Stabilized heat transfer compositions, methods, and systems

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, and optionally, preferably an acid depletable moiety.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to the following U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 63 / 298,964, filed January 12, 2022, 63 / 298,966, filed January 12, 2022, 63 / 298,968, filed January 12, 2022, 63 / 315,019, filed February 28, 2022, and 63 / 315,025, filed February 28, 2022, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0002] The present invention relates to compositions, methods, and systems that have utility in heat exchange applications, including air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In certain aspects, the present invention relates to compositions that are useful in heat transfer systems of the type in which the refrigerant R-410A may be used. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful as replacements for the refrigerant R-410A for heating and cooling applications, and for retrofitting heat exchange systems, including systems designed for use with R-410A. [Background technology]

[0003] Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air conditioners are well known in the art for industrial, commercial, and domestic use. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants for such systems. However, since the 1980s, the impact of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has attracted much attention. In 1987, many governments signed the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Global Environment, which set a timetable for the phase-out of CFC products. Hydrogen-containing, more environmentally acceptable materials, namely hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), have replaced CFCs.

[0004] One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants was chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to the Montreal Protocol accelerated the phase-out of CFCs and scheduled the phase-out of HCFCs, including HCFC-22.

[0005] In response to the need for non-flammable, non-toxic alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, industry has developed several hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with zero ozone depletion potential. R-410A (a 50:50 w / w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) has been adopted as an industrial replacement for HCFC-22 in air conditioning and cooling applications because it does not contribute to ozone depletion. However, R-410A is not a drop-in replacement for R-22. Thus, the replacement of R-22 with R-410A has required the redesign of major components in the heat exchange system, including the replacement and redesign of compressors to accommodate the substantially higher operating pressures and volumes of R-410A compared to R-22.

[0006] While R-410A has a more acceptable Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) than R-22, continued use of R-410A is problematic due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 2088. Thus, there is a need in the art to replace R-410A with a more environmentally acceptable alternative.

[0007] It is understood in the art that it is highly desirable for an alternative heat transfer fluid to possess a mosaic of difficult to achieve properties, including, among others, excellent heat transfer properties (specifically, heat transfer properties well-matched to the needs of a particular application), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility, and / or lubricant compatibility. In addition, any replacement for R-410A would ideally be a good match for the operating conditions of R-410A to avoid system modifications or redesign. The development of a heat transfer fluid that meets all of these requirements, many of which are unpredictable, is a major challenge.

[0008] With regard to efficiency of use, it is important to note that the loss of thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency of a refrigerant may result in increased use of fossil fuels as a result of increased demand for electrical energy, and therefore the use of such refrigerants will have secondary negative impacts on the environment.

[0009] Flammability is considered an important property for many heat transfer applications. As used herein, the term "non-flammable" refers to a compound or composition that is determined to be non-flammable according to ASTM Standard E-681-2009 Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases) under the conditions set forth in ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants and Appendix B1 of ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, which is incorporated herein by reference and is referred to herein for convenience as the "non-flammability test."

[0010] It is very important to maintain system efficiency and proper and reliable operation of the compressor that the lubricant circulating through the vapor compression heat transfer system is returned to the compressor to perform its intended lubricating function. Otherwise, the lubricant can accumulate and remain in the coils and pipes of the system, including in the heat transfer components. Furthermore, if the lubricant accumulates on the inner surface of the evaporator, the heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator is reduced, thereby reducing the efficiency of the system.

[0011] R-410A is currently commonly used with polyol ester (POE) lubricants in air conditioning applications because R-410A is miscible with POE at temperatures encountered during use in such systems. However, R-410A is immiscible with POE at temperatures typically encountered during operation of low-temperature refrigeration and heat pump systems. Thus, POE and R-410A cannot be used in low-temperature refrigeration or heat pump systems unless measures are taken to mitigate this immiscibility.

[0012] Applicants have come to realize that it would be desirable to provide compositions that can be used as a replacement for R-410A in air conditioning applications, particularly residential and commercial air conditioning applications, including rooftop air conditioning, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioning, and chiller air conditioning applications. Applicants have also come to realize that the compositions, methods, and systems of the present invention have the advantage of overcoming the drawback of incompatibility with POE at temperatures encountered during operation, for example, in heat pumps and low temperature refrigeration systems. Summary of the Invention

[0013] The present invention provides refrigerant compositions that may be used as a replacement for R-410A, and which in preferred embodiments exhibit a mosaic of desirable properties of excellent heat transfer properties, chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility and lubricant compatibility, along with low GWP and near-zero ODP.

[0014] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1A.

[0015] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present in an amount of 51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), The lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, and the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1B.

[0016] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); The lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, and the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 1C.

[0017] As used herein with respect to percentages based on a list of particular compounds, the term "relative percentage" means the percentage of a particular compound based on the total weight of the listed compounds.

[0018] As used herein in relation to weight percent, the term "about" in relation to an amount of a particular component means that the amount of the particular component can vary in an amount of + / - 2% by weight.

[0019] In connection with the use of a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene in a heat transfer composition comprising a CF3I refrigerant and a lubricant comprising POE and / or PVE, applicants have found that there exists a limit range in which the stabilizing effect of the alkylated naphthalene is beneficially and unexpectedly enhanced relative to the stabilizing effect outside the range of 1% to less than 10% by weight, or preferably 1.5% to less than 8% by weight, or preferably 1.5% to about 6% by weight, or preferably 1.5 to 5% by weight, based on the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The reason for the improved performance within this limit range comes from the discovery that the stabilizing performance of the alkylated naphthalene may deteriorate to a degree that is undesirable for some applications when used in amounts greater than about 10% in the absence of other solutions described below. Moreover, applicants believe that the stabilizing performance of the alkylated naphthalene is also undesirable for some applications when used in amounts less than 1%. The existence of this limit range is unexpected.

[0020] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising from about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 2A.

[0021] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present in an amount of 51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 2B.

[0022] Accordingly, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 2C.

[0023] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 3A.

[0024] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present in an amount of 51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 3B.

[0025] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 3C.

[0026] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising from about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in the composition in an amount of from 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 4A.

[0027] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 39 to 45% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present in an amount of 51-57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 4B.

[0028] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 4C.

[0029] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5%±0.5% trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 5A.

[0030] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% + / - 0.3% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of from 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 5B.

[0031] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5%±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 6A.

[0032] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% + / - 0.3% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 6B.

[0033] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5%±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 7A.

[0034] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 3.5 wt.% + / - 0.3 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5 wt.% to 8 wt.%, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 7B.

[0035] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5 wt.%±0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5 wt.% to 8 wt.%, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 8A for convenience.

[0036] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% + / - 0.3% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene being present in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as Heat Transfer Composition 8B for convenience.

[0037] The present invention also includes any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-8, wherein the stabilizer is essentially free of ADM, as defined below. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 8C.

[0038] The invention also includes any of heat transfer compositions 1-8, wherein the stabilizer is essentially free of ADM, and wherein the stabilizer further comprises BHT. A heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 8D.

[0039] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 41% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 3.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and % by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene and an acid depletable moiety. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 9A.

[0040] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene and an acid depletable moiety. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 9B.

[0041] As used herein, the term "acid depleting moiety" (herein referred to for convenience as "ADM") means a compound or radical which, when present in a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant containing about 10% by weight (such percentage being based on the weight of all refrigerants in the heat transfer composition) or more of CF3I, has the effect of substantially reducing the acid moieties that would otherwise be present in the heat transfer composition. As used herein, when used in reference to acid moieties in a heat transfer composition, the term "substantially reduce" means that the acid moieties are reduced sufficiently to result in a reduction in the TAN value (defined below) of at least about 10 relative percent.

[0042] In connection with the use of stabilizers comprising alkylated naphthalene and ADM, applicants have found that certain materials can substantially and unexpectedly enhance the performance of stabilizers comprising or consisting essentially of alkylated naphthalene stabilizers. Specifically, applicants have found that certain materials can aid in the depletion of acidic moieties in heat transfer compositions containing CF3I, including any heat transfer composition of the present invention. Applicants have found that formulating a heat transfer composition with ADM provides an unexpected and synergistic enhancement to the stability function of at least the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer of the present invention. The reason for this synergistic effect is not understood with certainty, but without being bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that the alkylated naphthalene stabilizers of the present invention function in large part by stabilizing free radicals formed from the CF3I of the refrigerants of the present invention, but that this stabilizing effect is at least somewhat reduced in the presence of acidic moieties. As a result, the presence of the ADM of the present invention allows the alkylated naphthalene stabilizers to function with an unexpected and synergistic enhancement effect. Additionally, Applicants have found that the degradation in performance that Applicants observed at relatively high concentrations of alkylated naphthalenes (i.e., about 10%) can be offset by incorporating ADM into the heat transfer composition (or stabilized lubricant).

[0043] Thus, the present invention includes a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 1.

[0044] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 2.

[0045] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 50% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 0.1% to about 50% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 3.

[0046] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 5% to about 30% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4.

[0047] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 5% to about 20% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 5.

[0048] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 41% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 3.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and % by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 10A.

[0049] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present at about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 10B.

[0050] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 41% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 3.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and % by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 11A.

[0051] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present at about 39.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 11B.

[0052] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 5, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 41% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 3.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and % by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 12A.

[0053] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 5, wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and It is present at about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 12B.

[0054] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 13A.

[0055] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), and the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 13B.

[0056] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 14A.

[0057] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 14B.

[0058] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 15A.

[0059] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 15B.

[0060] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 16A.

[0061] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 16B.

[0062] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 17A.

[0063] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: 49% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39.5% by weight + / - 0.3% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 17B.

[0064] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention.

[0065] explanation Definition: For purposes of the present invention, the term "about" in reference to temperatures in degrees Celsius (° C.) means that the stated temperature may vary by an amount of + / - 5° C. In preferred embodiments, temperatures specified to be about are preferably + / - 2° C., more preferably + / - 1° C., and even more preferably + / - 0.5° C. of the particular temperature.

[0066] The term "capacity" is the amount of cooling (BTU / hr) provided by a refrigerant in a refrigeration system. It is determined experimentally by multiplying the change in enthalpy in BTU / lb of the refrigerant as it passes through the evaporator by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Enthalpy can be determined from measurements of the refrigerant pressure and temperature. The capacity of a refrigeration system is related to its ability to maintain a refrigerated area at a particular temperature. The capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides and provides a measure of the compressor's ability to pump that amount of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher capacity will provide more cooling or heating power.

[0067] The phrase "coefficient of performance" (hereinafter "COP") is a widely accepted measure of refrigerant performance that is particularly useful for expressing the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a particular heating or cooling cycle involving evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant. In refrigeration, the term represents the ratio of the available refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy applied by the compressor during compression of the vapor, and thus the ability of a given compressor to pump a quantity of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of a heat transfer fluid such as a refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power. One means for estimating the COP of a refrigerant at a particular operating condition is from the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see, for example, R.C. Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0068] The phrase "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor. The advantage of a low discharge temperature is that it preferably allows the use of existing equipment without activating the thermal protection aspects of the system designed to protect the compressor components, and avoids the use of expensive control devices such as liquid injection to reduce the discharge temperature.

[0069] "Global Warming Potential" (GWP) was developed to allow comparison of the global warming impact of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emission of one ton of a gas absorbs over a given period of time, relative to the emission of one ton of carbon dioxide. The higher the GWP, the more a given gas will warm the earth over that period, relative to CO2. A commonly used time period for GWP is 100 years. GWP provides a common measure that allows analysts to add up emission estimates of different gases. See www.epa.gov.

[0070] The term "mass flow rate" is the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit per unit time.

[0071] The term "Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)" is determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.

[0072] As used herein, the term "replacement for" with respect to a particular heat transfer composition or refrigerant of the present invention as a "replacement for" a particular prior refrigerant refers to the use of the specified composition of the present invention in a heat transfer system that was previously commonly used with that prior refrigerant. As an example, when the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in a heat transfer system that was previously designed for and / or commonly used with R410A, such as residential and commercial air conditioning (including rooftop systems, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and chiller systems), the refrigerant of the present invention becomes a replacement for R410A in such a system. The phrase "thermodynamic gradient" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures that have different temperatures during the phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

[0073] As used herein, the term "TAN value" refers to the total acid number as measured in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 97-"Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems," which simulates the long-term stability of a heat transfer composition through accelerated aging.

[0074] As used herein, reference to a defined group, such as "Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17," refers to each composition within that group, including when the defined number includes a suffix. For example, reference to "Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17" is intended to include each composition within that group, including Heat Transfer Compositions 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D.

[0075] Heat Transfer Composition Applicants have discovered that the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 described herein, can provide highly advantageous properties, specifically, in-use stability and non-flammability, particularly when the heat transfer compositions are used as replacements for R-410A, and particularly in conventional 410A residential air conditioning systems and conventional R-410A commercial air conditioning systems, including conventional R-410A rooftop systems, conventional R-410A variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and conventional R-410A chiller systems.

[0076] A particular advantage of the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention is that they are non-flammable when tested according to the Non-flammability Test, and as discussed above, it is desirable in the art to provide refrigerants and heat transfer compositions that can be used in a variety of systems as a replacement for R-410A, that have excellent heat transfer properties, low environmental impact (including particularly low GWP and near-zero ODP), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, and / or lubricant compatibility, and that maintain non-flammability during use. This desirable advantage can be achieved by the refrigerants and heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0077] Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, comprise a refrigerant in an amount greater than 40% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0078] Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, comprise a refrigerant in an amount greater than 50%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 90% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0079] Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-17, consist essentially of a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer.

[0080] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may contain other ingredients for the purpose of enhancing or providing particular functionality to the composition, preferably without impairing the enhanced stability provided in accordance with the present invention. Such other ingredients or additives may include dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and antiwear agents.

[0081] Stabilizers: Alkylated Naphthalene Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that alkylated naphthalenes are highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

[0082] [ka] where each R1-R8 is independently selected from a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, and hydrogen. The particular length of the alkyl chain, as well as mixtures or branched and straight chain and hydrogen, can be varied within the scope of the present invention, and those skilled in the art will recognize and understand that such variations will reflect the physical properties of the alkylated naphthalene, particularly the viscosity of the alkylated compound, and manufacturers of such materials often define their substances by reference to one or more of such properties in lieu of specifying a particular R group.

[0083] Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers in accordance with the present invention having the following properties, and for convenience alkylated naphthalene compounds having the indicated properties are referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 1 (or AN1) through Alkylated Naphthalene 5 (or AN5), as shown in columns 1-5, respectively, of the table below.

[0084] [Table 1]

[0085] As used herein in reference to viscosity at 40° C. measured according to ASTM D445, the term “about” means + / - 4 cSt.

[0086] As used herein in reference to viscosity at 100° C. measured according to ASTM D445, the term “about” means + / −0.4 cSt.

[0087] As used herein in reference to pour point as measured according to ASTM D97, the term "about" means + / - 5°C.

[0088] Applicants have also discovered that unexpected, surprising, and advantageous results are associated with the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers in accordance with the present invention having the following properties, and for convenience, the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the indicated properties are referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 6 (or AN6) through Alkylated Naphthalene 10 (or AN10), as shown in columns 6 through 10, respectively, of the table below.

[0089] [Table 2]

[0090] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 1 (AN1) and Alkylated Naphthalene 6 (AN6) include those sold by King Industries under the trade names NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, KR-015, KR-019, KR-005FG, KR-015FG and KR-029FG.

[0091] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalene 2 (AN2) and alkylated naphthalene 7 (AN7) include those sold by King Industries under the trade names NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009 and KR-005FG.

[0092] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalene 5 (AN5) and alkylated naphthalene 10 (AN10) include the products sold by King Industries under the trade name NA-LUBE KR-008.

[0093] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is selected from AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10.

[0094] The invention also includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1.

[0095] The invention also includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5.

[0096] The invention also includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10.

[0097] Acid Depleting Moiety (ADM) One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine, without undue experimentation, a variety of ADMs that are useful in accordance with the present invention, and all such ADMs are within the scope of the present specification.

[0098] Epoxides Applicants have found that epoxides, and particularly alkylated epoxides, when used in combination with alkylated naphthalene stabilizers are effective in providing the enhanced stability described herein, and, without wishing to be bound by theory, Applicants believe that this synergistic effect is at least in part due to their effective function as ADMs in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0099] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of epoxides that undergo a ring-opening reaction with an acid, thereby depleting the acid system without adversely affecting the system.

[0100] Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides (including alkyl ether epoxides), and alkenyl epoxides.

[0101] Preferred epoxides include those of Formula I: Preferred epoxides include those of Formula I:

[0102] [ka] where at least one of R1-R4 is selected from a 2-15 carbon (C2-C15) acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1A.

[0103] Preferred epoxides also include those of formula I:

[0104] [ka] wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from H, a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group, with the proviso that at least one of R1-R4 is H and at least one of R1-R4 is selected from a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1B.

[0105] Preferred epoxides also include those of formula I:

[0106] [ka] wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from H, a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group, with the proviso that at least two of R1-R4 are H and at least one of R1-R4 is selected from a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1C.

[0107] Preferred epoxides also include those of formula I:

[0108] [ka] wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from H, a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group, with the proviso that three of R1-R4 are H and one of R1-R4 is selected from a C2-C15 acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether group. The group of epoxides according to formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM1D.

[0109] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0110] [ka] where each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group. The group of epoxides according to the definition in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM2A.

[0111] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0112] [ka] (In the formula, R5 is a C1-C3 alkyl group, preferably unsubstituted; R6 is an ether having a C3-C10 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted alkyl group. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM2B.

[0113] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0114] [ka] where each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM3A.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0116] [ka] (In the formula, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1-C3 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group; R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM3B.

[0117] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0118] [ka] (In the formula, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl; R6 is a C8 branched unsubstituted alkyl group and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM3C.

[0119] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the ADM3C compound 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether having the following structure:

[0120] [ka] The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM4.

[0121] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0122] [ka] where each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched, preferably unsubstituted, alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5A.

[0123] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0124] [ka] (In the formula, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1-C3 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group; R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5B.

[0125] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0126] [ka] (In the formula, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl; R6 is a C8 branched substituted alkyl group and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides according to formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5C.

[0127] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1-R4 in formula I has the following structure:

[0128] [ka] (In the formula, R5 is bonded to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl; R6 is a C8 branched oxygen-substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The group of epoxides according to formula I having R groups defined in this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM5D.

[0129] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of glycidyl neodecanoate, an ADM5C compound in which the substituent on R6 is O and has the following structure:

[0130] [ka] The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM6.

[0131] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM1.

[0132] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM1B.

[0133] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM1C.

[0134] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM1D.

[0135] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM2.

[0136] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM2B.

[0137] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM2B.

[0138] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM3.

[0139] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM3B.

[0140] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM3B.

[0141] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM3C.

[0142] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN4 and further comprises ADM3C.

[0143] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM4.

[0144] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM4.

[0145] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM5.

[0146] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM5.

[0147] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM5A.

[0148] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM5A.

[0149] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM5B.

[0150] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM5B.

[0151] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM5C.

[0152] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM5C.

[0153] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM5D.

[0154] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM5D.

[0155] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 or AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10, and further comprises ADM6.

[0156] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions including heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, respectively, where the alkylated naphthalene includes AN4 and further includes ADM6.

[0157] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM2.

[0158] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM3.

[0159] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM4.

[0160] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM5.

[0161] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and further comprises ADM6.

[0162] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4 and further comprises ADM1.

[0163] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4 and further comprises ADM2.

[0164] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4 and further comprises ADM3.

[0165] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4 and further comprises ADM4.

[0166] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4 and further comprises ADM5.

[0167] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4 and further comprises ADM6.

[0168] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM1.

[0169] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM2.

[0170] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM3.

[0171] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM4.

[0172] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM5.

[0173] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and further comprises ADM6.

[0174] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM1.

[0175] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM2.

[0176] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM3.

[0177] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM4.

[0178] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM5.

[0179] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-17, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and further comprises ADM6.

[0180] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerants of the present invention, alkylated naphthalenes, and epoxide-based acid depletable moieties are set forth in the table below.

[0181] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerants of the present invention, alkylated naphthalenes, and epoxide-based acid depletable moieties are set forth in Table 1 below.

[0182] [Table 3-1]

[0183] [Table 3-2]

[0184] [Table 3-3]

[0185] For convenience, each of the heat transfer compositions identified by a number designation in the first column of Table 1 above and Tables 2-5 below represents a definition of a heat transfer composition, and reference to a heat transfer composition by that number is a reference to a composition having the constituents (and the amounts specified) set forth in the table. Also, as noted above, references herein to a defined group, such as "Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65," or to a composition defined by a number, refer to each composition within that group or composition, including when the defined number includes a suffix. For example, reference to "Heat Transfer Composition 18" is intended to include each composition that includes the parent 18, e.g., HTC 18 includes HTC 18A in Table 1, HTC 18B in Table 2, etc.

[0186] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 2.5% to about 3.5%, these amounts being weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and refrigerant in the system. The amounts specified in this paragraph are especially preferred when ADM is also present.

[0187] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or from 1.5% to about 10%, or from 1.5% to about 8%, these amounts being weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and lubricant in the system. The amounts specified in this paragraph are especially preferred when ADM is also present.

[0188] Carbodiimide The ADM may comprise a carbodiimide. In a preferred embodiment, the carbodiimide comprises a compound having the following structure:

[0189] [ka]

[0190] Other stabilizers It is contemplated that stabilizers other than alkylated naphthalenes and ADM may be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-7 and 9-65. Examples of such other stabilizers are described below.

[0191] Phenolic Compounds In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizer further comprises a phenolic compound.

[0192] Phenolic compounds include 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t ert-butylphenol;4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol);2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol);2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol);2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol( phenolic compounds selected from BHT; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2'6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone, preferably one or more compounds of BHT.

[0193] The phenolic compound, specifically BHT, may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentages refer to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0194] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 40% to about 95% by weight of each of alkylated naphthalenes, including AN1-AN10, and 0.1 to about 10% by weight of BHT, based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 6.

[0195] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalenes comprising from about 40% to about 95% by weight of each of AN1-AN10, ADM comprising from 5% to about 30% by weight of each of ADM1-ADM6, and 0.1 to about 10% by weight of BHT, based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 7.

[0196] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65 herein, the heat transfer composition including a stabilizing agent 6.

[0197] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, the heat transfer composition including a stabilizer 7.

[0198] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65 herein, which comprise AN1 and BHT.

[0199] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65 herein, which comprise AN5 and BHT.

[0200] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65 herein, which comprise AN10 and BHT.

[0201] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN4, ADM1 and BHT.

[0202] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM1 and BHT.

[0203] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN4, ADM2 and BHT.

[0204] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM2 and BHT.

[0205] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN4, ADM3 and BHT.

[0206] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM3 and BHT.

[0207] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN4, ADM4 and BHT.

[0208] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM4 and BHT.

[0209] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN4, ADM5 and BHT.

[0210] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM5 and BHT.

[0211] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN4, ADM6 and BHT.

[0212] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM6 and BHT.

[0213] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM4 and BHT.

[0214] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN10, ADM4 and BHT.

[0215] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN5, ADM6 and BHT.

[0216] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-7 and 9-65 herein, which comprise AN10, ADM6 and BHT.

[0217] Diene Compounds The diene compounds include C3-C15 dienes and compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3-C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene compounds are selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers, propadiene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. The diene compounds are preferably terpenes, including but not limited to terben, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, delta-3 carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fencene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A1. Preferably, the stabilizer is farnesene. Preferred terpene stabilizers are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60 / 638,003, filed December 12, 2004, and published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006 / 0167044(A1), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0218] Additionally, the diene compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight, In each case, the weight percentages refer to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0219] Phosphorus Compounds The phosphorus compound may be a phosphorous compound or a phosphoric acid compound. For the purposes of the present invention, the phosphorous compound may be one or more compounds selected from diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl, and / or trialkyl phosphites and / or mixed aryl / alkyl di- or tri-substituted phosphites, in particular hindered phosphites, tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, iso-octyl diphenyl phosphite, iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite, tri-iso-decyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diphenyl phosphite, in particular diphenyl phosphite.

[0220] The phosphate compound may be a triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, alkyl monoacid phosphate, aryl diacid phosphate, amine phosphate, preferably a triaryl phosphate and / or a trialkyl phosphate, especially tri-n-butyl phosphate.

[0221] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, wherein the composition further comprises a phosphate.

[0222] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, the composition further comprising a triaryl phosphate.

[0223] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, the composition further comprising a trialkyl phosphate.

[0224] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerants of the present invention, alkylated naphthalenes, epoxide-based acid depleting moieties, and phosphates are set forth in Table 2 below.

[0225] [Table 4-1]

[0226] [Table 4-2]

[0227] [Table 4-3]

[0228] [Table 4-4]

[0229] [Table 4-5]

[0230] The phosphorus compound may be provided in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 through 65, in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition, specifically including the phosphate stabilizer identified above in Table 2.

[0231] The phosphorus compound may be provided in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 through 65, in an amount greater than 0, preferably from 0.0002% to about 10%, preferably from 0.002% to about 5%, more preferably from 0.02% to about 2% by weight. In each case, the weights in this paragraph refer to the weight of the lubricant and phosphate stabilizer, specifically including the phosphate stabilizer identified above in Table 2.

[0232] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer; (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages of the stabilizer components being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65D.

[0233] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a POE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, said percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65E.

[0234] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a POE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises 1.5 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent AN4, 1 weight percent to 2 weight percent ADM4, and 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0235] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65F.

[0236] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer consists essentially of about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, said percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0237] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65G.

[0238] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0239] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65H.

[0240] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises 1.5 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent AN4, 1 weight percent to 2 weight percent ADM4, and 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0241] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 65I.

[0242] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and present in about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer consists essentially of about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, said percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65J.

[0243] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer; (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages of the stabilizer components being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. Heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65K.

[0244] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a POE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, said percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65L.

[0245] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a POE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises 1.5 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent AN4, 1 weight percent to 2 weight percent ADM4, and 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0246] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65M.

[0247] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer consists essentially of about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, said percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0248] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 65O.

[0249] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0250] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65P.

[0251] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer comprises 1.5 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent AN4, 1 weight percent to 2 weight percent ADM4, and 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

[0252] The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65Q.

[0253] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer, (a) The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each in the following relative percentages: 41% by weight ±1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); 3.5% ±0.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 55.5% by weight ±0.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); and (b) the stabilizer consists essentially of about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, said percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Heat Transfer Composition 65R.

[0254] Nitrogen Compounds When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, it may comprise an amine-based compound such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, and triisobutylamine. The amine-based compound may be an amine antioxidant, for example, a substituted piperidine compound, i.e., an alkyl-substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyloxypiperidinyl derivative, in particular, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate; poly(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)sebacate; Methyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate; alkylated paraphenylenediamines such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and hydroxylamines such as tallowamine, methylbistallowamine, and bistallowamine, or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine, or Tinuvin® 765 (Ciba), BLS® 1944 (Mayzo). The amine-based compound may be one or more amine antioxidants selected from bis(nonylphenylamine), dialkylamines such as (N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propylamine, or one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine. Preferably, the amine-based compound is one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine, more preferably phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA).

[0255] Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds identified above, one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] may be used as stabilizers.

[0256] The nitrogen compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0 and between 0.0001% and about 5% by weight, preferably between 0.001% and about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably between 0.01% and about 1% by weight, In each case, the weight percentages refer to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0257] Isobutylene Isobutylene may also be used as a stabilizer according to the present invention.

[0258] Additional Stabilizer Compositions The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6, and a phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 8 for convenience herein.

[0259] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1-ADM6, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9A.

[0260] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, ADM4, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9B.

[0261] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, AN4, ADM4, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9C.

[0262] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of AN4, ADM6, and phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 9D.

[0263] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1-ADM6, and a combination of a phosphate and a phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 10.

[0264] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 25% by weight, and an additional stabilizer selected from a phosphate, a phenol, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 11.

[0265] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight, and an additional stabilizer selected from a phosphate, a phenol, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 12.

[0266] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1-ADM6, and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 13.

[0267] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM6, and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 14 for convenience in this specification.

[0268] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1-AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1-ADM6, BHT, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 15.

[0269] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10, an ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6, BHT, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 16 for convenience herein.

[0270] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 17.

[0271] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 18.

[0272] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and a third stabilizer compound selected from BHT, phosphate, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 1% to about 55% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 19.

[0273] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene comprising each of AN1-AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM comprising each of ADM1-ADM6 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilizer 20.

[0274] The stabilizers of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1-20, can be used in any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-7 and 9-65.

[0275] Lubricants The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, include a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and the lubricant is preferably present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 5%, or from 0.1% to about 1%, or from 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0276] POE Lubricant The POE lubricants of the present invention, in a preferred embodiment, include neopentyl POE lubricants. As used herein, the term neopentyl POE lubricants refers to polyol esters (POE) derived from the reaction of neopentyl polyols (preferably pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, or neopentyl glycol, and in higher viscosity preferred embodiments, dipentaerythritol) with linear or branched chain carboxylic acids.

[0277] Commercially available POEs include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate available as Emery 2917® and Hatcol 2370®, and pentaerythritol derivatives such as those sold under the trade names Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H by CPI Fluid Engineering. Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H are preferred neopentyl POE lubricants having the properties specified below.

[0278] [Table 5]

[0279] Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.

[0280] A lubricant consisting essentially of POE having a viscosity of from about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40° C., as measured in accordance with ASTM D445, and a viscosity of from about 5 cSt to about 10 cSt at 100° C., as measured in accordance with ASTM D445, is referred to herein as Lubricant 1.

[0281] A lubricant consisting essentially of neopentyl POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured in accordance with ASTM D445 is referred to herein for convenience as Lubricant 2.

[0282] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, include a POE lubricant.

[0283] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of a POE lubricant.

[0284] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, include a lubricant consisting of a POE lubricant.

[0285] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0286] PVE Lubricant The lubricant of the present invention may generally comprise a PVE lubricant. In a preferred embodiment, the PVE lubricant is as a PVE according to formula II:

[0287] [ka] wherein R2 and R3 are each independently a C1-C10 hydrocarbon, preferably a C2-C8 hydrocarbon, R1 and R4 are each independently an alkyl, alkylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylene glycol unit, and n and m are preferably selected according to the requirements of one skilled in the art to obtain a lubricant having the desired properties, preferably n and m are selected to obtain a lubricant having a viscosity of about 30 to about 70 cSt at 40° C., measured according to ASTM D445. The PVE lubricant according to the immediately preceding description is conveniently referred to as Lubricant 3. Commercially available polyvinyl ethers include those sold by Idemitsu under the trade names FVC32D and FVC68D.

[0288] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, include a PVE lubricant.

[0289] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of a PVE lubricant.

[0290] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, include a lubricant that consists of a PVE lubricant.

[0291] In a preferred embodiment, the PVE in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-65, is a PVE according to Formula II.

[0292] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2 and / or Lubricant 3.

[0293] Stabilizing Lubricant The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 1.

[0294] The invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a neopentyl POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 2.

[0295] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) Lubricant 1 and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to as Stabilized Lubricant 3 for convenience herein.

[0296] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) Lubricant 2 and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilized Lubricant 4.

[0297] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) stabilizer 9C1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4A.

[0298] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) stabilizer 9C2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4B.

[0299] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) a stabilizer comprising about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4C.

[0300] The invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) 1.5 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent of AN4, 1 weight percent to 2 weight percent of ADM4, and 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent of such stabilizer, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4D.

[0301] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a PVE lubricant; and (b) stabilizer 9C1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4E.

[0302] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a PVE lubricant; and (b) stabilizer 9C2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4F.

[0303] The invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a PVE lubricant; and (b) a stabilizer comprising about 2.0 weight percent AN4, about 1.5 weight percent ADM4, and about 2.0 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4G.

[0304] The invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a PVE lubricant, and (b) a stabilizer comprising 1.5 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent AN4, 1 weight percent to 2 weight percent ADM4, and 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent triaryl phosphate, the percentages being based on the total weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 4H.

[0305] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 5.

[0306] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 6.

[0307] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 3. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer Lubricant 7.

[0308] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 4. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer Lubricant 8.

[0309] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) Stabilizer 5. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer Lubricant 9.

[0310] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) from 1% to less than 10% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 10.

[0311] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) 1% to 8% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 11.

[0312] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) 1.5% to 8% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 12.

[0313] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) 1.5% to 6% by weight of an alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as stabilized lubricant 13.

[0314] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition of the present invention including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-65, and the lubricant and stabilizer are stabilized lubricants of the present invention including each of Stabilized Lubricants 1-13.

[0315] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including the refrigerant of the present invention, the lubricant, the alkylated naphthalene, and the epoxide-based acid depletable portion, are set forth in Table 3 below.

[0316] [Table 6-1]

[0317] [Table 6-2]

[0318] A preferred heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising the refrigerant of the present invention, a lubricant, an alkylated naphthalene, an epoxide-based acid depletable moiety, and a phosphate is set forth in Table 4 below.

[0319] [Table 7-1]

[0320] [Table 7-2]

[0321] [Table 7-3]

[0322] [Table 7-4]

[0323] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerant of the present invention, i.e., 49%±0.3 HFC-32, 11.5%±0.3% HFC-125, and 39.5%±0.3% CF3I (as shown in Tables 1-4), alkylated naphthalene, epoxide-based acid depleting moiety, and phosphate, in concentration ranges as required, are set forth below in Table 5.

[0324] [Table 8-1]

[0325] [Table 8-2]

[0326] [Table 8-3]

[0327] [Table 8-4]

[0328] [Table 8-5]

[0329] [Table 8-6]

[0330] [Table 8-7]

[0331] [Table 8-8]

[0332] [Table 8-9]

[0333]

Table 8-10

[0334]

Table 8-11

[0335]

Table 8-12

[0336]

Table 8-13

[0337]

Table 8-14

[0338]

Table 8-15

[0339]

Table 8-16

[0340]

Table 8-17

[0341]

Table 8-18

[0342]

Table 8-19

[0343] Methods, Uses, and Systems The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein are provided for use in heat transfer applications, including air conditioning applications, with highly preferred air conditioning applications including residential air conditioning applications, commercial air conditioning applications (such as rooftop applications, VRF applications, and chillers).

[0344] The present invention also includes methods of providing heat transfer, including air conditioning methods, with highly preferred air conditioning methods including providing residential air conditioning, providing commercial air conditioning (such as methods of providing rooftop air conditioning, methods of providing VRF air conditioning, and methods of providing air conditioning using chillers).

[0345] The present invention also includes heat transfer systems, including air conditioning systems, with highly preferred air conditioning systems including residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems (such as rooftop air conditioning systems, VRF air conditioning systems, and air conditioning chiller systems).

[0346] The present invention also provides uses of the heat transfer compositions in connection with refrigeration, heat pumps, and cooling (including portable and centralized water coolers), methods of using the heat transfer compositions, and systems including the heat transfer compositions.

[0347] Any reference to any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention refers to each and every heat transfer composition described herein. Thus, for the following discussion of the uses, methods, systems or applications of the compositions of the present invention, the heat transfer composition may comprise or consist essentially of any of the heat transfer compositions 1-101.

[0348] With respect to the heat transfer system of the present invention including a compressor, and a lubricant for the compressor therein, the system may include a lubricant loading of refrigerant and lubricant such that the lubricant loading in the system is about 5% to 60% by weight, or about 10% to about 60% by weight, or about 20% to about 50% by weight, or about 20% to about 40% by weight, or about 20% to about 30% by weight, or about 30% to about 50% by weight, or about 30% to about 40% by weight. As used herein, the term "lubricant loading" refers to the total weight of lubricant contained in the system as a percentage of the total of lubricant and refrigerant contained in the system. Such systems may also include a lubricant loading of about 5% to about 10% by weight, or about 8% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0349] A heat transfer system according to the present invention may include a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion device in fluid communication with each other within the system, heat transfer compositions 1-101, and a sequestration material, preferably comprising i. copper or a copper alloy, or ii. activated alumina, or iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, or iv. an anion exchange resin, or v. a moisture removing material, preferably a moisture removing molecular sieve, or a combination of two or more of the above.

[0350] The present invention also provides a method of transferring heat of a type that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor in a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a plurality of repeated cycles, comprising: (a) providing a heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-101; (b) optionally, but preferably, providing a lubricant to said compressor; (b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant to a sealing material.

[0351] Use, Facilities, and Systems In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0352] In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method used in the heating mode has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 35°C to about 50°C.

[0353] In a preferred embodiment, the commercial air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0354] In a preferred embodiment, the hot water system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

[0355] In a preferred embodiment, the medium temperature system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0356] In a preferred embodiment, the refrigeration system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0357] In a preferred embodiment, the rooftop air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0358] In a preferred embodiment, the VRF system and method has a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0359] The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101, in residential air conditioning systems.

[0360] The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, in a chiller system.

[0361] Examples of commonly used compressors include, for purposes of this invention, reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and rotary vane), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system comprising a reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and rotary vane), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor.

[0362] Examples of commonly used expansion devices, for purposes of this invention, include capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in heat transfer systems including capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves.

[0363] For purposes of the present invention, the evaporator and condenser may each be in the form of a heat exchanger, preferably selected from a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube, a plate heat exchanger, and a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Thus, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system in which the evaporator and condenser together form a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube, a plate heat exchanger, or a tube-in-tube heat exchanger.

[0364] Thus, the system of the present invention preferably comprises a sealing material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant according to the present invention, the temperature of the sealing material and / or the temperature of the refrigerant and / or the temperature of the lubricant during said contact is preferably at least about 10°C, and the sealing material preferably comprises an anion exchange resin, activated alumina, a zeolite molecular sieve containing silver, and a moisture removing material, preferably a moisture removing molecular sieve.

[0365] As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" is intended in its broadest sense to include each of the sealing materials and any combination of sealing materials in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant and / or lubricant in a system, and is intended to include, but is not necessarily limited to, embodiments in which each type or particular sealing material is a combination of: (i) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located together with one another; (ii) types or particular materials that, when present, are physically located separately from one another; and (iii) two or more materials that are physically together and at least one sealing material that is physically separate from at least one other sealing material.

[0366] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention can be used in heating and cooling applications.

[0367] In a particular aspect of the invention, the heat transfer composition can be used in a cooling method that involves condensing the heat transfer composition and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be cooled.

[0368] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of cooling in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition described herein; ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled; The method relates to a cooling method, wherein the evaporation temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about -40°C to about -10°C.

[0369] Alternatively, or in addition, the heat transfer composition may be used in a heating method that involves condensing the heat transfer composition near the article or body to be heated and then evaporating the composition.

[0370] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of heating in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated; ii) evaporating the composition, wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is within the range of about -30°C to about 5°C.

[0371] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in air conditioning applications, including both transportation and stationary air conditioning applications. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be: - air conditioning applications, including mobile air conditioning, especially train and bus air conditioning; - Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles, - coolers, in particular positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or conventionally packaged); - residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems; - Residential heat pumps, - Residential Air to Water Heat Pump / Hot Water System, - Industrial air conditioning systems, - Packaged rooftop units or variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems; -Can be used in any one of commercial air source, water source, or ground source heat pump systems.

[0372] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in refrigeration systems. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or device, or any part or portion of such a system or device, that uses a refrigerant to provide cooling. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be: - Low temperature refrigeration systems, - Medium temperature refrigeration system, - Commercial refrigerators, - commercial freezer, - Ice maker, - Vending machines, - Transport refrigeration systems, - home freezer, - Domestic refrigerators, - Industrial freezers, - Industrial refrigerators, and - It can be used to replace R10A in any one of the following coolers:

[0373] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10° C. for cooling, particularly about 7° C., and / or about −20 to about 3° C. for heating, particularly about 0.5° C. Alternatively, or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll type compressors.

[0374] Each of the described heat transfer compositions, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, is particularly provided for use in air-cooled chillers (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C., particularly about 4.5° C.), particularly air-cooled chillers having a positive displacement compressor, especially air-cooled chillers having a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

[0375] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, is particularly provided for use in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water systems having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3°C, particularly about 0.5°C, or having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -30 to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C.

[0376] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, is specifically provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems (having an evaporator temperature within the range of about -12 to about 0°C, and specifically about -8°C).

[0377] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, is specifically provided for use in low temperature refrigeration systems (having an evaporator temperature within the range of about -40 to about -12°C, preferably about -40°C to about -23°C, preferably about -32°C).

[0378] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are provided for use in residential air conditioning systems used, for example, to supply cool air (the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10° C. to about 17° C., particularly about 12° C.) to buildings in the summer.

[0379] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are therefore provided for use in split-type residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0380] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are therefore provided for use in duct split type residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0381] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are therefore provided for use in window residential air conditioning systems, the residential air conditioning systems being used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0382] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are therefore provided for use in portable residential air conditioning systems used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature, for example, of about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0383] Residential air conditioning systems described herein, including the residential air conditioning system of the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser may be round tube plate fin, fin tube, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor may be a reciprocating, or rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll type compressor. The expansion valve may be a capillary tube, a thermostatic expansion valve, or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of 0°C to 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of 40°C to 70°C.

[0384] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are provided for use in residential heat pump systems, which are used to supply warm air (e.g., air having a temperature of about 18°C ​​to about 24°C, particularly about 21°C) to buildings during the winter. This can be the same system as a residential air conditioning system, but in heat pump mode the refrigerant flow is reversed, with the indoor coil becoming the condenser and the outdoor coil becoming the evaporator. Typical system types are split and mini-split heat pump systems. The evaporator and condenser are typically round tube plate fin, fin type, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor is typically a reciprocating, or rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll type compressor. The expansion valve is typically a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30°C to about 5°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 35°C to about 50°C.

[0385] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are provided for use in commercial air conditioning systems, which may be chillers used to provide chilled water (e.g., the water has a temperature of about 7° C.) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application, the chiller system may operate year-round. The chiller system may be air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers typically have a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-in-tube evaporator to provide chilled water, a reciprocating or scroll compressor, a round-tube plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel condenser to exchange heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. Water-cooled systems typically have a shell-and-tube evaporator to provide chilled water, a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor, a shell-and-tube condenser to exchange heat with a cooling tower or water from lakes, oceans, and other natural sources, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C. The condensation temperature is preferably within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0386] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are provided for use in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water systems used to supply hot water (e.g., having a temperature of about 50°C or about 55°C) to buildings for floor heating or similar applications during the winter. Hot water systems typically have a round tube plate fin, fin tube, or microchannel evaporator for exchanging heat with ambient air, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-and-tube condenser for heating the water, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably within the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​or -30°C to about 5°C. The condensation temperature is preferably within the range of about 50 to about 90°C.

[0387] Heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems, where the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such systems the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0388] Thus, the present invention provides a medium temperature refrigeration system for use in cooling food or beverages, such as a refrigerator or bottle cooler, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such a system the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0389] The medium temperature systems of the invention, including those described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator for providing cooling, for example to food or beverages contained therein, a reciprocating, scroll, or screw, or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve.Heat transfer compositions of the invention, including heat transfer compositions 1-101, are provided for use in low temperature refrigeration systems, where the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0390] Thus, the present invention provides a low temperature refrigeration system for use in providing cooling in a freezer, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature within the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature within the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0391] Thus, the present invention also provides a low temperature refrigeration system for use in providing cooling in a cream making machine, wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant has a condensation temperature preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20 to about 70°C.

[0392] The refrigeration systems of the present invention, including the system described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably have an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverages, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve.

[0393] Thus, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, in a cooler, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein the AN5 is provided in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT is provided in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0394] Thus, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, in a cooler, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, and wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0395] For purposes of the present invention, each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is provided for use in a cooler having an evaporating temperature in the range of about 0° C. to about 10° C. and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40° C. to about 70° C. The cooler is provided for use in air conditioning or refrigeration, preferably for commercial air conditioning. The cooler is preferably a positive displacement cooler, especially an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler (either modular or conventionally single packaged).

[0396] Thus, the present invention provides the use of each of the heat transfer compositions according to the invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 101, in stationary air conditioning, in particular residential, industrial or commercial air conditioning.

[0397] Thus, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning, or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, the AN5 being present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and the BHT being present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0398] Thus, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning, or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein the AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and the BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0399] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101, is provided as a low global warming potential (GWP) replacement for the refrigerant R-410A.

[0400] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101, is provided as a low global warming potential (GWP) add-on to the refrigerant R-410A.

[0401] The heat transfer compositions and refrigerants of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, can therefore be used as add-on refrigerants / heat transfer compositions or as replacement refrigerants / heat transfer compositions.

[0402] The present invention therefore includes a method for retrofitting existing heat transfer systems designed to contain R-410A refrigerant without requiring substantial engineering changes to the existing system, and in particular without modifying the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valves.

[0403] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, specifically as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning refrigerants, without requiring substantial engineering changes to existing systems, particularly without modifications to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valves.

[0404] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems.

[0405] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer compositions of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, particularly as a replacement for R-410A in chiller systems.

[0406] Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system containing an R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-101.

[0407] The replacement step preferably involves removing at least a substantial portion, preferably substantially all, of the existing refrigerant (which may be, but is not limited to, R-410A) without any substantial modification of the system to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention, and introducing a heat transfer composition comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 101. Preferably, the method involves removing at least about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 75% by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0408] Alternatively, the heat transfer compositions may be used in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system that is designed to contain or contains an R410A refrigerant, where the system is modified for use with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0409] Alternatively, the heat transfer compositions may be used as replacements in heat transfer systems designed to contain or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant.

[0410] Alternatively, it will be understood that the invention encompasses the use of the heat transfer compositions of the invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, as a low GWP replacement for R-410A, or used in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system, or used in a heat transfer system that is suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant as described herein.

[0411] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when the heat transfer compositions are provided for use in a method for retrofitting an existing heat transfer system as described above, the method preferably includes removing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant from the system. Preferably, the method includes removing at least about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 75% by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101.

[0412] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, may be used as replacements in systems used with or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, such as existing or new heat transfer systems.

[0413] The compositions of the present invention exhibit many of the desirable properties of R-410A, but have a substantially lower GWP than R-410A, while at the same time having operating characteristics, i.e., capacity and / or efficiency (COP), that are substantially similar or substantially consistent with, and more preferably as high or higher than, R-410A. This allows the claimed compositions to replace R-410A in existing heat transfer systems without requiring any major system modifications, e.g., to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve. Thus, the compositions can be used as a direct replacement for R-410A in heat transfer systems.

[0414] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics, as compared to R-410A, such that the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 95-105% of the efficiency of R-410A in a heat transfer system.

[0415] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics, as compared to R-410A, that are 95-105% of the capacity of R-410A in heat transfer systems.

[0416] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics, as compared to R-410A, such that the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 95-105% of the efficiency of R-410A in a heat transfer system, and the capacity is 95-105% of the capacity of R-410A in a heat transfer system.

[0417] Preferably, in heat transfer systems in which the heat transfer compositions of the present invention are used in place of R-410A refrigerant, the compositions of the present invention preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A, - the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 100-105% of the efficiency of R-410A, and / or - Capacity is 98-105% of that of R-410A. The compositions of the present invention replace R-410A refrigerant.

[0418] In a heat transfer system in which the heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in place of an R-410A refrigerant to enhance the reliability of the heat transfer system, it is preferred that the composition of the present invention further exhibit the following properties compared to R-410: - The discharge temperature is not more than 10°C higher than the discharge temperature of R-410A, and / or - The compressor pressure ratio is 95~105% of that of R-410A. The compositions of the present invention are used to replace R-410A refrigerant.

[0419] The existing heat transfer compositions used to replace R-410A are preferably air conditioning heat transfer systems, including both mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. As used herein, the term mobile air conditioning system refers to a mobile, non-vehicle air conditioning system, such as truck, bus, and train air conditioning systems. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is - air conditioning systems, including mobile air conditioning systems, in particular air conditioning systems for trucks, buses and trains; - Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles, Coolers, in particular positive displacement coolers, especially air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or conventionally single-packaged); - residential air conditioning systems, in particular ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems; - Residential heat pumps, - Residential Air to Water Heat Pump / Hot Water System, - Industrial air conditioning systems, as well as - Packaged rooftop units or variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems; - It can be used to replace R-410A in any one of commercial air-source, water-source, or ground-source heat pump systems.

[0420] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are alternatively provided to replace R410A in refrigeration systems. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, - Low temperature refrigeration systems, - Medium temperature refrigeration system, - Commercial refrigerators, - commercial freezer, - Ice maker, - Vending machines, - Transport refrigeration systems, - home freezer, - Domestic refrigerators, - Industrial freezers, - Industrial refrigerators, and - It can be used to replace R10A in any one of the following coolers:

[0421] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is particularly provided for replacing R-410A in residential air conditioning systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10° C. for cooling, particularly about 7° C., and / or in the range of about −20 to about 3° C. or 30 to about 5° C. for heating, particularly about 0.5° C.). Alternatively or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is particularly provided for replacing R-410A in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotor), or scroll compressors.

[0422] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in air-cooled chillers (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C., and more specifically about 4.5° C.), particularly air-cooled chillers with positive displacement compressors, and more particularly air-cooled chillers with reciprocating scroll compressors.

[0423] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in residential air-to-water heat pump hot water circulation systems (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30 to about 5°C, specifically about 0.5°C).

[0424] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is provided specifically to replace R-410A in medium temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, and particularly about -8°C).

[0425] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, is provided specifically for replacing R-410A in low temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures within the range of about -40 to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C, or preferably about -32°C).

[0426] Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or containing, or suitable for use with, an R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-101.

[0427] Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or containing, or suitable for use with, an R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-101.

[0428] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system comprising a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator in fluid communication therewith, and a heat transfer composition therein, the heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-101.

[0429] In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air conditioning system (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10° C. for cooling, in particular about 7° C., and / or in the range of about −20 to about 3° C. or about −30 to about 5° C. for heating, in particular about 0.5° C.).

[0430] In particular, the heat transfer system is an air-cooled chiller (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, in particular about 4.5°C), in particular an air-cooled chiller having a positive displacement compressor, especially an air-cooled chiller having a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

[0431] In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air-to-water hot water system (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30 to about 5°C, in particular about 0.5°C).

[0432] The heat transfer system can be a refrigeration system, for example, a low temperature refrigeration system, a medium temperature refrigeration system, a commercial refrigerator, a commercial freezer, an ice maker, a vending machine, a transport refrigeration system, a domestic freezer, a home refrigerator, an industrial freezer, and a chiller. EXAMPLES

[0433] Example 1 - GWP and flammability of refrigerants The refrigerant compositions identified in Table E1 below as Refrigerants A1, A2, A3, and A4 are refrigerants within the scope of the invention as described herein. Each of the refrigerants was subjected to thermodynamic analysis to determine its ability to match the operating characteristics of R-4104A in various refrigeration systems. The analysis was performed using experimental data collected on the properties of various binary pairs of components used in the compositions. The vapor / liquid equilibrium behavior of CF3I was measured and investigated in a series of binary pairs including each of HFC-32 and R125. The composition of each binary pair was varied over a series of relative percentages in the experimental evaluation, and the mixing parameters of each binary pair were regressed to the experimentally obtained data. In the examples, the vapor / liquid equilibrium behavior data of the binary pairs HFC-32 and HFC-125 available in the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database software (Refprop 9.1 NIST Standard Database 2013) was used. The parameters selected to perform the analysis were the same compressor volume for all refrigerants, the same operating conditions for all refrigerants, and the same compressor adiabatic efficiency and volumetric efficiency for all refrigerants. For each example, simulations were performed using measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Simulation results are reported for each example.

[0434] [Table 9]

[0435] Refrigerant A1 consists of the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages and is non-flammable.

[0436] Refrigerant A2 consists of the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages and is non-flammable.

[0437] Refrigerant A3 consists of the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages and is non-flammable.

[0438] Refrigerant A4 consists of the three compounds listed in Table 2 in relative percentages and is non-flammable.

[0439] Flammability testing was performed according to ASHRAE's current standard 34-2016 test protocol (conditions and apparatus) using the current method, ASTM E681-09 Appendix A1. Mixtures were made by evacuating a flask and using partial pressure to fill to the desired concentration. Air was rapidly introduced to aid mixing, and the mixture was allowed to temperature equilibrate after mixing and dwell before attempting ignition. Refrigerants A1-4 evaluated in Table E1 above were found to meet the non-flammability test.

[0440] Heat transfer performance of Examples 2 to 19 Refrigerants A1-A4, listed in Table E1 in Example 1 above, were subjected to thermodynamic analysis to determine their ability to match the operating characteristics of R-4104A in various refrigeration systems. The analysis was performed using experimental data collected on the properties of two binary pairs of CF3I with each of HFC-32 and HFC-125. Specifically, the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior of CF3I in a series of binary pairs with each of HFC-32 and R125 was determined and investigated. The composition of each binary pair was varied over a series of relative percentages in the experimental evaluation, and the mixing parameters of each binary pair were regressed to the experimentally obtained data. The assumptions used to perform the analysis were: same compressor volume for all refrigerants, same operating conditions for all refrigerants, same compressor adiabatic efficiency and volumetric efficiency for all refrigerants. For each example, simulations were performed using measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Simulation results are reported for each example.

[0441] Example 2A.- Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) Residential air conditioning systems configured to provide cool air (approximately 12°C) to buildings during the summer are tested. Residential air conditioning systems include split, mini-split, and window air conditioning systems, and the tests described herein are representative of results obtained from such systems. The experimental system includes an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature approx. 35°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature is approx. 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = approx. 5.5°C

[0442] Test performance results are reported in Table E2 below.

[0443] [Table 10]

[0444] Table E2 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential air conditioning system operating with the refrigerants A1-a4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 98% capacity and 102% efficiency compared to R-410A. This indicates that refrigerant A4 is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and an add-on to R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is sufficiently comparable to R-410A that no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. In addition, refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature rise within 10°C compared to R-410A, indicating good compressor reliability with low risk of oil breakdown or motor burnout. The evaporator gradient of refrigerant A is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect system performance.

[0445] Example 2B. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air (about 12° C.) according to Example 2A, where a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0446] Example 2C. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air (about 12° C.) according to Example 2A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system so configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0447] Example 2D. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air (about 12° C.) according to Example 2A, where a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system so configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0448] Example 2E. - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air (about 12° C.) according to Example 2A, where a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system so configured is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0449] Example 2F. Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A residential air conditioning system is configured to provide cool air in accordance with Example 2A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run as the heat transfer composition in place of the composition of Example 2A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so configured is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0450] Example 3A. Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) Residential heat pump systems configured to provide warm air (approximately 21°C) to a building during the winter months are tested. The experimental system includes a residential air conditioning system, but when the system is in heat pump mode, the refrigerant flow is reversed, with the indoor coil acting as the condenser and the outdoor coil acting as the evaporator. Residential heat pump systems include split, mini-split, and window air conditioning systems, and the tests described herein are representative of results obtained from such systems. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 41°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature approx. 21.1°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 0.5°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 8.3°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = approx. 5.5°C

[0451] Test performance results are reported in Table E3 below.

[0452] [Table 11]

[0453] Table E3 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential heat pump system operating with refrigerants A1-4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 97% capacity and 101% efficiency compared to R-410A. This indicates that refrigerant A4 is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and an add-on to R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is well comparable to R-410A and no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. In addition, refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature increase within 10°C compared to R-410A, indicating good compressor reliability with low risk of oil breakdown or motor burnout. The evaporator gradient of refrigerant A4 is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect system performance.

[0454] Example 3B. - Residential heat pump system (heating) with POE lubricant and stabilizer containing AN4 and ADM4 A heat pump system is constructed according to Example 3A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0455] Example 3C. - Residential heat pump system (heating) with PVE lubricant and stabilizer containing AN4 and ADM4 A heat pump system is constructed according to Example 3A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0456] Example 3D. - Residential heat pump system (heating) with POE lubricant and stabilizer containing AN4 and ADM6 A heat pump system is constructed according to Example 3A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0457] Example 3E. - Residential heat pump system (heating) with PVE lubricant and stabilizer containing AN4 and ADM6 A heat pump system is constructed according to Example 3A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0458] Example 3F. Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A system is constructed according to Example 3A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 3A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0459] Example 4A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller A commercial air conditioning system (chiller) configured to provide warm air (approximately 21° C.) to a building during the winter months is tested. Such systems provide chilled water (approximately 7° C.) to large buildings such as offices, hospitals, etc., and depending on the particular application, the chiller system may operate year-round. The tests described herein are representative of the results obtained from such systems.

[0460] The operating conditions for the test are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 35°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 4.5°C (corresponding cooling outlet water temperature = approx. 7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = approx. 2°C

[0461] Test performance results are reported in Table E4 below.

[0462] [Table 12]

[0463] Table E4 shows the thermodynamic performance of a commercial air-cooled chiller system operating with refrigerants A1-A4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 98% capacity and 102% efficiency compared to R-410A, indicating that refrigerant A4 is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and an add-on to R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows 99% pressure ratio compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is well comparable to R-410A and no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. Additionally, refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature increase within 10°C compared to R-410A, indicating good compressor reliability with low risk of oil breakdown or motor burnout. The evaporator gradient for refrigerant A4 is less than 2° C., indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect system performance.

[0464] Example 4B. - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A commercial air conditioning system is constructed according to Example 4A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0465] Example 4C. - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 A commercial air conditioning system is constructed according to Example 4A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0466] Example 4D. - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A commercial air conditioning system is constructed according to Example 4A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0467] Example 4E. - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM6 A commercial air conditioning system is constructed according to Example 4A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0468] Example 4F. Commercial Air Conditioning Systems - Chillers with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A system is constructed according to Example 4A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 4A. In each case with each of HTC1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0469] Example 5A.- Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system configured to provide hot water (approximately 50° C.) to a building for floor heating or similar uses during the winter is tested. The tests described herein are representative of the results that would be obtained from such a system.

[0470] The operating conditions for the test are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 60°C (corresponding indoor exit water temperature = approx. 50°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 0.5°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = approx. 8.3°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = 2°C

[0471] Test performance results are reported in Table E5 below.

[0472] [Table 13]

[0473] Table E5 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system operating with refrigerants A1-A4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 100% capacity and 103% efficiency compared to R-410A. This indicates that refrigerant A4 is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and an add-on to R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows a 98% pressure ratio compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is sufficiently comparable to R-410A that no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. Additionally, refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature increase of nearly 10°C compared to R-410A. The evaporator gradient of refrigerant A4 is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect the system performance.

[0474] Example 5B. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system is constructed according to Example 5A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0475] Example 5C. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system is constructed according to Example 5A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0476] Example 5D. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system is constructed according to Example 5A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0477] Example 5E. Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM4 A residential air-to-water heat pump hot water system is constructed according to Example 5A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0478] Example 5F. - Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A system is constructed according to Example 5A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 5A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0479] Example 6A. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System Medium temperature refrigeration systems configured to chill food or beverages such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers are tested. The experimental system includes an air-to-refrigerant evaporator for chilling food or beverages, a compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of results that can be obtained from such systems.

[0480] The operating conditions for the test are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 45°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = approx. 35°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. -8°C (corresponding internal temperature = 1.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 65% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in suction line = 10°C

[0481] Test performance results are reported in Table E6 below.

[0482] [Table 14]

[0483] Table E6 shows the thermodynamic performance of a medium temperature refrigeration system operating with refrigerants A1-A4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 100% capacity and 102% efficiency compared to R-410A. This indicates that refrigerant A4 is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and a drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows a 98% pressure ratio compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is sufficiently comparable to R-410A that no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. Additionally, refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature increase of nearly 10°C compared to R-410A. The evaporator gradient of refrigerant A4 is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect system performance.

[0484] Example 6B. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A medium temperature refrigeration system configured for cooling food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, and the like is constructed according to Example 6A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0485] Example 6C. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A medium temperature refrigeration system configured for cooling food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, and the like is constructed according to Example 6A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0486] Example 6D. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A medium temperature refrigeration system configured for cooling food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, and the like is constructed according to Example 6A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0487] Example 6E. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A medium temperature refrigeration system configured for cooling food or beverages in refrigerators, bottle coolers, and the like is constructed according to Example 6A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0488] Example 6F.- Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A system is constructed according to Example 6A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 6A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0489] Example 7A. Low Temperature Refrigeration System Low temperature refrigeration systems configured to freeze food, such as in ice cream machines and freezers, are tested. The experimental system includes an air-to-refrigerant evaporator for cooling or freezing food or drinks, a compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of results obtained from such systems. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 55°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = approx. 35°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. -23°C (corresponding internal temperature = 1.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 60% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = 1°C

[0490] Test performance results are reported in Table E7 below.

[0491] [Table 15]

[0492] Table E7 shows the thermodynamic performance of a low temperature refrigeration system operating with refrigerants A1-A4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 104% capacity and 105% efficiency compared to R-410A. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows 94% pressure ratio compared to R-410A. The evaporator gradient of refrigerant A4 is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect the system performance.

[0493] Example 7B. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A low temperature refrigeration system configured for freezing food products such as in ice cream machines and freezers is constructed according to Example 7A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0494] Example 7C. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A low temperature refrigeration system configured for freezing food products such as in ice cream machines and freezers is constructed according to Example 7A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0495] Example 7D. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A low temperature refrigeration system configured for freezing food products such as in ice cream machines and freezers is constructed according to Example 7A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0496] Example 7E. Low Temperature Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Including AN4 and ADM6 A low temperature refrigeration system configured for freezing food products such as in ice cream machines and freezers is constructed according to Example 7A, in which a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0497] Example 7F.-Low Temperature Refrigeration System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A system is constructed according to Example 7A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 7A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0498] Example 8A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to provide cooled or heated air to a building is tested. The experimental system includes a packaged rooftop air conditioning / heat pump system having an air-to-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of results obtained from such a system. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = approx. 35°C) 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = 5.5°C

[0499] Test performance results are reported in Table E8 below.

[0500] [Table 16]

[0501] Table E8 shows the thermodynamic performance of a rooftop commercial air conditioning system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, Refrigerant A4 shows 98% capacity and 102% efficiency compared to R-410A, indicating that Refrigerant A is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and a drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, Refrigerant A4 shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is sufficiently comparable to R-410A that no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. In addition, Refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature of less than 10°C compared to R-410A, indicating good compressor reliability with no risk of oil breakdown or motor burnout. The evaporator gradient of Refrigerant A4 is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect system performance.

[0502] Example 8B. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building is constructed according to Example 8A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0503] Example 8C. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building is constructed according to Example 8A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0504] Example 8D. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM6 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building is constructed according to Example 8A, wherein a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0505] Example 8E. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM6 A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building is constructed according to Example 8A, wherein a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer). The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0506] Example 8F. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Packaged Rooftop with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 A system is constructed according to Example 8A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 8A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0507] Example 9A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Refrigerant Flow System A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow configured to deliver cooled or heated air to a building is tested. The experimental system includes multiple (four or more) air-refrigerant evaporators (indoor coils), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of the results obtained from such a system. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approx. 46°C, corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 35°C 2. Condenser subcooling = approx. 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approx. 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator superheat = approx. 5.5°C 5. Insulation efficiency = 70% 6.Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in intake line = 5.5°C

[0508] [Table 17]

[0509] Table E9 shows the thermodynamic performance of a VRF commercial air conditioning system operating with the refrigerant A4 of the present invention compared to R-410A in the same system. Specifically, refrigerant A4 shows 98% capacity and 102% efficiency compared to R-410A, indicating that refrigerant A4 is a drop-in or near drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems and a drop-in replacement for R-410A in such systems. Furthermore, refrigerant A4 shows a pressure ratio of 99% compared to R-410A, indicating that the compressor efficiency is sufficiently comparable to R-410A that no changes need to be made to the compressor used with R-410A. In addition, refrigerant A4 shows a compressor discharge temperature of less than 10°C compared to R-410A, indicating good compressor reliability with no risk of oil breakdown or motor burnout. The evaporator gradient of refrigerant A4 is less than 2°C, indicating that the evaporator gradient does not affect system performance.

[0510] Example 9B. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Flow Refrigerant with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow is configured to provide cool or hot air to a building, where a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), constructed according to Example 9A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0511] Example 9C. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Flow Refrigerant with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM4 A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow is configured to provide cool or hot air to a building, where a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), constructed according to Example 9A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0512] Example 9D. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Flow Refrigerant with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM6 A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow is configured to provide cool or hot air to a building, where a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), constructed according to Example 9A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0513] Example 9E. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Flow Refrigerant with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Including AN4 and ADM6 A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow is configured to provide cool or hot air to a building, where a PVE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer) and an ADM according to the invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer), constructed according to Example 9A. The system thus constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of time, and the lubricant is tested after such operation and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0514] Example 9F. Commercial Air Conditioning System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1-101 - Variable Flow Refrigerant A system is constructed according to Example 9A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1-101 is used in a separate run in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 9A. In each case with each of heat transfer compositions 1-101, the system so constructed is operated continuously for an extended period of several days, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition, and any lubricants contained therein, are tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0515] Comparative Example 1 - Heat Transfer Composition Containing Refrigerant, Lubricant, and BHT The heat transfer compositions of the present invention were tested according to ASHRAE Standard 97-"Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems" to simulate the long term stability of the heat transfer compositions with accelerated aging. The refrigerant tested consisted of 49% by weight R-32, 11.5% by weight R-125, and 39.5% by weight CF3I (also referred to herein as R-466a) with 1.7% by volume air in the refrigerant. The POE lubricant tested was an ISO 32 POE with a viscosity of about 32 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less (Lubricant A). The lubricant contained the stabilizer BHT but no alkylated naphthalenes and no ADM. After testing, the fluid is observed for clarity and the total acid number (TAN) is determined. The TAN value is believed to reflect the stability of the lubricant in the fluid under the conditions used in the heat transfer composition. The fluids were also tested for the presence of trifluoromethane (R-23), a compound believed to be a product of the breakdown of CF3I and therefore believed to reflect refrigerant stability.

[0516] The experiments were conducted by preparing sealed tubes containing 50% by weight of R-466a refrigerant and 50% by weight of the indicated lubricant, after each was degassed. Each tube included steel, copper, aluminum, and bronze coupons. Stability was tested by placing the sealed tubes in an oven maintained at about 175° C. for 14 days. The results were as follows: Lubricant appearance - yellow to brown TAN-4.0mgKOH / g R-23-1.157% by weight

[0517] Example 10 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except that 2 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added, based on the weight of the lubricant, and the results (designated E10) are reported in Table 10 below, along with the results of Comparative Example 1 (designated CE1).

[0518] [Table 18]

[0519] As can be seen from the above data, the refrigerant / lubricant fluid without the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer of the present invention is less than ideal in appearance, has a TAN of 4, and exhibits a relatively high R-23 concentration. These results are achieved despite the inclusion of a BHT stabilizer. In contrast, the addition of 2% alkylated naphthalene of the present invention results in dramatic and unexpected improvements in all tested stability results, including dramatic and large improvements in both TAN and R-23 concentration.

[0520] Example 11 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 10 is repeated, except that 4% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 10.

[0521] Example 12 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 10 is repeated, except that 6% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 10.

[0522] Example 13 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 10 is repeated, except that 8% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant is added. The results are similar to those of Example 10.

[0523] Example 14 - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except that 10 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added, based on the weight of the lubricant, and the results (designated E14) are reported in Table 11 below, along with the results of Comparative Example 1 (designated CE1) and Example 10 (designated E10).

[0524] [Table 19]

[0525] As can be seen from the data above, the refrigerant / lubricant fluids containing 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer (and no ADM) exhibit a substantial degradation in stabilization performance for each criterion tested compared to fluids having a 2% AN concentration.

[0526] Example 15A - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerant, lubricant, AN4, and ADM4 The test of Example 14 was repeated, except that in addition to the 10 wt. % alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt. %) of ADM (ADM4) was also added. The results (designated E15) are reported in Table 12 below, along with the results obtained from Comparative Example 1 (designated CE1), Example 10 (designated E10), and Example 14 (designated E14).

[0527] [Table 20]

[0528] As can be seen from the above data, the refrigerant / lubricant fluid with 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer and 0.1 wt % (1000 ppm) ADM unexpectedly performed best, with an R-23 value two orders of magnitude better than the excellent results of Example 10.

[0529] Example 15B - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 14 is repeated, except that 1000 ppm by weight (0.1% by weight) of ADM (ADM6) is also added in addition to 10% by weight of the alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant added. The results are similar to those of Example 15A.

[0530] Example 16A - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 15 was repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 74 POE (Lubricant B) having a viscosity of about 74 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were as follows: Lubricant appearance: transparent to pale yellow TAN-<0.1mgKOH / g R-23-<0.012wt%

[0531] Example 16B - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 15B is repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 74 POE (lubricant B) having a viscosity of about 74 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results are similar to Example 16A.

[0532] Example 17A - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 15A was repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 68 PVE (Lubricant C) having a viscosity of about 68 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were as follows: Lubricant appearance - extremely transparent TAN-<0.1mgKOH / g R-23-0.028% by weight

[0533] Example 17B - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 15B is repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 68 PVE (lubricant c) having a viscosity of about 68 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results are similar to Example 17A.

[0534] Example 18A - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The tests of Example 15A were repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 32 PVE (Lubricant C) having a viscosity of about 32 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were similar to those of Example 15A.

[0535] Example 18B - Stabilizer for heat transfer compositions containing refrigerants and lubricants The test of Example 15B is repeated, except that the lubricant was an ISO 32 PVE (lubricant c) having a viscosity of about 32 cSt at 40° C. and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results are similar to those of Example 18A.

[0536] Example 19 - Miscibility with POE oil The miscibility of ISO POE-32 oil (having a viscosity of about 32 cSt at a temperature of 40° C.) is tested against R-410A refrigerant and against Refrigerant A shown in Table 1 of Example 1 above, at different weight ratios of lubricant to refrigerant and at different temperatures. The results of this test are reported in Table 11 below.

[0537] [Table 21]

[0538] As can be seen from the above table, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil below about -22°C, and therefore cannot be used in low temperature refrigeration applications unless measures are taken to overcome the accumulation of POE oil in the evaporator. Furthermore, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil above 50°C, which will cause problems (e.g., trapped and accumulated separated POE oil) in the condenser and liquid delivery lines when using R-410A at high ambient conditions. On the contrary, applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that the refrigerants of the present invention are completely miscible with POE oil over the temperature range of -40°C to 80°C, and therefore provide substantial and unexpected advantages when used in such systems.

Claims

1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant being about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ３ I), wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises from 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % AN4, and from about 0.05% to about 2.5% of one or more compounds according to AMD1, and the amount of the stabilizer component is based on the weight of the lubricant and stabilizer.

2. The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 49% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 11.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and Approximately 39.5% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ３ The heat transfer composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is present at I.

3. The refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, each compound being present in the following relative percentages: about 41% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32); about 3.5% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 10. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is present at about 55.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).

4. 10. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein said alkylated naphthalene is present in said composition in an amount of from 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of said lubricant and said stabilizer.

5. 10. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein said alkylated naphthalene is present in said composition in an amount of from 1.5% to 6% by weight, based on the weight of said lubricant and said stabilizer.

6. The heat transfer composition of claim 4 , wherein the at least one AMD1 compound comprises ADM4.

7. The heat transfer composition of claim 4 , wherein the at least one AMD1 compound comprises ADM6.

8. 7. The heat transfer composition of claim 6, wherein said stabilizing agent comprises about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of said AN4 and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of said ADM4, based on the weight of said stabilizing agent.

9. 8. The heat transfer composition of claim 7, wherein said stabilizing agent comprises about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of said AN4 and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of said ADM6, based on the weight of said stabilizing agent.

10. The heat transfer composition of claim 8 wherein said alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

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