Joint Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Communication and MIMO Sensing

Abstract

A system, apparatus, process, and computer-readable recording medium for wireless communication are disclosed. For example, an example of the process may include receiving, at a network device (e.g., a user equipment (UE)), a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t - J sensing streams. The waveform has a rank N t and J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than. The process may further include processing at least the communication resources of the waveform.

Description

Technical Field

[0001]

[0001] This disclosure generally relates to joint communication and sensing. For example, aspects of this disclosure relate to joint multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and MIMO sensing.

Background Art

[0002]

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, and broadcast. These systems can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multi-connection systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems sometimes referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multi-connection communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes that each simultaneously support communication for a plurality of communication devices, sometimes known as user equipment (UE). Some wireless communication systems may support communication between UEs, which may involve direct transmission between two or more UEs.

[0003]

[0003] Due to a larger bandwidth being allocated for wireless cellular communication systems (including, for example, 5G and 5G beyond) and more use cases being introduced into the cellular communication system, joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing can be an essential feature for existing or future wireless communication systems, for example, to improve the overall spectral efficiency of a wireless communication network.

Summary of the Invention

[0004]

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary regarding one or more aspects disclosed herein. Accordingly, the following summary should not be regarded as an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be regarded as identifying key or critical elements of all contemplated aspects or as defining the scope of any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of the following summary is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts regarding one or more aspects related to the mechanisms disclosed herein prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0005]

[0005] Systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in a user equipment (UE) are described. According to at least one example, a method for wireless communication is provided. The method includes receiving, at the UE from a network entity, a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources via a number of sensing streams based on a maximum of N t -J sensing streams, the waveform having a rank N t and J being the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t being less than, and processing at least the communication resources of the waveform.

[0006]

[0006] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided that includes at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to receive, from a network entity, a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams, the waveform having a rank N t where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than, and to process at least the communication resources of the waveform.

[0007]

[0007] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing instructions is provided, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to receive, from a network entity, a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams, the waveform having a rank N t where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than, and to process at least the communication resources of the waveform.

[0008]

[0008] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes means for receiving, from a network entity, a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams, the waveform having a rank N t where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than, and means for processing at least the communication resources of the waveform.

[0009]

[0009] According to one or more other examples, a method for wireless communication in a network entity is provided. The method includes a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources based on up to N t -J sensing streams, having a rank N t , where the network entity comprises N t transmit antenna elements, J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, and N t is less than, generating the waveform at the network entity, and transmitting the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams.

[0010]

[0010] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided that includes at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources based on up to N t -J sensing streams, having a rank N t , where the apparatus comprises N t transmit antenna elements, J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, and N t is less than, and to transmit the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams.

[0011]

[0011] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing instructions is provided, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to obtain communication resources and up to N t- A waveform including a sensing resource based on J sensing streams, having a rank N t and the apparatus having N t transmitting antenna elements, where J is the number of layers scheduled for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than, generate the waveform, and via a maximum of N t -J sensing streams, transmit the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing.

[0012]

[0012] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes means for generating a waveform including a communication resource and a sensing resource based on a maximum of N t -J sensing streams, having a rank N t and the apparatus having N t transmitting antenna elements, where J is the number of layers scheduled for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than, and means for transmitting the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a maximum of N t -J sensing streams.

[0013]

[0013] In some aspects, the device is a user equipment (UE), a part of a UE, and / or includes a UE, such as a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone and / or a mobile handset and / or a so-called "smartphone" or other mobile device), an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device, such as a head-mounted display (HMD) device), a wearable device (a network-connected watch or other wearable device), a wireless communication device, a camera, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, a vehicle or a vehicle computing device or component, another device, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the device includes one or more cameras that capture one or more images. In some aspects, the device further includes a display that displays one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some aspects, the device described above may include one or more sensors (e.g., one or more inertial measurement units (IMUs) such as one or more gyroscopes, one or more gyroscopes, one or more accelerometers, any combination thereof, and / or other sensors).

[0014]

[0014] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used independently to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to the entire specification of this patent, any or all of the drawings, and the appropriate portions of each claim.

[0015]

[0015] The above will become more apparent by reference to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings, together with other features and aspects.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0016]

[0016] The accompanying drawings are presented to assist in the description of various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided only for purposes of exemplifying the aspects, not for limiting the aspects.

Figure 1A

[0017] FIG. showing an exemplary wireless communication system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 1B

[0018] FIG. showing an example of a non - centralized base station architecture that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 2

[0019] FIG. showing the design of a base station and a user equipment (UE) device that enables the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between a UE and a base station, which may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 3

[0020] FIG. showing an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 4

[0021] FIG. showing a block diagram of an example of a computing system of an electronic device that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 5

[0022] A diagram showing an example of a wireless device that utilizes radio frequency (RF) monostatic sensing techniques, which can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics of a target object, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 6

[0023] A diagram showing an example of a receiver that utilizes RF bistatic sensing techniques with one transmitter, which can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics of a target object, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 7

[0024] A diagram showing an example of a receiver that utilizes RF bistatic sensing techniques with multiple transmitters, which can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics of a target object, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 8

[0025] A diagram showing an exemplary geometry of bistatic (or monostatic) sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 9

[0026] A diagram showing the bistatic range of bistatic sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 10

[0027] A diagram showing an example of a system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure, where the system may employ multistatic sensing for cooperative sensing of a UE.

Figure 11

[0028] FIG. 0 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure, the system performing MU-MIMO downlink communication and monostatic MIMO monostatic sensing of one or more UEs.

Figure 12

[0029] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another example of a system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure, the system being able to utilize JCS waveforms for both UE communication and sensing.

Figure 13

[0030] FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating an example of a joint communications and sensing (JCS) waveform that may be employed in the disclosed system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 14

[0031] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of mapping antenna ports to physical antenna ports that may be employed by the disclosed system and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 15

[0032] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for wireless communication utilizing joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 16

[0033] FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating another example of a process for wireless communication utilizing joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

Figure 17

[0034] FIG. 24 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system that may be employed by the disclosed system and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017]

[0035] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are provided below for purposes of illustration. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, well-known elements of the present disclosure are not described in detail or are omitted so as not to obscure relevant details of the present disclosure. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, some of the aspects described herein can be applied independently and some of them can be applied in combination. In the following description, specific details are set forth for purposes of illustration to provide a thorough understanding of the aspects of the present application. However, it will be apparent that the various aspects can be practiced without these specific details. The figures and the description are not intended to be restrictive.

[0018]

[0036] The following description provides exemplary aspects and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the present disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary aspects provides those skilled in the art with an explanation enabling implementation of the exemplary aspects. It should be understood that various changes can be made in the functions and configurations of elements without departing from the scope of the present application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0019]

[0037] As described above, due to a larger bandwidth being allocated for wireless communication systems (including, for example, cellular communication systems such as 4G / LTE, 5G / NR, and beyond) and more use cases being introduced into wireless communication systems, joint multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and MIMO sensing can be essential features for wireless communication systems.

[0020]

[0038] A radar sensing system typically performs RF sensing using a radio frequency (RF) waveform to determine or estimate one or more characteristics of a target object, such as the distance, angle, and / or velocity of the target object. The target object can include a vehicle, an obstacle, a user, a building, or other objects. A typical radar system includes at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and at least one processor. The radar sensing system can perform monostatic sensing if one receiver collocated with the transmitter is employed. The radar system can perform bistatic sensing if one receiver of a first device located remotely from the transmitter of a second device is employed. Similarly, the radar system can perform multistatic sensing if multiple receivers of multiple devices, all of which are located remotely from at least one transmitter of at least one device, are employed.

[0021]

[0039] During operation of the radar sensing system, the transmitter transmits an electromagnetic (EM) signal in the RF region towards the target object. The signal is reflected by the target object to generate one or more reflected signals, which provide information or characteristics about the target, such as the location and velocity of the target object. At least one receiver receives the one or more reflected signals, and at least one processor, which may be associated with the at least one receiver, utilizes the information from the one or more reflected signals to determine the information or characteristics of the target object. The target object may also be referred to herein as the target.

[0022]

[0040] These radar sensing signals, which can be referred to as radar reference signals (RSs), are typically designed for sensing purposes and it should be noted that they are used only for sensing purposes. The radar RSs do not contain any communication information. Conversely, communication RSs are typically designed for communication purposes and are used only for communication purposes, including estimating channel parameters for communication.

[0023]

[0041] Cellular communication systems are designed to transmit communication signals in a specified communication frequency band (e.g., for 5G / NR, especially 23 gigahertz (GHz), 3.5 GHz, etc., and for LTE, 2.2 GHz). RF sensing systems are designed to transmit RF sensing signals in a specified radar RF frequency band (e.g., 77 GHz for autonomous driving). The spectrum for communication and sensing is very likely to be shared in future cellular communication systems, in which case communication and sensing should be considered together.

[0024]

[0042] MIMO is a multi - antenna - based spectrum - efficient technique and has been a major driving force for next - generation antenna technology for cellular networks. MIMO systems can transmit two or more signals on the same channel, improving spectrum efficiency and overall throughput. By leveraging spatial separation, the antennas of MIMO systems are spaced apart at specific distances and angles to compensate for self - interference. MIMO systems can provide a robust wireless communication mechanism to handle fading and shadowing caused by multiple transmission paths and long distances. In MIMO systems, various data streams can be transmitted simultaneously, providing multiplexing gains and an improvement in overall throughput. For at least these reasons, MIMO has recently been adopted in cellular wireless communication technologies and is included in various next - generation wireless projects and standards, including 5G NR.

[0025]

[0043] A simple form of MIMO is point-to-point MIMO. In point-to-point MIMO, two systems (e.g., a base station and a UE) each employ multiple antennas to communicate with each other. By using multiple antennas, the capacity of the air interface is increased. However, point-to-point MIMO adopts a multi-antenna configuration that requires additional hardware in both the base station and the end-user device (e.g., within the UE). The requirement for additional hardware in both the base station and the user device increases the overall system complexity, which is a disadvantage for point-to-point MIMO. It should be noted that in a typical mobile communication system, an end-user device (e.g., a UE) may not be able to support multiple antennas due to its small physical size and / or low-cost requirements of the UE device.

[0026]

[0044] An extended version of point-to-point MIMO is single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), which provides an increase in data rate by transmitting multiple data streams to a specific user device (e.g., a specific UE). Similar to point-to-point MIMO, SU-MIMO has the drawback that the user device (e.g., a UE) needs to support multiple antennas.

[0027]

[0045] In contrast to point-to-point MIMO and SU-MIMO, multi-user MIMO (multiple-user MIMO, MU-MIMO) does not have the drawback that user devices need to support multiple antennas. In MU-MIMO, multiple users share the same time and frequency resources, while each base station (e.g., next-generation node B (gNB), evolved node B (eNB), or a part thereof, e.g., central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), radio unit (RU), near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC) is equipped with multiple antennas (e.g., antenna array) to provide services to many users (e.g., UEs) simultaneously. Each end-user device (e.g., UE) only needs to employ a single antenna, and thus complex hardware is only required on the base station side. Low-cost single antennas (e.g., dipole antennas) may be employed in end-user devices (e.g., UEs), and more expensive and complex hardware may be utilized only on the base station side, so for MU-MIMO systems, the cost and complexity of the antenna system are significantly reduced.

[0028]

[0046] Due to the diversity of the distances, angles, and qualities of the signals of multiple users in the MU-MIMO system, the performance of the MU-MIMO system is generally less affected by the transmission environment compared to point-to-point MIMO. This advantage is realized by MU-MIMO systems that employ selective beamforming and power control to cancel interference. MU-MIMO systems provide high reliability and throughput and thus have become an essential part of wireless communication systems including Wi-Fi, LTE, and 5G networks.

[0029]

[0047] Massive MIMO (mMIMO) is a form of MU-MIMO that employs a larger number of antennas at the base station than MU-MIMO. Therefore, the number of users (e.g., UEs) to which services are provided can be significantly increased compared to a MU-MIMO system (e.g., in mMIMO, a single base station with many antennas can serve a large number of users). When there are a large number of antennas within each base station, the channel vectors between the users (e.g., UEs) and the base station are approximately rectangular for each pair, and thus can provide particularly excellent linear transmission. In mMIMO, due to multiplexing gain, diversity gain, and array gain, a large throughput can be achieved. In mMIMO, a large number of antennas at the base station can utilize antenna beamforming techniques to serve hundreds of users using the same frequency resources.

[0030]

[0048] In mMIMO, the more antennas are employed at each base station, the more robust the communication operation becomes. Theoretically, mMIMO could employ an infinite number of antennas at each base station. However, in mMIMO base stations, typically (e.g., in a 5G network), 64 to 128 antennas (e.g., 64 receive antennas and 64 transmit antennas) are actually utilized. A significant advantage of mMIMO is that high-performance hardware is only required at the base station and not at the user devices (e.g., UEs), and each user device only requires a single antenna and a simple antenna design. Another advantage of mMIMO is that it has a scalable architecture that can be easily scaled up to serve more users simply by upgrading the antenna system at the base station.

[0031]

[0049] In some aspects of the present disclosure, a system, apparatus, method (also referred to as a process), and computer-readable recording medium (collectively referred to herein as "systems and techniques") that provide joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing are described herein. In one or more examples, the systems and techniques of the present disclosure employ a unified waveform for both communication and sensing, along with a MU-MIMO and / or mMIMO system architecture, and this waveform may be referred to as a "joint communication and sensing (JCS) waveform". One advantage of such a JCS waveform is that it can fully reuse the spectrum, thus providing high spectral efficiency. Another advantage is that such a JCS waveform enables unified hardware that can be utilized for both communication and sensing. Additional details regarding the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, as well as specific implementations, are described below with respect to the drawings.

[0032]

[0050] Additional features of the present disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0033]

[0051] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "network entity" are not intended to be specific to any particular radio access technology (RAT) or otherwise limited, unless otherwise stated. Generally, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, and / or tracking device, etc.) used by a user to communicate via a wireless communication network, a wearable (e.g., a smartwatch, smart glasses, wearable ring, and / or extended reality (XR) device, e.g., a virtual reality (VR) headset, augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or mixed reality (MR) headset), a vehicle (e.g., a car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), and / or an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc. The UE may be movable or (e.g., at a certain time) stationary and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). The term "UE" as used herein may be interchangeably referred to as "access terminal" or "AT", "client device", "wireless device", "subscriber device", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "user terminal" or "UT", "mobile device", "mobile terminal", "mobile station", or a variation thereof. Generally, a UE can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and the UE can be connected to an external network such as the Internet and other UEs through the core network. Of course, with respect to the UE, other mechanisms for connecting to a core network and / or the Internet via a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on the IEEE802.11 communication standard, etc.) are also possible.

[0034]

[0052] A network entity can be implemented in a centralized base station architecture or a monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a non-centralized base station architecture, and may include one or more of a Central Unit (CU), a Distributed Unit (DU), a Radio Unit (RU), a Near-RT RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), or a Non-RT RIC. A base station (e.g., having a centralized / monolithic base station architecture, or a non-centralized base station architecture) can operate according to one of several Radio Access Technologies (RATs) when communicating with a User Equipment (UE), depending on the network in which the base station is deployed. Alternatively, it may be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB (NB), an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) NodeB (also called a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station can be mainly used to support wireless access by a UE, including supporting data connections, voice connections, and / or signaling connections for the UE to be supported. In some systems, the base station may provide an edge node signaling function, while in other systems, the base station may provide additional control functions and / or network management functions. A communication link through which a UE can send a signal to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which a base station can transmit a signal to a UE is called a downlink (DL) channel or a forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, or a forward traffic channel, etc.). The term traffic channel (TCH) as used herein can refer to either an uplink channel, a reverse channel, or a downlink channel and / or a forward traffic channel.

[0035]

[0053] The term "network entity" or "base station" (e.g., having a centralized / monolithic base station architecture or a non-centralized base station architecture) may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP), or multiple physical transmission-reception points (TRPs) that may or may not be collocated. For example, when the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, that physical TRP may be the antenna of the base station corresponding to the cell (or some cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to multiple collocated physical TRPs, those physical TRPs may be an array of antennas of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, or when the base station employs beamforming). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-collocated physical TRPs, those physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium), or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-collocated physical TRPs may be the serving base station that receives measurement reports from the UE, and the neighboring base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal (or simply "reference signal") the UE is measuring. Since a TRP is the point from which the base station transmits and receives wireless signals, references to transmissions from the base station or receptions at the base station as used herein should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of the base station.

[0036]

[0054] In some implementations that support UE positioning, the network entity or base station may not support wireless access by the UE (e.g., may not support a data connection, voice connection, and / or signaling connection for the UE), but instead can send to the UE the reference signals that will be measured by the UE, and / or can also receive and measure the signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when sending a signal to the UE) and / or a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0037]

[0055] An RF signal includes electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transfer information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal through a multipath channel, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same RF signal transmitted over different paths between the transmitter and the receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” when the context makes it clear that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0038]

[0056] According to various aspects, FIG. 1A shows an exemplary wireless communication system 100 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, the base stations 102 may also be referred to as "network entities" or "network nodes". One or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in an integrated base station architecture or a monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in a non-integrated base station architecture and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macrocell base stations may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB when the wireless communication system 100 is compatible with a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network, or a gNB when the wireless communication system 100 is compatible with a New Radio (NR) network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0039]

[0057] The base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) through a backhaul link 122, and through the core network 170, interface with one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of the core network 170 or exist outside the core network 170). In addition to other functions, the base station 102 can perform functions related to one or more of transferring user data, wireless channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load distribution, non-access stratum (NAS) message delivery, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and device tracing, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and warning message delivery. The base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC or 5GC) via a backhaul link 134, which can be wired and / or wireless.

[0040]

[0058] The base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with the UE 104. Each of the base stations 102 can provide communication coverage for its respective geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by the base stations 102 within each coverage area 110. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., via some frequency resource such as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, etc.), and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., physical cell identifier (PCI), virtual cell identifier (VCI), cell global identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same carrier frequency or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that can provide access to different types of UEs. Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" may, depending on the context, refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it. Additionally, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to the geographic coverage area (e.g., sector) of a base station as long as a carrier frequency is detected and can be used for communication within a portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0041]

[0059] The geographical coverage area 110 of the neighboring macro cell base station 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), and some of the geographical coverage areas 110 may be significantly overlapped by a larger geographical coverage area 110. For example, the small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that significantly overlaps with the coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network including both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. The heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) that may provide services to a limited group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0042]

[0060] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also called reverse link) transmission from the UE 104 to the base station 102 and / or downlink (also called forward link) transmission from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be by one or more carrier frequencies. The carrier assignment may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and the uplink (e.g., there may be more carriers or fewer carriers assigned to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0043]

[0061] Wireless communication system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 that communicates with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 gigahertz (GHz)). When communicating in the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen before talk (LBT) procedure before communicating to determine whether the channel is available. In some embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may include devices (e.g., UEs, etc.) that utilize the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum to communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc. The UWB spectrum may range from 3.1 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

[0044]

[0062] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed frequency spectrum and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may utilize LTE technology or NR technology and adopt the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. By adopting LTE and / or 5G in the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' can enhance the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in the unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in the unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0045]

[0063] The wireless communication system 100 may further include an mmW base station 180 that operates at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies and / or near-mmW frequencies and communicates with the UE 182. The mmW base station 180 can be implemented in an integrated or monolithic base station architecture or, alternatively, in a non-integrated base station architecture (including, for example, one or more of a CU, DU, RU, Near-RT RIC, or Non-RT RIC). Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength of 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band can be called millimeter waves. Near-mmW can drop down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band ranges from 3 GHz to 30 GHz and is also called centimeter waves. Communication using mmW and / or near-mmW radio frequency bands has high path loss and relatively short distances. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmission and / or reception) via the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short distances. Further, in an alternative configuration, it will be understood that one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near-mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be understood that the above examples are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0046]

[0064] Transmission beamforming is a technique for concentrating RF signals in a specific direction. Conventionally, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal omnidirectionally (in all directions). Using transmission beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (with respect to the transmitting network node) and transmits a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster and more powerful RF signal to the receiving device(s) (from the perspective of data rate). To vary the directivity of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (also referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array") that can create a beam of RF waves that can be "steered" to point in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF currents from the transmitters are supplied to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationships such that the radio waves from the individual antennas are combined to increase radiation in the desired direction while canceling and suppressing radiation in undesired directions.

[0047]

[0065] The transmission beams may be quasi-collocated, which means that, regardless of whether the transmission antennas of the network node are physically collocated or not, the transmission beams appear to have the same parameters to the receiver (e.g., UE). In NR, there are four types of quasi-collocation (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that some parameters for a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is of QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of QCL type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0048]

[0066] In receive beamforming, a receiver amplifies RF signals detected on a given channel using a receive beam. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting of an array of antennas in that direction and / or adjust the phase setting to amplify an RF signal received from a particular direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Thus, when the receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high compared to the beam gains along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gains of other beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0049]

[0067] Received beams may be spatially related. The spatial relationship means that the parameters of the transmission beam for the second reference signal can be derived from the information about the received beam for the first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS), tracking reference signal (TRS), phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), cell-specific reference signal (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), etc.) from a network node or entity (e.g., a base station). The UE can then form a transmission beam for transmitting one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., uplink positioning reference signal (UL-PRS), sounding reference signal (SRS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to that network node or entity (e.g., a base station) based on the parameters of the received beam.

[0050]

[0068] Note that the "downlink" beam can be either a transmission beam or a reception beam depending on the entity forming it. For example, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) forms a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmission beam. However, when the UE forms a downlink beam, it is a reception beam for receiving the downlink reference signal. Similarly, the "uplink" beam can be either a transmission beam or a reception beam depending on the entity forming it. For example, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) forms an uplink beam, it is an uplink reception beam, and when the UE forms an uplink beam, it is an uplink transmission beam.

[0051]

[0069] In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless network nodes or entities (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UEs 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (450 - 6000 Megahertz (MHz)), FR2 (24250 - 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In a multi - carrier system such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is called the "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are called "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier that operates on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by the UE 104 / 182 and is the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or starts the RRC connection re - establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common control channels and UE - specific control channels and can be a carrier within the licensed frequency (however, it is not always the case). The secondary carrier can be configured when an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and is a carrier that operates on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) and can be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier within the unlicensed frequency. Since both the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are typically UE - specific, the secondary carrier is assumed to contain only the necessary signaling information and signals. For example, signaling information and signals that are UE - specific should not be present within the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time.This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether it is a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency and / or a component carrier with which a certain base station is communicating, terms such as "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. can be used interchangeably.

[0052]

[0070] For example, referring further to FIG. 1A, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCells"). In carrier aggregation, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 can use a bandwidth of up to Y MHz per carrier (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 MHz) and a spectrum of up to Yx MHz (x component carriers) in total for transmission in each direction. Those component carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other on the frequency spectrum. The carrier assignment may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and the uplink (e.g., more carriers or fewer carriers may be assigned to the downlink than to the uplink). By simultaneously transmitting and / or receiving on multiple carriers, the UE 104 / 182 can significantly increase its data transmission rate and / or data reception rate. For example, two 20 MHz carriers aggregated within a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a two-fold increase in the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate achieved by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0053]

[0071] To operate on multiple carrier frequencies, base station 102 and / or UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, UE 104 may have two receivers, "Receiver 1" and "Receiver 2", where "Receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver capable of tuning to band (i.e., carrier frequency) "X" or band "Y", and "Receiver 2" is a one-band receiver capable of tuning only to band "Z". In this embodiment, when UE 104 is being served in band "X", band "X" will be referred to as the PCell or active carrier frequency, and "Receiver 1" will need to tune from band "X" to band "Y" (SCell) in order to measure band "Y" (and vice versa). In contrast, due to the separate "Receiver 2", UE 104 can measure band "Z" without interrupting service on band "X" or band "Y", regardless of whether UE 104 is being served in band "X" or band "Y".

[0054]

[0072] Wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164 that is capable of communicating with macrocell base station 102 via communication link 120 and / or with mmW base station 180 via mmW communication link 184. For example, macrocell base station 102 may be able to support a PCell and one or more SCell for UE 164, and mmW base station 180 may be able to support one or more SCell for UE 164.

[0055]

[0073] Wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). In the example of FIG. 1A, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity), and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain a WLAN-based Internet connection). In one embodiment, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported using any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi-D), Bluetooth®.

[0056]

[0074] FIG. 1B is a diagram showing an example of a non - aggregated base station architecture that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The deployment of a communication system such as a 5G NR system can be configured in multiple ways using various components or constituents. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, radio access network (RAN) nodes, core network nodes, network elements, or network equipment, such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more constituents) that implement base station functions, can be implemented in an aggregated architecture or a non - aggregated architecture. For example, a BS (e.g., Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, AP, transmit - receive point (TRP), or cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a stand - alone BS or a monolithic BS), or a non - aggregated base station.

[0057]

[0075] The centralized base station can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. The non-centralized base station can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some embodiments, the CU can be implemented within the RAN node, and one or more DUs can be collocated with the CU or, alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. The DU can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as a virtual unit, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0058]

[0076] The operation or network design of the base station type may consider the aggregation characteristics of the base station functions. For example, a non-aggregated base station may be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN, such as a network configuration supported by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Non-aggregation may include dispersing functions across two or more units at various physical locations and virtually dispersing the functions of at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the non-aggregated base station, or the non-aggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0059]

[0077] As described above, FIG. 1B shows a diagram illustrating the architecture of an exemplary non - centralized base station 101. The non - centralized base station 101 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 111 that are capable of communicating directly with the core network 123 via a backhaul link or indirectly with the core network 123 through one or more non - centralized base station units (e.g., a Near - RT RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 127 via an E2 link, or a Non - RT RIC 117 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 107, or both). The CU 111 can communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 131 via respective mid - haul links such as an F1 interface. The DU 131 can communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 141 via respective front - haul links. The RU 141 can communicate with respective UEs 121 via one or more RF access links. In some implementations, a UE 121 can be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 141.

[0060]

[0078] Each of the units, namely, CU111, DU131, RU141, and Near-RT RIC127, Non-RT RIC117, and SMO framework 107 may include one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired transmission medium or a wireless transmission medium, or may be coupled to such one or more interfaces. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interface of the unit, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, a unit can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium. Additionally, a unit may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), and the wireless interface is configured to receive signals from, transmit signals to, or both from and to one or more of the other units via a wireless transmission medium.

[0061]

[0079] In some aspects, CU111 can host one or more upper layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU111. CU111 can be configured to handle user plane functions (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functions (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, CU111 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. CU111 can be implemented to communicate with DU131 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0062]

[0080] DU131 can correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU141. In some aspects, DU131 is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3 rdAt least partially in response to function splitting defined by the Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), etc., one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more upper physical (PHY) layers (modules related to forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) can be hosted. In some aspects, the DU131 can further host one or more lower PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU131 or control functions hosted by the CU111.

[0063]

[0081] The lower layer function can be implemented by one or more RU141s. In some deployments, the RU141s controlled by the DU131 may correspond to a logical node that hosts an RF processing function, or a low PHY layer function (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, at least partially based on function splitting such as lower layer function splitting. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 141 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 121. In some implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane communication and user plane communication with the RU(s) 141 can be controlled by the corresponding DU131. In some scenarios, this configuration enables the DU(s) 131 and the CU111 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture such as a vRAN architecture.

[0064]

[0082] The SMO framework 107 can be configured to support the RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. In the case of non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 107 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that are managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). In the case of virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 107 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 191) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating a virtualized network element) via a cloud computing platform interface (for example, an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, a CU 111, a DU 131, an RU 141, and a Near-RT RIC 127. In some implementations, the SMO framework 107 can communicate with the hardware aspects of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 113, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 107 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 141 via an O1 interface. The SMO framework 107 may also include a Non-RT RIC 117 configured to support the functions of the SMO framework 107.

[0065]

[0083] The Non-RT RIC 117 may be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 127. The Non-RT RIC 117 may be coupled to the Near-RT RIC 127 or communicate with the Near-RT RIC 127 (e.g., via an A1 interface). The Near-RT RIC 127 may be configured to include logical functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions (e.g., via an E2 interface) through an interface that connects one or more CU 111, one or more DU 131, or both, and the O-eNB 113 to the Near-RT RIC 127.

[0066]

[0084] In some implementations, the Non-RT RIC 117 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server to generate an AI / ML model deployed in the Near-RT RIC 127. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 127 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function in the SMO framework 107 or the Non-RT RIC 117. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 117 or the Near-RT RIC 127 may be configured to adjust RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 117 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and employ an AI / ML model to implement corrective measures through the SMO framework 107 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0067]

[0085] FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the design of base station 102 and UE 104 that enables transmission and processing of signals exchanged between a UE and a base station that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Design 200 includes components of base station 102 and UE 104, which can be one of base station 102 and one of UE 104 in FIG. 1. The base station 102 can be equipped with T antennas 234a - 234t, and the UE 104 can be equipped with R antennas 252a - 252r, generally T≥1 and R≥1.

[0068]

[0086] At base station 102, transmit processor 220 receives data regarding one or more UEs from data source 212 and selects one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for each UE, at least partially based on channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from that UE. The transmit processor 220 can process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data regarding each UE, at least partially based on the MCS(s) selected for that UE, to provide data symbols for all UEs. The transmit processor 220 can also process system information (e.g., regarding semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, higher layer signaling, etc.) to provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The transmit processor 220 can also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRSs)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signals (SSs) or secondary synchronization signals (SSSs)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols, if applicable, and provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MODs) 232a - 232t. The modulators 232a - 232t are shown as a combination of modulator - demodulator (MOD - DEMOD). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator can be separate components. Each of the modulators 232a - 232t can process its respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream, for example, for an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme.Each of the modulators 232a to 232t can further process the output sample stream (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) to obtain a downlink signal. The T downlink signals can be transmitted from the modulators 232a to 232t via the T antennas 234a to 234t, respectively. According to a specific embodiment described in more detail below, location coding can be used to generate a synchronization signal to transmit additional information.

[0069]

[0087] In the UE 104, the antennas 252a to 252r can receive downlink signals from the base station 102 and / or other base stations and can provide the received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) 254a to 254r, respectively. The demodulators 254a to 254r are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMOD). In some cases, the modulator and the demodulator can be separate components. Each of the demodulators 254a to 254r can adjust the received signal (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert, and digitize) to obtain input samples. Each of the demodulators 254a to 254r can further process the input samples (e.g., to OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. The MIMO detector 256 can obtain received symbols from all R demodulators 254a to 254r and, if applicable, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols and provide the detected symbols. The receiving processor 258 can process the detected symbols (e.g., demodulate and decode), provide the decoded data for the UE 104 to the data sink 260, and provide the decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280. The channel processor can determine the reference signal received power (RSRP), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), channel quality indicator (CQI), etc.

[0070]

[0088] On the uplink, at UE 104, the transmission processor 264 can receive and process data from the data source 262 and control information (such as for reporting including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.) from the controller / processor 280. The transmission processor 264 can also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals (e.g., based at least in part on a beta value or a set of beta values associated with the one or more reference signals). The symbols from those transmission processors 264 can be precoded by the TX - MIMO processor 266, if applicable, and further processed by the modulators 254a - 254r (e.g., for DFT - s - OFDM, CP - OFDM) and transmitted to the base station 102. At the base station 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 and other UEs are received by the antennas 234a - 234t, processed by the demodulators 232a - 232t, detected by the MIMO detector 236, if applicable, and further processed by the reception processor 238 to obtain the decoded data and control information transmitted by UE 104. The reception processor 238 can provide the decoded data to the data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller (processor) 240. The base station 102 may include a communication unit 244 and communicate with the network controller 231 via the communication unit 244. The network controller 231 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292.

[0071]

[0089] In some aspects, one or more components of UE 104 can be included within a housing. The controller 240 of the base station 102, the controller / processor 280 of UE 104, and / or any other component(s) (singular or plural) of FIG. 2 may implement one or more techniques associated with joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing.

[0072]

[0090] Memory 242 and memory 282 can store data and program code related to base station 102 and UE 104, respectively. Scheduler 246 can schedule the UE for data transmission on the downlink, uplink, and / or sidelink.

[0073]

[0091] In some implementations, UE 104 may include a radar receiver. The radar receiver includes means for determining the sensing measurement accuracy of the radar receiver based on one or more sensing measurements associated with at least one target, and means for transmitting, based on the sensing measurement accuracy, a message including an instruction to change the allocation of sensing resources associated with the radar receiver for communication data to a network entity. In some examples, the means for determining may include controller / processor 280, memory 282, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, any combination thereof, or any other component(s) of UE 104. In some examples, the means for transmitting may include controller / processor 280, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, DEMOD 254a - 254r, antenna 252a - 252r, any combination thereof, or any other component(s) of UE 104.

[0074]

[0092] In some implementations, the base station 102 may include means for receiving from the radar receiver a message including an instruction for changing the allocation of sensing resources associated with the radar receiver for communication data, and means for determining, based on the message, at least a portion of the sensing resources for communication data. In some examples, the means for receiving may include the controller / processor 240, the transmission processor 224, the TX MIMO processor 236, the DEMODs 232a - 232t, the antennas 234a - 234t, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component(s) of the base station 102. In some examples, the means for determining may include the controller / processor 240, the memory 242, the reception processor 238, the transmission processor 220, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component(s) of the base station 102.

[0075]

[0093] In some implementations, the base station 102 may include means for receiving a resource allocation request from a second network entity for the allocation of sensing resources for communication data, and means for transmitting to one or more radar devices a message including information associated with the allocation of at least a portion of the resources associated with one or more radar devices for communication data. In some examples, the means for receiving may include the controller / processor 240, the transmission processor 224, the TX MIMO processor 236, the DEMODs 232a - 232t, the antennas 234a - 234t, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component(s) of the base station 102. In some examples, the means for transmitting may include the controller / processor 240, the transmission processor 224, the TX MIMO processor 236, the DEMODs 232a - 232t, the antennas 234a - 234t, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component(s) of the base station 102.

[0076]

[0094] To support downlink transmission, uplink transmission, and sidelink transmission between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs), various radio frame structures may be used. FIG. 3 is a diagram 300 showing an example of a frame structure that may be adopted by the systems and techniques disclosed for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0077]

[0095] NR (and LTE) utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option of using OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into a plurality (K) of orthogonal subcarriers, also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Generally, modulation symbols are sent using OFDM in the frequency domain and SC-FDM in the time domain. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number (K) of subcarriers may depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing may be 15 kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (i.e., 180 kHz). Thus, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0078]

[0096] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR can support multiple numerologies (μ). For example, subcarrier spacings (SCS) of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz, or more, may be available. Table 1 described below lists some of the various parameters for different NR numerologies.

[0079]

Table 1

[0080]

[0097] In one example, a 15 kHz numerology is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 subframes of equal size of 1 ms each, and each subframe contains one time slot. In FIG. 3, time is represented horizontally (e.g., on the X-axis) such that time increases from left to right, and frequency is represented vertically (e.g., on the Y-axis) such that frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0081]

[0098] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, where each time slot includes one or more time-parallel resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. FIG. 3 shows an example of a resource block (RB) 302 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Data or information for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing may be included in one or more RBs 302. The RB 302 has the time domain arranged along the horizontal (or x) axis and the frequency domain arranged along the vertical (or y) axis. As shown, the RB 302 may be 180 kilohertz (kHz) wide in frequency and 1 slot long in time (a slot is 1 millisecond (ms) in time). In some cases, a slot may include 14 symbols (e.g., in slot configuration 0). The RB 302 includes 12 subcarriers (along the y-axis) and 14 symbols (along the x-axis).

[0082]

[0099] The intersection of a symbol and a subcarrier may be referred to as a resource element (RE) 304 or a tone. The RB 302 of FIG. 3 includes a plurality of REs including resource elements (REs) 304. For example, an RE 304 is 1 subcarrier × 1 symbol (e.g., an OFDM symbol) and is the smallest discrete portion of a subframe. An RE 304 includes a single complex-valued number representing data from a physical channel or signal. The number of bits carried by each RE 304 depends on the modulation scheme.

[0083]

[0100] In some aspects, some REs 304 may be used to transmit downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). The DL-RS may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), etc. The resource grid of FIG. 3 shows an exemplary location of the REs 304 used to transmit DL-RS (labeled "R").

[0084]

[0101] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an example of a computing system 470 of an electronic device 407 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The electronic device 407 is an example of a device that can include hardware and software for the purpose of connecting to other devices and systems and exchanging data using a communication network (e.g., a 3rd Generation Partnership Project network, e.g., a 5th Generation (5G) / New Radio (NR) network, a 4th Generation (4G) / Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, a WiFi network, or other communication network). For example, the electronic device 407 can be a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a wearable device (e.g., a network-connected watch or smartwatch), an extended reality device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a personal computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a wireless access point, a router, a vehicle or a vehicle component, a server computer, a robotic device, and / or other devices used by a user to communicate via a wireless communication network, or can be included in or be a part of them. In some cases, the device 407 can be referred to as a user equipment (UE), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using 5G / NR, 4G / LTE, or other telecommunications standards. In some cases, the device can be referred to as a station (STA), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using the Wi-Fi standard.

[0085]

[0102] Computing system 470 includes software components and hardware components that can be electrically or communicatively coupled via bus 489 (or, optionally, communicate in other ways). For example, computing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. The one or more processors 484 can include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing device(s) and / or system(s). Bus 489 can be used by the one or more processors 484 to communicate between cores and / or to communicate with one or more memory devices 486.

[0086]

[0103] Computing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more antennas 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., camera, mouse, keyboard, touch-sensitive screen, touch pad, keypad, microphone or microphone array, etc.), and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., display, speaker, printer, etc.).

[0087]

[0104] One or more wireless transceivers 478 can receive a wireless signal (e.g., signal 488) via antenna 487 from one or more other devices such as other user devices, network devices (e.g., base stations such as evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and / or gNode Bs (gNBs), Wi-Fi access points (APs) such as routers, range extenders, etc.), cloud networks, etc. In some embodiments, computing system 470 can include a plurality of antennas, or an antenna array, that can facilitate simultaneous transceiver functionality. Antenna 487 can be an omnidirectional antenna such that RF signals can be received from all directions and transmitted in all directions. Wireless signal 488 can be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), a Bluetooth™ network, and / or other networks. In some embodiments, one or more wireless transceivers 478 can include an RF front end that includes one or more components such as, among other components, an amplifier, a mixer for signal downconversion (also called a signal multiplier), a frequency synthesizer (also called an oscillator) that provides a signal to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, etc. The RF front end can generally process the selection of wireless signal 488 and the conversion to a baseband frequency or an intermediate frequency and can convert the RF signal into the digital domain.

[0088]

[0105] In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encoding - decoding device (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encryption - decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 (e.g., according to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and / or Data Encryption Standard (DES) standards).

[0089]

[0106] Each of the one or more SIMs 474 can securely store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and related keys assigned to the user of the electronic device 407. Those IMSIs and keys can be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or carrier associated with the one or more SIMs 474. One or more modems 476 can modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using one or more wireless transceivers 478. One or more modems 476 can also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, the one or more modems 476 can include a WiFi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. The one or more modems 476 and the one or more wireless transceivers 478 can be used to communicate data regarding the one or more SIMs 474.

[0090]

[0107] Computing system 470 can also include (and / or communicate with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486), which can include local and / or network-accessible storage devices such as RAM and / or ROM, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices that can be programmable, flash-updatable, etc., but are not limited thereto. Such storage devices can be configured to implement any suitable data storage mechanism, including but not limited to various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0091]

[0108] In various aspects, the functionality can be stored as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) within the memory device(s) 486 and executed by one or more processor(s) 484 and / or one or more DSPs 482. Computing system 470 can also include software elements (e.g., within one or more memory devices 486), including other code such as, for example, an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or one or more application programs, which can include computer programs implementing the functionality provided in various aspects and / or designed to implement the methods described herein and / or configure the systems described herein.

[0092]

[0109] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 can include means for performing the operations described herein. The means can include one or more of the components of the computing system 470. For example, the means for performing the operations described herein can include one or more of the input device(s) 472, SIM(s) 474, modem(s) 476, wireless transceiver(s) 478, output device(s) 480, DSP(s) 482, processor 484, memory device(s) 486, and / or antenna(s) 487.

[0093]

[0110] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 can include means for providing joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. In some examples, any or all of these means can include one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more modems 476, one or more processors 484, one or more DSPs 482, one or more memory devices 486, any combination thereof, or other component(s) of the electronic device 407.

[0094]

[0111] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device 500 that utilizes an RF monostatic sensing technique that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., location, speed or velocity, direction of travel) of a target 502 object, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a wireless device 500 (e.g., a transmit / receive sensing node) that utilizes an RF sensing technique (e.g., monostatic sensing) to perform one or more functions, such as detecting the presence and location of a target 502 (e.g., an object, a user, or a vehicle), shown in the form of a vehicle in this figure.

[0095]

[0112] In some examples, the wireless device 500 can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, an extended reality (XR) device, a computing device or component of a vehicle, or another device including at least one RF interface (e.g., device 407 of FIG. 4). In some examples, the wireless device 500 can be a device that provides a connection to a user device (e.g., to the electronic device 407 of FIG. 4), such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or another device including at least one RF interface.

[0096]

[0113] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 can include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The wireless device 500 can include at least one processor 522 for generating a digital signal or waveform. The wireless device 500 can also include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 504 capable of receiving a digital signal or waveform from the processor(s) 522 (e.g., a microprocessor) and converting the digital signal or waveform into an analog waveform. The analog signal that is the output of the DAC 504 can be provided to an RF transmitter 506 for transmission. The RF transmitter 506 can be a Wi-Fi transmitter, a 5G / NR transmitter, a Bluetooth™ transmitter, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0097]

[0114] The RF transmitter 506 can be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna 512. In some examples, the transmit (Tx) antenna 512 can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions. For example, the Tx antenna 512 can be an omnidirectional Wi-Fi antenna capable of radiating Wi-Fi signals (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc.) in a 360-degree radiation pattern. In another example, the Tx antenna 512 can be a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction.

[0098]

[0115] In some examples, wireless device 500 can also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver lineup in wireless device 500 can include one or more receiving antennas such as receiving (Rx) antenna 514. In some examples, Rx antenna 514 can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions. In other examples, Rx antenna 514 can be a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In further examples, Tx antenna 512 and / or Rx antenna 514 can include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array) that can be used for MIMO communication and / or sensing.

[0099]

[0116] Wireless device 500 can also include an RF receiver 510 coupled to Rx antenna 514. RF receiver 510 can include one or more hardware components for receiving RF waveforms such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth™ signals, 5G / NR signals, or any other RF signals. The output of RF receiver 510 can be coupled to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 508. ADC 508 can be configured to convert the received analog RF waveform into a digital waveform. The digital waveform, which is the output of ADC 508, can be provided to a processor(s) 522 for processing. The processor(s) 522 (e.g., a digital signal processor (DSP)) can be configured to process the digital waveform.

[0100]

[0117] In one example, the wireless device 500 can implement an RF sensing technique, such as a monostatic sensing technique, by transmitting the Tx waveform 516 from the Tx antenna 512. Although the Tx waveform 516 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted omnidirectionally by the omnidirectional Tx antenna 512. In one example, the Tx waveform 516 can be a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted by a Wi-Fi transmitter within the wireless device 500. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with a Wi-Fi data communication signal or a Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., beacon transmission). In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted using the same or a similar frequency resource as a Wi-Fi data communication signal or a Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., beacon transmission). In some aspects, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted separately from a Wi-Fi data communication signal and / or a Wi-Fi control signal (e.g., the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted at different times and / or using different frequency resources).

[0101]

[0118] In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with a 5G NR data communication signal or a 5G NR control function signal. In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted using the same or a similar frequency resource as a 5G NR data communication signal or a 5G NR control function signal. In some aspects, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted separately from a 5G NR data communication signal and / or a 5G NR control signal (e.g., the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted at different times and / or using different frequency resources).

[0102]

[0119] In some aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 516 that can be used to increase or decrease RF sensing resolution can be modified. The parameters can include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 516, number of antennas configured to receive the reflected RF signal (e.g., Rx waveform 518) corresponding to the Tx waveform 516, number of spatial links (e.g., the number obtained by multiplying the number of antennas configured to receive the RF signal by the number of spatial streams), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 516) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 518) can include one or more RF sensing signals, also referred to as radar reference signals (RSs).

[0103]

[0120] In a further example, the Tx waveform 516 can be implemented to have a sequence with perfect or nearly perfect autocorrelation characteristics. For example, the Tx waveform 516 can include a single carrier Zadoff sequence or can include symbols similar to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) long training field (LTF) symbols. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can include a chirp signal, such as that used in a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CW) radar system. In some configurations, the chirp signal can include a signal in which the signal frequency increases and / or decreases periodically linearly and / or exponentially.

[0104]

[0121] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing techniques by performing alternating transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing half-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 enables its RF transmitter 506 to transmit a Tx waveform 516 when the RF receiver 510 is not receptive (i.e., not receiving), and enables its RF receiver 510 to receive an Rx waveform 518 when the RF transmitter 506 is not transmissive (i.e., not transmitting), which can be performed alternately. When the wireless device 500 is performing half-duplex communication, the wireless device 500 can transmit a Tx waveform 516 that can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0105]

[0122] In other aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing techniques by performing simultaneous transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing sub-band or full-band full-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can enable its RF receiver 510 to receive at the same time or almost at the same time as enabling its RF transmitter 506 to transmit a Tx waveform 516. When the wireless device 500 is performing full-duplex communication (e.g., either sub-band full-duplex communication or full-band full-duplex communication), the wireless device 500 can transmit a Tx waveform 516 that can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0106]

[0123] In some examples, the transmission of the sequence or pattern included in the Tx waveform 516 can be continuously repeated such that the sequence is transmitted a certain number of times or over a certain period. In some examples, the repetition of the pattern in the transmission of the Tx waveform 516 can be used to avoid missing the reception of the reflected signal when the RF receiver 510 is made available after the RF transmitter 506. In an exemplary implementation, in order to receive the reflection corresponding to the entire sequence without missing information, the Tx waveform 516 can include a sequence that is transmitted two or more times with a sequence length L, thereby making it possible to make the RF receiver 510 available in a time less than or equal to L.

[0107]

[0124] The wireless device 500 can receive the signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 516 by implementing an alternating or simultaneous transmit and receive function (e.g., half-duplex communication or full-duplex communication). For example, the wireless device 500 can receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 516, such as the Rx waveform 518 reflected from the target 502. The wireless device 500 can also receive a leakage signal (e.g., Tx leakage signal 520) directly coupled from the Tx antenna 512 to the Rx antenna 514 without being reflected from any object. For example, the leakage signal can include a signal transferred from a transmitter antenna (e.g., Tx antenna 512) on the wireless device to a receiver antenna (e.g., Rx antenna 514) on the wireless device without being reflected from any object. In some cases, the Rx waveform 518 can include a plurality of sequences corresponding to a plurality of copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the wireless device 500 can combine a plurality of sequences received by the RF receiver 510 to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR).

[0108]

[0125] Wireless device 500 can further implement RF sensing techniques by obtaining RF sensing data associated with each of the received signals corresponding to Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the RF sensing data can include channel state information (CSI) data regarding the direct path of Tx waveform 516 (e.g., leakage signal 520) along with data regarding the reflected path corresponding to Tx waveform 516 (e.g., Rx waveform 518).

[0109]

[0126] In some aspects, the RF sensing data (e.g., CSI data) can include information that can be used to determine the manner in which an RF signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516) propagates from RF transmitter 506 to RF receiver 510. The RF sensing data can include data corresponding to the effects on the transmitted RF signal due to scattering, fading, and / or power attenuation due to distance, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the RF sensing data can include imaginary and real data (e.g., I / Q components) corresponding to each tone in the frequency domain over a particular bandwidth.

[0110]

[0127] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by processor(s) 522 to calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to a reflected waveform such as Rx waveform 518. In further examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect movement, determine location, detect changes in location or movement patterns, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of a target (e.g., target 502) in the surrounding environment in order to detect the presence / proximity of the target.

[0111]

[0128] The processor(s) 522 of the wireless device 500 can calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518) by utilizing signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the wireless device 500 can send or transmit RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device such as a server or a base station, and the at least one processor can perform calculations to obtain the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 or other reflected waveforms.

[0112]

[0129] In one example, the distance of the Rx waveform 518 can be calculated by measuring the time difference between receiving the leakage signal and receiving the reflected signal. For example, the wireless device 500 can determine a zero baseline distance based on the difference (e.g., propagation delay) between the time when the wireless device 500 transmitted the Tx waveform 516 and the time when the leakage signal 520 was received. The processor(s) 522 of the wireless device 500 can then determine the distance associated with the Rx waveform 518 based on the difference (e.g., time of flight, which is also referred to as round trip time (RTT)) between the time when the wireless device 500 transmitted the Tx waveform 516 and the time when the Rx waveform 518 was received, and this distance can be adjusted according to the propagation delay associated with the leakage signal 520. By doing so, the processor(s) 522 of the wireless device 500 can determine the distance traveled by the Rx waveform 518, which can be used to determine the presence and movement of the target (e.g., target 502) that caused the reflection.

[0113]

[0130] In a further example, the arrival angle of the Rx waveform 518 can be calculated by a processor(s) 522 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 between individual elements of a receive antenna array, such as antenna 514. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the difference in received phase at each element within the receive antenna array.

[0114]

[0131] In some cases, the distance and arrival angle of the Rx waveform 518 can be used by a processor(s) 522 to determine the distance between the wireless device 500 and the target 502, as well as the position of the target 502 relative to the wireless device 500. The distance and arrival angle of the Rx waveform 518 can be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identification, or any combination thereof of the target 502. For example, a processor(s) 522 of the wireless device 500 can utilize the calculated distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 to determine that the target 502 is moving towards the wireless device 500.

[0115]

[0132] As described above, the wireless device 500 can include a mobile device (e.g., an IoT device, smartphone, laptop, tablet, etc.) or other types of devices. In some examples, the wireless device 500 can be configured to obtain device location data and device orientation data along with RF sensing data. In some cases, the device location data and device orientation data can be used to determine or adjust the distance and arrival angle of a reflected signal such as the Rx waveform 518. For example, the wireless device 500 may be set on the ground facing the sky when a target 502 (e.g., a vehicle) is moving towards the wireless device 500 during an RF sensing process. In this example, the wireless device 500 can use its location data and orientation data together with the RF sensing data to determine the direction in which the target 502 is moving.

[0116]

[0133] In some examples, the device location data can be collected by the wireless device 500 using techniques including round-trip time (RTT) measurements, time of arrival (TOA) measurements, time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, passive positioning measurements, angle of arrival (AOA) measurements, angle of departure (AoD) measurements, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements, CSI data, using any other suitable technique, or by a combination thereof. In further examples, the device orientation data can be obtained from electronic sensors on the wireless device 500, such as a gyroscope, accelerometer, compass, magnetometer, barometer, any other suitable sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0117]

[0134] FIG. 6 shows an example of a receiver 604 that utilizes an RF bistatic sensing technique using one transmitter 600 that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., location, speed or velocity, direction of travel, etc.) of an object of a target 602, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the receiver 604 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and location of a target 602 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle), shown in the form of a vehicle in FIG. 6. In one example, the receiver 604 can be in the form of a base station, such as a gNB.

[0118]

[0135] The bistatic radar system of FIG. 6 includes a transmitter 600 (e.g., a transmitting sensing node) shown in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB) in this figure, and a receiver 604 (e.g., a receiving sensing node) separated by a distance corresponding to the expected target distance. Compared with the monostatic system of FIG. 5, the transmitter 600 and the receiver 604 of the bistatic radar system of FIG. 6 are located remotely from each other. Conversely, a monostatic radar is a radar system (e.g., the system of FIG. 5) that includes a transmitter (e.g., the RF transmitter 506 of the wireless device 500 in FIG. 5) and a receiver (e.g., the RF receiver 510 of the wireless device 500 in FIG. 5) that are collocated with each other.

[0119]

[0136] The advantage of a bistatic radar (or, more generally, a multistatic radar having two or more receivers) over a monostatic radar is the ability to collect radar echoes that are reflected back from a scene at an angle different from the angle of the transmitted pulse. This can be of interest for some applications (e.g., vehicle applications, scenes with multiple objects, military applications, etc.) where the target can reflect the transmitted energy in many directions (e.g., the target is designed to reflect in particularly many directions), which can minimize the energy reflected back to the transmitter. It should be noted that in one or more examples, a monostatic system can coexist with a multistatic radar system, such as when the transmitter also has a collocated receiver.

[0120]

[0137] In some examples, the transmitter 600 and / or the receiver 604 of FIG. 6 can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., device 407 of FIG. 4). In some examples, the transmitter 600 and / or the receiver 604 can be a device that provides a connection to a user device (e.g., IoT device 407 of FIG. 4), such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0121]

[0138] In some aspects, the transmitter 600 can include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The transmitter 600 can include at least one processor (e.g., at least one processor 522 of FIG. 5) capable of determining the signal to be transmitted (e.g., determining the waveform of the signal). The transmitter 600 can also include an RF transmitter (e.g., RF transmitter 506 of FIG. 5) for transmitting a Tx signal having a Tx waveform 616. The RF transmitter can be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular signal or a telecommunications signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecommunications signal), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth™ transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0122]

[0139] The RF transmitter can be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., TX antenna 512 of FIG. 5). In some examples, the Tx antenna can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in a specific direction. In some examples, the Tx antenna can include a plurality of antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0123]

[0140] Receiver 604 can include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, receiver 604 can include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna (e.g., Rx antenna 514 in FIG. 5). In some examples, the Rx antenna can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In a further example, the Rx antenna can include a plurality of antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0124]

[0141] Receiver 604 can also include an RF receiver (e.g., RF receiver 510 in FIG. 5) coupled to the Rx antenna. The RF receiver can include one or more hardware components for receiving an RF waveform, such as a Wi-Fi signal, a Bluetooth™ signal, a 5G / NR signal, or any other RF signal. The output of the RF receiver can be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., at least one processor 522 in FIG. 5). The processor(s) can be configured to process the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618).

[0125]

[0142] In one or more examples, transmitter 600 can implement an RF sensing technique, such as a bistatic sensing technique, by causing Tx waveform 616 to be transmitted from a Tx antenna. Although Tx waveform 616 is illustrated as a single line, it should be noted that in some cases, Tx waveform 616 can be transmitted omnidirectionally by an omnidirectional Tx antenna.

[0126]

[0143] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 616 can be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. The parameters can include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 616, number of antennas configured to receive a reflected RF signal (e.g., Rx waveform 618) corresponding to the Tx waveform 616, number of spatial links (e.g., a number obtained by multiplying the number of antennas configured to receive an RF signal by the number of spatial streams), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 616) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618) can include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS).

[0127]

[0144] During operation, the receiver 604 (e.g., operating as a receiving sensing node) can receive a signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 616 transmitted by the transmitter 600 (e.g., operating as a transmitting sensing node). For example, the receiver 604 can receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 616, such as the Rx waveform 618 reflected from the target 602. In some cases, the Rx waveform 618 can include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 616. In some examples, the receiver 604 may combine the multiple received sequences to improve the SNR.

[0128]

[0145] In some examples, RF sensing data can be used by at least one processor within the receiver 604 to calculate other characteristics corresponding to the reflected waveform, such as distance, angle of arrival, or the Rx waveform 618. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect movement, determine location, detect changes in location or movement patterns, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to detect the presence / proximity of a target and identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of the target (e.g., target 602) within the surrounding environment.

[0129]

[0146] The processor(s) of the receiver 604 can calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 618) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable technique, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the receiver 604 can transmit or send the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device, such as a server, and the at least one processor can perform calculations to obtain the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 or other reflected waveform.

[0130]

[0147] In one or more examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can be calculated by a processor(s) of the receiver 604 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 between individual elements of the receiver 604's receive antenna array. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the difference in received phase at each element within the receive antenna array.

[0131]

[0148] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can be used by the processor(s) of the receiver 604 to determine the distance between the receiver 604 and the target 602, as well as the position of the target 602 relative to the receiver 604. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identification, or any combination thereof of the target 602. For example, the processor(s) of the receiver 604 can use the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 to determine that the target 602 is moving towards the receiver 604.

[0132]

[0149] FIG. 7 shows an example of a receiver 704 in the form of a smartphone that utilizes an RF bistatic sensing technique using multiple transmitters (including transmitter 700a, transmitter 700b, transmitter 700c) that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., location, velocity or speed, direction of travel, etc.) of a target 702 object according to some aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the receiver 704 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and location of a target 702 (e.g., an object, a user, or a vehicle). The target 702 is shown in FIG. 7 in the form of an object without communication capabilities (which can be referred to as a device-free object), such as a person, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle that does not have the ability to transmit and receive messages, such as using the C-V2X or DSRC protocol), or other device-free objects. The bistatic radar system of FIG. 7 is similar to the bistatic radar system of FIG. 6, except that the bistatic radar system of FIG. 7 has multiple transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c, while the bistatic radar system of FIG. 6 has only one transmitter 600.

[0133]

[0150] The bistatic radar system of FIG. 7 includes a plurality of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (e.g., transmit sensing nodes), which are shown in the form of base stations. The bistatic radar system of FIG. 7 also includes a receiver 704 (e.g., receive sensing node), which is shown in the form of a smartphone. Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c is separated from the receiver 704 by a distance corresponding to the expected distance from the target 702. Similar to the bistatic system of FIG. 6, the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and the receiver 704 of the bistatic radar system of FIG. 7 are located remotely from each other.

[0134]

[0151] In one or more examples, each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and / or the receiver 704 can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle configured to transmit and receive communications according to C-V2X, DSRC, or other communication protocols), or other devices including at least one RF interface (e.g., device 407 of FIG. 4). In some examples, each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and / or the receiver 704 can be a device that provides a connection to a user device (e.g., IoT device 407 of FIG. 4), such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other devices including at least one RF interface.

[0135]

[0152] Transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Each of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c can include at least one processor (e.g., processor(s) 522 of FIG. 5) capable of determining the signal to be transmitted (e.g., determining the waveform of the signal). Each of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c can also include an RF transmitter (e.g., RF transmitter 506 of FIG. 5) for transmitting a Tx signal including Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, 720a, 720b, 720c. In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c are RF sensing signals, and Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, 720c are communication signals. In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, 720c are communication signals that can be used to schedule a transmitter (e.g., transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c) and a receiver (e.g., receiver 704) to perform RF sensing of a target (e.g., target 702) to obtain location information regarding the target. The RF transmitter can be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular signal or a telecommunications signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecommunications signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth™ transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting an RF signal.

[0136]

[0153] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., TX antenna 512 of FIG. 5). In one or more examples, the Tx antenna can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting an RF signal in all directions or a directional antenna capable of transmitting an RF signal in a specific direction. The Tx antenna can include a plurality of antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0137]

[0154] Receiver 704 of FIG. 7 may include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, receiver 704 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna (e.g., Rx antenna 514 of FIG. 5). In one or more examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In some examples, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array) that may be used for MIMO communication and / or sensing.

[0138]

[0155] Receiver 704 may also include an RF receiver (e.g., RF receiver 510 of FIG. 5) coupled to the Rx antenna. The RF receiver may include one or more hardware components for receiving an RF waveform, such as a Wi-Fi signal, a Bluetooth™ signal, a 5G / NR signal, or any other RF signal. The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., at least processor(s) 522 of FIG. 5). The processor(s) may be configured to process the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 718, which is a reflected (echo) RF sensing signal).

[0139]

[0156] In some examples, transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may implement an RF sensing technique, such as a bistatic sensing technique, by transmitting Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c (e.g., radar sensing signals) from the Tx antennas associated with each of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c. Although Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c are shown as a single line, in some cases, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c may be transmitted omnidirectionally (e.g., by an omnidirectional Tx antenna associated with each of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c).

[0140]

[0157] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c can be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. The parameters can include, but are not limited to, frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of antennas configured to receive the reflected (echo) RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 718) corresponding to each of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of spatial links (e.g., the number obtained by multiplying the number of antennas configured to receive RF signals by the number of spatial streams), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveforms (e.g., Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c) and received waveforms (e.g., Rx waveform 718) can include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS). Although only one reflected sensing signal (e.g., Rx waveform 718) is shown in FIG. 7, it should be noted that a separate reflected (echo) sensing signal is generated when each sensing signal (e.g., Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c) is reflected from the target 702.

[0141]

[0158] During operation of the system of FIG. 7, the receiver 704 (operating, for example, as a receiving sensing node) can receive signals corresponding to the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c transmitted by the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (each operating, for example, as a transmitting sensing node). The receiver 704 can receive signals reflected from objects or people within the range of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, such as the Rx waveform 718 reflected from the target 702. In one or more examples, the Rx waveform 718 can include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in its corresponding Tx waveform 716a, 716b, 716c. In some examples, the receiver 704 can combine the multiple received sequences to improve the SNR.

[0142]

[0159] In some examples, RF sensing data may be used by at least one processor in receiver 704 to calculate other characteristics corresponding to distance, angle of arrival (AOA), TDOA, angle of departure (AoD), or reflected waveforms (e.g., Rx waveform 718). In further examples, RF sensing data may also be used to detect movement, determine location, detect changes in location or movement patterns, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, to detect the presence / proximity of a target, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, location, movement, and / or orientation of the target (e.g., target 702).

[0143]

[0160] The processor(s) of receiver 704 can calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to Rx waveform 718) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, receiver 704 can transmit or send RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device such as a server, and the at least one processor can perform calculations to obtain the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to Rx waveform 718 or other reflected waveforms (not shown).

[0144]

[0161] In one or more examples, the processor(s) of receiver 704 can calculate the angle of arrival (AOA) of Rx waveform 718 by measuring the TDOA of Rx waveform 718 between individual elements of the receive antenna array of receiver 704. In some examples, the TDOA can be calculated by measuring the difference in received phase at each element of the receive antenna array. In one exemplary example, to determine the TDOA, the processor(s) can use the time difference of arrival of Rx waveform 718 at the receive antenna array elements relative to one of the receive antenna array elements to determine. The time difference is proportional to the difference in distance.

[0145]

[0162] In some cases, the processor(s) of the receiver 704 can use the distance, AOA, TDOA, other measured information (e.g., AoD, etc.), and any combination thereof of the Rx waveform 718 to determine the distance between the receiver 704 and the target 702 and to determine the position of the target 702 relative to the receiver 704. In one example, the processor(s) can apply a multilateration or other location-based algorithm using the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA information as inputs to determine the position (e.g., 3D position) of the target 702. In other examples, the processor(s) can use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA of the Rx waveform 718 to determine the presence, movement (e.g., speed or velocity, direction of travel or heading, or displacement, etc.), proximity, identity, any combination thereof, or other characteristics of the target 702. For example, the processor(s) of the receiver 704 may determine that the target is moving towards the receiver 704 using the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA corresponding to the Rx waveform 718.

[0146]

[0163] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the geometry of bistatic (or monostatic) sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. FIG. 8 shows a bistatic radar north reference coordinate system in two dimensions. Specifically, FIG. 8 shows a coordinate system and parameters defining bistatic radar operation within a plane (referred to as the bistatic plane) that includes a transmitter 800, a receiver 804, and a target 802. There is a bistatic triangle within the bistatic plane. The transmitter 800, the target 802, and the receiver 804 are shown in relation to each other. The transmitter 800 and the receiver 804 are separated by a baseline distance L. The extended baseline is defined as the baseline distance L continued beyond either the transmitter 800 or the receiver 804. The target 802 and the transmitter 800 are separated by a distance R T and the target 802 and the receiver 804 are separated by a distance R R therebetween.

[0147]

[0164] Angle θ T and θ R are the viewing angles of the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804, respectively, and are positive when measured clockwise from North (N). Angle θ T and θ R are also called the Angle of Arrival (AOA) or lines of sight (LOS). The bistatic angle (β) is the angle that defines the range between the transmitter 800, the target 802, and the receiver 804 in the radar. In particular, the bistatic angle is the angle between the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804 when the vertex is located at the target 802. The bistatic angle is equal to the viewing angle θ R of the transmitter 800 minus the viewing angle θ T of the receiver 804 (e.g., β = θ R - θ

[0148]

[0165] When the bistatic angle is exactly zero (0), the radar is considered a monostatic radar. When the bistatic angle is close to 0, the radar is considered quasi-monostatic. When the bistatic angle is close to 180 degrees, the radar is considered a forward-scattering radar. Otherwise, the radar is simply considered a bistatic radar and is called a bistatic radar. The bistatic angle (β) can be used when determining the radar cross-section of a target.

[0149]

[0166] FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the bistatic range 910 of bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this figure, the transmitter (Tx) 900, the target 902, and the receiver (Rx) 904 of the radar are shown in relation to each other. The transmitter 900 and the receiver 904 are separated by a baseline distance L, the target 902 and the transmitter 900 are separated by a distance Rtx, and the target 902 and the receiver 904 are separated by a distance Rrx.

[0150]

[0167] The bistatic range 910 (shown as an ellipse) refers to the measurement range performed by radar with respect to separate transmitter 900 and receiver 904 (for example, transmitter 900 and receiver 904 are located remotely from each other). Receiver 904 measures the time of arrival from when the signal is transmitted by transmitter 900 until the signal is received by receiver 904 from transmitter 900 via target 902. The bistatic range 910 defines an ellipse of a constant bistatic range called an isodistance contour, on which target 902 exists and has foci centered on transmitter 900 and receiver 904. When target 902 is at a distance Rrx from receiver 904, at a distance Rtx from transmitter 900, and receiver 904 and transmitter 900 are located at a distance L from each other, the bistatic range is equal to Rrx + Rtx - L. Note that the movement of target 902 causes a change rate of the bistatic range, which results in a bistatic Doppler shift.

[0151]

[0168] Generally, points of a constant bistatic range draw an ellipse with the positions of transmitter 900 and receiver 904 as foci. The bistatic isodistance contour is where the ground is cut by the ellipse. When the ground is flat, this section forms an ellipse (for example, bistatic range 910). Note that these ellipses do not center on the reflection point, except when the two platforms have equal altitudes.

[0152]

[0169] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1000 for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. System 1000 may employ multi-static sensing for cooperative sensing of UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c. In FIG. 10, system 1000 is shown to include a plurality of network devices and network entities. The plurality of network devices includes UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c which may be in various different types of form factors, including mobile devices or phones (e.g., UE 1006b), extended reality (XR) devices such as augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) headsets (e.g., UE 1006a), network-connected watches or smartwatches, vehicles (e.g., UE 1006c), and / or other types of network devices, but is not limited thereto. The network entity may be in the form of a radar server 1010. The network entity may be in the form of base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004 (e.g., gNB or eNB), or a part of a base station having a non-agglomerated architecture (e.g., one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC of the base station). In one or more examples, the network entities (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004, and radar server 1010) may be co-located together or may be located remotely from each other.

[0153]

[0170] System 1000 may include more or fewer network devices than shown in FIG. 10 and / or more or fewer network entities than shown in FIG. 10. Additionally, system 1000 may include more or fewer different types of network devices and / or network entities (e.g., network servers) than shown in FIG. 10. Additionally, in one or more examples, network devices (e.g., UE1006a, 1006b, 1006c) may be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities including, but not limited to, C-V2X / DSRC capabilities, 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, or other sensor-based capabilities (e.g., optical or sound-based sensors such as depth sensors using any suitable technique for determining depth).

[0154]

[0171] Network devices (e.g., UE1006a, 1006b, 1006c) and network entities (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004, and radar server 1010) may be able to communicate with each other (e.g., 5G NR communication). In such cases, UE1006a, 1006b, 1006c may transmit signals (e.g., communication signals) to each other. UE1006a, 1006b, 1006c, and base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004 may transmit signals (e.g., communication signals) to each other. If radar server 1010 is located remotely from base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004, radar server 1010 and base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004 may transmit signals (e.g., communication signals) to each other.

[0155]

[0172] In one or more examples, a network device and / or network entity (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004) may be capable of transmitting and receiving certain types of sensing signals (e.g., camera, RF sensing signals, optical sensing signals, etc.). In some cases, at least some of the network devices and / or network entities (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004) may use one or more RF sensing techniques (e.g., monostatic, bistatic, and / or multistatic sensing for cooperative sensing) as described above to transmit and / or receive sensing signals (e.g., RF sensing signals such as radar target signals 1014a, 1014b shown as beams transmitted from network entities) to detect nearby UEs (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) and / or objects. In some cases, the network device and / or network entity may be able to detect nearby UEs and / or objects based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0156]

[0173] Base station 1004 that can operate as a radar transmitter, and base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c that can operate as radar receivers perform RF sensing of targets (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) (e.g., bistatic sensing and / or multistatic sensing for cooperative sensing) to obtain RF sensing measurement values of the targets (e.g., RTT, TOA, and / or TDOA measurement values). In one or more examples, system 1000 can utilize two or more radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c), two or more radar transmitters (e.g., base station 1004), two or more network entities (e.g., radar server 1010), and / or two or more targets (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) to perform bistatic sensing or multistatic sensing. In some examples, at least one radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can be collocated with a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to perform monostatic sensing. The use of bistatic / multistatic sensing, including radar transmitters and receivers (single or plural) located remotely from each other, avoids self-interference that can occur in monostatic sensing. The cooperative sensing method shown in system 1000 of FIG. 10 enables wide-area bistatic / multistatic sensing that can be adopted in a cellular network and enables means for managing interference in sensing and joint communication and sensing (JCS).

[0157]

[0174] The RF sensing measurements of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) can be used (e.g., by at least one processor(s) of radar server 1010) to determine one or more characteristics of the target (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, and / or other characteristics). The characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) can indicate the sensing environment of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) and can be used (e.g., by at least one processor(s) of radar server 1010) to determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). In one or more examples, additional measurements (e.g., light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurements, ultrasonic measurements, and / or positioning measurements) that can be obtained from radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c (shown as beams) can also be used to determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0158]

[0175] In some cases, system 1000 of FIG. 10 may perform radar-based sensing. For example, a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may determine characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) and may determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). Additionally or alternatively, in some cases, system 1000 may perform network-based sensing. For example, a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010) may determine characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) and may determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0159]

[0176] In one or more examples, system 1000 may perform MIMO operations such as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) operations. In MU-MIMO, multiple users (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) share the same time and frequency resources, while the transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) is equipped with multiple antennas (e.g., at least one antenna array including multiple antenna elements such as the physical antenna ports 1404 in FIG. 14 described below) and provides services to multiple receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) simultaneously. Each receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may simply employ a single antenna, and thus complex hardware is only required on the transmitter side (e.g., base station 1004). In some examples, system 1000 may perform massive MIMO (mMIMO) operations. mMIMO is a form of MU-MIMO that employs a larger number of antennas on the transmitter side (e.g., base station 1004) than MU-MIMO, and thus the number of users (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) being served can be significantly increased compared to MU-MIMO. In one or more examples, when system 1000 performs MIMO operations (e.g., MU-MIMO operations), the network device and / or network entity operating as the transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) may include at least one antenna array (e.g., a direct-radiation antenna array and / or a phased antenna array), and the antenna array may include multiple antenna elements (e.g., antenna horns, patch antenna elements, cup-type dipole antenna elements, and / or dipole antenna elements). Each and / or group of antenna elements can be used to form multiple antenna signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c, 1014a, 1014b (shown as beams) transmitted from the transmitter (e.g., base station 1004).In one or more examples, a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010) can manage and / or initiate beam coordination of antenna signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c, 1014a, 1014b for cooperative sensing.

[0160]

[0177] During operation of system 1000 for MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) radar-based sensing, when performing bistatic / multistatic sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c), for example, a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can transmit RF sensing signals (e.g., radar target signals 1014a, 1014b) towards the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c). The sensing signals (e.g., radar target signals 1014a, 1014b) can be reflected by the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) to generate RF reflected sensing signals 1016a, 1016b, 1016c, 1016d, 1016e. A radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) can receive the reflected sensing signals. Then, at least one processor (e.g., processor 522 of FIG. 5) of each of the radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) can determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) by using sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signals. As described above, the characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) can indicate the sensing environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b).

[0161]

[0178] In some cases, during operation, a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can transmit RF radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c towards a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). The radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) can receive the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c. Then, at least one processor (e.g., processor 522 of FIG. 5) of each of the radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) can use sensing measurements from the received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c and, optionally, information regarding the sensing environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to determine (calculate) performance metrics (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0162]

[0179] In one or more examples, the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c can be employed for monostatic sensing. In these examples for monostatic sensing, the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c are reflected at the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to generate a reflected radar reference signal, and the reflected radar reference signal propagates back towards the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004). Then, the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can use sensing measurements from the reflected radar reference signal and, optionally, information regarding the sensing environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to determine (calculate) performance metrics (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0163]

[0180] In some examples, a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) may transmit determined characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc.) and / or calculated performance metrics of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) to a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010).

[0164]

[0181] In some examples, a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010) can determine characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc.) and / or performance metrics of a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy). For example, during operation of a system for RF sensing based on a MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) network, when performing bistatic / multistatic sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c), for example, a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can transmit RF sensing signals (e.g., radar target signals 1014a, 1014b) towards the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c). The sensing signals (e.g., radar target signals 1014a, 1014b) can be reflected by the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) to generate RF reflected sensing signals 1016a, 1016b, 1016c, 1016d, 1016e. A radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) can receive the reflected sensing signals. Then, the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) can generate sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signals.

[0165]

[0182] In some examples, during operation, a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can transmit RF radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c towards a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). The radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) can receive the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c. Then, the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) can generate sensing measurements from the received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c.

[0166]

[0183] In one or more examples, the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c can be employed for monostatic sensing. In these examples for monostatic sensing, the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c are reflected at the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to generate a reflected radar reference signal, and the reflected radar reference signal propagates back towards the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004). Then, the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can generate sensing measurements from the reflected radar reference signal.

[0167]

[0184] In some examples, a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) and / or a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) may send sensing measurements from received reflected sensing signals and / or sensing measurements from received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c (and / or reflected radar reference signals) to a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010). At least one processor of the network entity (e.g., processor 522 of FIG. 5) may use the sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signals to determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006c). The characteristics of the target (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006c) may indicate a sensing environment related to the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b).

[0168]

[0185] Next, at least one processor of the network entity (e.g., processor 522 of FIG. 5) may use the sensing measurements from the received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c (and / or reflected radar reference signals), and optionally, information regarding the sensing environment related to the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c), to determine (calculate) performance metrics (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0169]

[0186] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1100 for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. System 1100 may perform MIMO (e.g., MU-MIMO, mMIMO, etc.) downlink communication and monostatic MIMO sensing of a UE (e.g., UE 1108a). In FIG. 11, system 1100 is shown to include a plurality of network devices and network entities. The plurality of network devices may include UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k in various different types of form factors, which may be mobile devices or phones (e.g., UEs 1106a, 1106b, 1106k), extended reality (XR) devices such as augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) headsets, network-connected watches or smartwatches, vehicles (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b), and / or other types of devices, but are not limited thereto. The network entity may be in the form of a base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB or an eNB), or in the form of a part of a base station having a non-integrated architecture (e.g., one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC of the base station).

[0170]

[0187] System 1100 may include more or fewer network devices than shown in FIG. 11 and / or more or fewer network entities than shown in FIG. 11. Additionally, system 1100 may include more or fewer different types of network devices and / or network entities (e.g., network servers) than shown in FIG. 11. Additionally, in one or more examples, network devices (e.g., UE1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) may be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities, including but not limited to C-V2X / DSRC capabilities, 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, or other sensor-based capabilities (e.g., optical or sound-based sensors such as depth sensors that use any suitable technique for determining depth).

[0171]

[0188] Network devices (e.g., UE 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) and network entities (e.g., base station 1102) may be able to communicate with each other (e.g., 5G NR communication). In such cases, for example, a network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may transmit communication signals (e.g., communication signals 1104a, 1104b, 1104c) to a UE (e.g., UE 1106a, 1106b, 1106k).

[0172]

[0189] In one or more examples, a network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may be capable of transmitting and receiving certain sensing signals (e.g., camera, RF sensing signal, optical sensing signal, etc.). In some cases, the network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may transmit and receive a sensing signal (e.g., RF sensing signal 1110a) to detect nearby UEs (e.g., UE 1108a) and / or objects using one or more sensors. In some cases, the network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1102) can detect nearby UEs and / or objects based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0173]

[0190] The base station 1102, which can operate as both a radar transmitter and a radar receiver, may perform RF sensing (e.g., monostatic sensing) of at least one target (e.g., UE 1108a) to obtain RF sensing measurements (e.g., RTT, TOA, and / or TDOA measurements) of the target(s) (e.g., UE 1108a). The RF sensing measurements of the target(s) (e.g., UE 1108a) can be used (e.g., by at least one processor(s) of the base station 1102 or a radar server) to determine one or more characteristics of the target(s) (e.g., UE 1108a) (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, and / or other characteristics). The characteristics of the target(s) (e.g., UE 1108a) can indicate the sensing environment of the base station 1102 and can be used (e.g., by at least one processor(s) of the base station 1102 or a radar server) to determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the base station 1102.

[0174]

[0191] In some examples, the system 1100 of FIG. 11 may perform radar-based sensing, where the base station 1102 may determine characteristics of at least one target (e.g., UE 1108a) and may determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the base station 1102. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the system 1100 of FIG. 11 may perform network-based sensing, where the base station 1102 may determine characteristics of at least one target (e.g., UE 1108a) and may determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the base station 1102.

[0175]

[0192] In one or more examples, the system 1100 may perform MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) operation. In MU-MIMO, multiple users (e.g., UE 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) share the same time and frequency resources, while the base station 1102 is equipped with multiple antennas (e.g., at least one antenna array including a plurality of antenna elements such as the physical antenna ports 1404 of FIG. 14) to serve multiple users (e.g., UE 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) simultaneously. In one or more examples, when the system 1100 performs MIMO operation (e.g., MU-MIMO operation), the base station 1102 may include at least one antenna array (e.g., a direct-radiation antenna array and / or a phased antenna array), and the antenna array may include a plurality of antenna elements (e.g., antenna horns, patch antenna elements, cup-shaped dipole antenna elements, and / or dipole antenna elements).

[0176]

[0193] To form multiple antenna beams transmitted from the base station 1102 to users (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k), each of the antenna elements of the antenna array(s) and / or groups of antenna elements can be used. Each of the antenna beams can include at least one respective signal (e.g., signals 1110a, 1104a, 1104b, 1104k) that can be a communication signal, a sensing signal, or a joint communication and sensing signal. In the system 1100 of FIG. 11, the antenna beams are shown to include the sensing signal 1110a and multiple communication signals 1104a, 1104b, 1104k. In one or more examples, a network entity (e.g., a radar server) can manage and / or initiate beam coordination of the antenna beams of the base station 1102 for cooperative sensing.

[0177]

[0194] During operation of the system 1100 for MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) radar-based sensing, when performing, for example, monostatic sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1108a), the base station 1102 (operating as a radar transmitter) can transmit an RF sensing signal 1110a towards the target (e.g., UE 1108a). The sensing signal 1110a can be reflected by the target (e.g., UE 1108a) to generate an RF reflected sensing signal 1110b, which is reflected back towards the base station 1102. The base station 1102 (also operating as a radar receiver) can receive the reflected sensing signal 1110b. Then, at least one processor of the base station 1102 (e.g., processor 522 of FIG. 5) can determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) by using sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b. In some examples, the base station 1102 can transmit the determined characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) to a network entity (e.g., a radar server).

[0178]

[0195] In some examples, a network entity (e.g., a radar server) can determine characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1108a), such as location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc. For example, during operation of a system for RF sensing based on a MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) network, when performing monostatic sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1108a), the base station 1102 (operating as a radar transmitter) can transmit an RF sensing signal 1110a towards the target (e.g., UE 1108a). The sensing signal 1110a can be reflected by the target (e.g., UE 1108a) to generate an RF reflected sensing signal 1110b. The base station 1102 (also operating as a radar receiver) can receive the reflected sensing signal 1110b. Then, the base station 1102 can generate sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b.

[0179]

[0196] In some examples, the base station 1102 can transmit sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b to a network entity (e.g., a radar server). At least one processor (e.g., processor 522 of FIG. 5) of the network entity (e.g., a radar server) can determine or calculate characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1108a), such as location, distance, movement, direction of travel, size, etc., by using the sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b.

[0180]

[0197] In one or more examples, the system 1100 of FIG. 11, which can perform monostatic MU-MIMO sensing, can employ at least one unified waveform (e.g., a JCS waveform) for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. In some examples, a multi-antenna JCS transceiver (e.g., a network entity such as base station 1102) can schedule and generate the (one or more) waveform(s).

[0181]

[0198] In one or more examples, the base station 1102 may have N t transmit antenna elements (e.g., N t Tx) and N in its antenna array(s) r receive antenna elements (e.g., N r Rx). The base station 1102 may serve k users (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k). During operation, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) may detect targets (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) and estimate parameters or characteristics of the targets (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.).

[0182]

[0199] For example, during the target detection phase, because prior information about the number of targets (e.g., UE 1108a) is not known to the base station 1102, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can maximize the flexibility in its hardware (e.g., maximize the number of antenna elements utilized to transmit different waveforms). By doing so, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can select rank N for MIMO sensing of targets. t For example, in a MIMO radar system, each transmit antenna element of a base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB) may transmit an orthogonal waveform. t transmit antenna elements, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can select up to N t By transmitting waveforms, rank N t A waveform having the following can be generated:

[0183]

[0200] However, transmitting a waveform of rank Nt for MIMO sensing of a target may lead to contention between sensing and communication. For example, in some MU-MIMO communications, the number of degrees of freedom (DoF) is limited to the minimum number N of transmit antennas of the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB). t is bounded by min(N t ;J), where J is the number of N t Less than (J <N t ) The term J is the number of layers (e.g., communication orthogonal waveforms) that a base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) may schedule for its MU-MIMO downlink (DL) communication.

[0184]

[0201] A base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB) can estimate the rank of a channel, for example, based on channel state information (CSI) feedback from a UE (e.g., UE 1108a). Based on the estimated rank of the channel, the base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB) can determine the scheduling of time / frequency resources for waveforms. However, scheduling time / frequency resources and waveforms according to CSI (e.g., baseline for LTE / NR) for MU-MIMO downlink communications may not fully exploit the waveform diversity of MIMO sensing. Therefore, the design metrics for MIMO communications and sensing may conflict. The systems and techniques described herein provide a unified waveform (e.g., a JCS waveform) to efficiently enable joint MIMO sensing and MIMO (e.g., MU-MIMO, mMIMO, etc.) downlink communications to achieve high spectral efficiency.

[0185]

[0202] In one or more examples, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) may use a JCS waveform (e.g., rank N) for a joint transmission scheme to serve both communication and sensing purposes. t In some cases, a matrix S Crepresents or includes communication resources of the JCS waveform, and matrix S A represents or includes sensing resources of the JCS waveform. In some examples, base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) has up to N t - J dedicated sensing streams (including sensing resources) are added to matrix S A to extend the data matrix S C (including communication resources) for waveform X, resulting in a waveform that can have up to N t - J dedicated sensing streams (with sensing resources). For example, N t - J dedicated sensing streams (and corresponding sensing resources) may be used for sensing and may not contain information (while communication resources contain communication data). Then, the generated waveform X has a rank of N t and can be represented as follows. X = W C S C + W A S A

[0186]

[0203] where matrix S C has a rank of J, matrix S A has a rank of Nt - J, and W C and W A are matrices. For waveform X, it is desirable that there is orthogonality between W C S C and W A S A . Waveform X is a JCS waveform with a rank of N t that can be employed in joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing (e.g., monostatic sensing, bistatic sensing, or multistatic sensing).

[0187]

[0204] As described above, N t- The maximum number of sensing streams that can be assigned to waveform X is J dedicated sensing streams. For example, during the target detection phase, if base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB or a part thereof, such as the CU, DU, RU of a non - centralized gNB, etc.) has no knowledge about the target(s), base station 1102 adds the maximum number (e.g., N t - J) of sensing streams (sensing resources) to waveform X to maximize the degrees of freedom for identifying the location of the target(s). However, during the target tracking phase, for example, when base station 1102 has some general knowledge about the location(s) of the target(s), since fewer degrees of freedom are required to identify the location of the target(s), base station 1102 may use a number of sensing streams less than the maximum number (e.g., N t - J).

[0188]

[0205] In some aspects, this joint precoder design (e.g., for the JCS waveform) enables spatial domain multiplexing (SDM), thereby allowing spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned) UEs to use the JCS waveform for both communication and sensing. For example, the communication waveform can be reused for sensing when the target (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) and a UE (e.g., UE 1108b) are spatially correlated (e.g., the target(s) and the UE(s) are spatially aligned in the same direction with each other).

[0189]

[0206] In one or more examples, when sensing is stand-alone (e.g., without cooperation between base stations or devices for sensing) and monostatic (e.g., the base station is performing sensing alone by itself), the base station 1102 may control the scheduling of dedicated sensing streams (e.g., sensing resources). For example, in such an example, the base station 1102 may determine waveform parameters for each of the sensing streams.

[0190]

[0207] Conversely, when sensing is network-based cooperative sensing (e.g., when a sensing server such as the radar server 1010 in FIG. 10 assists in scheduling sensing resources), the sensing server (e.g., the radar server 1010 in FIG. 10) may guide the base station 1102 to perform the scheduling of dedicated sensing streams (sensing resources). For such network-based cooperative sensing, the base station 1102 may report its partial CSI, the number of layers for downlink MIMO communication, and / or other information to the sensing server. After the sensing server receives the partial CSI from one or more base stations (e.g., the base station 1102), the sensing server may guide the base station to schedule additional sensing streams (e.g., additional N t -J additional sensing streams from dedicated sensing streams). In one or more examples, the sensing server may determine which of the plurality of base stations should operate as a sensing transmitter (e.g., a radar transmitter) by considering the partial CSI from the base stations and the hardware capabilities of the base stations. For example, if the number of support dedicated sensing streams supported by base station 1 is greater than (>) the number of support dedicated sensing streams supported by base station 2, the sensing server may select base station 1 to operate as a MIMO sensing transmitter (e.g., a radar transmitter) to maximize the degrees of freedom, or may select base station 2 to operate as a MIMO sensing receiver (e.g., a radar receiver).

[0191]

[0208] In one or more examples, the sensing server may signal sensing waveform parameters to a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) and a radar receiver (e.g., base station 2) (e.g., may transmit signaling having the sensing waveform parameters). In other examples, the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) may signal the number of dedicated sensing streams that the base station is scheduled to transmit to a sensing server (e.g., radar server 1010 of FIG. 10) (e.g., may transmit signaling with that number). It should be noted that the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) may signal other parameters associated with the sensing waveform to the sensing server (e.g., may transmit signaling having the other parameters). The parameters and / or streams may be transmitted in one or more information elements (IEs) or in fields of one or more messages. After receiving the parameters from the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1), the sensing server may signal (e.g., transmit signaling) this information (e.g., the number of dedicated sensing streams and / or the parameters associated with the sensing waveform) to the radar receiver (e.g., base station 2).

[0192]

[0209] In some cases, if the target (e.g., UE 1108a) and the UE (e.g., UE 1106a) are spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned with each other) and the dedicated sensing streams share the same time and frequency, the dedicated sensing streams may affect the performance of downlink communication. In such cases, in one or more examples, if the sensing streams are OFDM-based (e.g., the sensing streams include an OFDM waveform), the JCS waveform may be scheduled with one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and the dedicated sensing streams may be orthogonal to the DMRS antenna ports (e.g., the logical antenna port 1414 in FIG. 14) used to transmit one or more DMRS symbols. Further, in such cases, in one or more examples, if the sensing streams are OFDM-based (e.g., the sensing streams include an OFDM waveform), the JCS waveform may be scheduled with one or more physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols. In some examples, when scheduled in one or more PDSCH symbols, since the PDSCH is a random signal, the waveform orthogonality between the sensing stream and the data stream (communication stream) may not be guaranteed. In some cases, if the sensing stream is non-OFDM-based, the waveform orthogonality between the sensing stream and the data stream (communication stream) may not be guaranteed. Unless the UE is also operating as a radar receiver for sensing, the dedicated sensing streams are transparent to the UE (e.g., UE 1108a) by default. [[ID=]]

[0193]

[0210] In one or more examples, to assist interference cancellation at the UE side, the base station 1102 may signal (e.g., transmit signaling having the information) information associated with the sensing stream to the UE (e.g., UE 1108a). In one or more examples, the information regarding the sensing stream may include, but is not limited to, additional antenna ports (e.g., logical antenna port 1414 in FIG. 14) allocated for a dedicated sensing stream, time and frequency resources where the sensing stream is added, parameters of the sensing waveform for each layer of the sensing stream, power offset between the DMRS (or PDSCH) and the sensing stream, any combination of these, and / or other information. In some aspects, when the UE (e.g., UE 1108a) is served by multiple transmit and receive points (TRPs), the UE may receive multiple sets of assistance information (e.g., assistance data (AD)). In some cases, each set of assistance information corresponds to a dedicated sensing stream associated with a particular TRP (e.g., a base station such as a gNB).

[0194]

[0211] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1200 for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure, where the system 1200 can utilize the JCS waveform for both communication and sensing (e.g., monostatic sensing) of a UE. The system 1200 of FIG. 12 is similar to the system 1100 of FIG. 11, except that the base station 1102 shown in the system 1200 of FIG. 12 is additionally transmitting a communication signal 1104c to a UE (e.g., UE 1108a). Specifically, in FIG. 12, the base station 1102 is shown to be transmitting both a communication signal 1104c and a sensing signal 1110a to the UE 1108a. Thus, if the communication signal 1104c and the sensing signal 1110a share the same time and frequency, there may be a conflict between the signals since they are directed to the same network device. To avoid this expected conflict, the base station 1102 may adopt the disclosed JCS waveform for communication and sensing of the UE 1108a.

[0195]

[0212] FIG. 13 is a graph 1300 showing an example of a joint communication and sensing (JCS) waveform that may be employed for a disclosed system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In FIG. 13, the x-axis of the graph 1300 represents the angle (from -90 degrees to +90 degrees), and the y-axis of the graph 1300 represents the magnitude in decibels (dB).

[0196]

[0213] Specifically, in FIG. 13, a cross-section of an exemplary JCS waveform beam pattern is shown in graph 1300. The beam pattern of the JCS waveform shows eight distinct antenna beams, which can radiate in a plurality of different directions and can be formed by the antenna array of a JCS transceiver (e.g., base station 1102 in FIG. 11). The two wide antenna beams on both sides of the beam pattern include communication signals transmitted to UEs located at approximately -75 degrees and 80 degrees (e.g., UEs 1106a, 1106b, 1106k in FIG. 11). The six narrow antenna beams located between the two wide antenna beams include sensing signals transmitted towards UEs located at -45 degrees, -30 degrees, -10 degrees, 8 degrees, 25 degrees, and 55 degrees (e.g., UE 1108a in FIG. 11).

[0197]

[0214] FIG. 14 is a diagram 1400 showing an example of mapping an antenna port (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) to a physical antenna port 1404 that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In 5G NR and 4G LTE, MIMO is an important technology that is frequently employed (e.g., MIMO transmission is often utilized in the downlink). The term "antenna port" related to MIMO is a logical concept related to the physical layer (e.g., layer 1) and is not a physical concept related to the physical RF antennas located at the base station.

[0198]

[0215] According to the 3GPP specification, an "antenna port" (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) is defined such that the characteristics of the channel through which a certain symbol on the antenna port is transmitted can be inferred from the channel through which another symbol on the same antenna port is transmitted. Therefore, each of the individual downlink transmissions sent from a specific antenna port has its identification information known to the UE, and the UE can assume that they use the same channel only if the two transmitted signals are sent from the same antenna port. Thus, each antenna port can be assumed to correspond to a specific reference signal, at least for downlink transmissions, and it can be assumed that the UE receiver can use the reference signal to estimate the channel corresponding to the antenna port (and derive channel state information (CSI)).

[0199]

[0216] 3GPP specification 38.211 for 5G NR defines a set of antenna ports (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) for the downlink as follows. The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) uses antenna ports starting from 1000 (1000 series), the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) uses antenna ports starting from 2000 (2000 series), the channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) uses antenna ports starting from 3000 (3000 series), and the synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel (SS-Block / PBCH) uses antenna ports starting from 4000 (4000 series). 3GPP specification 38.211 for 5G NR defines a set of antenna ports (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) for the uplink as follows. The physical uplink shared channel / demodulation reference signal (PUSCH / DMRS) uses antenna ports starting from 0 (0 series), the sounding reference signal (SRS), pre-coded PUSCH uses antenna ports starting from 1000 (1000 series), the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) uses antenna ports starting from 2000 (2000 series), and the physical random access channel (PRACH) uses antenna ports starting from 4000 (4000 series). Note that different transmission layers for a channel (e.g., PDSCH) may use different antenna ports within the defined series. For example, antenna ports 1000 and 1001 may be used for 2-layer PDSCH transmission.

[0200]

[0217] It should be noted that the "antenna port" is an abstract concept that does not necessarily correspond to a specific physical antenna port (for example, physical antenna port 1404). In 5G NR or 4G LTE, there is no exact mapping from an antenna port (for example, logical antenna port 1414) to a physical antenna port (for example, physical antenna port 1404). The mapping from an antenna port to a physical antenna port is controlled by beamforming, in which case a specific antenna beam needs to transmit signals on a specific antenna port to form the desired antenna beam. There may be cases where multiple antenna ports are mapped to one physical antenna port, and / or a single antenna port may be mapped to multiple physical antenna ports.

[0201]

[0218] Specifically, FIG. 14 shows an overview of an example of 5G physical layer processing 1412. 5G physical layer processing 1412 is shown to include a beamforming network 1408, a resource mapper 1410, and a plurality of antenna ports (for example, logical antenna ports 1414). The logical antenna ports 1414 are numbered from antenna port P0 to antenna port P4999 and are divided into a plurality of different series, which are separated by rows in the figure. The plurality of different series of logical antenna ports 1414 include series 0 ranging from antenna port P0 to antenna port P0999, series 1000 ranging from antenna port P1000 to antenna port P1999, series 2000 ranging from antenna port P2000 to antenna port P2999, series 3000 ranging from antenna port P3000 to antenna port 3999, and series 4000 ranging from antenna port P4000 to antenna port P4999.

[0202]

[0219] In FIG. 14, the physical antenna array 1402 is further shown to include a plurality of physical antenna ports 1404. In FIG. 14, the physical antenna array 1402 is shown to include a total of 35 physical antenna ports 1404. Note that in one or more examples, the physical antenna array 1402 may include more or fewer physical antenna ports 1404 than shown in FIG. 14. The physical antenna array 1402 can be in the form of various different types of physical antennas, including but not limited to a direct-radiating antenna array or a phased antenna array. The physical antenna array 1402 may include various different types of physical antenna elements, and the physical antenna elements may include, but are not limited to, horn antennas, patch antenna elements, cup-shaped dipole antenna elements, and / or dipole antenna elements. Each physical antenna element of the physical antenna array 1402 corresponds to a different physical antenna port 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402.

[0203]

[0220] During operation of the 5G physical layer processing 1412, the beamforming network 1408, together with the resource mapper 1410, maps the logical antenna ports 1414 to the physical antenna ports 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402 as needed to form the desired antenna beams 1406a (beam 1), 1406b (beam 2), 1406c (beam 3). Specifically, the logical antenna ports 1414 are mapped to the physical antenna ports 1404 such that signals are transmitted on a particular physical antenna port 1404 as needed to form the desired antenna beams 1406a, 1406b, 1406c.

[0204]

[0221] Therefore, the logical antenna port 1414 can be mapped to a specific physical antenna port 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402. For example, the antenna port P0 can be mapped to the first physical antenna port 1404 in the physical antenna array 1402. Note that multiple logical antenna ports 1414 may be mapped to only one physical antenna port 1404, and / or a single logical antenna port from multiple logical antenna ports 1414 may be mapped to multiple physical antenna ports 1404.

[0205]

[0222] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 1500 for wireless communication utilizing joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. The process 1500 can be implemented by a network entity (e.g., a base station such as an eNB or gNB, or a central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), radio unit (RU) of a base station having a non-integrated architecture, a near-real-time ((Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time ((Non-RT) RIC)), or one or more of the components or systems of the network entity (e.g., a chipset). The operations of the process 1500 can be implemented as software components that execute and operate on one or more processors (e.g., the processor 1710 of FIG. 17 or other processors (singular or plural)). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the wireless communication device in the process 1500 can be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers (singular or plural)).

[0206]

[0223] In block 1510, the network entity (or its component) can generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources based on up to N t - J sensing streams. The waveform has a rank N t and the network entity is N tincludes individual transmission antenna elements. J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication (e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication), and N t is less than. In some cases, the network entity includes at least one antenna array including transmission antenna elements.

[0207]

[0224] In some aspects, the waveform is defined using matrices S C and matrix S A . For example, matrix S C may represent communication resources, and matrix S A may represent sensing resources. In one exemplary example, matrix S C has rank J, and matrix S A has rank N t -J. In some cases, the waveform includes a first waveform W C S C associated with communication resources and a second waveform W A S A associated with sensing resources, where W C and W A are matrices. In some examples, the first waveform W C S C and the second waveform W A S A are orthogonal to each other. In some aspects, the communication resources include communication data, and the sensing resources do not include data.

[0208]

[0225] In some cases, the network entity (or its component) may schedule the waveform. In some cases, the waveform is scheduled by a radar server. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols (e.g., by the network entity or its component, by the radar server, etc.). In such aspects, N t-J sensing streams may be orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with a plurality of DMRS symbols. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols (e.g., by a network entity or its component, such as by a radar server).

[0209]

[0226] In block 1520, the network entity (or its component) is up to N t -J based number of sensing streams, the waveform can be transmitted to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. The network device may include at least one user equipment (UE) or other network device(s) (e.g., a mobile device, such as an XR device like a VR device, an AR device, an MR device, a wearable such as a network-connected watch, a vehicle or a vehicle component or system, or other network device). In some aspects, the network entity (or its component) may reuse communication resources to sense based on at least two of one or more network devices that are spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned with each other).

[0210]

[0227] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 1600 for wireless communication that utilizes joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. The process 1600 may be performed by a network device (e.g., a UE such as a mobile device, an XR device such as a VR device, an AR device, an MR device, a wearable such as a network-connected watch, a vehicle or a component or system of a vehicle, or other network device), or by a component or system of a network device (e.g., a chipset). The operations of the process 1600 may be implemented as software components that execute and operate on one or more processors (e.g., the processor 1710 of FIG. 17 or other processors (singular or plural)). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the wireless communication device in the process 1600 may be enabled by, for example, one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers (singular or plural)).

[0211]

[0228] At block 1610, the network device (or its component) may receive, via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t −J sensing streams, a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity. For example, the network entity may be a base station (e.g., a gNB, an eNB, etc.), or a CU, DU, RU, Near-RT RIC, or Non-RT RIC of a base station having a non-agglomerated architecture. The waveform has a rank N t and the network entity includes N t transmitting antenna elements. J is the number of layers scheduled for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication (e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication) and is less than N t . In some cases, the network entity includes at least one antenna array including transmitting antenna elements.

[0212]

[0229] In some aspects, the waveform is defined using matrix S as described herein C and matrix S A For example, matrix S C may represent communication resources, and matrix S A may represent sensing resources. In one exemplary example, matrix S C has rank J, and matrix S A has rank N t -J. In some cases, the waveform includes a first waveform W C S C associated with communication resources and a second waveform W A S A associated with sensing resources, where W C and W A are matrices. In some examples, the first waveform W C S C and the second waveform W A S A are orthogonal to each other. In some aspects, the communication resources include communication data, and the sensing resources do not include data.

[0213]

[0230] In some cases, the waveform is scheduled by a network entity (or its component). In some cases, the waveform is scheduled by a radar server. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols (e.g., by a network entity or its component, by a radar server, etc.). In such aspects, N t -J sensing streams may be orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols (e.g., by a network entity or its component, by a radar server, etc.).

[0214]

[0231] In block 1620, a network device (or its component) may process at least communication resources of a waveform. In some aspects, communication resources are reused (e.g., by a network entity, network device, or other device or server) to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of one or more spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned with each other) network devices.

[0215]

[0232] FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 1700 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 17 shows an example of a computing system 1700, which can be, for example, an internal computing system, a remote computing system, any computing device that constitutes a camera, or any component thereof, and the components of the system communicate with each other using a connection 1705. The connection 1705 can be a physical connection using a bus or a direct connection to a processor 1710, such as in a chipset architecture. The connection 1705 can also be a virtual connection, a network connection, or a logical connection.

[0216]

[0233] In some aspects, the computing system 1700 is a distributed system in which the functions described in the present disclosure can be distributed among a data center, multiple data centers, a peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represent many such components that each implement some or all of the functions for which the component is described. In some aspects, these components can be physical devices or virtual devices.

[0217]

[0234] The exemplary system 1700 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1710 and a connection 1705 that communicatively couples various system components, including a system memory 1715 such as a read-only memory (ROM) 1720 and a random access memory (RAM) 1725, to the processor 1710. The computing system 1700 can include a cache 1712 of high-speed memory that is directly connected to, proximally connected to, or integrated as part of the processor 1710.

[0218]

[0235] The processor 1710 can include any general-purpose processor and hardware or software services such as services 1732, 1734, and 1736 stored in a storage device 1730 configured to control the processor 1710, and a dedicated processor in which software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. The processor 1710 can essentially be a fully self-contained computing system that includes multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, etc. The multi-core processor can be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0219]

[0236] To enable user interaction, the computing system 1700 includes an input device 1745, which can represent any number of input mechanisms such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, speech, etc. The computing system 1700 can also include an output device 1735, which can be one or more of several output mechanisms. In some cases, a multimodal system can be enabled to provide multiple types of input / output for the user to communicate with the computing system 1700.

[0220]

[0237] Computing system 1700 can include a communication interface 1740, which can generally control and manage user input and system output.The communication interface can perform or facilitate the reception and / or transmission of wired communication or wireless communication using a wired transceiver and / or a wireless transceiver. The wired transceiver and / or the wireless transceiver can include an audio jack / plug, a microphone jack / plug, a universal serial bus (USB) port / plug, an Apple (trademark) Lightning (trademark) port / plug, an Ethernet port / plug, an optical fiber port / plug, a proprietary wired port / plug, 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or other cellular data network wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth (trademark) wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth (trademark) low energy (BLE) wireless signal transmission, iBeacon (trademark) wireless signal transmission, radio-frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, near-field communications (NFC) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transmission, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signal transmission, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) signal transmission, ad hoc network signal transmission, radio signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or any combination thereof.

[0221]

[0238] The communication interface 1740 may also include one or more range sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensors, laser rangefinders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to the processor 1710, and the processor 1710 may be configured to perform the determinations and calculations necessary to obtain various measurements of the one or more range sensors. In some examples, the measurements can include time of flight, wavelength, azimuth, elevation, distance, linear velocity, and / or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communication interface 1740 may also include one or more GNSS receivers or transceivers used to determine the location of the computing system 1700 based on the reception of one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) systems. Examples of GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the U.S.-based GPS, the Russia-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the China-based BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the Europe-based Galileo GNSS. There are no restrictions on operating on any particular hardware configuration, and thus the basic features herein can be readily replaced with those configurations as improved hardware or firmware configurations are developed.

[0222]

[0239] The memory device 1730 can be a non-volatile and / or non-temporary and / or computer-readable memory device, as well as a hard disk or other type of computer-readable recording medium capable of storing data accessible by a computer. For example, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid-state memory devices, digital versatile discs, cartridges, floppy discs, flexible discs, hard disks, magnetic tapes, magnetic strips / stripes, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) optical discs, rewritable compact disc (CD) optical discs, digital video disc (DVD) optical discs, Blu-ray disc (BDD) optical discs, holographic optical discs, other optical media, Secure Digital (SD) cards, micro Secure Digital (microSD) cards, Memory Stick (registered trademark) cards, smart card chips, EMV chips, subscriber identity module (SIM) cards, mini / micro / nano / pico SIM cards, other integrated circuit (IC) chips / cards, random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read onlymemory, EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash EPROM (FLASH EPROM), cache memory (e.g., level 1 (L1) cache, level 2 (L2) cache, level 3 (L3) cache, level 4 (L4) cache, level 5 (L5) cache, or other (L#) cache), resistive random-access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), phase change memory (PCM), spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), other memory chips or cartridges, and / or any combination thereof, and the like.

[0223]

[0240] The memory device 1730 can include software services, servers, services, etc., and when the code defining such software is executed by the processor 1710, it causes the system to implement functions. In some embodiments, a hardware service that implements a specific function can include software components stored in a computer-readable recording medium in relation to hardware components such as the processor 1710, the connection 1705, the output device 1735, etc., that are necessary to implement that function. The term "computer-readable recording medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, storing, or transporting instructions (singular or plural) and / or data. The computer-readable recording medium may include non-transitory media that can store data and do not include carrier waves and / or transient electronic signals propagated wirelessly or via a wired connection. Examples of non-transitory media can include, but are not limited to, magnetic disks or tapes, optical storage media such as compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs (DVDs), flash memory, memory, or memory devices. On the computer-readable recording medium, code and / or machine-executable instructions can be stored that can represent any combination of procedures, functions, subprograms, programs, routines, subroutines, modules, software packages, classes, or instructions, data structures, or program statements. Code segments can be coupled to other code segments or hardware circuits by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. can be passed, transferred, or transmitted via any suitable means, and suitable means include sharing of memory, passing of messages, passing of tokens, network transmission, etc.

[0224]

[0241] To provide a complete understanding of the aspects and examples provided herein, specific details are given in the above description, but those skilled in the art will understand that the present application is not limited thereto. Thus, although exemplary aspects of the present application are described in detail herein, it should be understood that the concepts of the present invention can be embodied and adopted in various other ways, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art. The various features and aspects of the present application described above can be used individually or in combination. Furthermore, the embodiments can be utilized in any number of environments and applications other than those described herein, without departing from the broader scope of this specification. Accordingly, this specification and the drawings are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. For purposes of illustration, methods are described in a particular order. In alternative aspects, it should be understood that the methods can be performed in an order different from the order described.

[0225]

[0242] For clarity of explanation, in some cases, the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks, including a device, device components, and steps or routines of a method embodied in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components other than those shown in the figures and / or described herein can also be used. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in the form of block diagrams, so as not to obscure the aspects with unnecessary details. In other cases, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail, so as to avoid obscuring the aspects.

[0226]

[0243] Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the various exemplary logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. One of ordinary skill in the art may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0227]

[0244] Individual aspects may be described above as a process or method shown in a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. A flowchart may describe operations as a sequential process, but many of the operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process may terminate when its operations are completed, but may have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to the function returning to the calling function or the main function.

[0228]

[0245] The processes and methods according to the above embodiments can be implemented using computer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable recording medium or otherwise available from a computer-readable recording medium. Such instructions can include, for example, instructions and data that cause a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a specific function or group of functions, or otherwise configure a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a specific function or group of functions. A portion of the computer resources used can be made accessible via a network. The computer-executable instructions can be, for example, in binary, or can be in an intermediate format instruction such as assembly language, firmware, source code, etc. Examples of computer-readable recording media that can be used to store instructions, the information used, and / or the information created during the methods according to the described embodiments include magnetic disks or optical disks, flash memories, USB devices with non-volatile memories, networked storage devices, and the like.

[0229]

[0246] In some aspects, a computer-readable storage device, medium, and memory can include a cable or wireless signal including a bitstream or the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media explicitly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals themselves.

[0230]

[0247] One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips, which may be referred to throughout the above description, can in some cases be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, desired design, corresponding technology, etc.

[0231]

[0248] Various exemplary logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented or carried out using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, a hardware description language, or any combination thereof, and can take on any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments (e.g., a computer program product) for performing the required tasks can be stored within a computer-readable recording medium or a machine-readable medium. A processor(s) can perform the required tasks. Examples of form factors include laptops, smartphones, cellular phones, tablet devices or other space-saving personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mounted devices, stand-alone devices, and the like. The functions described herein can also be embodied in a peripheral device or an add-in card. Such functions can also be implemented, as a further example, between various chips on a circuit board or between various processes executed within a single device.

[0232]

[0249] Instructions, a medium for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing those instructions, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are exemplary means for providing the functions described in this disclosure.

[0233]

[0250] The techniques described herein can also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques can be implemented in any of a variety of devices, including general-purpose computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including, for example, applications in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or implemented separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. When implemented in software, these techniques can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium having program code that includes instructions that, when executed, perform one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging material. The computer-readable recording medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM), such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. These techniques can also be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium such as a propagation signal or wave that can carry or communicate program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer.

[0234]

[0251] The program code can be executed by a processor, which can include one or more processors such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated logic circuits or discrete logic circuits. Such a processor can be configured to implement any of the techniques described in this disclosure. The general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Thus, the term "processor" as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or device suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein.

[0235]

[0252] Those skilled in the art will understand that the symbols or terms "less than" ("<") and "greater than" (">") used herein can be replaced, without departing from the scope of this description, by the symbols "less than or equal to" ("≦") and "greater than or equal to" ("≧"), respectively.

[0236]

[0253] When an element is described as "configured to" perform a particular operation, such a configuration can be achieved, for example, by designing an electronic circuit or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming a programmable electronic circuit (e.g., a microprocessor, or other suitable electronic circuit) to perform the operation, or by any combination thereof.

[0237]

[0254] The phrases "coupled to" or "communicatively coupled to" refer to any element that is physically connected, either directly or indirectly, to another element, and / or any element that communicates, either directly or indirectly, with another element (e.g., is connected to another element via a wired connection or a wireless connection, and / or via another suitable communication interface).

[0238]

[0255] The language of a claim or other language that recites "at least one" of a set and / or "one or more" of a set indicates that one member of the set, or multiple members (in any combination) of the set, satisfy the claim. For example, the claim language that recites "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, the claim language that recites "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. The language "at least one" of a set and / or "one or more" of a set does not limit the items listed within that set. For example, the claim language that recites "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" can mean A, B, or A and B, and can additionally include items not recited in the set of A and B.

[0239]

[0256] Exemplary aspects of the present disclosure include the following.

[0240]

[0257] Aspect 1. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor being configured to receive, via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams, a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, having a rank N t and J being the number of layers scheduled for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication and N t being less than, the waveform from a network entity and process at least the communication resources of the waveform.

[0241]

[0258] Aspect 2. The apparatus according to aspect 1, wherein the waveform is defined using matrix S C and matrix S A and matrix S C represents communication resources and matrix S A represents sensing resources.

[0242]

[0259] Aspect 3. The apparatus according to aspect 2, wherein matrix S C has a rank J.

[0243]

[0260] Aspect 4. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 2 or 3, wherein matrix S A has a rank N t -J.

[0244]

[0261] Aspect 5. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 2 to 4, wherein the waveform includes a first waveform WCSC associated with communication resources and a second waveform WASA associated with sensing resources, and WC and WA are matrices.

[0245]

[0262] Aspect 6. The apparatus according to aspect 5, wherein the first waveform WCSC and the second waveform WASA are orthogonal to each other.

[0246]

[0263] Aspect 7. The device according to any of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein communication resources are reused to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of one or more spatially correlated network devices.

[0247]

[0264] Aspect 8. The device according to any of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

[0248]

[0265] Aspect 9. The device according to any of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the communication resources include communication data and the sensing resources do not include data.

[0249]

[0266] Aspect 10. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and N t -J sensing streams are orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols. The device according to any of Aspects 1 to 9.

[0250]

[0267] Aspect 11. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols. The device according to any of Aspects 1 to 10.

[0251]

[0268] Aspect 12. The network entity is a base station. The device according to any of Aspects 1 to 11.

[0252]

[0269] Aspect 13. The base station is one of a next generation node B (gNB) or an evolved node B (eNB). The device according to Aspect 12.

[0253]

[0270] [[ID=3

[0254]

[0271] Aspect 15. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein the apparatus includes a user equipment (UE).

[0255]

[0272] Aspect 16. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 15, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a network entity or a radar server.

[0256]

[0273] Aspect 17. A method for wireless communication in a user equipment (UE), the method comprising receiving, at the UE from a network entity, a waveform comprising communication resources and sensing resources via a number of sensing streams based on a maximum of N - J sensing streams, and processing at least the communication resources of the waveform, wherein the waveform has a rank N and J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N. t -J, and processing at least the communication resources of the waveform, the method comprising: receiving, at the UE from a network entity, a waveform comprising communication resources and sensing resources via a number of sensing streams based on a maximum of N t having, and J being the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t being less than, the waveform, and processing at least the communication resources of the waveform.

[0257]

[0274] Aspect 18. The method according to Aspect 17, wherein the waveform is defined using a matrix S C and a matrix S A where the matrix S C represents communication resources and the matrix S A represents sensing resources.

[0258]

[0275] Aspect 19. The method according to either Aspect 17 or 18, wherein the matrix S [[ID=3,9]] C has a rank J.

[0259]

[0276] Aspect 20. The method according to any one of Aspects 17 to 19, wherein the matrix S A has a rank N t - J.

[0260]

[0277] Aspect 21. The waveform is a first waveform WS C S Cand a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A and, W C and W A where W and W are matrices, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 20.

[0261]

[0278] Aspect 22. The first waveform W C S C and the second waveform W A S A are orthogonal to each other, the method according to aspect 21.

[0262]

[0279] Aspect 23. The communication resource is reused to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more spatially correlated network devices, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 22.

[0263]

[0280] Aspect 24. The MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 23.

[0264]

[0281] Aspect 25. The communication resource includes communication data and the sensing resource does not include data, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 24.

[0265]

[0282] Aspect 26. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and N t -J sensing streams are orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 25.

[0266]

[0283] Aspect 27. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 26.

[0267]

[0284] Aspect 28. The network entity is a base station, the method according to any one of aspects 17 to 27.

[0268]

[0285] Aspect 29. The method according to aspect 28, wherein the base station is one of a next-generation node B (gNB) or an evolved node B (eNB).

[0269]

[0286] Aspect 30. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 29, wherein the network entity is at least one of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0270]

[0287] Aspect 31. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 30, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a radar server and by a network entity.

[0271]

[0288] Aspect 32. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 30, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a radar server.

[0272]

[0289] Aspect 33. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor being configured to generate a waveform comprising communication resources and sensing resources based on up to N - J sensing streams, having a rank N, the apparatus comprising N transmit antenna elements, where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N, and to transmit the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a number of sensing streams based on up to N - J sensing streams. t -J sensing streams, a waveform having a rank N t and the apparatus having N t transmit antenna elements, where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t and to transmit the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t -J sensing streams.

[0273]

[0290] Aspect 34. The waveform is matrix SC and matrix S A defined using, matrix S C represents communication resources, and matrix S A represents sensing resources, the apparatus according to aspect 33.

[0274]

[0291] Aspect 35. Matrix S C is of rank J, the apparatus according to any of aspects 33 or 34.

[0275]

[0292] Aspect 36. Matrix S A is of rank N t - J, the apparatus according to any of aspects 33 to 35.

[0276]

[0293] Aspect 37. The waveform includes a first waveform W C S C associated with communication resources and a second waveform W A S A associated with sensing resources, and W C and W A are matrices, the apparatus according to any of aspects 33 to 36.

[0277]

[0294] Aspect 38. The first waveform WCSC and the second waveform WASA are orthogonal to each other, the apparatus according to aspect 37.

[0278]

[0295] Aspect 39. At least one processor is configured to reuse communication resources to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of one or more spatially correlated network devices, the apparatus according to any of aspects 33 to 38.

[0279]

[0296] Aspect 40. The MIMO communication is multi - user MIMO (MU - MIMO) communication, the apparatus according to any of aspects 33 to 39.

[0280]

[0297] Aspect 41. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 40, wherein communication resources include communication data and sensing resources do not include data.

[0281]

[0298] Aspect 42. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 41, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one antenna array including a transmission antenna element.

[0282]

[0299] Aspect 43. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and N t -J sensing streams are orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols, for the apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 42.

[0283]

[0300] Aspect 44. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols, for the apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 43.

[0284]

[0301] Aspect 45. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 4, wherein the apparatus is a base station.

[0285]

[0302] Aspect 46. The base station is one of a next-generation node B (gNB) or an evolved node B (eNB), for the apparatus according to Aspect 45.

[0286]

[0303] Aspect 47. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 46, wherein the apparatus is at least one of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0287]

[0304] Aspect 48. One or more network devices include at least one user equipment (UE), for the apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 47.

[0288]

[0305] Aspect 49. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 48, wherein at least one processor is configured to schedule waveforms.

[0289]

[0306] Aspect 50. The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 48, wherein the waveforms are scheduled by a radar server.

[0290]

[0307] Aspect 51. A method for wireless communication in a network entity, the method comprising generating, at the network entity, a waveform comprising communication resources and sensing resources based on up to N t −J sensing streams, the waveform having a rank N t and the network entity comprising N t transmit antenna elements, where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and N t is less than, and transmitting the waveform to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a number of sensing streams based on up to N t −J sensing streams.

[0291]

[0308] Aspect 52. The method according to Aspect 51, wherein the waveform is defined using matrices S C and S A , matrix S C representing communication resources and matrix S A representing sensing resources.

[0292]

[0309] Aspect 53. The method according to either Aspect 51 or 52, wherein matrix S C has a rank J.

[0293]

[0310] Aspect 54. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 53, wherein matrix S A has a rank N t −J.

[0294]

[0311] Aspect 55. The waveform includes a first waveform W associated with communication resources C S C and a second waveform W associated with sensing resources A S A where W C and W A are matrices, and the method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 54.

[0295]

[0312] Aspect 56. The first waveform W C S C and the second waveform W A S A are orthogonal to each other, and the method according to Aspect 55.

[0296]

[0313] Aspect 57. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 56, further including reusing communication resources to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of one or more spatially correlated network devices.

[0297]

[0314] Aspect 58. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 57, where the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

[0298]

[0315] Aspect 59. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 58, where the communication resources include communication data and the sensing resources do not include data.

[0299]

[0316] Aspect 60. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 59, where the network entity includes at least one antenna array including transmission antenna elements.

[0300]

[0317] Aspect 61. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and N t -J sensing streams are orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols, and the method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 60.

[0301]

[0318] Aspect 62. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 61, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0302]

[0319] Aspect 63. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 62, wherein the network entity is a base station.

[0303]

[0320] Aspect 64. The method according to Aspect 63, wherein the base station is one of a next-generation node B (gNB) or an evolved node B (eNB).

[0304]

[0321] Aspect 65. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 64, wherein the network entity is at least one of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0305]

[0322] Aspect 66. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 65, wherein one or more network devices include at least one user equipment (UE).

[0306]

[0323] Aspect 67. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 66, further comprising scheduling a waveform in a network entity.

[0307]

[0324] Aspect 68. The method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 66, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a radar server.

[0308]

[0325] The foregoing description has been provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Accordingly, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claim language and not inconsistent with the general principles herein, and singular reference to an element is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless specifically stated otherwise, but rather "one or more".

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication in user equipment (UE), wherein the method is up to N ｔ - A waveform including communication resources and sensing resources via a number of dedicated sensing streams based on J dedicated sensing streams, with rank N ｔ It has such that J is the number of layers scheduled for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication and N ｔ The UE receives a waveform that is less than the following: Processing at least the communication resources of the waveform, Methods that include...

2. The waveform is matrix S Ｃ and matrix S Ａ Defined using the matrix S Ｃ However, the aforementioned communication resources are represented, and the matrix S Ａ The method according to claim 1, wherein the sensing resource is represented.

3. The aforementioned matrix S Ｃ The method according to claim 2, wherein the rank is J, and the matrix S A is rank N t - J.

4. The waveform includes a first waveform W Ｃ S Ｃ associated with the communication resource and a second waveform W Ａ S Ａ associated with the sensing resource, and W Ｃ and W Ａ are matrices. The method according to claim 2.​​​​​​​​​​​​

5. The first waveform W Ｃ S Ｃ and the second waveform W Ａ S Ａ The method according to claim 4, wherein and are orthogonal to each other.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication resources are reused to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more spatially correlated network devices.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication resource includes communication data, and the sensing resource does not include data.

9. The waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and the N ｔ The method according to claim 1, wherein J sensing streams are orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

11. A method for wireless communication in a network entity, wherein the method is A waveform comprising communication resources and sensing resources based on up to Nt-J dedicated sensing streams, having rank Nt, wherein the network entity comprises Nt transmitting antenna elements, and J is the number of layers scheduled for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication and is less than Nt, is generated in the network entity; The waveform is transmitted to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via a number of dedicated sensing streams based on the aforementioned maximum Nt-J dedicated sensing streams. Methods that include...

12. A device for wireless communication, wherein the device is At least one memory, A system comprising at least one processor coupled to at least one memory, An apparatus wherein the at least one processor is configured to perform the steps described in any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the network entity is a base station, preferably one of next-generation node B (gNB) or advanced node B (eNB), or at least one of a base station's central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), radio unit (RU), near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC.

14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the apparatus includes user equipment (UE).

15. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the waveform is scheduled by the network entity or radar server.

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