Use of ginpropylidaz to reduce viral and bacterial transmission

Abstract

The present invention relates to the use of zincpropyridaz to reduce or prevent bacterial and viral transmission from insect vectors to plants, a method for reducing or preventing bacterial and viral transmission from insect vectors to plants by applying zincpropyridaz to plants, and a method for protecting plants from viral and bacterial diseases by applying zincpropyridaz to plants.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent viral and bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants and to protect plants from viral and bacterial diseases. [Background technology]

[0002] Formula I: [ka] 1-[(1RS)-1,2-dimethylpropyl]-N-ethyl-5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide is known from WO 2012 / 143317. It is stated that the compound is useful for combating a wide variety of invertebrate pests. It is known by the common name dinpropylidaz.

[0003] Vectors are organisms that can introduce pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, into plants and feed, causing infection. Suitable vectors include Hemiptera species, including but not limited to aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers, thrips, mites, scale insects, mealybugs, camellia beetles, plant lice, and psyllids, which also cause direct feeding damage to plants. Disease transmission from vectors to plants is a widespread cause of plant damage for which there are few effective control measures.

[0004] To date, no antiviral agents are known for agricultural purposes. The only effective means of reducing vector-transmitted viral infections is to control the vectors, for example by using insecticides, to prevent their entry before infection occurs. The use of antibiotics in agriculture is not generally accepted because they act selectively only against certain bacteria, and because, by their very nature, they only serve to treat disease when it is already present, as well as because of the serious impacts on human health and antibiotic resistance.

[0005] It is known that insecticides, alone or in mixtures with other known pesticides, can be used to reduce vector-transmitted viral or bacterial infections. For example, the use of mixtures containing pyrethroids and pirimicarb or tetramic acid derivatives to reduce vector-transmitted viral infections is known from EP 237227 and EP 2011394.

[0006] However, the efficacy of these insecticides or insecticide mixtures in reducing viral and bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants is not always satisfactory.

[0007] This is because vectors are often capable of transmitting viruses or bacteria before being killed by insecticides. It is important to note that vectors, such as aphids, move through plants and explore for a short time, so by the time the aphids receive a lethal dose of insecticide, pathogen transmission is often complete and damage has already occurred. Thus, there is a need for insecticides that not only kill vectors, but also rapidly stop vector feeding and can rapidly reduce or stop the ability of vectors to acquire and transmit viruses before the plant becomes infected. Rapid cessation of vector feeding by suitable insecticides not only reduces the severity of disease in affected plants, but also helps reduce the spread of disease to other plants in the field. Thus, there is a need for insecticides that effectively reduce or stop the ability of vectors to transmit pathogens when insect control is not fully effective.

[0008] The present inventors have discovered that this need is met by applying dinpropyridaz to plants.

[0009] Furthermore, it has been observed that some insecticides excite insects, encouraging greater movement and feeding, which increases the rate of spread of viruses and bacteria. Thus, there is also a need for insecticides that inhibit the movement and / or feeding of insect vectors before killing them.

[0010] The present inventors have discovered that this need is met by applying dinpropyridaz to crops.

[0011] Furthermore, there is a general desire to reduce the dosage of insecticides and thus the associated control of vectors, and therefore there is also a need for insecticides that can be applied in lower doses than conventional insecticides.

[0012] The present inventors have discovered that this need is met by applying dinpropyridaz to crops.

[0013] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an insecticide that satisfies any of the above needs. Surprisingly, it has been found that ginpropyridaz is suitable for reducing or preventing viral and bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants. It controls insect vectors, in particular whiteflies, aphids, and leafhoppers in all developmental stages.

[0014] In particular, it has been shown that the primary and secondary spread of viruses by insect vectors can be effectively reduced or prevented by application of ginpropyridaz.

[0015] On the one hand, it has been found that virally or bacterially infected vectors that land on zincpropyridaz-treated plants show a reduced ability of the vector to transmit the virus or bacteria, and on the other hand, it has been found that uninfected insect vectors that land on zincpropyridaz-treated infected plants show a reduced ability to transmit the virus or bacteria to adjacent healthy plants. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0016] Thus, in one aspect, the present invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent viral and bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants.

[0017] In this context, a distinction needs to be made between non-persistently transmitted and persistently transmitted viruses and bacteria.

[0018] Non-persistent viruses and bacteria are transferred mechanically through the mouthparts of insect vectors during feeding (stylet-borne). Non-persistent transmission is typically characterized by an acquisition time of a few seconds (the time required by the insect vector to acquire the virus / bacteria), an inoculation time of a few seconds (the time required by an infectious insect vector to inoculate a plant), a zero latency period (the minimum time between acquisition of the virus / bacteria and the ability to transmit it), and a residence time of minutes to hours (the time during which the insect vector maintains the ability to transmit the virus / bacteria after acquiring the virus / bacteria). For primary spread, i.e. the initial spread of the virus / bacteria from an infection source outside the field to the field by an infectious insect vector, a short inoculation time is important. On the other hand, a short residence time prevents the virus / bacteria from spreading over long distances. With regard to secondary spread of the virus / bacteria, i.e., the spread of the virus / bacteria within a field by vectors acquiring the virus / bacteria from a source within the field, and the spread of the virus / bacteria by these subsequent infectious vectors, it is particularly important that there is no incubation period so that vectors that acquire the virus / bacteria from one plant can transmit it directly to another plant.

[0019] Persistent viruses include circulating viruses, which must move systemically within the insect to spread, and vegetative viruses, which must replicate within the insect to spread. Virus transmission is typically characterized by an acquisition time of minutes, an inoculation time of minutes, a latent period of a day or more, and a residence time that often lasts for the life of the insect. For persistent virus transmission, the inoculation time is also fairly short, making primary transmission (before killing by insecticides) a key issue in managing plant diseases.

[0020] Due to the long residence time, non-infected fields may become infected due to the movement of insects from far away infected fields. However, the incubation period is also quite long, so that the vector insect cannot directly transmit the virus or bacteria after acquiring it, thus delaying the secondary spread of the virus or bacteria. One embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of ginpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the spread of persistent virus and bacterial types. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of ginpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the primary spread of persistent virus and bacterial types by rapid feeding cessation.

[0021] Another embodiment of the invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the secondary spread of persistent viral and bacterial types.

[0022] One embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the spread of non-persistent virus types. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the primary spread of non-persistent virus types. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the secondary spread of non-persistent virus types.

[0023] Semi-persistent viruses often suppress plant defense responses, resulting in increased vector populations and facilitating virus transmission during vector outbreaks. In semi-persistent transmission, the virus is retained in the foregut or salivary glands. Semi-persistent virus transmission is typically characterized by acquisition times of minutes to hours and residence times of hours to days.

[0024] For non-persistently transmitted viruses and bacteria, insecticides other than zincpropyridaz are often too slow acting to effectively reduce both the primary and secondary spread of the virus. For persistently transmitted viruses, insecticides are often too slow acting to effectively reduce the primary spread of the virus.

[0025] A preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the primary spread of non-persistent and semi-persistent virus types. Another embodiment of the invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent the secondary spread of non-persistent and semi-persistent virus types.

[0026] Reducing secondary spread requires that the insecticide effectively kill all insect vectors or rapidly stop vector feeding, however, fast-killing insecticides may also have adverse or beneficial effects on non-target arthropods.

[0027] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for reducing or preventing transmission from an insect vector to a plant, comprising applying dinpropyridaz to an insect vector, a crop, a plant, a plant propagation material such as a seed, or to the soil or water in which the plant is growing. One embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of dinpropyridaz to reduce or prevent secondary spread.

[0028] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for protecting plants from viral and bacterial diseases comprising applying zincpropyridaz to uninfected crops, plants, plant propagation material such as seeds, or to the soil or water in which the plants are growing.

[0029] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing transmission from an insect vector to a plant, comprising applying to the plant zincpropyridaz, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, salt, or N-oxide thereof.

[0030] Zinpropyridaz, both by itself and in combination with other insecticides, is known to be active against insect pests, but is not yet known to solve plant problems caused by viruses and bacteria such as those mentioned above.

[0031] The salts of zincpropyridaz are preferably agriculturally and veterinarily acceptable salts. Such salts and their preparation are generally known from WO 2012 / 143317.

[0032] Zinpropyridaz can be used in the form of its N-oxide, which is generally known from WO 2012 / 143317.

[0033] Zinpropyridaz may be amorphous or may exist in one or more different crystalline states (polymorphs) which may have different macroscopic properties, such as stability, or may exhibit different biological properties, such as activity. The present invention includes the use of both amorphous and crystalline compounds, their enantiomers or diastereomers, mixtures of different crystalline states of zincpropyridaz, its enantiomers or diastereomers, and amorphous or crystalline salts thereof.

[0034] Zinpropyridaz is suitable for reducing or preventing transmission from insect vectors to plants.

[0035] As used herein, the term "transmission of viruses or bacteria from insect vectors to plants" refers to the introduction of a virus into a plant to cause infection. Virus transmission is typically characterized by the acquisition time, i.e., the time required for an insect vector to acquire the virus, the inoculation time, i.e., the time required for an infectious insect vector to infect a plant, the latency period, i.e., the minimum time from acquisition of the virus until the insect vector transmits the virus, and the residence period, i.e., the time during which an insect vector maintains the ability to transmit the virus after acquiring the virus. As a result of reduced virus transmission from insect vectors to plants, insect-borne virus infection of plants in the field can be reduced. In particular, primary spread of the virus, i.e., the initial spread of the virus from an infection source outside the field to the field by an infectious insect vector, and / or secondary spread of the virus, i.e., the spread of the virus within the field via acquisition of the virus by an insect vector from a virus source within the field, and subsequent spread of the virus by an infectious insect vector, can be reduced. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] As used herein, the term "viral-infected" or "virus infection" in reference to a plant means that the plant is infected with a virus. As outlined above, viral infection is typically caused by inoculation by an infectious insect vector. Virus transmission from the insect vector to the plant typically results in the viral infection.

[0037] As used herein, the term "pathogen" includes bacteria and viruses.

[0038] As used herein, the term "viral or bacterial transmission from an insect vector to a plant" refers to the introduction of a pathogen to a plant to cause infection. Such transmission is typically characterized by the acquisition time, i.e., the time required for an insect vector to acquire the pathogen, the inoculation time, i.e., the time required for an infectious insect vector to infect a plant, the latency period, i.e., the minimum time from acquisition of the pathogen until the insect vector transmits the virus, and the residence period, i.e., the time during which an insect vector maintains the ability to transmit the bacteria after acquiring the pathogen. As a result of reduced bacterial transmission from an insect vector to a plant, insect-borne bacterial and viral infections of plants in the field can be reduced. Primary spread of the pathogen, i.e., the initial spread of the pathogen to the field by an infectious insect vector from an infection source outside the field, and / or secondary spread of the pathogen, i.e., the spread of the pathogen within the field via acquisition of the pathogen by an insect vector from a pathogen source within the field, and subsequent spread of the pathogen by an infectious insect vector, can be reduced.

[0039] As used herein, the term "bacterially infected" or "bacterial infection" in reference to a plant means that the plant is infected with bacteria. As outlined above, bacterial infection is typically caused by inoculation by an infectious insect vector. Bacterial transmission from the insect vector to the plant typically results in the bacterial infection.

[0040] The term "plant" refers to multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae, including crop plants.

[0041] The term "crop" refers to plants grown for food or other commercial purposes. Application of zincpropyridaz to crops is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] As used herein, the term "infectious insect vector" refers to an insect vector capable of acquiring and transmitting a virus, meaning that the incubation period has ended but the residence period has not. An "infectious insect vector" may also be referred to as a "virus-transporting insect vector."

[0043] As used herein, the term "uninfected" in relation to plants means that the plant is healthy, i.e., not infected with a virus. "Uninfected plants" are also called "virus-free plants." Zinpropyridaz is preferably used in fields containing only uninfected plants, with a focus on reducing or preventing the primary spread of the virus, or in fields containing virus-infected and uninfected plants, with a focus on reducing or preventing the secondary spread of the virus.

[0044] As used herein, the term "non-infectious" in relation to an insect vector means that the insect vector is incapable of transmitting the virus, and preferably the insect vector has not acquired the virus.

[0045] The term "contacting" includes both direct contact (applying the compound / composition directly onto the animal pest or plant) and indirect contact (applying the compound / composition to the locus). Maximal contact means applying ginpropyridaz to the pest and the plant together. This method is used for insects that have reduced movement during feeding (aphids) or sessile insects such as the nymphal stage of whiteflies.

[0046] "Pesticidally effective amount" means the amount of active ingredient required to obtain an observable effect on growth, including effects related to necrosis, killing, hindering, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the appearance and activity of target organisms. Pesticidally effective amounts of a composition also vary with the prevailing conditions (e.g., desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, location, mode of application).

[0047] "Reducing viral transmission" means that the number of infected plants is reduced by at least 50%, or 65%, preferably 80%, especially 90% or 95%, compared to untreated controls.

[0048] "Preventing viral transmission" means a reduction of at least 99%, preferably 100%, in the number of infected plants compared to untreated controls.

[0049] "Reducing bacterial spread" means that the number of infected plants is reduced by at least 50%, or 65%, preferably 80%, especially 90% or 95%, compared to untreated controls.

[0050] "Preventing bacterial spread" means a reduction of at least 99%, preferably 100%, in the number of infected plants compared to untreated controls.

[0051] Persistent viruses include the genera Begomovirus, Luteovirus, Nanovirus, Polerovirus, Tobamovirus, and Tospovirus.

[0052] Semi-persistent viruses include the genera Closterovirus, Crinivirus, Sequivirus, and Torradovirus.

[0053] Non-persistent viruses include the genera Alfamovirus, Carlavirus, Cucumovirus, Fabavirus, and Potyvirus.

[0054] Most plant pathogenic bacteria belong to the genera Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Pantoea, Agrobacterium, Liberibacter, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, Acidovorax, Xanthomonas, Clavibacter, Streptomyces, Xylella, Spiroplasma, and Phytoplasma. Xyella, Liberibacter, Spiroplasma, and Phytoplasma are the most economically impactful diseases transmitted by hemipteran vectors in plants (see Huang, Weijie PMC 2020 Dec 28). Preferred embodiments of the use or method according to the present invention for reducing or preventing bacterial and viral transmission from vector insects to plants, including the application of ginpropyridaz, are described hereinafter. References made to preferred embodiments of the use or method of the present invention should be understood as preferred in themselves and preferably in combination with each other.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment of the use or method of the present invention, zinpropyridaz is applied to a field of non-infected plants, i.e. a field consisting only of non-infected plants, i.e. a field that does not contain any bacterial or viral infected plants, so that the primary spread of bacteria and viruses can be reduced or even prevented, since zinpropyridaz prevents or greatly reduces feeding (transmission) of existing and invading insect vectors.

[0056] In another preferred embodiment of the use or method of the invention, zinpropyridaz is applied to a field containing bacterially or virally infected and non-infected plants, which is particularly suitable for reducing or preventing the secondary spread of bacteria and viruses within the field.

[0057] In another embodiment, the insect vector is selected from aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, thrips, psyllids, scale insects, mealybugs, and mites, preferably selected from the group consisting of aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, and thrips, more preferably selected from aphids, whiteflies, and thrips, in particular selected from the group consisting of aphids and whiteflies.

[0058] In particular, bacteria and viruses are effective against, for example, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphum pisum, the spiraecola aphid Aphis citricola, the bean aphid Aphis craccivora, the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, the cotton aphid Aphis frangulae, the soybean aphid Aphis glycines, the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii, the Dutch laurel aphid Aphis nasturtii, the European apple aphid Aphis pomi, the spiraecola aphid Aulacorthum solani, the wheat aphid Brachycaudus helichrysi, the radish aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia, Dysaphis devecta, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, Hyalopterus pruni, Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzus cerasi, Myzus nicotianae, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigus bursarius bursarius), Hop wart aphid (Phorodon humuli), Apple neck aphid (Rhopalosiphum insertum Wa), Corn aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), Wheat neck aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), Wheat green aphid (Schizaphisgraminum, Sitobion avenae, Toxoptera aurantii, Toxoptera citricola, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Bemisia tabaci, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, Laodelphax spp., Nephotettix spp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Bactericera It can be spread by one or more of the following insects: Bifidobacterium cockerelli, Dalbulus maidis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Diaphorina citri.

[0059] Plants infested with aphids may show a variety of symptoms, including reduced growth rate, spotted leaves, yellowing, stunted growth, leaf curl, browning, wilting, reduced yield, and death. Beet mild yellows virus (BMYV) causes yellow to orange leaf discoloration, Beet yellows virus (BYV) causes interveinal yellowing, and Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) causes intermediate leaf yellowing and red, purple, or yellow discoloration of leaf greens.

[0060] Removal of the sap causes loss of plant vigor, and the aphid's saliva is toxic to the plant. Furthermore, aphids often transmit disease-causing organisms, such as plant viruses, to their hosts through feeding. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is the vector for many plant viruses, such as Turnip Yellows Virus (TuYV), Beet Yellows Virus (BYV), Beet Chlorotic Virus (BChV), and Beet Mild Yellows Virus (BMYV). Such viruses affect a number of plants, such as sugar beet, fodder beet, rapeseed, oilseed rape, lettuce crops, mustard, chickpea, lupin, lentil, bean, pea, lucerne, and clover. The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) frequently infects barley, wheat, oats, corn, triticale, and rice with viruses of the Luteovirus genus, most commonly Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) frequently infect sugarcane, papaya, and peanut. Aphids contribute to the spread of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato. The cherry or black cherry aphid, Myzus cerasi, causes leaf curl in cherry trees. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the aphid vector is therefore selected from Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi, in particular the vector is Myzus persicae.

[0061] Similarly, whitefly nymphs and adults feed by inserting their proboscis into the leaf and penetrating the phloem to suck out the sap. It is during this feeding process that plant pathogens are acquired and transmitted. In particular, adult whiteflies can spread viruses while feeding and transmit them to new plants. Whiteflies that represent virus vectors include whiteflies of the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes. Particularly important species of Bemisia include B. tabaci. Particularly important species of Trialeurodes include T. vaporariorum, T. abutilonea, and T. ricini. The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) often infects tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, tobacco, beans and peppers with viruses. In another particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the whitefly vector is therefore selected from the group consisting of B. tabaci, T. vaporariorum, T. abutilonea and T. ricini, in particular the whitefly vector is B. tabaci.

[0062] Viruses and bacteria can be spread by psyllids, such as the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri).

[0063] The Asian citrus psyllid mainly causes bacterial diseases, such as Citrus Greening or Huanglongbing (HLB). The corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis) mainly causes bacterial diseases, such as corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS) and corn bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP).

[0064] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pathogen is a bacterium, such as a persistent bacterium.

[0065] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pathogen is a virus, such as a persistent virus.

[0066] In one embodiment, the bacterium is selected from the family Mycoplasmataceae, Acholeplasmataceae, Rhizobiaceae, and preferably from the genera Spiroplasma, C. Phytoplasma, and Liberibacter, respectively.

[0067] In one embodiment, the virus is selected from the group consisting of Luteoviridae, Closteroviridae, Geminiviridae, Nanoviridae, Betaflexiviridae, Bunyaviridae, Bromoviridae, Potyviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae, e), Secoviridae, Sequiviridae, Solemoviridae, Tospoviridae, Tymoviridae, or Virgaviridae, preferably selected from the genus Polerovirus in the family Luteoviridae and the genus Begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae.

[0068] In another embodiment, the virus is selected from the genus Tospovirus of the family Bunyaviridae. Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) mainly affects the Solanaceae family, such as potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper, and tobacco. Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) mainly affects the Solanaceae family. Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) mainly affects chrysanthemum and tomato crops.

[0069] The family Luteoviridae includes the genera Enamovirus, Luteovirus, and Polerovirus. Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) mainly infects rapeseed, oilseed rape, lettuce crops, mustard, chickpea, lupin, lentil, bean, pea, lucerne, and clover. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) mainly infects barley, wheat, oat, maize, triticale, and rice. Beet chlorotic virus (BChV) and Beet mild yellows virus (BMYV) mainly infect sugar beet and fodder beet. Cucurbit Aphid-borne Yellows Virus (CABYV) mainly infects cucumber, gherkin, cruzette, melon, and pumpkin. Beet Western Yellows Virus (BWYV) mainly infects beet, cabbage, rapeseed, soybean, lettuce, pea, potato, turnip, and cucumber. Pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV) mainly infects Solanaceas. Carrot redleaf virus (CaRLV) mainly infects carrot.

[0070] The family Closteroviridae includes the genera Closterovirus and Crinivirus. Beet yellows virus (BYV) mainly infects sugar beet and fodder beet. Carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV) and Carrot closterovirus-1 (CtCV-1) mainly infect carrot, beet, celery, and parsley. Tomato infectious chlorotic virus (ToICV) and Tomato chlorotic virus (ToCV) mainly infect tomato, lettuce, eggplant, potato, squash, and pepper.

[0071] The family Geminiviridae includes the genera Mastrevirus, Curtovirus, Begomovirus, and Topocuvirus, including Tomato Pseudo-curly Top Virus (TPCTV), which is transmitted in particular by treehoppers, M. malleifera (Hemiptera: Membracidae).

[0072] The Mastrevirus genus includes the economically important Maize streak virus (MSV), which can be transmitted by nine species of leaf miners in the genus Cicadulina. MSV vector (insect) persistence is highly efficient, for example the species C. mbila can transmit the virus as it remains infective for up to 35 days after infection.

[0073] The Curtovirus genus includes Beet curly top virus (BCTV), which can be transmitted by many plant species of the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker).

[0074] The genus Begomovirus includes species in the family Geminiviridae. These include Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Tomato yellow leafcurl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCSV), Tomato mottle virus (Tomov), and Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV). These viruses primarily infect tomato, eggplant, potato, tobacco, bean, and pepper.

[0075] The Nanoviridae family includes the genera Babuvirus and Nanovirus. The Babuvirus includes Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and the Nanovirus includes the economically very important broad bean virus, necrotic bean yellows virus (FBNYV), which primarily infects broad bean, chickpea, and other leguminosae.

[0076] The Betaflexiviridae family includes the genus Carlavirus. Potato M virus (PVM) and Potato S virus (PVS) primarily infect potato, tomato, and other Solanaceae. Lily symptomless virus (LSV) primarily infects lilies. Hop mosaic virus (HMV) primarily infects hops.

[0077] The family Bromoviridae includes the genera Alfamovirus and Cucumovirus. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) primarily infects alfalfa, lettuce, potato, and tomato. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) primarily infects cucumber, tomato, melon, pepper, tomato, carrot, celery, lettuce, spinach, and beet. Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) primarily infects tomato.

[0078] The family Potyviridae includes the genus Potyvirus, in which Potato virus V (PVV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) primarily infect potatoes. Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) mainly infects lettuce, safflower, and quinoa. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) mainly infects cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and turnip. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) mainly infects squash, tomato, marroes, cruzettes, melons, watermelons, cucumbers, and gherkins. Tobacco etch virus (TEV) mainly infects tobacco, tomato, potato, pepper, and other Solanaceae. Tulip breaking virus (TBV) mainly infects tulips and lilies. Lily mottle virus (LMV) mainly infects tulips and lilies. The Leaf yellow vein virus (LMoV) mainly infects lilies. The Cucumber leaf yellow vein virus (CVYV) mainly infects cucumbers. The Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) mainly infects cucumbers and beans. The Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and the Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) mainly infect leguminosae; beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, soybeans, and lupins. The Plum Pox virus (PPV) mainly infects plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, and cherries. The European maize mosaic virus (EMV) mainly infects cucumbers and beans. The E. coli virus (EMMV) primarily infects corn and sorghum. The Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV) primarily infects soybean. The Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus (OYDV) primarily infects onion.Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) mainly infects sugar beet, fodder beet, and spinach. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) mainly infects Poaceae such as corn and sorghum.

[0079] Enveloped plant viruses, such as the Rhabdoviruses and Bunyaviruses, all infect plants by a persistent mode of transmission.

[0080] It is known in the art that differences in virus transmission can occur for each vector, vector population or vector biotype depending on the vector's sex or developmental stage (nymph / adult).

[0081] The genus Tospovirus belongs to the family Bunyaviridae. The family Bunyaviridae includes five genera: Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, and Tosbovirus. The genus Tospovirus includes Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato yellow spot virus (TCSV), Peanut mottle virus (GRSV), and Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV). The genus Tospovirus is of particular interest to certain embodiments of the present invention.

[0082] The Rhabdoviridae family includes viruses that are transmitted by both vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants, including pathogens of humans, livestock, and crops. Two genera of viruses that infect plants are Nucleorhobdovirus and Cytorhabdovirus. Nucleorhobdovirus includes Sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV), Maize mosaic virus (MMV), Taro vein chlorosis virus (TaVCV), Rice yellow stunt virus (RYSV), and Maize fine streak virus (MFSV). The genus Cytorhabdovirus includes, for example, Northern cereal mosaic virus (NCMV) and lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV).

[0083] The Tenuivirus genus includes Maize stripe virus (MStV) and Rice stripe virus (RSV), as well as Maize yellow stripe virus (MYSV). For example, Tenuiviruses are acquired from infected plants by vectors (insects) in a very short time.

[0084] The family Reoviridae includes nine genera, of which Orbireovirus, Coltivirus, and Cypovirus are capable of infecting insect vectors, while species of the Fijiviruses, Phytoreovirus, and Oryzavirus genera can also infect plants. Transovarial transmission of Reoviruses in vectors (insects) has been demonstrated for Fiji disease virus (FDV), Oat sterile dwarf virus (OSDV), Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV), Nilaparvata lugens virus (NLV), Rice dwarf virus (RDV), Wound tumor virus (WTV), and Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV). The Fuji virus genus also includes Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and Male de Rio Cuarto virus (MRCV).

[0085] Finally, the family Tymoviridae includes the genus Marafivirus, which includes, for example, Maize ryadofino virus (MRFV).

[0086] The inventive use of jinpropyridaz or the method of applying jinpropyridaz to plants, particularly to uninfected plants, can reduce or prevent plant diseases caused by the aforementioned virus genera or can protect the aforementioned plants.

[0087] Plant viruses and their vectors are well understood and can be divided into different classes and subclasses: persistent, semi-persistent, and non-persistent, whereas plant-infecting bacteria and their associated insect vectors are poorly understood (see Front. Plant Sci. 09 August 2016, Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions; https: / / www.frontiersin.org / articles / 10.3389 / fpls.2016.01163 / full). Since it is known that infected plants can acquire bacteria in both vascular systems: in the phloem and xylem, it is estimated that the majority of insect-transmitted bacterial diseases are obligate intercellular persistent and semi-persistent, cyclic and non-cyclic, with non-persistent being a minority. It should also be noted that bacterial acquisition in plants can also occur by injury of the plant due to exposure to contaminated soil or seeds, infected debris, or airborne spores. Some of the families that affect plant health also contain genera and / or species that affect human (mammalian) health.

[0088] The family Erwiniaceae includes the genus Erwinia, which contains over 20 species, the most common of which is E. amylovora or fire blight, which occurs in pome fruits and stone fruits. Additionally, E. tracheiphila causes bacterial wilt in ornamental plants such as cucurbits and orchids. The subgenus Pantoea includes at least nine species, some of which are opportunistic and may affect humans. The most common, P. stewartia, causes Stewart's wilt, bacterial leaf blight, rice leaf blight, and jackfruit bronze disease in other Poaceae plants such as corn and sugarcane.

[0089] The family Pectobacteriaceae includes the genera Dickeya, Brenneria, and Pectobacterium, with eight to nine species per genus. Dickeya solani is a common example of a bacterium that affects potato and other solanaceous crops, commonly known as blackleg or soft rot. Brenneria and Pectobaceterium are commonly associated with diseases of woody crops and are closely related to diseases of the Erwinia genus to which they once belonged.

[0090] The Rhizobiaceae family includes over 20 genera, including but not limited to Agrobacterium and Liberibacter. Agrobacteria have received most attention for their occurrence of gall-like growths in a range of crops, such as soybean, cotton, and corn, and for their use in GMO transformation. Liberibacter has received most attention for its semi-persistent presence in the psyllid, potato and citrus psyllid, hemolymph, and salivary glands, transmitting zebra chip disease in potato and solanaceous crops, and greening disease in citrus (huanglongbing (HLB) or Citrus Greening).

[0091] The genus Pseudomonas in the family Pseudomonadaceae includes the saprophytic plant growth promoting Pseudomonas (PGPP), which cause a range of plant diseases with common symptoms such as rot, gall formation, and necrosis.

[0092] The family Burkholderiaceae includes two major plant genera, Ralstonia and Burkholderia, which infect a wide range of solanaceous crops, such as potato, eggplant, tomato, wild eggplant, pepper, as well as soybean, ginger, and various ornamentals, causing Ralstonia wilt disease.

[0093] The genus Burkholderia contains more than 20 species, including Burkholderia glumae, which causes grain and seedling rot of rice, solanaceous crops, and wilt diseases of sesame and other crops.

[0094] The genus Acidovorax in the family Comamonadaceae includes 15 species, including Acidovorax avenae, which affects cucurbits and cereals and causes bacterial fruit spot.

[0095] The family Xanthomonadaceae includes nearly 30 different species of Xanthomonas, which affect a wide range of over 400 different plant species. Plant responses range from citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri, to bacterial leaf spot and bacterial blight diseases such as Xanthomonas oryzae in rice. The family also includes the genus Xylella, which includes the species X. fastidiosa, which is commonly transmitted by leafhoppers such as the sharpshooter and other hemipterans such as camellias. Many diseases are associated with a wide variety of crops, including, but not limited to, bacterial leaf scorch of oleander and coffee, alfalfa dwarf disease, Pierce's disease of grapevines, olive rapid decline syndrome of olive trees, and citrus variegated chlorosis of citrus.

[0096] The genus Clavibacter in the family Microbacteriaceae causes bacterial canker or ring rot disease via Clavibacter michiganensis, affecting Solanaceous crops, including tomato.

[0097] The genus Streptomyces in the family Streptomycetaceae has at least 10 plant pathogenic members, with over 500 species within the family causing lesions via the mite S. scabies on tubers and root crops such as nightshade and potato, but the genus is typically associated with soil-borne pathogens and is not vector-borne.

[0098] The genus Xyella includes over 600 species that affect plants. Disease symptoms include leaf discoloration, wilting, changes in internode growth, changes in fruit size and lobes, and a sticky leaf appearance. For example, Xyella fastidiosa is an aerobic plant pathogen that resides in xylem tissue and is transmitted by xylem-feeding insects such as leafhoppers / sharpshooters and camellias, causing chlorosis and leaf scorch. Specific outcomes include Pierce's Disease (PD) in grapevine.

[0099] The genus Spiroplasma, family Spiroplasmataceae, and class Mollicutes include several pathogens that cause disease in plants, but can also infect mammals and act symbiotically with the same species, i.e. Drosophila sp., as a promoter of speciation by infecting other arthropods such as ladybirds, bees, ants, beetles, and butterflies through protection from parasitic nematodes, or through male killing. Focusing on crop diseases, these are Spiroplasma citri, which causes citrus stubborn disease, and Spiroplasma kunkelii, which causes corn stunt disease.

[0100] Phytoplasma genera in the class Mollicutes, including Candidatus, also affect a wide range of crops, including but not limited to tropical fruits (such as coconuts), stone fruits, sugarcane, and bush trees, and are most commonly transmitted by hemipteran pests. Phytoplasmas are obligate phloem tissue pathogens that require an insect vector for plant-to-plant transmission. An economically important example is Candidatus phytoplasma, which causes corn bushy stunt, transmitted by the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis.

[0101] The inventive use of jinpropyridaz or the method of applying jinpropyridaz to plants, both uninfected and infected plants, can reduce or prevent plant diseases caused by the aforementioned bacterial genera or can protect the aforementioned plants.

[0102] For certain viruses and bacteria, specific insect vectors can be identified, for example: When the vector is an aphid, such as Myzus persicae or Rhopalosiphum padi, the virus may preferably be from the family Luteoviridae, in particular from the genus Polerovirus or Luteovirus. Preferred Polerovirus or Luteovirus are Turnip yellows virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Beet yellows virus, Beet chlorotic virus, and Beet mild yellows virus.

[0103] When the vector is a whitefly, the virus may preferably be of the Geminiviridae family, in particular of the Begomovirus genus. A preferred Begomovirus is Tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

[0104] When the vector is a leafhopper such as Dalbulus maidis, bacteria such as Spiroplasma kunkelii (mollicutes-bacteria) and corn bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP) are transmitted. Citrus greening (HLB) is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphornia citri).

[0105] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, barley, beans, beets, rapeseed, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, chervil, chickpea, clover, coriander, cruzette, cucumber, gourd, eggplant, broad bean, fodder beet, gherkin, lentil, lettuce, lucerne, lupin, corn, marrow, melon, mustard, oats, rapeseed, ornamentals, parsley, parsnip, pea, pepper, potato, pumpkin, quinoa, radish, rapeseed, rice, safflower, soybean, spinach, eggplant, sugar beet, tobacco, tomato, triticale, turnip, watermelon, and wheat.

[0106] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant is selected from the group consisting of tomato, eggplant, potato, tobacco, kidney bean, chilli pepper, rapeseed, ground cherries, oilseed rape, lettuce crops, mustard, chickpea, lupin, lentil, kidney bean, pea, lucerne, clover, barley, wheat, oats, maize, triticale, rice, sugar beet and fodder beet.

[0107] Viruses and plants which are of particular relevance in the context of the present invention are further defined below.

[0108] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Closterovirus.

[0109] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, wherein the virus is a Luteovirus.

[0110] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, wherein the virus is a Polerovirus.

[0111] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, wherein the virus is a Begomovirus.

[0112] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Sobemovirus.

[0113] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in a plant, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Caulimovirus.

[0114] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Sequivirus.

[0115] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropylidaz, and the virus is an Enamovirus.

[0116] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is an Umbravirus.

[0117] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Nanovirus.

[0118] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Cytorhabdovirus.

[0119] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission to plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the virus is a Nucleorhabdovirus.

[0120] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing bacterial transmission to plants and for protecting plants from bacterial diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropylidaz, and the bacteria is selected from Spiroplasma kunkelii and Candidatus phytoplasma.

[0121] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is a particular crop plant.

[0122] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is a fruiting vegetable.

[0123] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is a leafy vegetable.

[0124] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Solanaceae, preferably tomato.

[0125] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropylidaz, and the plant is from the family Solanaceae, preferably eggplant.

[0126] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Solanaceae, preferably potato.

[0127] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Solanaceae, preferably Physalis oryzae.

[0128] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Solanaceae, preferably tobacco.

[0129] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably Phaseolus vulgaris.

[0130] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Solanaceae, preferably Capsicum.

[0131] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the Brassicaceae family, preferably rapeseed.

[0132] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the Brassicaceae family, preferably rapeseed.

[0133] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the Asteraceae family, preferably lettuce.

[0134] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the Brassicaceae family, preferably mustard.

[0135] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably chickpea.

[0136] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably lupin.

[0137] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably lentil.

[0138] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably Phaseolus vulgaris.

[0139] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is of the family Fabaceae, preferably pea.

[0140] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably lucerne.

[0141] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Fabaceae, preferably clover.

[0142] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Poaceae, preferably barley.

[0143] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Poaceae, preferably wheat.

[0144] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying jinpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Poaceae, preferably oat.

[0145] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying dinpropyridaz, and the plant is of the family Poaceae, preferably maize (synonymous with corn).

[0146] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing bacterial transmission to plants and for protecting plants from bacterial diseases, the method or use comprising applying dinpropyridaz, and the plant is of the family Poaceae, preferably maize (synonymous with corn).

[0147] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying jinpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Poaceae, preferably triticale.

[0148] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Poaceae, preferably rice.

[0149] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the family Amaranthaceae, preferably sugar beet.

[0150] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral transmission in plants and for protecting plants from viral diseases, the method or use comprising applying zincpropyridaz, and the plant is from the Amaranthaceae family, preferably fodder beet.

[0151] Particular embodiments of the invention are such methods or uses for reducing or preventing virus transmission from an insect vector to a plant, wherein the virus and the plant are as defined in Table A.1, items A-1 to A-30, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to the plant.

[0152] A particular embodiment of the present invention is such a method or use for protecting plants from viral diseases, wherein the crops and viruses mainly affected are as defined in sections A-1 to A-30, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to a field containing only non-infected plants.

[0153] [Table 1]

[0154] These viruses are preferably transmitted to insects as defined above, such as, for example, Acyrthosiphum pisum, Aphis citricola, Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis frangulae, Aphis glycines, Aphis gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brevicoryne aphids, brassicae, Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), Dysaphis devecta, Dysaphis plantaginea, Apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), Peach aphid (Hyalopterus pruni), False radish aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), Macrosiphum avenae, Tulip aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), Briar aphid (Macrosiphum rosae), Myzus cerasi, Tobacco aphid (Myzus nicotianae), Peach aphid (Myzus persicae), Lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri), Pemphigus bursarius, Hop wart aphid (Phorodon humuli), Apple neck aphid (Rhopalosiphum insertum), Corn aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), Wheat neck aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), Wheat green aphid (Schizaphisgraminum Rond., Sitobion avenae., Toxoptera aurantii, Toxoptera citricola, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Bemisia tabaci, Myzus persicae, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, Laodelphax spp., Nephotettix spp., Aphis gossypii, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and Bactericera In particular, the virus is spread by one or more of the whiteflies or aphids defined above, in particular the green peach aphid Mycus persicae, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci or the wheat curl aphid Rhopalosiphum padi.

[0155] A particular embodiment of the invention is a method or use for reducing or preventing bacterial transmission from an insect vector to a plant, wherein the bacteria and the plant are as defined in Table A.2, entries AB-1 to AB-3, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to the plant.

[0156] Particular embodiments of the invention are such methods or uses for protecting a plant from a bacterial disease, wherein the bacteria and the plant are as defined in Table A.2, entries AB-1 to AB-3, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to the plant.

[0157] [Table 2]

[0158] These bacteria are preferably spread by one or more of the insects defined above, such as Dalbulus maidis and / or Diaphornia citri.

[0159] A particular embodiment of the present invention is a method or use for reducing or preventing virus transmission from an insect vector to a plant, wherein the virus and the primarily affected plants are as defined in items V-1 to V-14 of the table below, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to the plant.

[0160] A particular embodiment of the present invention is such a method or use for protecting plants from viral diseases, wherein the mainly affected plants / crops and viruses are as defined in sections V-1 to V-14, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to a field comprising uninfected or infected plants.

[0161] [Table 3]

[0162] [Table 4]

[0163] Particular embodiments of the present invention are such methods or uses for protecting plants from bacterial diseases, where the primarily affected plants / crops and bacteria, including but not limited to those in the table below, are as defined in items X-1 to X-14, and the method or use comprises applying dinpropyridaz to a field containing uninfected or infected plants.

[0164] [Table 5]

[0165] [Table 6]

[0166] A particular embodiment of the present invention is a method or use for reducing or preventing virus transmission from an insect vector to a plant, wherein the vector, the virus and the primarily affected plant / crop are as defined in items B-1 to B-54 of Table B, the method or use comprising applying dinpropyridaz to the plant.

[0167] Particular embodiments of the present invention are such methods or uses for protecting plants from viral diseases, wherein the primarily affected plants / crops, the viruses and the transmitting insects are as defined in items B-1 to B-54 of Table B, and the methods or uses comprise applying dinpropyridaz to a field comprising uninfected or infected plants.

[0168] [Table 7]

[0169] [Table 8]

[0170] [Table 9]

[0171] [Table 10]

[0172] [Table 11]

[0173] [Table 12]

[0174] Particular embodiments of the present invention are such methods or uses for protecting plants from, including but not limited to, bacterial diseases, where the primarily affected plants / crops, bacteria, and insect vectors are as defined in items C-1 to C-5 of Table C, and the methods or uses comprise applying ginpropyridaz to a field containing uninfected or infected plants. The list is reduced to introduce economically important bacteria that are also correlated with vector-based transmission.

[0175] [Table 13]

[0176] [Table 14]

[0177] A particular embodiment of the invention is a method or use for protecting plants from, including but not limited to, viral and bacterial diseases, wherein the primarily affected plants / crops, bacteria, and insect vectors are as defined in items D-1 to D-5 of Table D, the method or use comprising applying dinpropyridaz to a field containing uninfected or infected plants.

[0178] [Table 15]

[0179] Furthermore, it has been found that ginpropyridaz is particularly suitable for the purposes of the present invention when applied in combination with further pesticidal active compounds. Such combinations and mixing ratios are known, for example, from WO 2013 / 189801, WO 2016 / 128261 and WO 2018 / 234478.

[0180] The present invention therefore relates to a use or method for reducing or preventing viral and bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants, comprising applying dinpropyridaz applied in combination with at least one further pesticidally active compound. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for protecting plants against viral and bacterial diseases, comprising applying dinpropyridaz applied in combination with at least one further pesticidally active compound.

[0181] The dinpropyridaz for use in the present invention can be used in conventional types of agrochemical compositions, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Examples of types of compositions are suspensions (e.g., SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g., EC), emulsions (e.g., EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g., CS, ZC), pastes, lozenges, wettable powders or dusts (e.g., WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), presses (e.g., BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g., WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticides (e.g., LN), and gel formulations (e.g., GF) for the treatment of plant propagation materials, such as seeds. These and further types of compositions are known from WO2012143317.

[0182] The agrochemical composition generally contains 0.01 to 95% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 90% by weight, most preferably 0.5 to 75% by weight of the active substance. The active substance is used with a purity of 90% to 100%, preferably 95% to 100%.

[0183] The user usually applies the composition according to the invention from a pre-dosage device, a backpack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray aircraft, or an irrigation system. Usually, the agrochemical composition is made up to the desired application concentration with water, buffers, and / or further auxiliaries, thus obtaining a ready-to-use spray solution or agrochemical composition according to the invention. Usually, 20 to 2000 liters of ready-to-use spray solution are applied per hectare of agricultural land.

[0184] Application can be carried out both before and after infestation of the crop, plant or plant propagation material by the insect vector. Preferably, application is carried out before the crop, plant or plant propagation material becomes infected with the virus by the insect vector.

[0185] Zinpropyridaz can be applied as such or in the form of compositions containing it, preferably in the form of SL and SC formulations.

[0186] In a preferred embodiment of the use or method of the invention, dinpropyridaz is applied to the leaves of the plants, preferably in an amount of from 20g to 200g per hectare, more preferably from 30g to 150g per hectare, for example from 90g to 120g, or from 120g to 150g, or from 30g to 120g per hectare.

[0187] In another embodiment of the use or method of the present invention, dinpropyridaz is applied to the seeds of the plant in an amount of preferably from 1 g to 200 g per 100 kg of seeds, preferably from 5 g to 100 kg of seeds, for example from 10 to 30 g or from 40 to 60 g or from 70 to 90 g per 100 kg of seeds. EXAMPLES

[0188] The invention is further illustrated by the following biological examples.

[0189] Examples across both laboratory and field environments show strong trends associated with the use of ginpropyridaz, either preventatively prior to natural or artificial infestation of insect vectors, or therapeutically with maximum plant and insect contact, to achieve a greater overall reduction in the presence of associated plant diseases by crop systems compared to other insecticides. Based on EPG feeding, honeydew clock, and associated field testing, it is concluded that ginpropyridaz promotes a reduction in feeding rates both during period surveys and during storage or ingestion. The correlation of these laboratory results was reflected in the overall presence of disease, either visually or through ELISA confirmation that the reduction in disease presence was independent of the pest population noted.

[0190] Zinpropyridaz was used as a 120 g / L SL formulation in experiments 1 to 4 and as a 220 g / L SC formulation in experiments 5 to 9. The formulations were diluted with water to obtain the spray solutions used in the following experiments.

[0191] Imidacloprid was used in the commercial formulation, dilution, and application rate according to the label. All treatments were applied using a pressurized backpack.

[0192] Experiments 1-6: Sprayed until runoff (upper and lower leaves).

[0193] Experiments 7-9: Water was sprayed at a rate according to the size of the crop: Example 7: 200 L / ha (nozzle type: Lu 120 / 02) Example 8: 300 L / ha (Nozzle type: 9) Example 9: 250L / ha (nozzle type: flat fan)

[0194] The ELISA test is a microplate-based test in which the antibody is bound to an enzyme before reacting with the antigen. This is followed by the evaluation of the enzyme-linked antibody-antigen reaction or activity upon incubation with an enzyme-specific substrate, which changes the color of the substrate (https: / / www.sciencedirect.com / topics / immunology-and-microbiology / enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay). This color change signifies the presence of the virus in the plant (positive test). The percentage is the proportion of virus-infected plants (ELISA test positive) out of the total number of plants.

[0195] In Examples 7-9, visual assessment was the source of the % infected plants value. This is a visual estimate of the % of the number of plants showing symptoms in the plot. Viral symptoms are species dependent. An ELISA test was used to confirm whether the symptoms shown were caused by a virus.

[0196] Symptoms of viral diseases are: BMYV: yellow to orange discoloration of leaves; BYV: yellowing of leaves; TuYV: yellowing of interveinal areas and red, purple or yellow discoloration of leaf margins.

[0197] Example 1: Activity of ginpropylidaz against primary spread of Turnip yellow spot virus (TuYV) from virus-transmitting insect vectors to virus-free plants In cages, virus-carrying Myzus persicae aphids carrying Turnip Yellow Mottle Virus (TuYV) were transferred to healthy Physalis floridiana plants (15 aphids per plant) that had been pre-treated with zincpropyridaz 24 h before the start of the experiment. The virus-carrying aphids were allowed to move freely within the cages for 14 days. After this period, the plants were treated with imidacloprid to remove all aphids. Three weeks after the end of the experiment, virus infection was assessed by visual assessment of symptoms (TuYV: yellowing of the interveins and red, purple, yellow discolouration of the leaf margins) and by ELISA test. Four independent replicates were performed with 48 test plants per assay. Plants treated with water only were used as controls.

[0198] [Table 16]

[0199] These results indicate that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing primary dispersal / spread of the virus compared to untreated controls: virus-carrying aphids that landed on treated plants showed a reduced ability to transmit the virus.

[0200] Example 2: Activity of ginpropyridaz against secondary vector-mediated spread of Turnip yellow spot virus (TuYV) from virus-infected plants to healthy plants Five Physalis floridiana plants preinfected with Turnip Yellow Mottle Virus (TuYV) in cages and 48 healthy test recipient plants were treated with ginpropyridaz 24 h before the start of the experiment. 200 non-virus carrying aphids (Myzus persicae) were released into the cages and allowed to move freely for 14 days. After this period, all plants were treated with imidacloprid to remove all aphids. Three weeks after the end of the experiment, virus infection was evaluated by visual evaluation of symptoms in recipient plants and by ELISA test. Three independent replicates were performed with 48 test plants per assay. Plants treated with water only were used as controls.

[0201] [Table 17]

[0202] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in preventing secondary spread of the virus compared to untreated controls: aphids that landed on treated plants did not demonstrate the ability to transmit the virus to adjacent healthy plants.

[0203] Example 3: Activity of ginpropyridaz against primary spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) from virus-transmitting insect vectors to virus-free plants In cages, 300 virus-carrying Bemisia tabaci whiteflies carrying Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) were released onto healthy tomato plants pre-treated with ginpropyridaz 24 hours before the start of the experiment. The virus-carrying aphids were allowed to fly freely in the cages for 3 days. After this period, the plants were treated with imidacloprid to remove all whiteflies. Three weeks after the end of the experiment, virus infection was assessed by visual assessment of symptoms and by ELISA test. Three independent replicates were performed with 48 test plants per assay. Plants treated with water only were used as controls.

[0204] [Table 18]

[0205] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing the primary spread of the virus compared to untreated controls: virus-carrying whiteflies that landed on treated plants showed a reduced ability to transmit the virus.

[0206] Example 4: Activity of Dinpropyridaz against the Secondary Spread of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) by Insect Vectors from Virus-Infected Plants to Healthy Plants Five tomato plants pre-infected with Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) in cages and 48 healthy test recipient plants were treated with the compounds 24 hours before the start of the experiment. 300 non-virus-carrying adult whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) were released into the cages and allowed to fly freely for 14 days. After this period, all plants were treated with imidacloprid to remove all whiteflies. Three weeks after the end of the experiment, virus infection was evaluated by visual evaluation of symptoms in the recipient plants and by ELISA test. Three independent replicates were performed with 48 test plants per assay. Plants treated with water only were used as controls.

[0207] [Table 19]

[0208] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing secondary spread of the virus compared to untreated controls: whiteflies that landed on treated plants showed a reduced ability to transmit the virus to adjacent healthy plants.

[0209] Example 5: Activity of dinpropyridaz against primary spread of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) from virus-transmitting insect vectors to virus-free plants In cages, virus-carrying Rhopalosiphum padi aphids carrying Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) were transferred to healthy barley plants (15 aphids per plant) that had been pre-treated with zincpropyridaz 24 h before the start of the experiment. The virus-carrying aphids were allowed to fly freely in the cages for 14 days. After this period, the plants were treated with imidacloprid to remove all aphids. Three weeks after the end of the experiment, virus infection was evaluated by visual evaluation of symptoms and by ELISA test. Four independent replicates were performed with 48 test plants per assay. Plants treated with water only were used as controls.

[0210] [Table 20]

[0211] These results indicate that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing the primary dispersion / spread of the virus compared to untreated controls. Virus-carrying aphids on treated plants showed a reduced ability to transmit the virus.

[0212] Example 6: Activity of Dinpropyridaz against Secondary Spread of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) by Insect Vectors from Virus-Infected Plants to Healthy Plants Five barley plants pre-infected with Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) in cages and 64 healthy test recipient plants were treated with ginpropyridaz 24 hours before the start of the experiment. 250 non-virus carrying aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) were released into the cages and allowed to fly freely for 14 days. After this period, all plants were treated with imidacloprid to remove all aphids. Three weeks after the end of the experiment, virus infection was evaluated by visual evaluation of symptoms in the recipient plants and by ELISA test. Three independent replicates were performed with 48 test plants per assay. Plants treated with water only were used as controls.

[0213] [Table 21]

[0214] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in preventing secondary spread of the virus compared to untreated controls: aphids that landed on treated plants did not demonstrate the ability to transmit the virus to adjacent healthy plants.

[0215] Example 7: Activity of dinpropylidaz against the spread of Beet mild yellows virus (BMYV) under field conditions Field in Sieboldshausen, Germany (EPPO coastal climate zone) 1 ), virus-transmitting Myzus persicae aphids carrying Beet mild yellows virus (BMYV) were transferred to plots containing 100 healthy sugar beet plants (10 aphids / plant in 4 plots / plots) and treated with zincpropyridaz immediately after inoculation and 7 days later. The virus-transmitting aphids were allowed to fly freely within the field plots. After 3 months, virus infection was assessed by visual assessment of symptoms and confirmed by ELISA test. Four independent replicates were used. An untreated plot (100 healthy sugar beet plants) was used as control.

[0216] [Table 22]

[0217] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing the spread of the virus compared to untreated controls under field conditions. 1 Guidance on comparable climates PP 1 / 241(2).Efficacy evaluation of plant protection products.European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization(EPPO),2014.

[0218] Example 8: Activity of dinpropylidaz against the spread of Beet yellows virus (BYV) under field conditions Province of Valladolid, Spain (Mediterranean EPPO climate zone) 1 In the field, when the natural aphid (Myzus persicae) infestation started, the area was 30m above the sugar beet plant. 2 Plots of untreated 30m of sugar beet plants were treated with ginpropyridaz. After 3 months, viral infection was assessed by visual evaluation of symptoms and confirmed by ELISA test. Four independent replicates were used. 2 The other section was used as a control.

[0219] [Table 23]

[0220] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing the spread of the virus compared to untreated controls under field conditions.

[0221] Example 9: Activity of ginpropyridaz against the spread of Turnip yellow spot virus (TuYV) under field conditions In a field in Sag, Romania (South-Eastern EPPO climate zone), the infestation of natural aphids (Myzus persicae) started within 30 m of oilseed plants. 2 Plots of oilseed plants were treated with ginpropyridaz. After 3 months, viral infection was assessed by visual evaluation of symptoms and confirmed by ELISA test. Four independent replicates were used. 2 The other section was used as a control.

[0222] [Table 24]

[0223] These results showed that zincpropyridaz was effective in reducing the spread of the virus compared to untreated controls under field conditions.

[0224] Example 10: Reduction in disease transmission and mortality with Dalbulus maidis control Insect vectors of the two main pathogens causing corn wilt in corn, the Mollicutes bacteria, Spiroplasma kunkellii, and the corn bushy stunt phytoplasma, can be a big problem for growers because it can take a long time for insecticides to kill the insects, during which time the insects can transmit the disease to healthy plants. The bacterial vector association of Dalbulus maidis (corn leafhopper, DALBMA) is persistent, meaning that this insect can only transmit or acquire the disease if it feeds for an extended period of time in the phloem tube. In this case, a good insecticide for the disease vector needs to kill the insect, but feeding activity needs to be stopped quickly to avoid further disease transmission.

[0225] Zea Mays (ZEAMX) corn plants were planted using normal spacing (row spacing 0.5 m, plant density 4 plants / m) of cultivar AG 8480 PRO3. Plot size was 6x6m (36m 2 ) was.

[0226] Treatments were applied by foliar spray 5 days after emergence and repeated every 5 days. The total number of applications during the trial period was 7. The spray volume was 120 L / ha, the nozzle used for application was XR110.02, the spacing between nozzles was 0.5 m, and the pressure was 2.5 bar. The average application time for the complete trial ranged from approximately 30 to 50 minutes.

[0227] Zinpropyridaz was used as a 120 g / L SL formulation against which a commercial standard was tested. Thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin: Engeo® Pleno 141 g / L + 106 g / L SC (Syngenta); Imidacloprid + Bifenthrin: Galil® 300 g / L SC (ADAMA) Rates shown below.

[0228] [Table 25]

[0229] [Table 26]

[0230] During the trial, various evaluations were carried out: Count: Count the number of insects living on the central 15 plants in the plot. Infection: The central 15 plants in the plot are evaluated and rated according to a scale of severity of wilt symptoms. Grade 1: Plants without symptoms Grade 2: Less than 25% of plants have leaf symptoms (red or yellow leaves) Grade 3: 25-50% of plants have leaf symptoms Grade 4: 50-75% of plants have leaf symptoms Grade 5: >75% of plants have leaf symptoms Grade 6: Plants killed due to symptoms

[0231] [Table 27]

[0232] [Table 28]

[0233] [Table 29]

[0234] The results show the effect of dinpropylidaz treatment on bacterial disease transmission of Dalbulus maidis in corn crops. The percent efficacy of dinpropylidaz at 108 g ai / ha for vector, population control, and dalbulus control in G05 and G10 was 17.8, 16.7, and 14.6, respectively, which was comparable to imidacloprid + bifenthrin. Dinpropylidaz at 120 g ai / ha was more effective than imidacloprid + bifenthrin and less effective compared to thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin E05 to G10, i.e., 41.5, 14.6, and 88.3, ​​respectively, in G10. The key attributes of ginpropyridaz at both rates of 108 and 120 g ai / ha compared to the commercial standard are seen by the lower dwarf symptom severity response, as well as the higher total yield in kg / ha weight. Thiamethoxam plus lambda-cyhalothrin increased the effective control rate of Dalbrus populations throughout the trial, but did not reduce symptom severity or yield kg / ha to the same level as ginpropyridaz. At 108 g ai / ha, ginpropyridaz reduced dwarf symptom severity by 2.5-fold and at 120 g ai / ha by 3-fold compared to the untreated control. Reduction of dwarf symptoms was directly correlated with the total kernel weight harvested within the trial, with ginpropyridaz treatments approximately 1.4-fold higher than the untreated control and thiamethoxam plus lambda-cyhalothrin treatments, and approximately 1.3-fold higher than imidacloprid plus bifenthrin treatments. These results demonstrated the importance of rapidly ceasing feeding of zincpropyridaz in protecting crops and yields from plant disease infection.

[0235] Example 11: Viral transmission (EPG study) The most powerful technique for studying the feeding and plant penetration activity of sap-sucking insects is the electropenetration graph technique (EPG) (Tjallingii, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:521-530 (1978); Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 38,177-186 (1985)). The EPG is an electrical system in which the piercing insect and the plant become part of an electrical circuit as soon as they insert their mouthparts (stylet) into the plant. This results in voltage fluctuations that can be recorded as waveforms, allowing the feeding activity of the insect and the position of the stylet tip within the plant to be monitored. These voltage fluctuations are due to changes in resistance (R) or electromotive force (emf) that occur during the insertion of the stylet. EPG recordings have allowed the study of vector probing activity in real time and have facilitated the correlation of insect probing activity with inoculation or infection with various plant pathogens (Prado & Tjallingii, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 72:157-165 (1994); Jiang et al., Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 573-579 (2000); Bonani et al., Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 134, 35-49 (2010)). They have also been widely used to understand how chemicals affect the feeding behavior of sap-sucking insects (e.g., Harrewijn & Kayser, Pesticide Science 49, 130-140 (1997); Jacobson & Kennedy, Pest Management Science 70(5):836-40 (2014)). EPGs have also recently been used as a novel tool to monitor early stages of insecticide resistance in aphids (Garzo et al., Pest Management Science 72(4), 707-18(2016)).

[0236] Experiments were carried out using EPG technique (Tjallingii 1978). EPG was used to show the effect on the feeding behaviour of the corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis, DALBMA) on corn plants (Zea Mays, ZEAMX) previously treated with selected active ingredients. In these experiments, an 8-channel DC-EPG (Giga-8dd) (electrical transmission graph) divider was connected to an A / D converter card and a personal computer, and Stylet+d software was used for data acquisition and analysis. Waveform pathways monitored for the output from corn leafhopper feeding included C=parenchyma pathway, G=uptake from xylem, E1=salivation into phloem, and E2=uptake from phloem. Dalbulus maidis-borne bacteria are persistent, meaning that this insect may only transmit or acquire the disease if it feeds for an extended period in the phloem tube. In this case, a good insecticide is needed to kill the disease-carrying insects, but also to stop their feeding activity to avoid spreading the disease.

[0237] Treatments were applied by foliar spray. 10 replicates per treatment, 1 insect per plant. The plants were sprayed with an airbrush sprayer at the recommended dose and the EPG plant settings were adjusted after the plants were dried. Corn leafhoppers were immobilized under vacuum and a cold plate, respectively, and connected to 17 μm gold wires using silver conductive paint.

[0238] The insects were then connected to copper electrodes and a DC-EPG device. Plant electrodes were used to complete the circuit. EPG signals were acquired for each insect on a different plant, and a minimum of 10 replicates per treatment were recorded, interpreted, and analyzed. All behavioral variables were processed using an in-house developed EPG-Excel data worksheet.

[0239] DC-EPG (Giga-8dd) output was performed during 24-hour continuous recording.

[0240] Zinpropyridaz was used as a 120 g / L SL formulation and compared with the standard thiamethoxam plus lambda-cyhalothrin: Engeo® Pleno 141 g / L + 106 g / L SC (Syngenta).

[0241] Percentage of test compounds:

[0242] [Table 30]

[0243] EPG Results Table 11-1: Total duration of each waveform (total probe, C, G, E1, and E2) in a 24-hour analysis of EPG recordings

[0244] [Table 31]

[0245] The results show that zincpropyridaz and other compounds have a strong effect on feeding behavior of corn leafhoppers. The phloem is the vessel through which Dalbulus maidis transmits corn wilt disease. The association between Mollicute and Phytoplasma bacteria and vectors is persistent, meaning that insects can only transmit or acquire the disease if they feed within this vessel for an extended period of time. Zinpropyridaz reduced the total time (min) of salivation and ingestion probes in all tissues, especially in the phloem. When compared to the control, clear changes in feeding behavior were observed throughout the 24-hour period, with zincpropyridaz reducing the total time of salivation and ingestion probes in the phloem by 12-fold and 37-fold to 57-fold and 6.9-fold, respectively. When compared with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, zincpropyridaz numerically reduced phloem salivation (E1) by approximately two-fold and phloem ingestion (E2) by approximately three-fold, confirming interference with the feeding behavior of corn leafhoppers.

[0246] Example 12: Rate of Feeding Cessation - Results of Honeydew Clock for Aphis gossypii (APHIGO) Feeding cessation is a key aspect in reducing disease transmission between plant hosts. Since the impact on insects varies based on conditioning, active probing, feeding and mortality, it is important to understand the results of EPG tests and relate them to specific and direct consequences of feeding. Honeydew is a sweet excreta produced by burrowing and sucking insects such as aphids and whiteflies, and can be collected on water-sensitive paper to relate active feeding over an isolated range of time, about 24-48 hours. The amount of honeydew produced directly represents the amount of feeding per hour. Even if the insects remain on the plant and do not completely succumb to the treatment, the reduction or inhibition of feeding during this period is essential to reduce disease transmission.

[0247] Cotton plants at growth stage BBCH12 (approximately 30-35 cm tall) were pre-trimmed to remove all but one leaf. This leaf was further trimmed to form a rectangular cross-section along the mid-vein not exceeding 6-8 mm in width and approximately 24 mm in length and was supported horizontally with a metal twist tie during the experiment. Once trimming and support were completed, the plants were infested with cotton aphids obtained by cutting pre-infested dicotyledonous leaves from an in-house established colony and allowed to settle on the plant material for approximately 12-24 hours before treatment. The number of aphids per trimmed plant / leaf was assessed prior to application, but the number of aphids per plant was relatively similar among all treatments. Upon application, the plants were allowed to dry for approximately 30 minutes. After drying, the treated plants were positioned so that the treated leaf rested 2-3 mm above a moisture-sensitive paper strip affixed to a 24-hour rotating clock timer (Intermatic Time-All model no. TN111C or TN311C). The moisture-sensitive paper was attached coaxially to the outer edge of a 60 mm Petri dish lid with double-sided tape, which was then attached to the front of a 24-hour clock timer via Velcro strips. The replicates were held in series on a seven-outlet power strip that was clamped to a rectangular steel base for support. The setup was maintained under laboratory environmental conditions.

[0248] Treatments were applied by foliar dipping application by immersing infested plants in solutions of the prescribed rates (ppm ai or gai / ha) prepared with formulated compounds diluted in deionized water. Plant leaves were dipped for a full 3 seconds to completely cover the plant pieces. There were a total of 3 replicates per treatment, with a total of 180-300 aphids per treatment.

[0249] Test compound: Zinpropyridaz was used as a 120 g / L SL formulation compared to the commercial standards pymetrozine 50% WG (Fulfill®, Syngenta), Spirotetramat 240 g / L OD (Movento®, Bayer) tested as commercial products.

[0250] [Table 32]

[0251] result

[0252] [Table 33]

[0253] [Table 34]

[0254] Results show a favorable effect of ginpropyridaz treatments on the reduction and downtime of honeydew production by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) on cotton compared to relevant worldwide commercial insecticides. ginpropyridaz produced the fewest aphid pellets (67.3) from 24 to 48 hours. When the average pellet count per hour was evaluated, ginpropyridaz showed a significant reduction and produced the lowest honeydew pellet count throughout the study period. The reduction in feeding seen in honeydew pellets per hour or total confirms that ginpropyridaz exhibits feeding activity in a manner that correlates with reduced disease transmission.

[0255] Example 13: Field trials - oilseed rape (OSR) - Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) Winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) plants were treated with a single foliar spray with a water volume of 300 L / ha when the plants were at growth stage BBCH 13-18. Aphid populations and subsequent disease presence were allowed to develop naturally over the course of the trial.

[0256] Evaluations based on the number of aphids (Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae) per plot × plant were performed at intervals of 1–28 days after foliar application, with ELISA % frequency calculations based on plant tissue samples collected 28 days after treatment, and estimated % plot infection from spring evaluations approximately 6 months later.

[0257] Zinpropyridaz was used as a 220 g / L SC formulation compared to commercial standards as commercially available formulations: lambda-cyhalothrin 100 g / L CS (Karate Zeon®, Syngenta), and sulfoxaflor 50% WG (Isoclast®, Corteva).

[0258] Percentage of plants infected with TuYV - ELISA test 28 days after treatment (DAT)

[0259] [Table 35]

[0260] Estimated area of ​​plot affected by TuYV - 42 days after treatment

[0261] [Table 36]

[0262] Results show the effect on the frequency of TuYV (Turnip Yellows Virus) infected plants per plot and across plots in OSR. ELISA results showed that the occurrence of TuYV infected plants was lowest in plots treated with 0.2 L / ha ginpropyridaz. Further confirmation was observed by a second visual assessment of the plot area, where the TuYV infected area as indicated by symptoms was reduced by 2-fold compared to the control area.

[0263] Example 14: Field trials in sugar beet - Beet yellows virus (BYV) Sugar beet Plantina KWS (Beta vulgaris vulgaris, BEAVP) plants were treated with two foliar sprays at 200 L / ha of water when the plants were at growth stages BBCH 12 and 17. Aphid (Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae) populations and resulting BYV symptoms developed naturally over the course of the trial.

[0264] Evaluation was based on the visual reduction in BYV symptoms observed 49 days after the second application.

[0265] Test compound: Zinpropyridaz was used as a 220 g / L SC formulation compared to commercial standards: lambda-cyhalothrin 100 g / L CS (Karate Zeon®, Syngenta), flonicamid 50% WG (Teppeki®, ISK), and spirotetramat 100 g / L SC (Movento®, Bayer).

[0266] Presumed BYV infected plants - 42 days after second treatment

[0267] [Table 37]

[0268] The results show the effect on the frequency of plants or plots infected with BYV (Beet Yellows Virus) in sugar beet. Visual assessment of the number of infected plants 49 days after the second application showed that the number of affected plants was lowest in the 44 gai / ha ginpropyridaz treated plots, with an overall reduction of about 4.5-fold compared to the untreated control.

[0269] Example 15: Field trials in winter barley - Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) Plants were treated with a single foliar spray at a water rate of 200 L / ha when the plants were at growth stages BBCH 12 to 14. Aphid (Bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi) populations and the associated presence of BYDV occurred naturally throughout the study period.

[0270] Evaluation was based on visual reduction of BYDV symptoms observed at crop growth stages 55–59 39 days after treatment.

[0271] Zinpropyridaz was used as a 120 g / L SL formulation and a 220 g / L SC formulation, respectively, and compared to the commercial standard lambda-cyhalothrin tested as a commercial product (100 g / L CS (Karate Zeon®, Syngenta)).

[0272] Presumed BYDV-infected plants - 39 days after treatment

[0273] [Table 38]

[0274] Results show a strong effect on the frequency of plants or plots infected with BYDV (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus) in winter barley. The percentage of plots showing BYDV symptoms was visually assessed 39 days after treatment, and both ginpropyridaz treatments produced the lowest percentage of affected plots. The 220 g / L SC formulation at 0.2 L / ha ginpropyridaz treatment resulted in a six-fold reduction in affected plots compared to the checks, and the 120 g / L SL formulation at 0.25 L / ha ginpropyridaz treatment further resulted in an approximately ten-fold reduction compared to the untreated control.

Claims

1. 1. A compound of formula I for reducing or preventing viral or bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants: 【Chemistry 1】 1-[(1RS)-1,2-dimethylpropyl]-N-ethyl-5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (generic name: dinpropylidaz), or a stereoisomer, tautomer, salt, or N-oxide thereof.

2. 10. The use according to claim 1 for reducing or preventing virus transmission from insect vectors to plants.

3. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein ginpropylidaz is applied to a field of uninfected plants.

4. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein ginpropylidaz is applied to a field containing virus-infected and non-infected plants.

5. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein ginpropylidaz is applied to a field containing bacterially infected and non-infected plants.

6. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein dinpropylidaz is applied to the leaves of the plants, preferably in an amount of 20 to 200 g per hectare.

7. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the insect vector is selected from aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, thrips and mites, preferably from aphids and whiteflies.

8. The use according to claim 1, wherein the virus is a persistent virus.

9. 9. The use according to claim 8, wherein the virus is selected from the families Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, Nanoviridae, Solemoviridae, Tospoviridae, and Virgaviridae, and is preferably selected from the genera Begomovirus, Nanovirus, Polerovirus, Luteovirus, Tospovirus, and Tobamovirus.

10. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the insect vector is an aphid and the virus is selected from the family Luteoviridae, in particular the genera Polerovirus and Luteovirus, or the family Closteroviridae, in particular the genus Closterovirus.

11. The use according to claim 1, wherein the virus is selected from Turnip yellows virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Beet yellows virus, Beet chlorotic virus, and Beet mild yellows virus.

12. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the insect vector is a whitefly and the virus is selected from the family Geminiviridae, in particular from the genus Begomovirus.

13. The use according to claim 1, wherein the virus is Tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

14. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the plants are selected from tomato, eggplant, potato, tobacco, beans and peppers, rapeseed, ground cherry, oilseed rape, lettuce crops, mustard, chickpea, lupin, lentil, kidney bean, pea, lucerne, clover, carrot, cucumber, barley, wheat, oat, maize, triticale, rice, sugar beet, and fodder beet.

15. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the plant is selected from tomato, potato, rapeseed, physalis, carrot, cucumber, barley, wheat, and sugar beet.

16. 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the primary and / or secondary spread of viruses or bacteria is prevented or reduced.

17. 1. A method for reducing or preventing virus transmission from insect vectors to plants, comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of dinpropylidaz to a crop, plant, plant propagation material, or the soil or water in which the plant is growing.

18. 1. A method for reducing or preventing bacterial transmission from insect vectors to plants, comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of dinpropylidaz to a crop, plant, plant propagation material, or the soil or water in which the plant is growing.

19. 19. The method according to claim 17 or 18, wherein ginpropylidaz is applied according to any one of claims 3 to 15.

20. A method for protecting plants from viral diseases, comprising applying zinpropylidaz according to claims 3 and 5 to 15 to a field of uninfected plants.

21. 19. A method for protecting plants from bacterial diseases, comprising applying dinpropylidaz according to claims 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 14-16, and 18 to a field of uninfected plants.

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