Tunnel construction method and tunnel construction device

Abstract

A method for constructing a tunnel naturally includes: a) advancing a tunneling front line (EF) of a tunnel (1) by a predetermined advancing length by spot tunneling using one or more self-propelled tunneling machines (100); b) removing excavated soil from a working area located between the tunneling front line (EF) and a final lining front line (FLF) of the tunnel (1) using one or more dump trucks (500); c) constructing a primary lining (2) on a wall exposed by excavation by the advancing length of the tunneling front line (EF); d) advancing the final lining front line (FLF) by a predetermined advancing length by fabricating a final lining (4) by the same advancing length as the advancing length in the previous advancing cycle on the constructed primary lining (2); and e) repeating steps a) to d) until the tunnel (1) is completed. Step d) of advancing the final lining front line (FLF) includes a step of assembling at least one full ring (42') composed of a plurality of precast segments (41), and step d) is executed simultaneously with step a) of advancing the tunneling front line (EF). Further, step d) of advancing the final lining front line (FLF) is executed using a segment installation device (200) provided with a hollow frame (201), and when executing step b) and step c), the passage or movement of working machines (100, 600, 700, 800), work vehicles (500, 900), or working devices to or from the working area is executed through the hollow frame (201) of the segment installation device (200). The segment installation device (200) used in the method is also described.

Description

【Technical Field】 【0001】 The present invention generally falls within the technical field of naturally constructing tunnels. In particular, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for naturally constructing a tunnel using excavation by a "conventional" method. 【Background Art】 【0002】 Very generally speaking, constructing a tunnel naturally using excavation basically consists of three operations: excavation of the ground, removal of the excavated earth and sand, and construction of one or more lining layers to stabilize and strengthen the excavated wall. These operations constitute the basis of the most widely adopted methods today for naturally constructing tunnels using excavation, that is, the basis of "conventional" methods and "mechanized" methods. 【0003】 In "conventional" methods, each of the above basic operations is carried out discontinuously, often successively, and is periodically repeated until the tunnel is completed. Each operation requires direct and substantial labor intervention and also requires the use of multiple work machines, work vehicles, and work equipment, which need to repeatedly pass or move along the tunnel during tunnel construction in order to reach the work front or work area. 【0004】 More specifically, in a typical embodiment of a known method for naturally constructing a tunnel by excavation according to a "conventional" method, each advance cycle first includes advancing the excavation front of the tunnel by a predetermined advance length. The excavation front is spot-excavated using a conventional excavation machine. Simultaneously with or following the excavation, the excavated earth and sand are removed while repeatedly passing through the tunnel under construction using a dump truck that transports the excavated earth and sand outside the tunnel under construction. 【0005】 When the excavated soil and sand disappear from the tunnel length part immediately after excavation, in order to enable workers to work safely inside, for the purpose of stabilizing the cavity in the short term, a primary lining (also referred to as the first-stage lining or temporary lining) is constructed on the wall surface exposed by excavation, especially the radial wall surface. The primary lining is usually made of shotcrete. Before applying the shotcrete, large metal reinforcing members called ribs are often laid. The shape of this reinforcing member is formed according to the shape of the excavation cross-section and is arranged longitudinally at regular intervals along the excavation. In this case, by continuously applying shotcrete inside a plurality of ribs and between the ribs, these ribs are integrated into a single integrated structure. For these operations, appropriate working machines such as a pump machine for applying shotcrete, a machine for lifting and laying the ribs, and related work vehicles such as a concrete mixer and a loading truck for transporting the ribs and other materials are used. These vehicles and machines need to be able to pass through the tunnel under construction up to the newly excavated tunnel length. 【0006】 Next, another working front located upstream of the excavation front in the direction of excavation progress advances, and work is carried out for the purpose of producing the final lining of the tunnel (also called the second-stage lining), which is necessary to ensure the long-term stability of the tunnel. 【0007】 In particular, at the first working front upstream of the excavation front line, two parallel side walls made of reinforced concrete, also known as the foundation edge in this technical field, are further constructed on both sides of the tunnel foundation. At the second working front upstream of the advancing front line of the foundation edge, an inverted arch made of reinforced concrete in the same way is constructed at the bottom of the tunnel between the two previously constructed foundation edges. Finally, at the third working front upstream of the advancing front line of the inverted arch, the final lining of the tunnel is constructed on the ceiling and side walls. Usually, this work includes laying a waterproof sheet on the corresponding surface, constructing a steel bar frame, and placing concrete with a radial thickness varying from 30 cm to 120 cm using a large, integral frame, which is formed in the cross-sectional direction according to the final cross-sectional shape of the tunnel, has a length of, for example, 10 m, and can move along the tunnel on rails temporarily laid on the previously constructed foundation edge. 【0008】 The work involved in placing the final lining of the ceiling and side walls and the final lining in the inverted arch at the bottom significantly hinders or completely blocks the passage of work machinery, work vehicles, and work equipment through the relevant tunnel section, that is, the passage to the excavation front line / the passage from the mining front line. The above work may take up to 10 - 12 hours at most in the case of the final lining, but it is impossible to proceed with excavation during this period. The progress of excavation resumes in the next advancing cycle when the tunnel section related to the advancement of the final lining or the inverted arch is re-released. 【0009】 From the above, it is clear that the advancing speed of excavation using the "conventional" method is inherently limited by the nature and sequence of the operations to be performed. However, the advancing speed of excavation is the most impactful factor in the time and thus cost required for tunnel construction. Furthermore, it has generally been found that the advancing speed of excavation using the "conventional" method is significantly affected by the experience and skills of the actual workers and on-site management. 【0010】 If the conditions outside are made the same, it is possible to obtain a faster tunneling progress speed by using a "mechanized" construction method. In this case, the basic operations described at the beginning are continuously and simultaneously carried out using a dedicated large-scale automatic machine called a TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine). These machines can perform excavation integrally and continuously while removing the excavated soil from the excavation face and laying the tunnel lining on the upstream side of the excavation face. In this case, there is no need to construct the primary lining, and the final lining is immediately constructed by successively constructing a plurality of lining rings over the entire circumference of the excavation section. All of these lining rings are formed from a plurality of precast concrete members called segments that are appropriately formed. All of these operations are carried out in a completely mechanized manner while minimizing the labor force. In this case, the work of the workers is substantially limited to monitoring the progress of the excavation and the operation of the TBM. 【0011】 While the "mechanized" construction method can usually increase the speed at which tunneling progresses, the cost of the TBM becomes extremely high. As a result, the TBM is economically feasible only when constructing a tunnel in a rock mass with a sufficiently uniform composition to avoid as much as possible costly machine stoppages due to unexpected events during excavation, in a sufficiently long tunnel, especially one with a length of at least 2 km. 【0012】 For constructing a tunnel in a short tunnel, especially less than 2 km, and / or in a rock mass with a very non-uniform composition, although the "conventional" construction method is not the most technically appropriate solution, it is the most advantageous solution in terms of cost-effectiveness. The "conventional" construction method for naturally excavating a tunnel is still very widespread today and is the subject of development and improvement. Summary of the Invention 【0013】 From the above, the main problem of the present invention is to shorten the time for constructing a tunnel naturally using excavation by the "conventional" construction method. 【0014】 A further object of the present invention is to reduce the influence of the experience and skills of on-site workers on the time required to construct a tunnel when using excavation by the conventional construction method. 【0015】 The applicant of the present application has conceived the possibility of particularly effectively achieving the above object by using a method different from the method used when naturally constructing a tunnel by using excavation by the "conventional" construction method according to the prior art as described above. 【0016】 In particular, in the first aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a method for naturally constructing a tunnel, the tunnel under construction including an excavation front line, a final lining front line upstream of the excavation front line with respect to the excavation advance direction, and a work area located between the excavation front line and the final lining front line, and the method includes: a) advancing the excavation front line by a predetermined advance length by point excavation using one or more self-propelled excavation machines; b) removing excavated soil and sand from the work area using one or more dump trucks; c) applying a primary lining to the wall exposed by excavation by the advance length of the excavation front line; d) advancing the final lining front line by a predetermined advance length by fabricating a final lining by the same advance length as the advance length in the previous advance cycle on the constructed primary lining; e) repeating steps a) to d) until the tunnel is completed; is included, Step d) of advancing the final lining front line includes a step of assembling at least one full ring composed of a plurality of precast segments, and step d) is executed simultaneously with step a) of advancing the excavation front line. Step d) of advancing the final lining front line is executed using a segment installation device provided with a hollow frame. When performing step b) of removing excavated soil and step c) of constructing a primary lining, the passage or movement of a work machine, work vehicle, or work device to or from the work area is carried out through the inside of the hollow frame of the segment installation device. 【0017】 In the framework of a method for naturally constructing a tunnel by excavation using a "conventional" construction method, the present invention does not construct the final lining of the tunnel on-site by constructing a reinforcing framework and then placing concrete using a suitable formwork as in the prior art. Instead, the present invention proposes producing the final lining of the tunnel by installing a plurality of precast segments assembled to form a plurality of rings extending along the entire circumference of the excavation cross-section. These segments are installed mechanically simultaneously with the advancement of the excavation front by using a dedicated segment installation machine. 【0018】 By these means, each advancement cycle of the method for naturally constructing a tunnel according to the present invention is significantly accelerated, which is advantageous in terms of the overall time and cost for constructing the tunnel. 【0019】 First, by selecting a final lining composed of a plurality of segments, it is advantageously possible to omit the steps of actually constructing a foundation edge and an inverted arch at the bottom of the tunnel. However, these steps were essential for constructing the final lining on the ceiling and side walls later in the prior art of constructing a tunnel by excavation using a "conventional" construction method. 【0020】 Second, simply by keeping the length of the lining the same and constructing the final lining by installing segments, it is considerably faster compared to constructing a final lining with similar characteristics by casting it on-site. For example, for a 1 m tunnel length, it usually takes about 1 hour or less to install segments and construct the final lining, but it takes several hours to perform the casting on-site. 【0021】 By shortening the time interval of the advancing step of the final lining front line in the method of the present invention, a complete time overlap with the advancing step of the excavation front line becomes possible. For example, if the excavation front line advances by 1 m, depending on the state of the rock mass, it usually takes 3 to 12 hours. Two advantageous effects are obtained by this time overlap. One is that since the advancing step of the final lining front line is hidden in time by the advancing step of the excavation front line, the advancing step of the final lining front line no longer affects the total tunnel construction time. The other is that the above steps no longer cause downtime for performing other steps in the method. This is because the temporary blockage of the tunnel portion associated with the work for advancing the final lining front line has come to be executed during the excavation step. Unlike the case where it is required in the steps of removing earth and sand or constructing the primary lining, the excavation step does not require the repetitive passage of work machines, work vehicles, or work devices toward or from the tunnel work area simultaneously in parallel and is usually executed and can be completed completely automatically. 【0022】 In addition to the above, each prefabricated segment is installed using a self-propelled segment installation device that is specifically designed for use in the above method. The self-propelled segment installation device is provided with a hollow frame. At least when the device is stopped, that is, when the segment is not being installed, through this hollow frame, various work machines, work vehicles, or work devices necessary for the execution of other steps of this method, particularly the step of removing excavated soil and the step of constructing the primary lining, can freely pass through or move to or from the work area of the excavation front line. In order to open a passage to or from the work area, the inoperative time resulting from starting the installation of the segment in the forward step of the new final lining front line by repeatedly moving the segment installation device away from the work position and repositioning it can be avoided in this way. Such a feature also naturally contributes to accelerating each forward cycle of the method of constructing a tunnel according to the present invention. 【0023】 Furthermore, since the forward step of the final lining front line is no longer executed in a mechanical manner, its execution time and quality are only slightly affected by the experience and skills of the on-site workers. This step can be standardized from the perspectives of time and quality, and can be partially or fully automated as required. 【0024】 A further advantage of the method of naturally constructing a tunnel according to the present invention is that the distance between the excavation front line and the final lining front line is shortened by omitting the forward front lines of the foundation edge and the inverted arch, and the final lining front line can be advanced rapidly. By shortening the tunnel distance between the above two front lines where only the primary lining exists, the on-site safety conditions are improved. Particularly in difficult geological conditions, the possibility of the primary lining collapsing is reduced, and there is no need to carry out additional reinforcement work that would have an adverse impact on the time and cost of tunnel construction. 【0025】 Preferred embodiments in the above method of naturally constructing a tunnel are the subject matter of each dependent claim, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this specification. In a second aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a self-propelled segment installation device for installing prefabricated segments of the final lining of a tunnel. The self-propelled segment installation device includes · a longitudinally extending hollow frame having a cross-sectional dimension through which a work machine, work vehicle, or work device used in tunnel construction can pass or move inside; · segment operating means associated with the hollow frame and movable relative to the hollow frame between a segment extraction position and a plurality of segment installation positions for assembling a full ring consisting of a plurality of segments on the tunnel wall; and in a stopped state of the segment installation device, the work machine, the work vehicle, or the work device can freely pass through the hollow frame; the hollow frame is characterized in that it is provided with a plurality of fixing devices that can extend radially for temporarily fixing the segment installation device to the tunnel wall. 【0026】 In the framework of a method for constructing a tunnel by excavation using a method "from the prior art", the segment installation device of the present invention can construct the final lining of the tunnel under construction in a fully mechanized manner, so that the required labor force can be greatly reduced. Further, at least in a stopped state where the segments are not being installed, the segment installation device of the present invention does not prevent the movement or passage of work machines, work vehicles, or work devices from or to the work area at the excavation front of the tunnel under construction, because such movement or passage can be carried out through the inside of the segment installation device itself. Therefore, in order to carry out other steps of tunnel construction, it is not necessary to repeatedly withdraw or return the machines from each work front. Therefore, the segment installation device of the present invention contributes to achieving all the above advantages described with reference to the method of the present invention, and in particular, contributes to achieving the shortening of the construction time and all the advantages related to the influence exerted by the on-site workers in such a manner. 【0027】 The preferred embodiments of the segment installation device described above are the subject matters protected by each dependent claim, the content of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. 【0028】 Further features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are for illustrative and non-limiting purposes. 【Brief Description of the Drawings】 【0029】 【Figure 1】 FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective longitudinal sectional view showing each step when constructing a tunnel according to the method of the present invention. 【Figure 1a】 FIG. 1a is a schematic longitudinal sectional view corresponding to FIG. 1. 【Figure 1b】 FIG. 1b is a schematic sectional view in plane B-B of FIG. 1a. 【Figure 2】 FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective longitudinal sectional view showing further tunnel construction steps according to the method of the present invention. 【Figure 2a】 Figure 2a is a schematic longitudinal sectional view corresponding to Figure 2. 【Figure 3】 Figure 3 is a schematic perspective longitudinal sectional view showing further tunnel construction steps according to the method of the present invention. 【Figure 3a】 Figure 3a is a schematic longitudinal sectional view corresponding to Figure 3. 【Figure 4】 Figure 4 is a schematic perspective longitudinal sectional view showing further tunnel construction steps according to the method of the present invention. 【Figure 4a】 Figure 4a is a schematic longitudinal sectional view corresponding to Figure 4. 【Figure 5】 Figure 5 is a schematic perspective longitudinal sectional view showing further tunnel construction steps according to the method of the present invention. 【Figure 6】 Figure 6 is a schematic perspective longitudinal sectional view showing further tunnel construction steps according to the method of the present invention. 【Figure 7】 Figure 7 is a schematic perspective view of the segment installation device according to the present invention in a stopped state. 【Figure 7a】 Figure 7a is a schematic front view of the segment installation device shown in Figure 7. 【Figure 8】 Figure 8 is a schematic perspective view of the segment installation device shown in Figure 7 in an operating state. 【Figure 8a】 Figure 8a is a schematic front view of the segment installation device shown in Figure 8. 【Mode for Carrying Out the Invention】 【0030】 Figures 1 to 6 show each step when constructing a tunnel (overall labeled with reference numeral 1) naturally by an excavation method according to the method of the present invention. 【0031】 As shown in detail in Fig. 1a, in the tunnel 1 under construction, an excavation front line EF, a primary lining front line PLF upstream of the excavation front line EF, and a final lining front line FLF upstream of the primary lining front line PLF can be recognized. Further upstream of this final lining front line FLF, there is a conveyance road surface front line CF, and the construction of the conveyance road surface 5 has been completed in the upstream part of the tunnel 1 (see Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7). 【0032】 Unless otherwise stated, in the context of this specification and the subsequent claims, the terms "upstream" and "downstream" shall be understood with reference to the excavation advancing direction indicated by the arrow A in Fig. 1a. 【0033】 Furthermore, in the context of this specification and the subsequent claims, the region within the tunnel 1 existing between the excavation front line EF and the final lining front line FLF shall also be referred to as the "working area". 【0034】 All of the above front lines gradually advance during the construction of the tunnel 1 until the tunnel 1 is completed. As long as the excavation conditions permit, it is possible to keep the mutual distance between the front lines substantially constant during the construction of the tunnel 1. 【0035】 In the region between the excavation front line EF and the primary lining front line PLF, it is possible to provide a radial wall in the tunnel 1, and there is no lining on the radial wall, that is, it is in a bare state during the excavation process and the excavation soil removal process (see Figs. 1 to 3a), or the primary lining 2 under construction is provided (see Figs. 4 and 5). 【0036】 In the region between the primary lining front line PLF and the final lining front line FLF, the tunnel 1 is provided with a radial wall with the applied primary lining 2, and this primary lining 2 is intended to ensure the short-term stability of the excavated cavity so that the workers can work safely. 【0037】 Preferably, the primary lining 2 includes, along the tunnel 1, for example, metal reinforcing ribs 21 arranged at regular intervals in the longitudinal direction with an interval of about 1 m between them, and a layer 22 made of sprayed concrete applied on the inner surfaces of these ribs 21 and between them and reinforced with wire mesh or metal fibers in some cases, in a known manner. 【0038】 The rib 21 can be made of structural steel or the like and can have an open cross-sectional shape such as an H shape (HEA beam, HEB beam) or a double T shape (IPE beam), or a closed cross-sectional shape. In the latter case, after installing the rib 21, concrete can be conveniently filled into the rib 21 using a pump. 【0039】 In any case, the rib 21 preferably has a shape closed in the circumferential direction, for example, a substantially circular shape, and continuously extends along the entire circumference of the tunnel 1 cross-section. For the purpose of clarity, in each longitudinal sectional view, the rib 21 is shown only in the working area, but it is understood that it exists in the same way in any part of the tunnel 1 upstream of the primary lining front line PLF. 【0040】 In the working area, particularly in the area between the primary lining front line PLF and the final lining front line FLF, there is a temporary embankment working floor 3 made of a part of the excavated soil and sand generated as the excavation front EF advances, at the bottom of the tunnel 1. 【0041】 Upstream of the final lining front line FLF, a final lining 4 is provided on the radial wall of the tunnel 1, on top of the primary lining 2. 【0042】 Here, the final lining 4 is made using precast segments 41 assembled together so as to form a plurality of circular closed rings 42 adjacent to each other in the longitudinal advancing direction in the tunnel 1. 【0043】 Segment 41 is a prefabricated member made of reinforced concrete, optionally reinforced with metal fibers. Preferably, once each segment 41 is installed, each segment 41 is mechanically interconnected to adjacent segments 41 from both the circumferential and longitudinal directions. The circumferential direction is the direction within the same ring 42 of segment 41, and the longitudinal direction is the direction of segment 41's ring 42 with respect to the ring 42 of the segment 41 adjacent to the ring 42 constituting the segment 41 during operation. Each segment 41 in each ring 42 can be conveniently arranged so as to be complementary and displaced in the circumferential direction with respect to the segment 41 of the adjacent ring 42 (not shown). 【0044】 Preferably, each segment 41 of the final lining 4 is not installed so as to be in direct contact with the underlying primary lining 2, and an annular gap is formed, into which hydraulic mortar 43 is later pressure-filled. 【0045】 With reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 and the above tunnel 1, a preferred embodiment of the method according to the present invention for constructing a tunnel naturally using excavation will be described in detail below. In particular, each step of the general advance cycle, which is repeated until the tunnel 1 is completed and forms the core of the method, will be described. 【0046】 In particular, as is clear from FIGS. 1, 1a, and 1b, each advance cycle includes a step of advancing the excavation front line EF by a predetermined advance length by spot excavation using one or more excavation machines. The excavation machine operates in the working area existing between the excavation front line EF and the final lining front line FLF. As an example, FIGS. 1, 1a, and 1b show an excavation machine 100 provided with a crusher according to the identified rock mass or ground type, alternatively or additionally, for performing spot excavation at the excavation front line EF. For example, various excavation machines provided with a backhoe, ripper, roadheader, etc. can be used. 【0047】 The advancement of the excavation front EF is preferably carried out by full-face excavation. In particular, as is apparent from Figure 1b, by using a method of spot excavation, the cross-section of the excavation is not limited to a circular shape as in the case of excavation using a "mechanized" method by a TBM. 【0048】 As is apparent from Figures 1, 1a, and 1b, while carrying out excavation to advance the excavation front EF, at the same time, by assembling at least one additional full ring 42' related to the segment 41 on top of the already constructed primary lining 2, the final lining front FLF also advances by a predetermined advancement length. In Figures 1 and 1a, the additional ring 42' that is still in the construction stage is shown. 【0049】 Preferably, the advancement length of the excavation front EF and the advancement length of the final lining front FLF are substantially the same, and preferably correspond substantially to the width of the ring 42 of the segment 41. Therefore, the longitudinal spread of the working area between the excavation front EF and the advancement front of the final lining is kept substantially constant even in subsequent advancement cycles for constructing the tunnel 1. However, this does not exclude the possibility of advancing the excavation front EF and the final lining front FLF at different advancement lengths. For example, if a loose ground area appears during the construction of the tunnel 1, it may be advantageous to advance the final lining front FLF longer than the corresponding advancement length of the excavation front EF, at least during one advancement cycle, so that the longitudinal spread of the working area where only the primary lining 2 is applied to the wall of the tunnel 1 can be suppressed. In this case, for example, by installing two full rings 42 made of the segment 41, it is possible to double the advancement length of the final lining front FLF and maintain the advancement length of the excavation front EF without change. 【0050】 Each segment 41 can be mechanically installed using a self-propelled segment installation device 200, which is specially designed for use in the method of the present invention and is illustrated in detail by FIGS. 7, 7a, 8, and 8a. 【0051】 As is particularly apparent from FIGS. 7 and 8, the segment installation device is provided with a longitudinally extending hollow frame 201. The hollow shape of the frame 201 is formed in accordance with the shape of the inner cross-section of the tunnel 1 as the final lining 4 is installed. In the particularly illustrated example, the frame 201 generally has a circular cross-section. 【0052】 The frame preferably has a reticulated structure and is formed from a plurality of circumferential ribs and a plurality of longitudinal cross-members. The first longitudinal end of the frame 201 (hereinafter also referred to as the "front end") preferably extends in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal deployment direction of the frame 201, while the second longitudinal end (hereinafter also referred to as the "rear end") preferably extends in a plane inclined towards the first longitudinal end with respect to the longitudinal deployment direction. Due to these features, the frame 201 has an overall shape like a "rib cage", which is particularly advantageous in ensuring stability and structural resistance under static and dynamic conditions for the segment installation device 200, and at the same time is advantageous in reducing its weight and the amount of materials required for the construction of the frame 201. 【0053】 In any case, regardless of the specific shape and configuration, the hollow frame 201 has an internal cross-sectional dimension that allows a work machine, work vehicle, and work device used in the construction of the tunnel 1 to pass through or move. In the stopped state of the segment installation device 200, the work machine, work vehicle, and work device can freely pass through the hollow frame 201 as will be described in detail below with reference to the method of the present invention. 【0054】 To facilitate the above passage or movement, the segment installation device 200 preferably has a travelable surface 202 provided at the bottom within the hollow frame 201, preferably extending longitudinally over the entire length. Instead of the travelable surface 202, for example, a pair of parallel rails can also be provided. 【0055】 The segment installation device 200 includes segment operation means associated with the hollow frame 201. The segment operation means is movable relative to the hollow frame 201 between a segment extraction position and a plurality of segment installation positions, thereby forming a ring 42 composed of segments 41 of the final lining 4 of the tunnel 1 as shown in FIGS. 1, 1a, and 1b and described in detail below. 【0056】 In a preferred embodiment of the segment installation device 200, the segment operation means is provided with a robot arm 203. This robot arm 203 is movable along a circular guide rail 205, integrated with the hollow frame 201, and arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal extension direction of the hollow frame 201. Such a design is particularly effective in combining the simplicity of the structure and the operational flexibility with the need to avoid the presence of fixed obstacles that would prevent a work machine, a work vehicle, and a work device from passing through the hollow frame 201, at least in the stopped state of the segment installation device 200. 【0057】 The circular guide rail 205 has a closed shape and is preferably provided at the tip of the hollow frame 201, preferably inside it. 【0058】 The robotic arm 203 is configured and dimensioned such that the segment 41 is manipulated to install the segment 41 to produce the final lining 4 of the tunnel 1. In particular, the robotic arm 203 can be conveniently configured as a robotic arm having three joint axes preferably parallel to each other and comprising four parts articulated to each other by the joint axes, two of the end parts of which are composed of or include a segment extraction head and a base connected to the guide rail 205. 【0059】 Preferably, the segment installation device 200 is further provided with at least one movable bridge 204 for temporarily and movably connecting between the segment installation device 200 and the working area of the tunnel 1. This bridge 204 can be provided with a single runnable surface or a pair of parallel rails as in the illustrated embodiment. The bridge 204 is preferably attached to the same circular guide rail 205 as the circular guide rail 205 on which the robotic arm 203 is installed and is movable along the guide rail so as to cooperate with the robotic arm 203. 【0060】 In view of the high loads that the segment installation device 200 has to withstand when installing the segment 41, in addition to the weight of the robotic arm 203 (for example, 1.8 to 2 tons), considering the weight of the segment supported and operated thereby (usually 2 to 2.5 tons), the hollow frame 201 is provided with a plurality of fixing devices 206 for temporarily fixing the segment installation device 200 to the wall of the tunnel 1, particularly the final lining 4 of the tunnel 1. In this way, the stability of the segment installation device 200 during the installation work can be effectively ensured, which is an essential requirement for the installation work to be carried out accurately and without problems. 【0061】 These fixing devices 206 are configured as fixing devices that can extend radially outward from the hollow frame 201 and can be composed of a hydraulic thrust jack or the like. These fixing devices are preferably distributed on the surface of the hollow frame 201 and are distributed so as to form at least one ring, preferably at least on the guide rail 205. 【0062】 The segment installation device 200 preferably includes a plurality of electric wheels 207 associated with the hollow frame 201, and by using these, it can move on the final lining 4 previously laid in the tunnel 1. The wheels 207 are preferably provided with independent swivel axes of rotation. The wheels 207 are arranged at least at the bottom of the segment installation device 200, and in particular, are arranged along at least two rows along the longitudinal direction of the hollow frame 201. In addition, additional wheels 207 can be provided individually or in rows at another position of the hollow frame 201, for example, at the ceiling part. 【0063】 Particularly in FIGS. 7 and 7a, the segment installation device 200 in a stopped state where the segment 41 is not being installed is shown. In this state, the robot arm 203 preferably extends substantially parallel to the hollow frame 201 and along the inside thereof, preferably arranged at the ceiling part, so as not to obstruct the passage of working machines, working vehicles, and working devices inside the hollow frame 201. On the other hand, the bridge 204 is in a use state at the bottom part of the hollow frame 201, and a drivable connection is created between the drivable surface 202 of the hollow frame 201 and the drivable surface of the tunnel 1 located on the downstream side of the segment installation device 200, particularly the temporary working floor 3 (not shown). 【0064】 On the other hand, FIGS. 8 and 8a illustrate a segment installation device 200 in a general working state for installing segment 41. In this state, the robot arm 203 projects at least partially from the hollow frame 201 in the longitudinal and / or transverse directions at a position along the circular guide rail 205 that can be changed corresponding to the installation position of segment 41. On the other hand, the bridge 204 is arranged at an unused position along the circular guide rail 205 and can be changed corresponding to the position of the robot arm 203. 【0065】 Referring again to FIGS. 1, 1a, and 1b, the assembly of at least one additional full ring 42' consisting of a plurality of segments 41 for advancing the final lining front line FLF using the segment installation device 200 described above preferably includes repeatedly moving the robot arm 203 along a circular path defined by the guide rail 205, and the robot arm 203 moves between a segment extraction position distributed along the circular diameter path and a plurality of segment installation positions. 【0066】 The segments 41 required to construct the additional full ring 42' consisting of a plurality of segments 41 can be conveniently provided in batches, for example, placed on a suitable self-propelled segment transport wagon 300 and transported to the segment installation device 200. The self-propelled segment transport wagon 300 is preferably equipped to transport all the segments 41 required to fabricate the full ring 42 simultaneously. 【0067】 In order to move the segment transport wagon 300 from the area of the tunnel 1 where the transport road surface 5 is already provided upstream of the segment installation device 200 to the segment installation device 200, a self-propelled service platform 400 is preferably used. The self-propelled service platform 400 can move back and forth between the transport road surface front CF and the rear end of the segment installation device 200. The self-propelled service platform 400 can move on the final lining 4 of the tunnel 1 in the same manner as the segment installation device 200. For this purpose, a plurality of electric wheels with independent swivel axes are provided. Although not explicitly described below, generally, in order to transport all the working machines, working vehicles, or working devices used for constructing the tunnel 1 according to the method of the present invention, the self-propelled service platform 400 can be advantageously used in the part of the tunnel 1 between the rear end of the segment installation device 200 and the transport road surface front CF. 【0068】 While the segment installation device 200 is installing the segment 41, other working machines, working vehicles, or working devices cannot pass through here, so it is impossible to reach the working area or the excavation front line EF, and it is also impossible to retreat from here. However, in the method of the present invention, even if a part of the tunnel 1 where the segment 41 is installed is temporarily blocked in the forward step of the final lining front line FLF, this will not be an obstacle to the execution of other steps of this method. This is because such a block occurs during the excavation step of advancing the excavation front line E. Therefore, this step can be executed and completed without the need to repeatedly pass working machines, working vehicles, or working devices simultaneously and in parallel towards or from the working area or the excavation front line EF. On the other hand, assuming the same forward length, the excavation step usually takes a time that is about 1 to 10 times longer compared to the time interval of the step of installing the segment 41 and advancing the final lining front line FLF, so the latter completely covers it in terms of time. 【0069】 When the step of advancing the final lining front line FLF is completed, the segment installation device 200 may remain at the same position in the tunnel 1, but is placed in the stopped state already described with reference to FIGS. 8 and 8a. In this way, it becomes possible again to pass work machines, work vehicles, or work devices toward or from the work area of the tunnel 1. 【0070】 As shown in FIGS. 2 and 2a, when the step of advancing the excavation front line EF is completed, after withdrawing work machines such as the excavation machine 100 used for excavation from the work area as necessary, the excavated earth and sand generated are removed. In the above work, one or more dump trucks 500 are used, and loading can be performed using one or more loading shovels 600. The dump trucks 500 and the loading shovels 600 move from or to the work area of the tunnel 1 through the segment installation device 200 deployed in the tunnel 1. 【0071】 When the excavated earth and sand disappear from the work area of the tunnel 1, the primary lining front line PLF advances by constructing the primary lining 2 on the wall exposed by the excavation executed in the previous step of advancing the excavation front line EF, particularly the radial wall. 【0072】 As shown in FIGS. 3, 3a, 4, and 4a, the construction of the primary lining 2 includes laying at least one additional rib 21'. Any of the ribs 21 used in the method of the present invention can be of a type that is preferably composed of segmented parts, as described, for example, in WO 2015 / 186029, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In this case, the rib 21 is pre-assembled outside the tunnel 1 and transported in a folded state (FIGS. 3, 3a) into the tunnel 1 to each laying location, particularly up to the advancement length of the previously excavated excavation front EF, and finally unfolded for laying at this laying location. In this case, the transportation and / or installation of the rib 21 can be carried out using a general-purpose excavation machine 700, or can be carried out using a dedicated machine provided with, in particular, two or more movable arms (not shown). However, this does not exclude the use of conventional ribs 21 composed of separate parts that are transported in a disassembled state within the tunnel 1 and assembled on-site during installation. 【0073】 The production of the primary lining 2 also includes a step of applying a layer of shotcrete to the walls exposed by excavation, particularly the radial walls, and also to the inner arc portion of at least one previously laid additional rib 21' (see FIG. 5). The above work is carried out in a known manner using at least one pumping machine 800 for applying the shotcrete supplied by a concrete mixer 900. Also in this case, the pumping machine 800 and the concrete mixer 900 move from or to the working area of the tunnel 1 through the segment installation device 200 deployed in the tunnel 1. 【0074】 When the production of a new length portion of the primary lining 2 is completed, the final lining 4 can be completed at the advancement length of the final lining front FLF. In particular, a hydraulic mortar can be pumped into the gap between the additional ring 42' of the installed segment 41 and the primary lining 2 thereunder using a known suitable pumping machine (not shown). 【0075】 When the production of the new part of the final lining 4 is completed, the segment installation device 200 can move forward on the previously constructed final lining 4 by approximately the same length as the forward travel length of the final lining front line FLF, and the tip portion comes to the (new) final lining front line FLF again. 【0076】 At this point, a new forward cycle consisting of the above steps can be started. 【0077】 In addition to the above steps, the method of the present invention for constructing a tunnel naturally can optionally include additional steps that assist in performing the above steps in all or part of the forward cycles required to construct the tunnel 1, in a manner known to those skilled in the art. 【0078】 FIG. 6 illustratively shows an optional step of reinforcing the excavation front line EF, which may be required before advancing the excavation front line EF in unconsolidated ground or soft ground. More specifically, FIG. 6 describes the case of reinforcing the excavation front line EF using a glass fiber reinforcing material. A plurality of holes are drilled continuously in the excavation front line E using a drilling machine 1000, and after inserting fiberglass tie rods into these holes, it is formed by injecting concrete. 【0079】 As is also apparent from FIG. 6, after the work machine reaches the work area by passing through the segment installation device 200, the segment installation device 200 can be temporarily retracted from the final lining front line FLF, that is, it can be moved in the direction opposite to the excavation progress direction A to secure an additional work space for the work machine to work in the work area as needed. 【0080】 In addition to the "industrialization" of the step of constructing the final lining, i.e., advancing the corresponding front line, the present invention shortens the time for naturally constructing a tunnel using excavation by a conventional method, and reduces the influence of the experience and skills of on-site workers on the construction time of the structure and its final quality.

Claims

[Claim 1] A method for constructing a tunnel naturally, wherein the tunnel under construction (1) includes an excavation front (EF), a final lining front (FLF) located upstream of the excavation front (EF) with respect to the excavation forward direction (A), and a work area located between the excavation front (EF) and the final lining front (FLF), a) A step of advancing the drilling front (EF) by a predetermined forward length by point drilling using one or more self-propelled drilling machines (100), b) A step of removing excavated soil from the work area using one or more dump trucks (500), c) A step of applying primary lining (2) to the wall exposed by excavation for the same length as the advance of the excavation front (EF), d) A step of advancing the final lining front (FLF) by a predetermined advance length by creating a final lining (4) on the constructed primary lining (2) by the same advance length as the advance length in the previous advance cycle, e) Repeat steps a) to d) until tunnel (1) is completed, It includes, Step d) advances the final lining front (FLF), which includes assembling at least one full ring (42') consisting of a plurality of prefabricated segments (41), and step d) is performed simultaneously with step a) advances the excavation front (EF). Step d) to advance the final lining front (FLF) is performed using a segment installation device (200) provided with a hollow frame (201), A method characterized in that, when performing step b) removing excavated soil and step c) performing primary lining (2), the passage or movement of work machinery (100, 600, 700, 800), work vehicles (500, 900), or work equipment into or out of the work area is performed through the hollow frame (201) of the segment installation device (200). [Claim 2] The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of assembling at least one full ring (42') consisting of a plurality of prefabricated segments (41) using the segment installation device (200) includes repeatedly moving a robot arm (203) along the circular path between segment retrieval positions and a plurality of segment installation positions distributed along the circular path. [Claim 3] The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the drilling front (EF) and the final lining front (FLF) each advance substantially by the same amount of forward length. [Claim 4] The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the segment installation device (200) over the previously manufactured final lining (4) after step d) of advancing the final lining front (FLF). [Claim 5] The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of moving a self-propelled service platform (400) for transporting work machinery (100, 600, 700, 800, 1000), work vehicles (300, 500, 900), or work equipment inside the tunnel portion between the rear end of the segment installation device (200) and the transport road surface front (CF) of the tunnel (1) located upstream of the segment installation device (200). [Claim 6] A self-propelled segment installation device (200) for naturally installing prefabricated segments (41) of the final lining (4) of a tunnel (1), - A hollow frame (201) extending in the longitudinal direction, having a cross-sectional dimension through which working machinery (100, 600, 700, 800, 1000), working vehicles (300, 500, 900), or working equipment used when constructing the tunnel (1) can pass or move. - A segment manipulating means (203) is associated with the hollow frame (201) and is movable relative to the hollow frame (201) between a segment removal position and a position for installing multiple segments, in order to assemble a full ring (42, 42') consisting of multiple segments (41) on the wall of the tunnel (1). Equipped with, When the segment installation device (200) is stopped, the work machines (100, 600, 700, 800, 1000), the work vehicles (500, 900), or the work equipment can freely pass through the hollow frame (201). The hollow frame (201) is characterized in that a plurality of fixing devices (206) for temporarily fixing the segment installation device (200) to the wall of the tunnel (1) are provided so as to extend radially. Self-propelled segment installation device (200). [Claim 7] The segment operating means (203) includes a robot arm (203) that can move along a circular guide rail (205), The robot arm (203) is integrated with the hollow frame (201) and is positioned perpendicular to the longitudinal extension direction of the hollow frame (201). The segment installation device (200) according to claim 6, characterized in that... [Claim 8] The segment installation device (200) according to claim 7, characterized in that, when the segment installation device (200) is stopped, the robot arm (203) extends along the inside of the hollow frame (201) and substantially parallel to the hollow frame (201). [Claim 9] The segment installation device (200) according to claim 7, characterized in that, in the working state of the segment installation device (200), the robot arm (203) protrudes at least partially from the hollow frame (201) in the longitudinal and / or transverse directions. [Claim 10] The segment installation device (200) according to claim 6, further comprising at least one movable bridge (204) for establishing a traversable connection between the segment installation device (200) and the working area of ​​the tunnel (1). [Claim 11] The present invention further comprises at least one movable bridge (204) for establishing a traversable connection between the segment installation device (200) and the working area of ​​the tunnel (1), The segment installation device (200) according to claim 7, characterized in that the movable bridge (204) is configured to move along the circular guide rail (205) of the robot arm (203) in cooperation with the robot arm (203). [Claim 12] The segment installation device (200) according to claim 6, characterized in that the plurality of fixing devices (206) are arranged to form at least one ring around the hollow frame (201). [Claim 13] The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the segment installation device (200) on the previously manufactured final lining (4) by the same length as the advance length of the final lining front (FLF) after step d) of advancing the final lining front (FLF). [Claim 14] The segment installation device (200) according to claim 7, characterized in that, when the segment installation device (200) is stopped, the robot arm (203) extends along the inside of the hollow frame (201) and substantially parallel to the hollow frame (201) at the ceiling portion of the hollow frame (201).

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