in accordance with these basic principles. When no such adjectives, descriptive terms, or modifiers are used, such noun, term, or phrase is intended to have the plain and ordinary English meaning of one of ordinary skill in the applicable art, as set forth above.

[0018] Furthermore, the inventors are fully informed of the criteria and application of the special provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(6). Therefore, the use of words such as "function," "means," or "step" in the detailed description, drawing descriptions, or claims is not intended in any way to invoke the special provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(6) to define the invention. Conversely, if the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(6) were intended to define the invention, the claim would specifically and expressly recite the precise phrase "means for" or "steps for," and would also recite the word "function" (i.e., reciting "means for performing the function of ...," without reciting structure, material, or acts that support that function). Thus, even if a claim recites "means for performing the function of ..." or "steps for performing the function of ...," the claim must not recite the means, steps, or other components that support performing the recited function. In no event is it the intent of the inventors to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112, Section 6, when a structure, material, or act is recited that is identical to or different from the structure, material, or act described in the preferred embodiment. Furthermore, even if the invention is defined using 35 U.S.C. 112, Section 6, it is not intended to be limited to the particular structure, material, or act described in the preferred embodiment, but rather to include any and all structure, materials, or acts that perform the claimed function as recited in any alternative embodiment or configuration of the invention, or to include any and all currently known or hereafter developed equivalent structures, materials, or acts that perform the claimed function. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0019] A more complete understanding of the present invention may be gained by reference to the detailed description when considered in conjunction with the following illustrative figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements or acts throughout the figures. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an exemplary embodiment mobile processing system comprising five individual skids. [Figure 2]FIG. 2 is a top view of the exemplary embodiment system of FIG. 1. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is an overall diagram showing the major mechanical components of the system of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1. [Figure 4] 1 is a legend showing the symbols of mechanical components. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a more detailed diagram showing the main mechanical components of the exemplary embodiment system of FIG. 1. [Figure 6] This is a continuation of Figure 5. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanical components of an exemplary embodiment control and solids delivery skid. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanical components of an exemplary embodiment feed / mix skid. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanical components of an exemplary embodiment solids removal filter skid. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanical components of an exemplary embodiment ultrafilter skid. [Figure 11] FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanical components of an exemplary embodiment ion specific media skid. [Figure 12] 12 illustrates the mechanical components of the ion specific media container portion of the ion specific media skid of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 11. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 illustrates mechanical components in a sample housing of an exemplary embodiment for an exemplary feed / mixing skid. [Figure 14] FIG. 10 illustrates the mechanical components in an example embodiment sample housing for an example embodiment solids removal filter skid. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 illustrates the mechanical components in an exemplary embodiment sample housing for an exemplary ultrafilter skid. [Figure 16] FIG. 10 illustrates the mechanical components in the example embodiment sample housing for the example embodiment ion-specific media skid. [Figure 17] A typical gauge valve and PDIT manifold is shown. [Figure 18] This is a legend showing instrumentation symbols. [Figure 19] FIG. 1 illustrates the instrumentation and control of an exemplary embodiment control and solids delivery skid. [Figure 20] FIG. 1 illustrates the instrumentation and controls of an exemplary embodiment feed / mix skid. [Figure 21] FIG. 1 illustrates instrumentation and control for an exemplary embodiment solids removal filter skid. [Figure 22] FIG. 1 illustrates the instrumentation and control of an exemplary embodiment ultrafilter skid. [Figure 23] FIG. 1 illustrates the instrumentation and control of an ion specific media skid of an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 24] 24 illustrates instrumentation in the ion specific media vessel portion of the ion specific media skid of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 23. [Figure 25] 1 depicts an embodiment of the pilot skid as a smaller complete system. [Figure 26] FIG. 26A shows a top view of a possible stacking configuration using three skids, FIG. 26B shows a top view of a possible stacking configuration using four skids, FIG. 26C shows a top view of a possible stacking configuration using three skids, and FIG. 26D shows a side view of a possible stacking configuration using two skids stacked end-to-end. [Figure 27] FIG. 27A shows a top view of an exemplary skid stack configuration according to FIG. 26A, and FIG. 27B shows a front view of the configuration of FIG. 27A.

[0020] The elements and acts in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and do not necessarily follow any particular sequence or embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] [Detailed explanation] In the following description, and for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details, processing times, and / or specific formula values ​​are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of example embodiments. However, it should be understood that the apparatus, systems, and methods herein may be practiced without these specific details, processing times, and / or specific formula values. It will be understood by those skilled in the art. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and structural and functional changes may be made without departing from the scope of the devices, systems, and methods herein. In other instances, known structures and devices are shown or discussed more generally in order to avoid obscuring the exemplary embodiments. In many cases, the description of operations is sufficient to enable one to implement various aspects, particularly when the operations are to be performed in software. It should be noted that there are many different alternative configurations, devices, and technologies to which the disclosed embodiments may be applied. The full scope of the embodiments is not limited to the examples described below.

[0022] In the following examples of embodiments, reference is made to various embodiments in which the present invention may be practiced, It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. <System Overview> As mentioned above, MPS equipment is contained in an intermodal container or skid. An exemplary container is an ISO shipping container, which is a widely used standardized container that can be quickly and easily transported to sites around the world as needed on existing infrastructure, including trucks, railroads, ships, aircraft, and other traditional industrial transportation vehicles. Additionally, custom-designed enclosures may be used. For purposes of this disclosure, MPS containers are hereafter referred to as skids.

[0023] Each skid is modified or customized to hold processing equipment, allow for the connection of interconnecting hoses, power and signal cables, and to allow for lid removal for filter and ISM vessel replacement. The skids may be operated while mounted on a transport trailer. An elevated access platform may be installed to allow for separation of the filters and ISM vessels for replacement, hydrogen release, sampling, control room access, and placement of interconnecting hoses. Crane access will be required for routine operational replacement of solids removal filters, ultrafilters, and ISM vessels. Alternatively, openings in the side walls of the skid, with or without doors, may be provided to provide a forklift or equivalent with access to the filters and ISM vessels for routine operational replacement. Furthermore, these skids can be mounted on and driven from a trailer on-site for easy movement or relocation as needed. If custom-designed containers are used, the final skid may have integral wheels and towing attachments, thereby eliminating dependence on a transport trailer for transportation. In addition to the integral wheels, the custom designed skid may include built-in transport power and vehicle driving controls, i.e., a self-driving skid for transportation to and around the site. In some embodiments, the system will be implemented as a permanent installation on site. <Modular system> Modularity is a key aspect of an effective, efficient, flexible, and deployable remediation system. Containing individual processes within separate modules allows for better remediation customization, allowing only the processes needed to be brought to the site, reducing shipping and processing costs. Processes may be added or removed at any time, allowing for a phased approach to on-site remediation. Mobile processing modules are easier and more cost-effective to transport and set up. Standard shipping dimensions, such as intermodal containers, allow for easy stacking for simple and cost-effective transportation. Modularity also allows for easier setup, as processes can be set up in any configuration, including stacking, as required by local terrain. Modularity also allows for easy skid replacement or easy phasing out for skid maintenance. Each module is equipped with standard-sized quick-disconnects for fast and easy connection / disconnection between any skid in any configuration. <Extensibility> Module size: Scalability is another important aspect to an effective, efficient, and deployable remediation system. Using modules sized appropriately for the needs of a particular remediation site reduces transportation, setup, and operation costs. The modules shown in the embodiment are designed to fit into 20-foot intermodal containers, although other container sizes are possible.

[0024] Number of modules in operation: Some waste remediation sites may have more stringent processing time requirements to meet final deadlines. Sometimes the scope of a given remediation project is so large that traditional configurations will not be able to accommodate the time constraints. In these situations, it may be beneficial to bring in additional modules. It may even be beneficial to bring in one or more complete systems, used entirely separately or in parallel in unison to increase processing rates and meet remediation deadlines.

[0025] Another distinguishing aspect of the mobile treatment system is its ability to be used as a complete remediation solution. The mobile treatment system is not just for water remediation; it also includes the ability to treat contaminants removed from the water during remediation. There are many techniques that can be used to prepare the removed contaminants for final disposal, as described below and in detail in commonly owned, co-pending patent applications, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0026] One such technique is vitrification, in which glass frit is added to contaminated or contaminant-laden slurries output from water remediation processes, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 / 985,862 ('862), filed Jan. 6, 2011, entitled "Microwave-Enhanced System for Pyrolysis and Vitrification of Radioactive Waste," and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 036,809 ('809), filed Feb. 28, 2011, entitled "Advanced Microwave System for Treatment of Radioactive Waste," both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0027] Another technique for further processing contaminants removed from wastewater is volume reduction by using an eluent to separate ions from an ion exchange resin and passing them through an inorganic ISM column, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 850,908 ('908), filed March 26, 2013, entitled "Selective Regeneration of Isotope-Specific Media Resins in a System for Separating Radioactive Isotopes from Liquid Waste Materials," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0028] For purposes of this disclosure, the systems and methods disclosed in the '862, '809, and '908 U.S. patent applications may be included in one or more intermodal containers or skids as described and may be used in combination with the skids disclosed herein.

[0029] For the following discussion, standard operation is referred to as "Mode D" as identified in Table 1. In an embodiment, this mode has all five of the processing skids installed and operational.

[0030] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a mobile processing system (MPS) comprising separate skids: a control and solids feed skid 140, a feed / mixing skid 130, a solids removal filter skid 120, an ultrafilter skid 110, and an ion specific media (ISM) skid 100.

[0031] In embodiments, the five skids shown in FIG. 1 can be configured in five different operating modes, allowing flexibility to accommodate specific processing needs. In the embodiment shown, the control and solids feed functions are combined into the control and solids feed skid 140. In some embodiments, there are six skids where the control and solids feed functions are separated into a control skid and a separate solids feed skid. Control may occur entirely on-site, remotely, or both. On-site control may occur entirely within the control skid or within the combined control and solids feed skid 140. Additionally, control may be augmented with one or more remote controls from a remotely located control station or from mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptop computers. The five operating modes are listed in Table 1. All operating modes are operated and monitored by the control system.

[0032] [Table 1] TIFF2025170328000003.tif216170

[0033] Table 1: Operating modes and active modules In the configuration shown in the embodiment of Figure 1, multiple skids are configured in operation mode D to perform water treatment to remove radioactive contamination from nuclear processing wastewater. Influent water from storage tanks is treated with adsorbents, filtered, and finally refined in columns using ion-specific media (ISM) to remove any residuals.

[0034] The mixed treated water is then passed to a solids removal filter skid where it is filtered through a solids removal filter (SRF) that collects all of the sorbent solids and a portion of the waste solids. The filtered water is then passed to an ultrafilter skid where it is filtered again through an ultrafilter that collects the remainder of the colloidal suspended solids. Finally, the ultrafiltrate is sent to an ISM skid where it is passed through an ISM vessel that removes specific ions from the feedwater. After the water is treated, it is returned to the storage tank.

[0035] In embodiments, specialized ion exchange media or sorbent additives are used to control the chemistry of the treated water entering the ISM vessel. In some embodiments, the additives are in powder form. The chemistry of the treated water can vary significantly between different batches entering the system. The basic chemical process within the ISM vessel is therefore dependent on equilibrium, as the inlet chemistry to the ISM vessel changes and column efficiency can fluctuate. The amount and type of sorbent additive can be adjusted to normalize the concentration of ions (e.g., Sr or Ca) so that the chemistry within the ISM vessel remains stable. In some embodiments, the chemistry of the solution entering the ISM vessel is monitored automatically and / or manually, and the amount of sorbent additive is adjusted incrementally to stabilize any fluctuations. In an alternative embodiment, to minimize system adjustment response time, the chemistry of the inlet treated water is monitored automatically and / or manually, and the amount of sorbent additive is adjusted stoichiometrically. The chemistry within the ISM vessel may also be monitored to confirm / fine-tune the effectiveness of sorbent additive adjustments.

[0036] In an exemplary embodiment, the MPS is used to treat reverse osmosis (RO) reject water containing strontium (Sr-90). Powdered sorbent (or other ion exchange material in powder form) is pumped from the control / solids feed skid 140 to the feed / mixing skid 130. The additive is mixed into the treated water and allowed time to absorb specific isotopes from solution. The sorption time depends on the ISM used and the targeted isotope being removed. In this exemplary embodiment, the sorption time is approximately 40 minutes to remove Sr-90 from the RO reject water. In alternative embodiments, other nuclear waste components besides Sr-90 can be removed. Also, other wastewaters besides RO reject water can be treated.

[0037] In some embodiments, each skid includes environmental control and shock absorption to prevent damage to the hardware during transport, setup, and use. The illustrated embodiment is an example of a preferred skid arrangement, with the skids located closely together on a horizontal surface in a single layer (i.e., not stacked). For certain sites, local topography may make the preferred skid arrangement impractical. Therefore, altitude, distance, and system footprint must be considered. At some of these sites, multiple skids may need to be spaced farther apart or stacked at one or more different altitudes. In some embodiments, additional pumps may be located between the skids, hose diameters may be increased or decreased, and / or settings of other system components may be changed to achieve the desired pressure and flow conditions. In some embodiments, altitude differences may be used to the advantage of gravity to reduce pumping demands and save energy costs.

[0038] In one embodiment, for skids that include pumps, two or more pumps may be placed in parallel at each pump location, with each pump configured for a different range of pressures. The appropriate pump will be utilized depending on the skid configuration at the particular site. Placing two or more pumps in parallel allows for a more mobile and modular system, allowing the system to function at the correct flow conditions for a wider range of different site topography and skid configurations.

[0039] 2 is a top view of the system of FIG. 1 in operating mode D. In the embodiment, five skids are shown side-by-side, but this arrangement is not required on site. In the embodiment, the skids must be connected in the order shown to operate in operating mode D, but may be arranged as required by the topography of the site.

[0040] Figure 3 is an overall diagram showing the major mechanical components of the system of Figure 1. In the embodiment shown, the process is entirely continuous. Water to be treated is piped from a storage tank to a feed / mixing skid 130. Powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is fed into the feed / mixing skid 130 from a control and solids feed skid 140. In the embodiment shown, the sorbent is fed into a hopper from a Super Sack® (or equivalent industrial sack, bag, or other package). The sorbent is directed from the hopper into an auger to control the feed rate to another hopper that directs the sorbent to the feed / mixing skid 130.

[0041] In this embodiment, the first tank T-100 and the second tank T-101 are connected in series. A predetermined amount of adsorbent and a predetermined amount of contaminated water are combined in the first feed / mix tank T-100 and remain in the first feed / mix tank T-100 with or without agitation for a predetermined period of time calculated to allow the contaminants to be adsorbed by the adsorbent. To convert this batch process to a continuous process, the contents of the first feed / mix tank T-100 are transferred to the second feed / mix tank T-101, which provides a continuous source of treated water that is pumped from the feed / mix skid 130 to the solids removal filter skid 120. Alternatively, treated water may be transferred directly to the solids removal filter skid 120, with the second feed / mix tank T-101 being processed in parallel. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the feed / mix tanks T-100 and T-101 are connected in parallel. A predetermined amount of adsorbent and a predetermined amount of contaminated water are combined in the first feed / mix tank T-100 and remain in the first feed / mix tank T-100 with or without agitation for a predetermined period of time calculated to allow the contaminants to be adsorbed by the adsorbent. The treated water in the first feed / mix tank T-100 is pumped at a rate calculated to provide a continuous flow from the feed / mix skid 130 into the solids removal filter skid 120. When treated water begins to flow from the first feed / mix tank T-100, a filling process begins for the second feed / mix tank T-101. The alternating use of the feed / mix tanks T-100 and T-101 provides a steady, continuous flow of treated water to the solids removal filter skid 120. Whether the tanks are configured in parallel or series, the treated water delivered to the solids removal filter skid 120 passes through either the first solids removal filter FLT-200 or the second solids removal filter FLT-201 (depending on which filter is online) to remove the sorbent and any other solids. The treated water is then pumped into the ultrafilter skid 110 where it is further filtered by either the first ultrafilter FLT-300 or the second ultrafilter FLT-301 (depending on which filter is online).

[0042] Continuing with the embodiment, from the ultrafilter skid 110, the treated water is pumped into the ion-specific media skid 100 where it passes through one or more ion-specific media (ISM) vessels containing ion exchange media specific to the site's removal needs. The embodiment shown depicts four ISM vessels, VSL-460, VSL-461, VSL-462, and VSL-463, with three online at a time and a fourth on standby. Every five days, or at different predetermined maintenance schedules, the next vessel down the line is taken offline and the standby vessel is brought online. After passing through one or more ISM vessels, the water is either returned to a storage tank for further treatment or continues to pass through the system until the water meets water quality standards.

[0043] Figure 4 is a legend explaining the line types, mechanical component symbols, and abbreviations used in subsequent figures. Figures 5 and 6 show more detailed diagrams of the major mechanical components of the system of Figure 1. Circles marked with an "S" indicate locations where samples will be taken. Circles connected with dashed lines indicate instrumentation that may be implemented to provide data for system monitoring and control. Water to be treated is pumped from a storage tank into the first feed / mix tank, T-100, by pump P-150. Powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is loaded into a solids feeder that controls the feed rate into the first feed / mix tank, T-100.

[0044] The sorbent and water are combined in a first feed / mix tank T-100 and then in a second feed / mix tank T-101. The treated water is then pumped from the tank by pump P-152 through either a first solids removal filter FLT-200 or a second solids removal filter FLT-201 (depending on which is online) to remove the sorbent and any other solids. The treated water is then pumped by pump P-350 (of FIG. 6) through either a first ultrafilter FLT-300 or a second ultrafilter FLT-301 (depending on which is online).

[0045] From the ultrafilter, the water is pumped by a P-450 through one or more ion-specific media (ISM) vessels containing ion exchange media specific to the site's removal needs. In some embodiments, the ISM vessels are filled with a titanosilicate synthesis product, which exhibits a high strontium distribution coefficient, Kd, ​​even in the presence of high competition (e.g., seawater, Ca, and Mg). Sr It is a highly stable granular material with a pH of 1.0 or greater, making it an excellent choice for strontium removal in column / vessel applications. The embodiment shown shows four ISM vessels, VSL-460, VSL-461, VSL-462, and VSL-463, three of which are online and one is on standby. After passing through one or more ISM vessels, the water is either returned to the storage tank or continues to pass through the system until it meets water quality standards. In some embodiments, the purified water may be used for system cleaning operations.

[0046] Figures 7-16 show the mechanical system. The instrumentation and control system is illustrated in Figures 17-24. Figures 7-12 show detailed piping diagrams of five exemplary embodiments of the skids. In the illustrated embodiments, all skids are equipped with sumps into which liquids flow before recirculation or wastes collect before disposal. In the illustrated embodiment, each sump has one or more drains, each preceded (upstream) by a ball valve. The control and solids feed skid 140 (Figure 7) shows one drain and one ball valve V-501 (normally locked closed) located at the first end of the skid. The sump of the feed / mixing skid 130 (Figure 8) has three drains, one at the first end with ball valve V-121 (normally locked open) and two at the second end with ball valves V-103 and V-122 (both normally locked closed). The sump of the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 9) has three drains, two at the first end equipped with ball valves V-202 and V-217 (both normally locked closed) and one at the second end equipped with ball valve V-218 (both normally locked closed). The sump of the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 10) has three drains, two at the first end equipped with ball valves V-301 and V-316 (both normally locked closed) and one at the second end equipped with ball valve V-317 (both normally locked closed). The sump of the ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 11-12) has three drains, one at the first end equipped with ball valve V-412 (both normally locked closed) and two at the second end equipped with ball valves V-401 and V-413 (both normally locked closed).

[0047] FIG. 7 illustrates the mechanical components of the control and solids feed skid 140 of an exemplary embodiment. Air within the control and solids feed skid 140 is dehumidified by dryer DR-511. The air is passed through filter FLT-505 and then through blower B-505, which delivers air at a constant rate through a flex hose to the bottom of the first hopper T-502. An in-line silencer S-504 may be placed after blower B-505 to reduce noise. Alternative flow paths are provided that can be used, as needed, to reduce air pressure within the system. One such path vents to the chamber through manually operated (normally closed) butterfly valve V-505. The other path vents through pressure relief valve PRV-505, which automatically releases air when maximum pressure is reached.

[0048] In one embodiment, the powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is delivered in approximately 800 kg of Super Sack® or similar industrial sacks, hereafter referred to as industrial sacks. The industrial sacks are discharged through filter FLT-502 into hopper T-502. Two mechanical vibrators, VIB-503 and VIB-504, on either side of hopper T-502 are used to assist the solids in moving to the bottom of hopper T-502. At the bottom of hopper T-502, rotary valve RV-502 controls the flow rate of solids through a flex coupling into a second, smaller hopper. The second hopper has a discharge at its inlet that allows excess solids to flow out of the hopper if it becomes full. From the small hopper, the solids move to solids feeder FDR-501, which uses an auger to control the solids feed rate. After the solids feeder FDR-501 stage, the sorbent is air bound and passes through a flex hose out of the control and solids feed skid 140 and into the feed / mix skid 130 .

[0049] In an embodiment, the feed / mix skid 130 of FIG. 8 has three inlets. Continuing with the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, wash water may enter the feed / mix skid 130 at the first inlet, where it passes through shut-off valve DV-110. Wash water is typically used during system startup and to clean pipes during system shutdown. Depending on which valve or valves are open, the wash water may travel directly to one, two, or three different locations within the skid. To route wash water to the beginning of the primary piping, ball valve V-102 (normally closed) may be opened, causing the wash water to flow through ball valve V-102 and check valves CV-100 and CV-101. Ball valve V-105 (normally closed) may be opened to route wash water to the primary piping just before the first tank T-100, in which case the wash water will flow through ball valve V-105 and check valves CV-105 and CV-109. When ball valve V-111 (normally locked closed) is opened, an alternative flow path is provided to the sump. Ball valve V-104 (normally closed) may be opened to route wash water to the secondary piping between the outlets of the first tank T-100 and the second tank T-101, in which case the wash water will travel through ball valve V-104 and check valves CV-102 and CV-108. The ball valves may be fully open or partially open to control the flow rate. Depending on which valves are open or closed, the wash water can travel through any or all of the pipes within the skid. Check valves are used to prevent the wash water from flowing back to the source. Redundant check valves are used to increase the safety factor in case a pressure buildup would damage the primary check valve.

[0050] At the second inlet, RO reject water (or other nuclear processing waste feedwater) is gravity fed into the system from the wastewater storage tank through a dual-containment transfer hose H-001. The feedwater passes through shutoff valve DV-100. Most or all of the feedwater is directed through the primary piping. It continues through ball valve V-106 (normally locked open) and into variable speed first feed / mix pump P-150. If ball valve V-108 (normally locked closed) is opened, a portion of the feedwater may travel through the secondary piping and then through check valve CV-103 to bypass first feed / mix pump P-150 and join the main flow. First feed / mix pump P-150 has two additional outlets with ball valves V-109 (normally closed) and V-107 (normally locked closed) to direct excess water to the sump if one or both valves are opened.

[0051] Water exits first feed / mix pump P-150, where it passes through check valve CV-104 (normally locked open) and ball valve V-110. The feedwater continues downstream down the pipeline to a split where one path is normally closed and the other is open. On the normally open path, the feedwater passes through ball valve V-123, is filtered through basket strainer STR-100 (which removes particulates), and passes through ball valve V-124. When the normally closed path is open, the feedwater passes through ball valve V-125, basket strainer STR-101, and ball valve V-126. The normally open and normally closed paths merge before joining the flow of powder sorbent or ion exchange material into eductor ED-102. Three alternative paths are provided for water flow to the sump, which are blocked by valves locked normally closed. Ball valve V-128 controls flow on an alternate route from the normally closed primary line, ball valve V-129 controls flow on an alternate route from the normally open primary line, and ball valve V-127 controls flow on an alternate route just after the junction of the normally open and normally closed primary lines.

[0052] Continuing with the embodiment, at a third inlet, powder sorbent or ion exchange material is fed from the control and solids feed skid 140 (FIG. 7) to the feed / mix skid 130 (FIG. 8). The powder sorbent or ion exchange material travels through a flex hose to the eductor ED-102 where it joins the feedwater. When the sorbent material feed is stopped, a motor-operated butterfly valve MOV-102 acts as a vacuum breaker. This valve is normally closed and inactive during operation. When the flow of sorbent material is stopped, MOV-102 opens, breaking the vacuum and preventing further material from being drawn into the system. The movement of the feedwater in the eductor ED-102 creates a suction that draws the powder sorbent or ion exchange material into the first feed / mix tank T-100. The level in the first feed / mix tank T-100 is automatically controlled through adjustment of the speed of the first feed / mix pump P-150. The level in the first feed / mix tank T-100 is controlled so that the inlet feed flow matches the outlet flow. The powder sorbent or ion exchange material dosing rate is set proportional to the feed flow rate to maintain the appropriate ratio of sorbent powder to feedwater. The mixed treated water flows downstream through the first feed / mix tank T-100, exits through ball valve V-112 (normally locked open), and into the second feed / mix tank T-101. When ball valve V-101 (normally locked closed) is opened, an alternate path allows bypass of the second feed / mix tank T-101. Both tanks T-100 and T-101 have overflow outlet paths at the top. The overflow is filtered through filters FLT-100 and FLT-101, passes through pressure relief valve PRV-101, which relieves pressure when the pressure exceeds 0.10 MPA (15 PSIG), and then goes to the sump. The second supply / mix tank T-101 has a second alternate flow path that will allow flow into the sump if ball valve V-115 (normally locked closed) is opened.

[0053] Treated water enters through the bottom and through ball valve V-114 (normally locked open). The treated water exits the second feed / mix tank T-101 through the primary piping and through ball valve V-116 (normally locked open) into the second feed / mix pump P-152 at variable speed. The speed of the second feed / mix pump P-152 (FIG. 8) is adjusted to maintain a constant pressure at the inlet to the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 10). When a solids removal filter is installed, its differential pressure will increase, and the speed of the second feed / mix pump P-152 (FIG. 8) will increase accordingly to maintain a constant pressure downstream of the solids removal filter. By maintaining a constant pressure at the inlet to the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 10), the flow through the solids removal filter should match the flow rate of the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 10). This also ensures that a positive pressure is maintained on the suction side of the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 10).

[0054] Continuing with the exemplary embodiment of Figure 8, when ball valve V-117 (normally locked closed) is opened, a portion of the treated water may travel through the secondary piping and may travel through check valve CV-106, bypassing second pump P-152 and rejoining the primary flow downstream of the pump. Second feed / mix pump P-152 has two additional outlets with ball valve V-119 (normally closed) and ball valve V-118 (normally locked closed), directing excess water to the sump when either or both valves are opened. The treated water is then pumped through shutoff valve DV-101 and into dual-containment transfer hose H-002 to solids removal filter skid 120.

[0055] In the exemplary embodiment, the solids removal filter skid 120 shown in Figure 9 has two inlets. At the first inlet, wash water may proceed through shutoff valve DV-206, ball valve V-201 (normally locked closed), and check valves CV-200 and CV-204. The wash water may travel along any of the paths through the system depending on which valves are open or closed.

[0056] Hydrogen and other gases may be released from the filtration system immediately prior to each filter. They may travel through ball valve VA (normally closed), through a flex hose, through ball valve V-219 (normally locked closed), and then through ball valve V-200 (normally closed) to the sump or through filter FLT-210 to the environment outside the skid. Alternatively, hydrogen or other gases may travel through ball valve VB (normally closed) and check valve CV-D to the environment. Nitrogen may be removed at either ball valve V-222 (normally locked closed) or ball valve V-225 (normally locked closed), depending on which filter is currently in use.

[0057] At the second inlet, treated water travels from the feed / mix skid 130, FIG. 8, via dual-containment transfer hose H-002. The treated water travels through shutoff valve DV-200. Most or all of the treated water will continue through the primary piping and through ball valve V-206 (normally locked open) and check valve CV-201. If ball valve V-204 (normally closed) is opened, some of the treated water may flow to the sump. If ball valve V-203 (normally locked closed) is opened, some or all of the treated water may proceed into solids removal filter pump P-250. Generally, solids removal filter pump P-250 will be bypassed.

[0058] When ball valve V-203 (normally locked closed) is opened, all or part of the treated water will travel through the secondary piping to the solids removal filter pump P-250. When opened, it allows excess treated water to flow to the sump (normally locked closed). The solids removal filter pump P-250 has an additional outlet with (normally closed) ball valve V-205. Additionally, immediately after the main outlet, if (normally closed) ball valve V-226 is opened, excess treated water may flow to the sump. However, most of the water will return to the primary line through (normally open) ball valve V-207 and check valve CV-202.

[0059] Along the primary pipeline, preceding filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, is pressure relief valve PRV-200, which relieves any pressure exceeding 0.48 MPA (70 PSIG) or any pressure deemed critical to proper system operation. On the secondary line, following ball valve V-216 (normally locked open), is surge suppressor T-200. When the maximum pressure is exceeded, pressure relief valve PRV-200 dumps the treated water into the sump. The treated water may proceed through either filter FLT-200 or filter FLT-201, depending on which filter is online. Filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 remove most of the contaminant-carrying powder sorbent or contaminant-containing ion exchange material and particulates from the treated water. Two filters are provided: one online and the other on standby, or undergoing replacement or maintenance procedures. The online filter remains online until a high differential pressure limit is reached. A standby filter can then be placed on-line and the installed filter replaced.

[0060] Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 9, to allow for easy removal and replacement, shutoff valves DV-201 and DV-202 are followed by filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, respectively, and filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 are followed by shutoff valves DV-203 and DV-204, respectively. Shutoff valves DV-203 and DV-204 are followed by (normally open) ball valves V-214 and V-215, respectively. Alternatively, filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 may be bypassed entirely. When ball valves V-212 (normally locked closed) and V-213 (normally locked closed) are both opened, treated water can proceed along the secondary line through both valves and check valve CV-203 to the primary piping downstream of filters FLT-200 and FLT-201. After filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, if the (normally closed) ball valve V-209 is open, some of the treated water may proceed to the sump. Typically, the treated water will proceed through shut-off valve DV-205 and into flex hose H-003 for transport to the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 10).

[0061] In an embodiment, the ultrafilter skid 110 of FIG. 10 operates much like the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 9), except that the pump is on the primary line instead of the secondary line. As previously described, the speed of the ultrafilter feed pump P-350 would be adjusted to maintain a constant flow through the ultrafilters FLT-300 and FLT-301 using a magnetic flow meter. As the filters are loaded and the transformer membrane pressure increases, the speed of the ultrafilter feed pump P-350 would increase to maintain the flow set point. The ultrafilter pump P-350 would be sized to ensure a positive pressure is maintained at the inlet to the ISM feed pump P-450 of FIG. 11.

[0062] In an embodiment, the ultrafilter skid 110 as shown in Figure 10 has two inlets. At the first inlet, wash water may proceed through shutoff valve DV-306, ball valve V-302 (normally locked closed), and check valves CV-300 and CV-303. The wash water may travel along any of several paths through the system depending on which valves are open or closed.

[0063] Hydrogen and other gases may be released from the filtration system immediately after each filter placement in the process line. They may travel through (normally closed) ball valve VA, through a flex hose, through (normally closed) ball valve V-315, and then through (normally closed) ball valve V-300 to the sump or through filter FLT-310 to the environment outside the skid. Alternatively, hydrogen or other gases may travel through (normally closed) ball valve VB and check valve CV-D to the environment. Depending on which filter is currently in use, nitrogen may be removed at either (normally closed) ball valve V-320 or (normally closed) ball valve V-323.

[0064] At the second inlet, treated water travels from the solids removal filter skid 120 of FIG. 9 via a dual-containment transfer hose H-003. Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 10, treated water travels through shutoff valve DV-300 and through ball valve V-303 (normally locked open) to ultrafilter pump P-350. Ultrafilter pump P-350 has an additional outlet with (normally closed) ball valve V-305, which allows excess treated water to flow to the sump when the ball valve is opened. Additionally, immediately after the main outlet, excess treated water may flow to the sump if (normally closed) ball valve V-326 and (normally closed) ball valve V-304 are opened. If (normally closed) ball valve V-304 is opened, treated water may bypass the pump and travel to the sump. However, most of the water will return to the primary line through ball valve V-306 (normally locked open) and check valve CV-301.

[0065] Along the primary pipeline, before filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, is pressure relief valve PRV-300, which relieves any pressure exceeding 1.03 MPA (150 PSIG) or any pressure deemed critical to proper system operation. Also on the secondary line is surge suppressor T-300 after ball valve V-307 (normally locked open). When pressure exceeds this limit, pressure relief valve PRV-300 dumps the treated water into the sump. The treated water may proceed through either filter FLT-300 or filter FLT-301, depending on which filter is online. Filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 remove most of the remaining contaminant-carrying solids and contaminant-laden particulates from the treated water. Two filters are provided: one online and the other on standby or during replacement. The online filter remains online until a high differential pressure limit is reached. A standby filter can then be placed on-line and the installed filter replaced.

[0066] Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 10 , to allow for easy removal and replacement, shutoff valves DV-301 and DV-302 are followed by filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, respectively, and filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 are followed by shutoff valves DV-303 and DV-304, respectively. Shutoff valves DV-303 and DV-304 are followed by (normally open) ball valves V-313 and V-314, respectively. Alternatively, filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 may be bypassed entirely. When ball valves V-311 (normally locked closed) and V-312 (normally locked closed) are both opened, treated water can proceed along the secondary line through both valves and check valve CV-302 to the primary piping on the other side of filters FLT-300 and FLT-301. After filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, if the (normally closed) ball valve V-309 is open, some of the filtered process water may proceed to the sump. Typically, the filtered process water is directed through shutoff valve DV-305. , into flex hose H-004 for transport to ion specific media skid 100 of FIG.

[0067] The ion-specific media skid 100 shown in the embodiment of Figures 11 and 12 has two inlets. In an embodiment, at the first inlet, wash water may proceed through shut-off valve DV-410, ball valve V-402 (normally locked closed), and check valves CV-400 and CV-402. The wash water may travel along any of several paths through the system depending on which valves are open or closed.

[0068] At the second inlet, filtered treated water travels from the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 10) via a dual-containment transfer hose H-004. The filtered treated water travels through shutoff valve DV-400 and through ball valve V-403 (normally locked open) to the ISM supply pump P-450. When ball valve V-404 (normally closed) is opened, the filtered treated water may travel to the sump. Pump P-450 has an additional outlet with ball valve V-405 (normally closed), which, when opened, allows excess filtered treated water to flow to the sump. Additionally, immediately following the main outlet, ball valve V-415 (normally closed) may also allow excess filtered treated water to flow to the sump when opened. Typically, the filtered treated water returns to the primary piping through check valve CV-401 and ball valve V-406 (normally locked open).

[0069] The ISM Feed Pump P-450 is a fixed-speed pump with variable-speed capability sized for transfer through the ISM vessel and for return to the storage tank. To ensure sufficient head is available for the transfer function, the speed of the ISM Feed Pump P-450 is manually adjusted from the control system. The variable-speed capability allows flexibility for operation in different modes or different transfer lengths. The difference in pressure across the ISM vessel and the pressure returned to the feed tank generally does not vary significantly. Therefore, setting the ISM Feed Pump P-450 at a fixed speed reduces control system complexity. Sufficient pressure and flow instrumentation is included to provide proportional feedback control for the ISM Feed Pump P-450, based on operating experience, as needed.

[0070] Along the primary pipeline, before the ISM vessel is pressure relief valve PRV-400, which relieves any pressure exceeding 0.90 MPA (130 PSIG) or any pressure deemed critical to proper system operation. Also on the secondary line is surge suppressor T-300. When pressure exceeds the pressure, pressure relief valve PRV-300 dumps the filtered process water into the sump. The filtered process water proceeds to the ISM vessel (Figure 12). Two points in the ISM vessel piping configuration allow excess filtered process water to flow to the sump when (normally closed) ball valve V-409 and / or (normally closed) ball valve V-410 are open. After the filtered process water passes through the ISM vessel, it flows through shutoff valve DV-409, through flex hose H-005, and back to the storage tank.

[0071] In an embodiment, FIG. 12 shows the ISM vessels on the ion-specific media skid 100 of FIG. 11. Typically, three of the four ISM vessels are online at a time, with the fourth column on standby or being replaced with a new vessel. The standby ISM vessel is selected from the control system, and the motor-operated valves are automatically adjusted. In one embodiment, the system is operated using three ISM vessels online at a time (alternative days / times for the online configuration may be used based on the media used, the conditions being processed, and the system design). The next ISM vessel is then selected as the standby ISM vessel. M vessels are selected in sequence. The standby ISM vessel is then replaced with a new ISM vessel. In the embodiment shown, ISM vessel VSL-463 is on standby. The length of time each ISM vessel is used depends on the particular ISM used and the targeted isotope being removed.

[0072] Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 12, each of the ISM vessels (four tanks designated in FIG. 12 as VSL-xxx) is connected to a pipe with a shutoff valve for rapid removal and replacement. ISM vessel VSL-460 is connected to shutoff valves DV-401 and DV-402. ISM vessel VSL-461 is connected to shutoff valves DV-403 and DV-404. ISM vessel VSL-462 is connected to shutoff valves DV-405 and DV-406. ISM vessel VSL-463 is connected to shutoff valves DV-407 and DV-408. Each vessel is connected to a (normally closed) ball valve VZ, a (normally closed) ball valve VY followed by a check valve CV-Y, and a (normally closed) ball valve VX followed by a drain pipe.

[0073] The filtered treated water is pumped into the ISM bin system from the ISM feed pump P-450. The filtered treated water flows into each ISM bin. After each ISM bin, the filtered treated water flows to the next ISM bin or out of the ISM bin system to Figure 11. The flow through the ISM bin system is tightly controlled with motor-operated ball valves (shown in Figure 24).

[0074] 13-16 are piping diagrams of an exemplary embodiment showing sample housings for each skid. FIG. 13 illustrates the mechanical components within an exemplary embodiment of a sample enclosure for a feed / mix skid (an exemplary embodiment). In an embodiment, a first sample is taken downstream from the first material / mix pump P-150 (of FIG. 8). The sample is routed through gate valve V-130 and through sample valve assembly MVD-100. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-100, then through check valve CV-130, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-131, check valve CV-131, and then back to the primary piping just upstream of the second feed / mix tank T-101 (of FIG. 8). A second sample is taken downstream from the second feed / mix pump P-152 (of FIG. 8). Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 13, the sample is routed through gate valve V-132 and through sample valve assembly MVD-101. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-101, then through check valve CV-132, and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is directed to gate valve V-133, check valve CV-133, and then back into the primary piping just before the second feed / mix tank T-101.

[0075] FIG. 14 illustrates the mechanical components within an exemplary embodiment sample housing for exemplary embodiment solids removal filter skid 120. A first sample is taken downstream of solids removal filter pump P-250 (of FIG. 9) before filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 (both of FIG. 9). Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 14, the sample is routed through gate valve V-230 and through sample valve assembly MVD-200. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-200, then through check valve CV-230, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-231, check valve CV-231, and then back to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (shown in the embodiment of FIG. 9). A second sample is taken immediately after filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 (of FIG. 9). The sample is directed through gate valve V-232 and through sample valve assembly MVD-201. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-201 and then to the check valve. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-233, check valve CV-233, and then back to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (shown in the embodiment of Figure 9).

[0076] FIG. 15 illustrates the mechanical components of an exemplary embodiment of a sample housing for the exemplary embodiment of the ultrafilter skid 110. A first sample is taken downstream of the ultrafilter pump P-350, before filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 (of FIG. 10). The sample is routed through gate valve V-330 and through sample valve assembly MVD-300. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-300, then through check valve CV-330, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-331, check valve CV-332, and then back to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (shown in the embodiment of FIG. 10). A second sample is taken just downstream of filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 (of FIG. 10). The sample is routed through gate valve V-332 and through sample valve assembly MVD-301. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-301, then through check valve CV-332, and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is directed to gate valve V-333, check valve CV-333, and then back to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (shown in Figure 10).

[0077] FIG. 16 is a piping diagram of an exemplary embodiment for the sample enclosure for the ion-specific media skid 100. A sample is collected just before entering the ISM vessel assembly of FIG. 12. The sample is routed through gate valve V-438 and through sample valve assembly MVD-400. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-400, then through check valve CV-438, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed to gate valve V-439, check valve CV-439, and then returned to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (shown in FIG. 11). Additional samples are collected just downstream of each ISM vessel (shown in FIG. 12).

[0078] Continuing with the embodiment of FIG. 16, a sample from ISM vessel VSL-460 (of FIG. 12) is routed through gate valve V-430 to sample valve assembly MVD-460. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-460, then through check valve CV-430, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-431, check valve CV-431, and then back to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (shown in FIG. 11). A sample from ISM vessel VSL-461 (of FIG. 12) is routed through gate valve V-432 to sample valve assembly MVD-461. A portion of the sample is routed to sample port S-461, then through check valve CV-432, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-433, check valve CV-433, and then back to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (shown in FIG. 11). The sample from ISM vessel VSL-462 (in FIG. 12) is routed through gate valve V-434 to sample valve assembly MVD-462. A portion of the sample is routed to sample port S-462, then through check valve CV-434, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-435, check valve CV-435, and then back to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (shown in FIG. 11). The sample from ISM vessel VSL-463 is routed through gate valve V-436 to sample valve assembly MVD-463. A portion of the sample is routed to sample port S-463, then through check valve CV-463, and finally to the sump. The remainder of the sample is routed through gate valve V-437, check valve CV-437, and then back to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (shown in FIG. 11).

[0079] <Control / Instrumentation> In an embodiment, the control and solids feed skid 140 (of FIGS. 7 and 19) houses the control system. This system utilizes an Allen-Bradley or compatible CompactLogics programmable logic controller (PLC) to provide the processing logic for the entire system. A touchscreen HMI mounted on the face of the control panel provides access to the entire control system. However, advanced logic allows for very simple starting and stopping of processing. The system provides both a local interface for supervisory and control operations at the control skid, and a remote control room interface for monitoring only. In addition to skid operation control and interlocks, the control system provides data recording and reporting, radiation detection monitoring, and video camera monitoring for each skid. The operating space for control requires half of the available space on the physical skid. The other half houses the solids feed system, as shown in FIG. 7. In the embodiment shown, the control skid is combined with the solids feed skid to form the control and solids feed skid 140. In some embodiments, the control skid and solids feed skid are separate. Control may occur entirely on-site, remotely, or both. On-site control may occur entirely within the control skid, within the combined control and solids feed skid 140, or may be augmented with remote control from a remotely located control station or from mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptop computers. <General Instrumentation> FIG. 17 shows a typical gauge valve and differential pressure indicating transmitter (PDIT) manifold.

[0080] Figure 18 is a legend explaining instrumentation symbols. Instrument interlocks are used to prevent harm to operators and / or machinery in the event of a leak or other malfunction. Interlock 1 (I1) shuts down any pumps that detect a leak, Interlock 2 (I2) shuts down pumps in a high level state, Interlock 3 (I3) shuts down pumps in a low level state, and Interlock I4 de-energizes valves associated with leak detection. Circles indicate field-mounted instruments, and circles within squares indicate computer dialogs or control elements. Dashed lines indicate electrical or control signals. Each instrument is labeled with a two- or three-digit abbreviation and a three-digit number. The abbreviations used are listed in the diagram.

[0081] 19-24 show exemplary instrumentation for five exemplary skids. <Sump Instrumentation> In an embodiment, every skid has a sump, and every sump has at least one leak detection transmitter that signals a leak detection alarm if a leak is detected. Each leak detection data line has at least one interlock. In an embodiment, the control and solids feed skid 140 (FIG. 19) has one leak detection transmitter LDT-500 connected to a leak detection alarm LDA-500 equipped with interlock I1. The feed / mixing skid 130 (FIG. 20) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-100 and LDT-101 connected to leak detection alarms LDA-100 and LDA-101, respectively, both equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. In an embodiment, the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-200 and LDT-201, which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-200 and LDA-201, respectively, both of which are equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. The ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 22) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-300 and LDT-301. The ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-400 and LDT-401, which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-400 and LDA-401, respectively, both of which are equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. The ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-400 and LDT-401, which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-400 and LDA-401, respectively, both of which are equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. <Environmental monitoring instrumentation> In an embodiment, all skids are also equipped with at least one temperature transmitter and at least one radiation detection transmitter. The control and solids feed skid 140 (FIG. 19) uses a temperature transmitter TT-502 in the solids loading room to transmit ambient temperature to hand indicator HI-502, moisture indicator MI-502, and temperature indicator TI-502. A radiation detection transmitter RDT-510 is used in the control room to transmit radiation levels to radiation indicator RI-510. The feed / mixing skid 130 (FIG. 20) has a temperature transmitter TT-102 that transmits ambient skid temperature data to temperature indicator TI-102 and moisture indicator MI-102. Radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitter RDT-110 and transmitted to radiation indicator RI-110.

[0082] In an embodiment, the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) has a temperature transmitter TT-202 that transmits ambient skid temperature data to a temperature indicator TI-202 and a moisture indicator MI-202. Skid radiation levels are monitored by a radiation detection transmitter RDT-210 and transmitted to a radiation indicator RI-210. Additionally, radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitters RDT-200 and RDT-201 located in proximity to filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, respectively. Radiation levels are transmitted to radiation indicators RI-200 and RI-201, respectively.

[0083] In an embodiment, the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 22) has a temperature transmitter TT-302 that transmits ambient skid temperature data to a temperature indicator TI-302 and a moisture indicator MI-302. Skid radiation levels are monitored by a radiation detection transmitter RDT-310 and transmitted to a radiation indicator RI-310. Additionally, radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitters RDT-300 and RDT-301 located in proximity to filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, respectively. Radiation levels are transmitted to radiation indicators RI-300 and RI-301, respectively.

[0084] In an embodiment, the ambient skid temperature for the ion specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) is sensed by temperature transmitter TT-402 and transmitted to moisture indicator MI-402 and temperature indicator TI-402. Radiation detection transmitters RDT-460, RDT-461, RDT-462, and RDT-463 are located proximate to each ISM vessel. Each radiation detection transmitter is connected to a corresponding radiation indicator RI-460, RI-461, RI-462, and RI-463. <Flow control> In an embodiment, all skids except for the control and solids delivery skid 140 (FIG. 19) have motor-operated ball valves to regulate flow into and out of the skid, as well as flow within the skid.

[0085] In an embodiment, the feed / mix skid 130 (FIG. 20) has a motor-operated ball valve MOV-100 (fail-closed) equipped with interlock I4 at the first end of the skid at the water supply point controlled by the event controller YC-100. Flow from the kid is regulated by a motor-operated ball valve MOV-101 (failed-out state) controlled by the event controller YC-101. A motor-operated butterfly valve MOV-102 acts as a vacuum breaker when the sorbent material feed is interrupted. This valve is normally closed and positionally inactive during operation. When the sorbent material flow is stopped, MOV-102 opens to break the vacuum and prevent further material from being drawn into the system. MOV-102 is controlled by the event controller YC-102.

[0086] In an embodiment, the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) has a motor-operated ball valve MOV-200 (in a failed state) controlled by event controller YC-200 at the inlet of the skid to regulate the incoming flow from the feed / mix skid 130 (FIG. 20). Flow from the skid is regulated by a motor-operated ball valve MOV-203 (in a failed state) controlled by event controller YC-203. Motor-operated ball valves MOV-201 and MOV-202 (both in a failed state) are used to regulate the flow before each of the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, respectively. Motor-operated ball valves MOV-201 and MOV-202 are controlled by event controllers YC-201 and YC-202, respectively.

[0087] In an embodiment, the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 22) has a motor-operated ball valve MOV-300 (left out) controlled by event controller YC-300 at the inlet of the skid that regulates the flow coming in from the solids removal filter skid (FIG. 21). Flow from the skid is regulated by a motor-operated ball valve MOV-303 (left out) controlled by event controller YC-303. Motor-operated ball valves MOV-301 and MOV-302 (both left out) are used to regulate the flow before each of the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, respectively. Motor-operated ball valves MOV-301 and MOV-302 are controlled by event controllers YC-301 and YC-302, respectively.

[0088] In an embodiment, the ion-specific media skid (FIGS. 23-24) has a motor-operated ball valve MOV-400 (left out), controlled by event controller YC-400, at the inlet of the skid to regulate the flow coming in from the ultrafilter skid (FIG. 22). Motor-operated ball valves MOV-401 through MOV-421 (all left out) are distributed throughout the ISM vessel system as shown. Each of the motor-operated ball valves is controlled by event controllers YC-401 through YC-421, where the motor-operated ball valve and the event controller share an identification number. Motor-operated ball valve MOV-422 (left out), controlled by event controller YC-422, is used to regulate the flow leaving the skid.

[0089] In an embodiment, downstream from the first pump on each skid, a magnetic flow meter is used to monitor flow out of the pump. In the feed mixing skid 130 (FIG. 20), the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicator transmitter FIT-100, which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-100. In the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 21), the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicator transmitter FIT-200, which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-200. In the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 22), the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicator transmitter FIT-350, which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-350. In the ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24), the magnetic flow meter is connected to a speed control via a data link. The flow indicator is connected to the flow indicator transmitter FIT-400, which is further connected to the flow indicator FI-400, which is connected to the flow controller SC-450. Pressure Indicators and Controls In an embodiment, pressure is monitored at critical points on all of the skids.

[0090] In the feed / mix skid 130 (Figure 20), pressure in feed / mix tanks T-100 and T-101 is monitored by pressure indicator transmitters PIT-102 and PIT-106, respectively. PIT-102 and PIT-106 are connected to pressure indicators PI-102 and PI-106, respectively. Pressure is monitored just before the discharge device ED-102 at both inputs using pressure indicator transmitters PIT-108 and PIT-109, which are connected to pressure indicators PI-108 and PI-109, respectively. Pressure is monitored upstream and downstream of the first feed / mix pump P-150 by pressure indicator transmitters PIT-100 and PIT-101, which are connected to pressure indicators PI-100 and PI-101, respectively. Pressure is monitored upstream and downstream of the second feed / mixing pump P-152 by pressure indicator transmitters PIT-104 and PIT-105, both connected to diaphragms, which are connected to pressure indicators PI-104 and PI-105, respectively.

[0091] In the solids removal filter skid 120 (Figure 21), pressure upstream of the solids removal filter pump P-250 is monitored by pressure indicator transmitter PIT-200, which is connected to gauge valve GV-200. PIT-200 is connected to pressure indicator PI-200. Pressure is monitored upstream and downstream of the filters by pressure indicator transmitter PIT-201, which is connected to a diaphragm, and PIT-202, which is connected to gauge valve GV-202. PIT-201 and PIT-202 are connected to pressure indicators PI-201 and PI-202, respectively. Both PI-201 and PI-202 are connected to pressure differential indicator PDI-200 via a data link. Additionally, pressure is monitored at the surge suppressor by pressure indicator PI-207.

[0092] In the ultrafilter skid 110 (Figure 22), pressure is monitored just before the ultrafilter pump P-350 using a pressure indicator transmitter PIT-300 connected to gauge valve GV-300. PIT-300 is connected to a pressure indicator controller PIC-300, which is further connected by a data link to the control of a second feed / mix pump P-152 (Figure 20). Pressure is monitored both upstream and downstream of the filters by pressure indicator transmitters PIT-301 and PIT-302, connected to gauge valve GV-301 and gauge valve GV-302, respectively. PIT-301 and PIT-302 are connected to pressure indicators PI-301 and PI-302, respectively. Both PI-301 and PI-302 are connected via a data link to a pressure differential indicator PDI-300. Pressure is further monitored at the surge suppressor by pressure indicator PI-307.

[0093] In the ion-specific media skid 100 (Figures 23-24), pressure is displayed before and after the ISM supply pump P-450. Before the ISM supply pump P-450, pressure indicator transmitter PIT-400, connected to gauge valve GV-400, is connected to pressure indicator controller PIC-400, which is connected via a data link to the ultrafilter supply pump P-350 control. After the ISM supply pump P-450, pressure indicator transmitter PIT-401, connected to gauge valve GV-401, is connected to pressure indicator PI-401. Pressure indicator PI-407 is connected to surge suppressor T-400. Four pressure differential indicator transmitters PDIT-400, PDIT-401, PDIT-402, and PDIT-403 are connected to the inlet of each ISM vessel. and outlet. PDIT-400, PDIT-401, PDIT-402, and PDIT-403 are connected to pressure differential indicators PDI-400, PDI-401, PDI-402, and PDI-403, respectively. Pressure indicator transmitter PIT-402 is located just before motor-operated ball valve MOV-422 and is connected to pressure indicator PI-402. <Pump control> In an embodiment, the feed / mix skid 130 (FIG. 20) has two pumps. The first feed / mix pump P-150 is connected to a variable frequency drive VFD-150 equipped with interlocks I1 and I2. The variable frequency drive VFD-150 is connected to event controllers YC-150A and YC-150B, event indicators YI-150A and YI-150B, and a speed controller SC-150. The control of the first feed / mix pump P-150 is connected via a data link to the level control of the first feed / mix tank T-100. The level in the first feed / mix tank T-100 is automatically controlled through adjustment of the speed of the first feed / mix pump P-150. The level in the first feed / mix tank T-100 is controlled so that the inlet feed flow rate matches the outlet flow rate.

[0094] The second feed / mix pump P-152 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-152, equipped with interlocks I1 and I3. Variable frequency drive VFD-152 is connected to event controllers YC-152A and YC-152B, event indicators YI-152A and YI-152B, and speed controller SC-152. Control of the second feed / mix pump P-152 is connected via a data link to pressure indicator controller PIC-300 (FIG. 22), which displays and controls the pressure immediately upstream of the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 22).

[0095] In an embodiment, the speed of the second feed / mix pump P-152 is adjusted to maintain a constant pressure at the inlet to the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 22). As the solids removal filter loads, its differential pressure will increase, and the speed of the second feed / mix pump P-152 will increase accordingly to maintain a constant pressure downstream of the solids removal filter. By maintaining a constant pressure at the inlet to the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 22), the flow through the solids removal filter matches the flow rate of the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 22). This also ensures that a positive pressure is maintained on the suction side of the ultrafilter pump P-350 (FIG. 22).

[0096] In an embodiment, within solids removal filter skid 120 (FIG. 21), solids removal filter pump P-250 will generally be bypassed. Solids removal filter pump P-250 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-250, equipped with interlock I1. Variable frequency drive VFD-250 is connected to event controllers YC-250A and YC-250B, event indicators YI-250A and YI-250B, and speed controller SC-250.

[0097] In an embodiment, the ultrafilter pump P-350 of the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIG. 22) is connected to a variable frequency drive VFD-350 equipped with interlock I1. The variable frequency drive VFD-350 is connected to event controllers YC-350A and YC-350B, event indicators YI-350A and YI-350B, and speed controller SC-350. The ultrafilter pump control P-350 is connected via a data link to a pressure indicator controller PIC-400 (FIG. 23), which displays and controls the pressure immediately upstream of the ISM feed pump P-450 (FIG. 23). The speed of the ultrafilter pump P-350 is adjusted to maintain a constant flow through the ultrafilters FLT-300 and FLT-301 using a magnetic flow meter. As the filter is loaded and the transmembrane pressure increases, the ultrafilter pump P-350 speed will increase to maintain the flow setpoint. The ultrafilter pump P-350 will be sized to ensure a positive pressure is maintained at the inlet to the ISM feed pump P-450 (FIG. 23).

[0098] In an embodiment, within the ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24), the ISM supply pump P-450 is connected to a variable frequency drive VFD-450 equipped with interlock I1. The variable frequency drive VFD-450 is connected to event controllers YC-450A and YC-450B, event indicators YI-450A and YI-450B, and speed controller SC-450. The ISM supply pump P-450 is a fixed-speed pump with variable speed capability sized for transfer through the ISM vessel and return to the storage tank. To ensure sufficient head is available for transfer duty, the speed of the ISM supply pump P-450 is manually adjusted from the control system. The variable speed capability allows flexibility for operation in different modes or different transfer lengths. Setting this pump to a fixed speed reduces the complexity of the control system because the difference in pressure between the ISM vessel and the return pressure to the supply tank generally does not vary significantly. Sufficient pressure and flow instrumentation will be included to provide proportional feedback control to the ISM Feed Pump P-450, based on operational performance, as needed. <Other Instrumentation> FIG. 19 illustrates the control and instrumentation of the solids feed skid 140 of an exemplary embodiment. The ventilation system is monitored and controlled by moisture indicator / controller MIC-511. Blower B-505 is controlled by event controller YC-505. The mass of powder sorbent or ion exchange material in solids feeder FDR-501 is monitored by weight transmitter WT-501 and displayed by weight indicator WI-501. Level switch low LSL-502 is used in hopper T-502 to send a status to level alarm indicator LAL-502 when the amount of sorbent in hopper T-502 is too low. Event controllers YC-503 and YC-504 are used to control mechanical vibrators VIB-503 and VIB-504, respectively. Event controller YC-506 is used to control the feed rate of sorbent into hopper T-502 through motor-operated butterfly valve MOV-506. The event controller YC-502 is used to control the motorized rotary valve RV-502 between the hopper T-502 and the solid feeder FDR-501 to adjust the adsorbent feed rate. The speed controller SC-501 and the event controller YC-501 control the speed of the solid feeder FDR-501.

[0099] FIG. 20 illustrates the instrumentation of the feed / mix skid 130 of the exemplary embodiment. Both feed / mix tanks are monitored for fill level. Feed / mix tanks T-100 and T-101 have high level switches LSH-100 and LSH-101 (respectively) equipped with interlock I2, and low level switches LSL-100 and LSL-101 (respectively) equipped with interlock I3. The high level switches LSH-100 and LSH-101 are connected to high level alarms LAH-100 and LAH-101, respectively. Similarly, the low level switches LSL-100 and LSL-101 are connected to low level alarms LAL-100 and LAL-101, respectively. The level switches indicate when the tanks are too full or too low.

[0100] The level in each of the feed / mix tanks T-100 and T-101 is monitored by pressure indicator transmitters PIT-103 and PIT-107 (respectively), each connected to a diaphragm. PIT-103 is connected to a level switch indicator LSI -103, level switch high LSH-103, and level indicating controller LIC-103, which is further connected to the control of first feed / mix pump P-150.

[0101] Downstream of the magnetic flowmeter, pH and turbidity are monitored by analyzer sensor AE-100, conductivity sensor CE-100, and analyzer sensor AE-101. Analyzer sensor AE-100 and conductivity sensor CE-100 are connected to conductivity transmitter CT-100, which is connected to analyzer indicator AI-100, temperature indicator TI-100, and conductivity indicator CI-100. Analyzer sensor AE-101 is connected to analyzer transmitter AT-101, which is connected to analyzer indicator AI-101.

[0102] FIG. 21 illustrates the instrumentation of the solids removal filter skid 120 of an exemplary embodiment. Conductivity is monitored before and after the filter with a pre-filter conductivity sensor CE-200 and a conductivity transmitter CT-200, and a post-filter conductivity sensor CE-201. The conductivity sensor CE-200 and a conductivity transmitter CT-200 are connected to a conductivity indicator CI-200 and a temperature indicator TI-200. The conductivity sensor CE-201 is connected to a conductivity transmitter CT-200, which is connected to a conductivity indicator CI-201 and a temperature indicator TI-201. A leak detection transmitter LDT-202 is located on the gas purge line. If a leak is detected, a local light is activated to indicate the leak. Turbidity is monitored at the second end of the skid. An analyzer sensor AE-200 is connected to an analyzer transmitter AT-200, which is connected to an analyzer indicator AI-200.

[0103] Figure 22 illustrates the instrumentation of the ultrafilter skid 110 of an exemplary embodiment. Conductivity is monitored before and after the filter with a pre-filter conductivity sensor CE-300 and a conductivity transmitter CT-300, and a post-filter conductivity sensor CE-301 and a conductivity transmitter CT-301. The conductivity sensor CE-300 and a conductivity transmitter CT-300 are connected to a conductivity indicator CI-300 and a temperature indicator TI-300. The post-filter conductivity sensor CE-301 and a conductivity transmitter CT-301 are connected to a conductivity indicator CI-301 and a temperature indicator TI-301. The leak detection transmitter LDT-302 is located on the gas purge line. When a leak is detected, a local light is activated to indicate the leak.

[0104] 23 and 24 illustrate the instrumentation of the ion-specific media skid 100 of an exemplary embodiment. Immediately after the motor-operated ball valve MOV-400, a conductivity sensor CE-400 is connected to a conductivity transmitter CT-400, which is then connected to a conductivity indicator CI-400 and a temperature indicator TI-400. The conductivity transmitter CT-400 is further connected to a conductivity sensor CE-401 in the ISM vessel system and transmits conductivity data to the conductivity indicator CI-401 and temperature indicator TI-401. <Startup / nominal value> In an embodiment of the start-up procedure, the piping system is filled and discharged with clean water injected through multiple flush connections. The RO reject feed stream is started with the second feed / mix pump P-152, and the powder sorbent or ion exchange material feed is initiated. The first feed / mix tank T-100 is allowed to fill to its normal operating level. Once the tank reaches a high level, the downstream pumps P-152, P-350, and P-450 start in sequence. The second feed / mix pump P-152 is started with the second feed / mix tank T-101 level set point and a positive pressure allowance at its suction. The ultrafilter pump P-350 then signals its suction pressure on its suction side pressure transmitter. It will start when the suction pressure reaches a positive value through tolerance. The ISM supply pump P-450 will then start when its suction pressure reaches a positive value through tolerance on its suction pressure transmitter. The variable speed drive will be set to a constant speed for a gradual pump ramp. Once all pumps have ramped up to speed, the system will transition to automatic control and the normal operating sequence described above will take over. <Optimal system operation> Now consider the planned number of filters and ISM vessels generated in the used SRF, UF, and ISM vessels. The number of SRFs generated is related to how much powder sorbent or ion exchange material is used. The baseline run is performed using 5,000 m of water. 3It is expected that five used SRF will be generated per 1,000m of water. 3 The adsorbent usage is 400 kg per 1,000 m 3 The volume could be as low as 100 kg per 1000 ml of water, which would result in one or two spent SRFs. The UF fills the colloidal material that passes through the SRF. The expected volume is 5,000 m3 of water. 3 One spent UF is generated per 5 days of operation. The ISM vessel is expected to be spent after 5 days of operation, so 5,000 m 3 Generates 3.33 used ISM containers per unit.

[0105] MPS has a strontium decontamination factor (DF) of over 10 and is 300m 3 It is optimally designed to operate at an operational flow rate of 55 gpm / day (the flow rate when the system is operating, excluding downtime such as filter and media changes, reconfigurations or relocations, or scheduled or unscheduled maintenance). The optimized target is a DF of 1,000, which will be achieved under a continuous improvement program followed by further operation, evaluation, and adjustment.

[0106] The treatment system is designed for ease of transport from one site to another with the flexibility to operate in different modes of filtration and ion removal. Top-level treatment requirements for inlet water specifications are assumed as shown in Table 2.

[0107] The top-level treatment requirements for the inlet water specifications are assumed as shown in Table 2.

[0108] [Table 2]

[0109] Table 2. Equipment inlet water specifications In an embodiment, the control / solids feed skid 140 (FIGS. 7 and 19) is used to control the flow rate of adsorbent to the feed / mix skid 130 (FIGS. 8 and 20). The feed / mix skid 130 (FIGS. 8 and 20) is configured to process 300 m3 per day. 3 (55 gpm) flow rate from the site. This ratio is equivalent to 1000 m3 of water with a 40-minute chemical contact time. 3 It accepts powdered chemical additions ranging from 100 to 800 kg of powder per gallon and provides a continuous flow to the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIGS. 9 and 21).

[0110] In an embodiment, to remove powder sorbent or ion exchange material solids, solids removal filter skid 120 (FIGS. 9 and 21) receives water from the feed / mix skid (FIGS. 8 and 20) and provides filtered water to ultrafilter skid 110 (FIGS. 10 and 22) to achieve absolute filtration of 2.0 μm (0.8 μm nominal).

[0111] In an embodiment, the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIGS. 10 and 22) receives water from the solids removal filter skid 120 (FIGS. 9 and 21) for colloidal solids removal to provide filtered water to the ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 11-12 and 23-24) having an absolute filtration capacity of 10,000 Daltons (Da). The ion-specific media skid 100 (FIGS. 11-12 and 23-24) is designed to receive water from the ultrafilter skid 110 (FIGS. 10 and 22) and provide a shielded ion exchange process through strontium-specific granular media, and is configured to filter 300 m 3 / day, the treated water is returned to the RO reject storage tank. <Water improvement> Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove larger particles from drinking water. In RO, applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure. RO can remove many types of molecules and ions, including bacteria, from a solution and is used in both industrial processing and drinking water production. As a result, solutes are retained on the pressurized side of the membrane, allowing pure solvent to migrate to the other side. RO is most commonly known for its use in purifying drinking water from seawater, removing salts and other waste materials from the water molecules. RO is well known in water improvement technology, both as a full-scale process and as an advanced mobile process. Therefore, it is clear that RO processing can be included as a skid within a mobile treatment system.

[0112] Another remedial process is isotope separation via a helical screw conveyor. Helical screw ion exchange (HSIX) systems transport media in a parallel or countercurrent configuration. In these configurations, contaminated water is mixed with ion exchange media to facilitate the migration of contaminants from the contaminated water, producing clean water and a contaminant-containing slurry that is treated for further disposal. HSIX systems are described in detail in co-pending application Ser. No. 62 / 152,521, filed April 24, 2015, entitled "Helical Screw Ion Exchange and Dewatering Unit for Nuclear Water Treatment Systems," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. HSIX systems may be used in place of or in combination with ISM modules and, like other skid system components as previously described in this disclosure, may be included on skids for mobile, modular, and scalable operation.

[0113] FIG. 25 shows an embodiment of the pilot skid as a smaller, complete system that houses the feed / mix, solids removal filter, ultrafilter, and functionality as previously described for the ISM skid in a single enclosure.

[0114] The following is a detailed system description of the pilot skid embodiment: The pilot skid embodiment comprises: Feed preparation and blending to prepare waste feed for downstream operations, including the following processes: adding powdered sorbent or ion exchange material for accurate dosing to the wastewater; mixing the wastewater and the powder in batches of up to 500 litres; sampling the wastewater before and after adding and mixing the powder; and Sending feed to downstream processing at a nominal flow rate of 7.5 liters per minute ●First stage filtration Absolute filtration of 2.0 μm (0.8 μm nominal) shall be achieved.

[0115] Simulate a production-scale solids-retaining filter (SRF). ●Second stage filtration Absolute filtration of 10,000 Daltons (Da) can be achieved.

[0116] Simulate a production-scale ultrafilter (UF). ●ISM ○Removal of dissolved strontium ○Production scale ISM simulation Control systems for skid equipment operation Piping, pumps, valves, and instrumentation required to support pilot operation ● HVAC to provide a suitable environment for equipment and personnel Shielding to support operator involvement for routine operations such as arranging valves Small footprint and portability ● Earthquake resistance that matches the full-scale MPS system The pilot embodiment utilizes site interface power that is 460V, 3-phase, 50Hz, provided to a location near the MPS. Non-potable clean water will be provided to the MPS site via hose for system flushing. Alternatively, clean water output from the system may be rerouted back for periodic flushing of the system. Flushing capacity will be approximately 1900 L (500 gallons). A mobile crane will be used in routine production operations for filter and ISM removal and replacement. Process equipment and piping may be positioned to mitigate the risk of damage from accidental contact during these operations, and guardrails and / or structures will be provided, if necessary.

[0117] The clean water exiting the MPS is sampled at various points throughout the individual modules to ensure that the water meets environmental and health standards at its final exit. The water may be sampled manually and / or automatically. In some embodiments, the clean water is stored in an on-site storage tank to await further processing. In some embodiments, the clean water is rerouted back through the system for system cleaning operations.

[0118] The Mobile Processing System (MPS) design incorporates applicable codes and standards for real-time processing of radioactive waste. System design and equipment considerations will meet or exceed the following: ●"JSME Nuclear Power Plant Design Standards and Construction Standards" (2005 and later) ●"JSME Nuclear Power Plant Design Standards Welding Standards" (2005 and later) ●"JAEG Nuclear Power Plant Earthquake Resistance Inspection Guidelines" Supporting documentation will need to be prepared, including:

[0119] ○ "Application for implementation plan for special nuclear power plant facilities" ○ "Pre-use inspection" and ○ "Welding inspection" <Nominal material> Table 3 below lists some common equipment specification embodiments. Other equipment specifications are possible.

[0120] [Table 3] TIFF2025170328000006.tif239170 TIFF2025170328000007.tif239170 TIFF2025170328000008.tif238170

[0121] Table 3: Common equipment specifications Now, regarding material selection and corrosion resistance, the double certified 316 / 316L stainless steel was selected for the tank, and the 316L was used for the tank being treated. 316L was selected for the piping that will provide water containment. Rapid text water chemistry specifications were used to evaluate expected boundary levels of chloride, conductivity, and ionic content of the tank water. 316L was selected because it is rated for use in this environment and is readily available. To further reduce the risk of corrosion, the material will be passivated with nitric acid prior to transfer. The spool piping will have welds cleaned, and then the entire spool piping will be passivated again after assembly. The tank welds will be cleaned and passivated individually after assembly.

[0122] The pump will be made from 316L with multiple impellers that have a smooth finish to reduce corrosion. The valve body will be made from CF8M steel, which is rated for seawater use. The Cambarock connector will be made from CF3M steel, which is rated for seawater use.

[0123] 304L stainless steel will be used for drip pans and structural steel that will not come into contact with tank water. This material offers corrosion resistance in general environments, is readily available, and is less expensive than 316 / 316L.

[0124] Radiation resistance considerations are incorporated by selecting polymeric materials for use in the MPS, and these are shown below using published, verified radiation damage thresholds. Soft valve seats are preferred in the valves to ensure leak-tightness. Hoses were selected for their pressure rating, bend radius, weight, and ease of handling. While these properties are important for processing, radiation resistance was emphasized in material selection. Fluoroelastomers (e.g., PTFE, Teflon) are common valve seat materials but are avoided due to their perceived low resistance to radiation exposure.

[0125] [Table 4]

[0126] Table 4: Radiation resistance of materials Additionally, structural strength and seismic safety are included in Tables 5, 6, and 7 below.

[0127] [Table 5]

[0128] Table 5: Structural strength results of the MPS vessel

[0129] [Table 6]

[0130] Table 6: MPS seismic safety assessment results

[0131] [Table 7]

[0132] Table 7: Pipe structural strength evaluation results Because radiation protection is paramount, the filters and ISM vessels that accumulate radioactive material will be surrounded by shielding. The SRF and UF filters will be surrounded by 51 mm of carbon steel shielding, and the ISM vessels will have 25 mm of carbon steel shielding. Dose rates will be calculated, with the goal being to limit the on-contact dose rate to 5 mSv / hr. Based on the source term, the dose rate calculation was two standard deviations above the mean source term from the characterization data and fully installed filter cartridges. The calculated dose rates are shown in the table below. Each vessel will have a radiation monitoring probe, and the operating area will have general area radiation monitoring. Radiation detection will be monitored both at the local control skid and at remote monitoring stations.

[0133] [Table 8]

[0134] Table 8: Radiation Shielding Specifications Temperature control for spent SRF, UF, and ISM vessels caused by self-heating due to trapped Sr-90 was examined along with the results of MPS operation. Self-heating from Sr-90 collected in the SRF filter (21.5 watts), ultrafilter (249.4 watts), and ISM vessel (1.3 watts) was evaluated. At an ambient temperature of 40°C, the following results are obtained for the temperature of the shield exposed to ambient air, for the internal filter canister in the wet-dry storage, and for the ISM vessel in the dry storage: Solids Removal Filter Temperature of the shield exposed to ambient conditions: 41.75°C ○ Temperature at the center line of the dry storage canister: 63.8℃ or less ○Wet storage canister centerline temperature: 47.3°C or less Ultrafilter Temperature of the shield exposed to ambient conditions: 52.4°C ○ Temperature at the center line of the dry storage canister: 106.3℃ or less ○Wet storage canister centerline temperature 87.4℃ or less ●ISM Temperature of the shield exposed to ambient conditions: 40.22°C ○ISM bed centerline temperature: 43℃ or less If used filters and ISM containers are stored in a sunny location, there is a possibility of further heating of the outer surface due to solar radiation. Heating due to solar radiation was not included in the above calculations. It is difficult to estimate the exact amount of heating from solar radiation, as the amount of heating is highly dependent on weather conditions. If the incident solar radiation is 1m 2 With 700 watts per minute and a moderate wind of 5 m / s, the metal plate could warm to 19°C above ambient temperature. With wind of 1 m / s, the metal plate could warm to 37°C above ambient temperature. A similar increase in canister centerline temperature can be expected, as internal heating would then dissipate through the shield, which is heated by the sun and from the inside. These temperatures would not compromise the containment boundary provided by the filter canister or ISM vessel. When water is flowing at 208 L / min, the heat from all the Sr-90 stored in the process will raise the water temperature by 0.019°C. When the flow is interrupted, the UF canister warms at 13°C / day, and the SRF canister warms at 0.89°C / day. <Leak prevention / environmental considerations / safety> The system is designed to prevent spills, damage to the environment and injury to field operators.

[0135] In an embodiment, the system design includes a local control room and interconnections between units of the MPS integrated into a control system that allows communications for remote operation during normal run-time and all system operations to be performed by a central control station, thereby enabling immediate response to pump shutdowns or fault conditions and ensuring unit isolation as needed to meet leakage and radiation protection requirements.

[0136] Further considerations for the pilot embodiment include the installation of shielding, reduced maintenance, radiation monitoring, and remote operation to reduce radiation dose to operators. The design will prevent radioactive material from leaking into the environment. However, in the unlikely event that any radioactive material is released from the stream, weir systems, leak detector systems, and piping installed outside the building are designed to prevent any leaked radioactive material from spreading, including leak protection at joints, etc. All processing lines between skids consist of hoses with secondary containment to prevent leakage into the environment. All filter vessels will be provided with appropriate shielding.

[0137] Check valves are used throughout the system to prevent reverse flow. Many of the valves are motor operated to allow for quick shutoff or open as needed to prevent leaks or reduce pressure. Pressure gauges in the system all display locally and most also in the control room for careful monitoring of system pressure. Pressure relief valves are located in each skid to automatically relieve pressure if system pressure exceeds a predetermined value. Motor operated valves are designed to fail in place, open, or closed, depending on their location in the system to minimize damage and environmental hazards in the event of a failure. Redundant valves are used throughout the system to provide additional control and increase the system's safety factor, allowing for a more reliable and efficient system. Again, this mitigates the possibility of leakage into the environment. Instrumentation interlocks are used to prevent injury to operators and / or machinery in the event of a leak or other malfunction.

[0138] In embodiments, process equipment and piping may be positioned, and guardrails and / or structures installed, if necessary, to mitigate the risk of damage from accidental contact during their operation. Additionally, seismic capacity is consistent with the full-scale MPS system.

[0139] Additionally, the design prevents the retention of flammable gases when such retention is a concern. Hydrogen control is a consideration due to the risk of explosion. Therefore, a hydrogen release function is provided. The approach to hydrogen control in the MPS is based on dilution to prevent the hydrogen concentration in the air from exceeding the lower flammability limit (LFL). When connected to the processing system, the filter will have a vent path with inert gas removal capability to safely release the hydrogen from the ISO container. For filters in storage, calculations and testing of the filter characteristics required to demonstrate that passive ventilation of the filter will effectively control hydrogen have not been completed. Active ventilation with forced air circulation, similar to the vacuum pump initially used on cesium ISM containers, may be required until the effectiveness of passive ventilation is demonstrated.

[0140] In an embodiment, the instrumentation and control system is designed to provide fully automatic normal operation of the system through the use of fully redundant, fault-tolerant programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Any abnormal operation is not automatically controlled. However, the system provides for manual intervention at any point in the processing cycle to perform a "graceful" shutdown. The system design includes a local control room, communications for remote operation during normal runtime, and interconnections between MPS units integrated into the control system, allowing all system operation to be performed by a central control station. This also allows for immediate response to pump shutdowns or fault conditions and ensures unit isolation as needed to meet leakage and radiation protection requirements. <Stacking> In some embodiments, skids may be stacked on top of other skids to reduce the system footprint. The configuration shown, FIGS. 26A-26D, is an exemplary embodiment using standard 20-foot intermodal shipping containers. Hatching in the illustrated figures indicates containers that are in contact with the ground. The exemplary stacking embodiment as shown shows containers stacked two high. Additional stacking configurations, not shown, are possible, including stacking three or more skids high. Other skid sizes may also be used. Additionally, configurations including two or more different sized skids are possible, for example, a 40-foot intermodal container stacked on top of two 20-foot intermodal containers. In some embodiments, additional structural support, interlocking mechanisms, and / or access points are included to allow for various stacking configurations.

[0141] An elevated access platform may be installed to allow separation of the filter and ISM vessel for replacement, hydrogen release, sampling, control room access, and placement of interconnecting hoses. Crane access may be required for routine operational replacement of the solids removal filter, ultrafilter, and ISM vessel. Alternatively, openings in the side walls, roof, and / or floor of the skid, with or without doors, may be provided to provide access to the filter and ISM vessel for the purpose of routine operational replacement.

[0142] 27 shows an exemplary embodiment in which the control and solids feed skid 140 is stacked on top of the feed / mixing skid 130 and the solids removal filter skid 120. In the embodiment shown, the feed side of the control and solids feed skid 140 may be placed on top of the feed / mixing skid 130, with solids fed directly into the feed / mixing skid 130 by gravity through the floor of the control and solids feed skid 140. The control side of the control and solids feed skid 140 may be located on the solids removal filter skid 120. The solids removal filter skid 120 may be located to allow easy access to the filter from the top of the skid. The control room may be accessible to personnel by a ladder or staircase (not shown).

[0143] For convenience, the operations are described as various interconnected functional blocks or separate software modules. However, this is not required, and in some cases these functional blocks or modules may be equivalently integrated into a single logical element, program, or operation having unclear boundaries. In any case, the functional blocks and software modules or described features may be implemented by themselves or in combination with other operations in either hardware or software.

[0144] While the principles of the present invention have been explained and illustrated in preferred embodiments thereof, it should be apparent that the present invention may be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. The following claims claim all modifications and variations which come within the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed.

Claims

1. 1. A modular nuclear waste treatment system comprising: two or more processing modules operably configured to provide scalability and reconfigurability, the scalability and reconfigurability being achieved through the use of at least one of standardized connections and dimensionally standardized processing modules; The modular nuclear waste treatment system comprises: a first processing module configured to monitor a chemical characteristic of nuclear process wastewater input into the first processing module, the monitoring being at least one of manual and automatic; the first processing module configured to mix a measured amount of adsorbent with the nuclear process wastewater, the measured amount being stoichiometrically determined based on the monitored chemical characteristic of the nuclear process wastewater; and the measured amount being fed into the system at least one of manually and automatically; The modular nuclear waste treatment system comprises: configured to monitor a chemical characteristic of the sorbent-treated water at an outlet from the first treatment module, the monitoring being at least one of manual and automatic; The modular nuclear waste treatment system comprises: configured to adjust the measured amount of the sorbent in response to the monitored chemical properties of the sorbent-treated water; The modular nuclear waste treatment system comprises: configured to supply the sorbent-treated water from an outlet of the first treatment module to a second treatment module, the second treatment module comprising one or more vessels containing ion exchange media; The modular nuclear waste treatment system comprises: configured to monitor the chemical properties of the water at an outlet from the second treatment module, the monitoring being at least one of manual and automatic; The modular nuclear waste treatment system comprises: a system configured to one of confirm and fine-tune the measured amount of sorbent in response to the monitored chemical properties of the water at the outlet from the second treatment module.

2. 10. The system of claim 1, The system further comprises one or more treatment modules operable to treat contaminants removed from the nuclear processing wastewater.

3. 3. The system of claim 2, The system, wherein one of the one or more treatment modules operates to vitrify contaminants removed from the nuclear processing wastewater.

4. 10. The system of claim 1, A system wherein two or more of the processing modules are positioned at different elevations.

5. 10. The system of claim 1, A system in which the functionality of two or more processing modules is contained within a small pilot processing module.

6. 10. The system of claim 1, The system, wherein the one or more processing modules are contained within an intermodal container.

7. 10. The system of claim 1, The system, wherein the adsorbent is at least one of beaded and granular.

8. 10. The system of claim 1, The amount of adsorbent is adjusted to standardize the concentration of specific ions so that the chemical state remains stable in the system.

9. 10. The system of claim 1, The system wherein the time for the adsorbent to bind contaminants in the nuclear processing wastewater depends on at least one of the ions and isotopes being treated.

10. 10. The system of claim 1, The system's key components are configured to automatically respond in the event of malfunctions, exceeded temperatures, pressures, and radiation ranges, and other phenomena requiring system shutdown.

11. 10. The system of claim 1, A system wherein one or more of the process modules comprises one or more motor-operated valves at each end of at least a main line to control flow into and out of the process module.

12. 12. The system of claim 11, The one or more motor-operated valves are further operable to open one of manually and automatically to reduce pressure and to close one of manually and automatically to stop system flow when rapid system shutdown is required.

13. 10. The system of claim 1, A system wherein redundant valves are implemented within the one or more process modules to increase the safety factor of the system.

14. 10. The system of claim 1, A system in which two or more processing modules are connected in series.

15. 10. The system of claim 1, A system in which two or more processing modules are connected in parallel.

16. 10. The system of claim 1, A system in which two or more processing modules are connected in series and further connected in parallel to two or more further processing modules.

17. 1. A modular nuclear waste treatment method comprising: configuring two or more processing modules to provide scalability and reconfigurability, the scalability and reconfigurability being achieved through the use of at least one of standardized connections and dimensionally standardized processing modules; The modular nuclear waste treatment system further comprises: a first processing module configured to monitor a chemical characteristic of the nuclear process wastewater input to the first processing module, the monitoring being at least one of manual and automatic; the first processing module configured to mix a measured amount of sorbent with the nuclear process wastewater, the measured amount being stoichiometrically determined based on the monitored chemical characteristic of the nuclear process wastewater; the measured amount is fed into the system one of manually and automatically; The modular nuclear waste treatment system further comprises: configured to monitor a chemical characteristic of the sorbent-treated water at an outlet from the first treatment module, the monitoring being at least one of manual and automatic; The modular nuclear waste treatment system further comprises: configured to adjust the measured amount of the sorbent in response to the monitored chemical properties of the sorbent-treated water; The modular nuclear waste treatment system further comprises: configured to supply the sorbent-treated water from an outlet of the first treatment module to a second treatment module, the second treatment module comprising one or more vessels containing ion exchange media; The modular nuclear waste treatment system further comprises: configured to monitor the chemical properties of the water at an outlet from the second treatment module, the monitoring being at least one of manual and automatic; The modular nuclear waste treatment system further comprises: and wherein the method is configured to one of confirm and fine-tune the measured amount of adsorbent in response to the monitored chemical properties of the water at the outlet from the second treatment module.

18. 18. The method of claim 17, The method further comprises one or more treatment modules operable to treat contaminants removed from the nuclear processing wastewater.

19. 18. The method of claim 17, The method, wherein one of the one or more treatment modules operates to vitrify contaminants removed from the nuclear processing wastewater.

20. 18. The method of claim 17, A method wherein two or more of the processing modules are positioned at different heights.

21. 18. The method of claim 17, A method in which the functionality of two or more processing modules is contained within a small pilot processing module.

22. 18. The method of claim 17, The method, wherein the one or more processing modules are contained within an intermodal container.

23. 18. The method of claim 17, The method, wherein the adsorbent is at least one of beaded and granular.

24. 18. The method of claim 17, A method in which the amount of adsorbent is adjusted to standardize the concentration of a particular ion so that the chemical state remains stable.

25. 18. The method of claim 17, The method wherein the time for which the sorbent is allowed to bind contaminants in the nuclear processing wastewater depends on at least one of the ions and isotopes being treated.

26. 18. The method of claim 17, The method, wherein key components are configured to automatically respond in the event of malfunctions, exceeded temperatures, pressures, and radiation ranges, and other phenomena requiring system shutdown.

27. 18. The method of claim 17, A method wherein one or more of the treatment modules comprises one or more motor-operated valves at each end of at least a main line to control the flow of fluid into and out of the treatment module.

28. 28. The method of claim 27, The one or more motor-operated valves are further operable to open one of manually and automatically to reduce pressure and to close one of manually and automatically to stop system flow when rapid system shutdown is required.

29. 18. The method of claim 17, A method wherein redundant valves are implemented within the one or more process modules to increase the safety factor of the system.

30. 18. The method of claim 17, A method in which two or more processing modules are connected in series.

31. 18. The method of claim 17, A method in which two or more processing modules are connected in parallel

32. 18. The method of claim 17, A method in which two or more processing modules are connected in series and further connected in parallel to two or more further processing modules.

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