Pretreated aluminum alloy tab material

Abstract

Described herein are 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrates and methods of making the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrates having a pretreatment film on a surface of the substrate. A beverage tab may include the pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate. The methods of making the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrates described herein include forming a pretreatment film on a surface of the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate to provide the pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate, and forming the pretreatment film at a coating weight of 10 mg / ft 3 or more. 2 and controlling the following:

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 371,560, filed August 16, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This disclosure relates generally to the processing of metal substrates such as aluminum alloys. More particularly, this disclosure relates to the pre-treatment of metal substrates, and in particular aluminum alloy tab stock. [Background technology]

[0003] High throughput rates are an important consideration for facilities that manufacture aluminum beverage cans. Conventional aluminum alloy products have been found to cause excessive wear on equipment used in some metal substrate forming systems. Excessive wear on equipment, such as conversion presses, can change the geometry of tool cutting edges, subsequently altering product quality. Excessive wear can lead to increased maintenance and tooling costs, as well as reduced production, as operating lines may need to be shut down to repair or replace worn or damaged equipment. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The term "embodiments" and similar terms are intended to broadly refer to all of the subject matter of this disclosure and the claims that follow. Statements containing these terms should be understood neither to limit the subject matter described herein nor to limit the meaning or scope of the claims that follow. The embodiments of the disclosure addressed herein are defined by the claims that follow, not by this Summary. This Summary is a broad overview of various aspects of the disclosure and introduces some of the concepts that are further described in the Detailed Description section below. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used alone to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to the entire specification of this disclosure, any or all drawings, and appropriate portions of each claim.

[0005]

[0010] Provided herein is a method for making a 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate, the method comprising: forming a pretreatment film on a surface of a 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate to provide a pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate; and forming a coating of the pretreatment film at a coating weight of 10 mg / ft 2 Less than (e.g., 3 mg / ft 2 ~9mg / ft 2 and controlling the temperature to a temperature within the range of 1000 to 1500°C. Optionally, producing the pretreated film includes contacting the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate with a pretreatment solution. Optionally, the pretreatment solution includes chromium, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, or a combination thereof. Optionally, the pretreatment solution includes trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), a phosphate, or a combination thereof, and in some cases, the pretreatment solution includes a compound of titanium and zirconium (Ti / Zr). Optionally, the contacting can include spraying, roll coating, or dipping at least a portion of the aluminum alloy substrate.

[0006] The pretreatment film may have a thickness of up to 300 nm (e.g., up to 250 nm). Optionally, the pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate has a coefficient of friction of less than 0.5 after two cycles according to ASTM No. G99. The methods described herein may further include degreasing at least a portion of the surface of the aluminum alloy substrate before producing the pretreatment film. Degreasing may include contacting at least a portion of the substrate with an acidic solution, an alkaline solution, an alkaline organic compound, or a combination thereof.

[0007] Optionally, the methods described herein further comprise preheating the aluminum alloy substrate to a temperature less than 300° C. prior to producing the pretreated film. Optionally, the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate is AA5182.

[0008] Also described herein is an aluminum alloy substrate prepared according to the above method. The pre-treated film has a thickness of 10 mg / ft 2 Less than (e.g., 3 mg / ft 2 ~9mg / ft 2 ) coating weight. Optionally, the pretreatment film has a thickness of up to 300 nm (e.g., up to 250 nm). The 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate may have a coefficient of friction of less than 0.5 after 2 cycles according to ASTM No. G99. Optionally, the pretreatment film includes trivalent chromium. The 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate may optionally be AA5182.

[0009] Further described herein is a beverage container comprising the aluminum alloy substrate described herein. Optionally, the beverage container further comprises a 1xxx series aluminum alloy or a 3xxx series aluminum alloy.

[0010] Also described herein is a beverage tab that includes the aluminum alloy substrate described herein.

[0011] Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting examples.

[0012] This specification makes reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the use of like reference numerals in different drawings is intended to indicate like or similar components. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1] 1 is a diagram of a wear profile of a forming tool. [Figure 2] 1 is a graph of tool life for forming an aluminum alloy substrate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] 1 is a tool wear chart for a tool forming an aluminum alloy substrate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; [Figure 4] 1 is a graph of coefficient of friction for aluminum alloy substrates according to examples of the present disclosure. [Figure 5] 1 is a graph of nanoindentation hardness values ​​of aluminum alloy substrates according to examples of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] 1 is a graph of nanoindentation hardness values ​​of aluminum alloy substrates according to examples of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] 1 is a graph of nanoindentation hardness values ​​of aluminum alloy substrates according to examples of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] 1 is a chart comparing nanoindentation hardness values ​​of aluminum alloy substrates according to examples of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] 1 is a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) micrograph of an aluminum alloy substrate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] 1 is a STEM micrograph of an aluminum alloy substrate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11] 1 is a chart of oxide thickness ranges for aluminum alloy substrates according to embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] Described herein are metal products and methods of making metal products that reduce wear on tooling equipment used in metal substrate forming systems. Reduced tooling wear can reduce maintenance and tooling costs and maintain production rates in metal substrate forming systems. The metal products herein include aluminum alloy sheet substrates. The metal products can exhibit improved properties over conventional metal products. For example, the metal products can have a reduced pretreatment layer thickness, a softer outer layer, a lower coefficient of friction, or a combination thereof, compared to the properties of conventional metal products. The metal products can reduce tooling wear and extend uptime, thereby reducing operating costs and increasing throughput.

[0015] Definitions and Explanations

[0016] As used herein, the terms "invention," "the invention," "this invention," and "the present invention" are intended to refer broadly to all of the subject matter of this patent application and the claims that follow. It should be understood that statements containing these terms do not limit the subject matter described herein or the meaning or scope of the claims that follow.

[0017] In this description, reference is made to alloys identified by AA numbers and other related designations, such as "series" or "5xxx." For an understanding of the numbering systems most commonly used in naming and identifying aluminum and its alloys, please refer to "International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys" or "Registration Record of Aluminum Association Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Aluminum Alloys in the Form of Castings and Ingots," both published by the Aluminum Association.

[0018] As used herein, plate generally has a thickness of greater than about 15 mm. For example, plate may refer to an aluminum product having a thickness of greater than about 15 mm, greater than about 20 mm, greater than about 25 mm, greater than about 30 mm, greater than about 35 mm, greater than about 40 mm, greater than about 45 mm, greater than about 50 mm, or greater than about 100 mm.

[0019] As used herein, a sheet (also called a sheet plate) generally has a thickness of about 4 mm to about 15 mm. For example, the sheet may be about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, or about 15 mm thick.

[0020] As used herein, sheet generally refers to an aluminum product having a thickness of less than about 4 mm. For example, the sheet can have a thickness of less than about 4 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than about 1 mm, less than about 0.5 mm, or less than about 0.3 mm (e.g., about 0.2 mm).

[0021] Reference may be made herein to alloy tempers or alloy states. To understand the descriptions of the most commonly used alloy tempers, please refer to American National Standards (ANSI) H35 on Alloy and Temper Designation Systems. The F state or temper refers to the aluminum alloy as produced. The O state or temper refers to the aluminum alloy after annealing. The Hxx state or temper, also referred to herein as the H temper, refers to an aluminum alloy that is not heat treatable after cold rolling, with or without heat treatment (e.g., annealing). Suitable H tempers include the HX1, HX2, HX3, HX4, HX5, HX6, HX7, HX8, or HX9 tempers. For example, an aluminum alloy can be cold rolled to a possible H19 temper. In a further example, an aluminum alloy can be cold rolled and annealed to a possible H23 temper.

[0022] As used herein, the terms "cast metal product," "cast product," "cast aluminum alloy product," and the like are used interchangeably and refer to products produced by direct chill casting (including direct chill simultaneous casting) or semi-continuous casting, continuous casting (including, for example, by use of a twin belt caster, twin roll caster, block caster, or any other continuous casting machine), electromagnetic casting, hot top casting, or any other casting process.

[0023] As used herein, the meaning of "room temperature" can include temperatures from about 15° C. to about 30° C., such as about 15° C., about 16° C., about 17° C., about 18° C., about 19° C., about 20° C., about 21° C., about 22° C., about 23° C., about 24° C., about 25° C., about 26° C., about 27° C., about 28° C., about 29° C., or about 30° C. As used herein, the meaning of "ambient conditions" can include temperatures about room temperature, relative humidity of about 20% to about 100%, and atmospheric pressure of about 975 millibars (mbar) to about 1050 mbar. For example, the relative humidity may be about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, about 101%, about 102%, about 103%, about 104%, about 105%, about 106%, about 107%, about 108%, about 109%, about 110%, about 111%, about 112%, about 113%, about 114%, about 115%, about 116%, about It can be 1%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, or any value therebetween. For example, the air pressure can be about 975 mbar, about 980 mbar, about 985 mbar, about 990 mbar, about 995 mbar, about 1000 mbar, about 1005 mbar, about 1010 mbar, about 1015 mbar, about 1020 mbar, about 1025 mbar, about 1030 mbar, about 1035 mbar, about 1040 mbar, about 1045 mbar, about 1050 mbar, or any value therebetween.

[0024] Any range disclosed herein should be understood to encompass any and all subranges contained therein. For example, a range stated as "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10, inclusive. That is, all subranges begin with a minimum value of 1 or greater, e.g., 1 to 6.1, and end with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10. Unless otherwise specified, when referring to a compositional amount of an element, the term "maximum" means that the element is optional and includes a zero percent composition of that particular element. Unless otherwise specified, all compositional percentages are weight percent (wt%).

[0025] As used herein, the meanings of "a," "an," and "the" include singular and plural references unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0026] In the examples, aluminum alloy products and their components may be listed in terms of their elemental composition in weight percent (wt%), with the maximum wt% being 0.15% for the sum of all impurities in each alloy, with the remainder being aluminum.

[0027] Accompanying elements (e.g., grain refiners and deoxidizers), or other additives, may be present in the present invention and may themselves add other properties without deviating from or significantly altering the alloys described herein or the properties of the alloys described herein.

[0028] Inevitably, impurities (including materials or elements) may be present in small amounts in the alloy due to the inherent properties of aluminum or due to leaching from contact with processing equipment. As explained, some alloys may contain up to about 0.25 wt.% of any element in addition to the alloying elements, incidental elements, and inevitable impurities.

[0029] Container, container closure, and container body This description describes a metal container including a body (e.g., a metal container body) having a sealable opening, a body side (e.g., an inner surface) facing the product, and a body side (e.g., an outer surface) facing the consumer. The metal container further includes a lid closure having a closure side facing the product and a closure side facing the consumer. The sealable opening is configured to receive the lid closure, and the lid closure is configured to engage the sealable opening.

[0030] The metal container can be prepared from any suitable metal article. In some examples, the metal container includes aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium, magnesium-based materials, titanium, titanium-based materials, copper, copper-based materials, steel, steel-based materials, bronze, bronze-based materials, brass, brass-based materials, composite materials, sheets used in composite materials, or any other suitable metal or combination of metals. The metal article can include monolithic materials as well as non-monolithic materials such as roll-bonded materials, clad materials, composite materials (including, but not limited to, carbon fiber-containing materials), or various other materials. In some examples, the metal article used to prepare the metal container can be a metal coil, metal strip, metal plate, metal sheet, metal billet, metal ingot, or the like.

[0031] In some cases, the metal article for use in preparing the metal container is an aluminum alloy, such as a 1xxx series aluminum alloy, a 3xxx series aluminum alloy, or a 5xxx series aluminum alloy described herein. By way of non-limiting example, exemplary 1xxx series aluminum alloys can include AAA1100, AAA1100A, AAA1200, AAA1200A, AAA1300, AAA1110, AAA1120, AAA1230, AAA1230A, AAA1235, AAA1435, AAA1145, AAA1345, AAA1445, AAA1150, AAA1350, AAA1350A, AAA1450, AA1370, AAA1275, AAA1185, AA1285, AA1385, AAA1188, AAA1190, AAA1290, AAA1193, AAA1198, or AAA1199. Non-limiting exemplary 3xxx series aluminum alloys include AA3002, AA3102, AA3003, AA3103, AA3103A, AA3103B, AA3203, AA3403, AA3004, AA3004A, AA3104, AA3204, AA3304, AA3005, AA3005A, AA3105, AA3105A, AA3105B, AA3007, AA3 107, AA3207, AA3207A, AA3307, AA3009, AA3010, AA3110, AA3011, AA3012, AA3012A, AA3013, AA3014, AA3015, AA3016, AA3017, AA3019, AA3020, AA3021, AA3025, AA3026, AA3030, AA3130, or AA3065.Non-limiting exemplary 5xxx series aluminum alloys include AA5182, AA5183, AA5005, AA5005A, AA5205, AA5305, AA5505, AA5605, AA5006, AA5106, AA5010, AA5110, AA5110A, AA5210, AA5310, AA5016, AA5017, AA5018, AA5018A, AA5019, AA5019A, AA5119, AA5119A, AA5021, AA5022, AA5023, AA5024, AA5026, AA5027, AA5028, AA5040, AA5140, AA5041, AA5042, AA5043, AA5049, AA5149 , AA5249, AA5349, AA5449, AA5449A, AA5050, AA5050A, AA5050C, AA5150, AA5051, AA5051A, AA5151, AA5251, AA5251A, AA5351, AA5451, AA5052, AA5252, AA5352, AA5154, AA5154A, AA5154B, AA5154C, AA5254, AA5354, AA5454, AA5554, AA5 654, AA5654A, AA5754, AA5854, AA5954, AA5056, AA5356, AA5356A, AA5456, AA5456A, AA5456B, AA5556, AA5556A, AA55 56B, AA5556C, AA5257, AA5457, AA5557, AA5657, AA5058, AA5059, AA5070, AA5180, AA5180A, AA5082, AA5182, AA5083, AA5183, AA5183A, AA5283, AA5283A, AA5283B, AA5383, AA5483, AA5086, AA5186, AA5087, AA5187, or AA5088.

[0032] In some non-limiting examples, the metal article described herein is an aluminum can endstock (CES) product. As used herein, CES refers to an aluminum alloy formed into a shape that serves as a closure for an aluminum can. In some cases, the closure can include a scored orifice that a consumer can break to form an opening in the can end to access the product stored in the can. In some non-limiting examples, the end closure can be an easy-open closure (e.g., a pull-tab closure), a peel-off closure (e.g., a thin foil closure), a beverage closure or seam (e.g., a dual seam), a stay-on-tab closure, any suitable container end closure, or any combination thereof.

[0033] In some non-limiting examples, the metal container can have any suitable body shape, including a cylinder, a cube, a rectangular prism, a sphere, a cone, a tetrahedron, a pyramid, any other suitable three-dimensional (3D) shape, or any combination thereof. Accordingly, the CES product can be molded into any shape suitable for forming a closure for the container body. For example, the closure for the container body can be a disk (e.g., for sealing a cylinder), a square (e.g., for sealing a cube), a rectangle (e.g., for sealing a rectangular prism), a hemisphere (e.g., for sealing a sphere), a cone apex (e.g., for sealing a cone), a tetrahedron apex (e.g., for sealing a tetrahedron), a pyramid apex (e.g., for sealing a pyramid), any suitable closure that is complementary to the body (e.g., closures that, when joined together, form the complete body shape), or any combination thereof.

[0034] The container may be a beverage can (e.g., a soda can, a water can, an alcoholic beverage can, any pressurized beverage can, or any non-pressurized beverage can), a food storage can (e.g., a canned vegetable can, a canned meat can, a sardine can, a pet food can, or an emergency food can), any suitable metal container, or any combination thereof.

[0035] Alloy and method for producing aluminum alloy products Described herein are methods for making and processing metals and metal alloys, including, inter alia, aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium, magnesium alloys, magnesium composites, and steel, as well as the resulting processed metals and metal alloys. In some examples, metals for use in the methods described herein include aluminum alloys, such as 5xxx series aluminum alloys. In some examples, materials for use in the methods described herein include non-ferrous materials, including aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium, magnesium-based materials, magnesium alloys, magnesium composites, titanium, titanium-based materials, titanium alloys, copper, copper-based materials, composites, sheets used in composites, or any other suitable metal, non-metal, or combination of materials.

[0036] The aluminum alloy products described herein (e.g., aluminum alloy sheet metal substrates, etc.) may be prepared using any suitable method, for example, the aluminum alloy may be cast, homogenized, hot rolled, cold rolled, pretreated, formed, etc. to produce the aluminum alloy product.

[0037] The aluminum alloy is cast to form a cast aluminum alloy product, such as an ingot or other cast product. The cast aluminum alloy product is homogenized to form a homogenized aluminum alloy product. The homogenized aluminum alloy product is subjected to one or more hot rolling passes and / or one or more cold rolling passes to form a rolled aluminum alloy product, which may correspond to an aluminum alloy article (e.g., an aluminum alloy plate, an aluminum alloy shade, or an aluminum alloy sheet). Optionally, the rolled aluminum alloy product is subjected to additional processing steps, as described below, to form an aluminum alloy article.

[0038] Non-limiting examples of casting processes include a direct chill (DC) casting process or a continuous casting (CC) process. A continuous casting system can include a pair of movable opposing casting surfaces (e.g., movable opposing belts, rolls, or blocks), a casting cavity between the pair of movable opposing casting surfaces, and a molten metal injector. The molten metal injector can have an end opening through which molten metal can exit the molten metal injector and be injected into the casting cavity.

[0039] Cast aluminum alloy products (e.g., cast ingots, cast slabs, or other cast products) can be processed by any desired technique. Optionally, this processing step can be used to prepare rolled aluminum alloy products (e.g., aluminum alloy sheets). Examples of optional processing steps include, but are not limited to, homogenizing, hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing, solution heat treating, and pre-aging.

[0040] In the homogenization step, the cast product may be heated to a temperature ranging from about 400°C to about 600°C. For example, the cast product can be heated to a temperature of about 400°C, about 410°C, about 420°C, about 430°C, about 440°C, about 450°C, about 460°C, about 470°C, about 480°C, about 490°C, about 500°C, about 510°C, about 520°C, about 530°C, about 540°C, about 550°C, about 560°C, about 570°C, about 580°C, about 590°C, or about 600°C. The product can then be allowed to soak (i.e., held at the specified temperature) for a period of time to form the homogenized product. In some examples, the total time for the homogenization step, including the heating and soaking stages, can be up to 24 hours. For example, the homogenization step can involve heating the product to a temperature of up to 500°C-600°C and soaking for a total time of up to 18 hours. Optionally, the homogenization step can involve heating the product to less than 490°C and soaking for a total time of more than 18 hours. In some cases, the homogenization step includes multiple processes. In some non-limiting examples, the homogenization step involves heating the cast product to a first temperature for a first time, followed by heating to a second temperature for a second time. For example, the cast product can be heated to about 465°C for about 3.5 hours, and then to about 480°C for about 6 hours.

[0041] Following the homogenization step, a hot rolling step can optionally be performed. Before hot rolling begins, the homogenized product can be cooled to a temperature of 300°C to 450°C. For example, the homogenized product can be cooled to a temperature of 325°C to 425°C, or to a temperature of 350°C to 400°C. The homogenized product is then hot rolled at a temperature of 300°C to 450°C to form a hot rolled plate, hot rolled sheet, or hot rolled sheet having a gauge of 3 mm to 200 mm (e.g., 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 55 mm, 60 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 75 mm, 80 mm, 85 mm, 90 mm, 95 mm, 100 mm, 110 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 140 mm, 150 mm, 160 mm, 170 mm, 180 mm, 190 mm, 200 mm, or any value therebetween).

[0042] Optionally, the cast product may be a continuously cast product that can be allowed to cool to a temperature of 300° C. to 450° C. For example, the continuously cast product may be allowed to cool to a temperature of 325° C. to 425° C. or 350° C. to 400° C. The continuously cast product is then hot rolled at a temperature of 300°C to 450°C to form a hot rolled plate, hot rolled sheet, or hot rolled sheet having a gauge of 3 mm to 200 mm (e.g., 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 55 mm, 60 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 75 mm, 80 mm, 85 mm, 90 mm, 95 mm, 100 mm, 110 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 140 mm, 150 mm, 160 mm, 170 mm, 180 mm, 190 mm, 200 mm, or any value therebetween). During hot rolling, the temperature and other operating parameters can be controlled so that the temperature of the intermediate hot rolled product upon exiting the hot rolling mill is 470°C or less, 450°C or less, 440°C or less, or 430°C or less.

[0043] The cast, homogenized, or hot-rolled product can optionally be cold rolled using a cold rolling mill to produce a thinner product (e.g., cold-rolled sheet). The cold-rolled product can have a gauge of about 0.5 to 10 mm, for example, about 0.7 to 6.5 mm. Optionally, the cold-rolled product can have a gauge of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.5 mm, 6.0 mm, 6.5 mm, 7.0 mm, 7.5 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.5 mm, 9.0 mm, 9.5 mm, or 10.0 mm. Cold rolling can be performed to produce a final gauge thickness that represents a gauge reduction of up to 85% (e.g., up to 10%, up to 20%, up to 30%, up to 40%, up to 50%, up to 60%, up to 70%, up to 80%, or up to 85%) compared to the gauge before cold rolling began. Optionally, an intermediate annealing step can be performed during the cold rolling steps. For example, a first cold rolling process can be applied, followed by an annealing process (intermediate annealing), followed by a second cold rolling process. The intermediate annealing step can be performed at a temperature of about 300°C to about 450°C (e.g., about 310°C, about 320°C, about 330°C, about 340°C, about 350°C, about 360°C, about 370°C, about 380°C, about 390°C, about 400°C, about 410°C, about 420°C, about 430°C, about 440°C, or about 450°C). In some cases, the intermediate annealing step comprises multiple processes. In some non-limiting examples, the intermediate annealing step comprises heating the partially cold-rolled product to a first temperature for a first time period, followed by heating to a second temperature for a second time period. For example, the partially cold-rolled product can be heated to about 410°C for about 1 hour, then to about 330°C for about 2 hours.

[0044] The methods described herein include pretreating a metal substrate to create a conversion layer or pretreatment film on a surface of the metal substrate to provide a pretreated metal substrate that provides resistance to corrosion, particularly in humid climate conditions, and provides resistance to wear, which can result in less wear and improved performance during manufacturing of tooling used in the manufacturing process.

[0045] The method for producing a conversion layer or pretreatment film on the surface of a metal substrate is not particularly limited, and any suitable method known in the art can be used. In some embodiments, producing the pretreatment film can include contacting the metal substrate with a pretreatment composition. In some cases, producing the pretreatment film can include applying the pretreatment composition to the surface of the metal substrate. For example, in some cases, the pretreatment composition (e.g., an inorganic pretreatment composition) can be sprayed or roll coated onto the surface of the metal substrate. In some cases, the metal substrate can be immersed in the pretreatment composition (e.g., an inorganic pretreatment composition). The pretreatment composition (e.g., an inorganic pretreatment composition) can be specially formulated to produce a pretreatment film on the surface of the metal substrate. For example, the pretreatment composition can include chromium, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the conversion layer or pretreatment film can include a compound of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and a phosphate. In some cases, the conversion layer or pretreatment film can include a compound of titanium and zirconium (Ti / Zr).

[0046] In addition to chemical surface treatments, producing a pretreatment film can include electrochemical methods such as anodization and other deposition methods known in the art. In some embodiments, producing a pretreatment film can include anodizing the surface of a metal substrate. Anodization can include, for example, contacting the surface of the metal substrate with an electrolyte solution and applying an electric current (e.g., alternating current (AC) power and / or direct current (DC)) to the metal substrate. In some cases, anodizing a metal substrate produces a pretreated metal substrate having a thin pretreatment film that can include an oxide layer. Suitable methods of anodization are described in U.S. Publication No. 2020 / 0082972, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0047] The composition or structure of the pretreatment film on the pretreated metal substrate is not particularly limited. Pretreatment films known in the art can be classified into organic pretreatment films, inorganic pretreatment films, and combination pretreatment films. Organic pretreatment films can include organic compounds (i.e., carbon-containing compounds) such as organic polymers. Inorganic pretreatment films can include inorganic compounds (i.e., non-carbon-containing compounds) such as metal ion analogs and metal coordination complexes. Combination pretreatment films can include both organic and inorganic compounds, or organic-inorganic compounds containing both organic and inorganic moieties.

[0048] Generally, the pretreatment film comprises a thin layer on a portion (e.g., at least a portion) of the surface of the metal substrate. In some cases, the pretreatment film may be formed on one surface of the metal substrate. In some cases, the pretreatment film may be formed on more than one surface, e.g., two surfaces, of the metal substrate. In some cases, the pretreatment film may be formed on the entire surface of the metal substrate.

[0049] The pre-treated film has an average coating weight of approximately 10 mg / ft 2 or less (e.g., about 0.5 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , approximately 1 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft2 , about 2 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 3mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 4mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 5mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 6mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , or about 7 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , or any value therebetween). In some cases, the coating weight of the pretreatment film on the surface of the metal substrate is about 0.5 mg / ft 2 , approximately 1 mg / ft 2 , about 1.5mg / ft 2 , about 2 mg / ft 2 , about 2.5mg / ft 2 , about 3mg / ft 2 , about 3.5mg / ft 2 , about 4mg / ft 2 , about 4.5mg / ft 2 , about 5mg / ft 2 , about 5.5mg / ft 2 , about 6mg / ft 2 , about 6.5mg / ft 2 , about 7mg / ft 2 , about 7.5mg / ft 2 , about 8 mg / ft 2 , about 8.5mg / ft 2 , approximately 9 mg / ft 2 , about 9.5mg / ft 2 , or about 10 mg / ft 2 It could be.

[0050] The thickness of the pretreatment film may vary. As mentioned above, the pretreatment film is generally a thin layer. The thickness of the pretreatment film may range from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm. In some cases, the thickness of the pretreatment film is less than about 1000 nm, e.g., less than about 900 nm, less than about 800 nm, less than about 700 nm, less than about 600 nm, less than about 500 nm, less than about 400 nm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 200 nm, or less than about 100 nm. For example, the pretreatment film may have a thickness of about 5 nm to about 1000 nm, about 10 nm to about 900 nm, about 20 nm to about 800 nm, or about 30 nm to about 700 nm. In some examples, the pretreatment film can have a thickness of about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 15 nm, about 20 nm, about 25 nm, about 30 nm, about 35 nm, about 40 nm, about 45 nm, 50 nm, about 55 nm, about 60 nm, about 65 nm, about 70 nm, about 75 nm, about 80 nm, about 85 nm, about 90 nm, about 95 nm, about 100 nm, about 150 nm, about 200 nm, about 250 nm, about 300 nm, about 350 nm, about 400 nm, about 450 nm, about 500 nm, about 550 nm, about 600 nm, about 650 nm, about 700 nm, about 750 nm, about 800 nm, 850 nm, about 900 nm, about 950 nm, or about 1000 nm, or any thickness therebetween.

[0051] In some cases, the pretreatment film on the pretreated metal substrate may be composed of multiple layers. Certain methods for producing the pretreatment film can produce distinct layers within the pretreatment film. For example, anodizing a metal substrate can produce a pretreatment film that includes a barrier layer (e.g., composed of aluminum oxide, such as non-porous aluminum oxide) and a filament layer (e.g., composed of aluminum oxide, such as porous aluminum oxide). The properties of either layer can be controlled by the method (e.g., anodization parameters or conditions) used to produce the pretreatment film.

[0052] In some cases, the metal substrate may be treated before entering the pretreatment application system. In some embodiments, the surface of the metal substrate may be degreased (e.g., using an acidic solution) to clean the surface. In some aspects, the process may include washing the metal substrate before coating. In some cases, the metal substrate is washed with an acid treating agent. For example, the washing process may include an acid treating agent including sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrofluoric acid (HF), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), hydroiodic acid (HI), boric acid (H3BO3), and / or any combination thereof. In some cases, the metal substrate is washed with an alkaline (i.e., basic) treating agent. For example, the washing process may include an alkaline treating agent including sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or any combination thereof. In some cases, the metal substrate is cleaned with an alkaline organic compound (i.e., organic base) treatment. For example, the cleaning process may involve the use of barium tert-butoxide (C8H 18 BaO2), choline hydroxide (C5H 15 NO2), diethylamine (C4H 11 N), dimethylamine (C2H7N), ethylamine (C2H7N), methylamine (CH5N), piperidine (C5H 11 The cleaning treatment may include an organic base treatment containing aluminum oxide or hydroxide (e.g., aluminum alloy flakes) on the surface of the metal substrate.

[0053] In some embodiments, the metal substrate may optionally be preheated before entering the pretreatment coating application system. The metal substrate is transported to a preheat oven, which heats the metal substrate to a preheat temperature (T1). In some embodiments, the preheat temperature T1 is between 175°C and 300°C, e.g., between 175°C and 290°C, between 175°C and 280°C, between 175°C and 270°C, between 175°C and 260°C, between 175°C and 250°C, between 185°C and 300°C, between 185°C and 290°C, between 185°C and 280°C, between 185°C and 270°C, between 185°C and 260°C, between 185°C and 250°C, between 195°C and 300°C, between 195°C and 290°C, between 195°C and 280°C, between 195°C and 270°C, between 195°C and 26 ... 5°C to 250°C, 205°C to 300°C, 205°C to 290°C, 205°C to 280°C, 205°C to 270°C, 205°C to 260°C, 205°C to 250°C, 215°C to 300°C, 215°C to 290°C, 215°C to 280°C, 215°C to 270°C, 215°C to 260°C, 215°C to 250°C, 225°C to 300°C, 225°C to 290°C, 225°C to 280°C, 225°C to 270°C, 225°C to 260°C, or 225°C to 250°C. As for the lower limit, T1 may be greater than 175°C, for example, greater than 185°C, greater than 195°C, greater than 205°C, or greater than 215°C. In terms of upper limits, T1 may be less than 300°C, for example less than 290°C, less than 280°C, less than 270°C, less than 260°C, or less than 250°C.

[0054] The metal substrate may be subjected to further processing or may be coiled as is for shipping, subsequent processing, etc. Optionally, the metal substrate may be processed in a stamping or cutting system to prepare metal blanks or metal strips or segments. The stamping or cutting system may include any suitable system for cutting or stamping the annealed metal substrate to create smaller metal products, which may be subjected to further processing.

[0055] The metal substrate, or smaller metal products cut or punched from the metal substrate, can be subjected to forming in a forming system. The forming system can be any suitable forming system, including roll forming equipment, stamping equipment, punching equipment, etc. In some examples, multiple different types of forming equipment can be used to prepare metal products of different shapes, for example. Equipment used in the forming system can experience excessive wear from metal products with increased oxidation layers and / or increased hardness of the outer layer. In some examples, the pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate can exhibit increased formability, reducing wear on cutting or other forming equipment, compared to non-pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrates.

[0056] Disclosed aluminum alloy product properties The aluminum alloy substrates described herein have a pretreatment film applied to the surface of the substrate having a coating density of about 10 mg / ft 2 or less (e.g., about 0.5 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , approximately 1 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 2 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 3mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 4mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 5mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , about 6mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , or about 7 mg / ft 2 ~approx. 9 mg / ft 2 , or any value therebetween). In some cases, the coating weight of the pretreatment film on the surface of the metal substrate is about 0.5 mg / ft 2 , approximately 1 mg / ft 2 , about 1.5mg / ft 2 , approximately 2 mg / ft 2 , about 2.5mg / ft 2 , about 3mg / ft2 , about 3.5mg / ft 2 , about 4mg / ft 2 , about 4.5mg / ft 2 , about 5mg / ft 2 , about 5.5mg / ft 2 , about 6mg / ft 2 , about 6.5mg / ft 2 , about 7mg / ft 2 , about 7.5mg / ft 2 , about 8 mg / ft 2 , about 8.5mg / ft 2 , approximately 9 mg / ft 2 , about 9.5mg / ft 2 , or about 10 mg / ft 2 It could be.

[0057] The aluminum alloy substrates described herein can have a pretreatment film thickness of up to 300 nm. For example, the pretreatment film thickness can be from about 20 nm to about 100 nm, from about 50 nm to about 250 nm, or from about 100 nm to about 200 nm. In some examples, the pretreated film can have a thickness of about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 15 nm, about 20 nm, about 25 nm, about 30 nm, about 35 nm, about 40 nm, about 45 nm, 50 nm, about 55 nm, about 60 nm, about 65 nm, about 70 nm, about 75 nm, about 80 nm, about 85 nm, about 90 nm, about 95 nm, about 100 nm, about 110 nm, about 120 nm, about 130 nm, about 140 nm, about 150 nm, about 160 nm, about 170 nm, about 180 nm, about 190 nm, about 200 nm, about 210 nm, about 220 nm, about 230 nm, about 240 nm, 250 nm, about 260 nm, about 270 nm, about 280 nm, about 290 nm, or about 300 nm, or any thickness therebetween. The aluminum alloy substrates described herein can have a coefficient of friction of less than 0.5 after two cycles according to ASTM G99(2017) and DIN-50324. For example, the coefficient of friction can be from about 0.2 to about 0.5, from about 0.2 to about 0.3, or from about 0.3 to about 0.5. In some examples, the coefficient of friction can be less than about 0.5, less than about 0.45, less than about 0.4, less than about 0.35, less than about 0.3, less than about 0.25, less than about 0.2, less than about 0.15, less than about 0.1, or any value therebetween.

[0058] Methods of using the disclosed aluminum alloy products The aluminum alloy products described herein can be used in beverage can applications and other container applications. For example, the disclosed aluminum alloy products can be used to manufacture beverage or food containers. In some embodiments, the disclosed aluminum alloy products can be used to manufacture tabs for beverage or food containers.

[0059] The examples disclosed herein serve to further illustrate aspects of the present invention, but at the same time do not constitute any limitation thereof. To the contrary, it should be clearly understood that various embodiments, modifications thereof, and equivalents thereof, which may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art after reading the description herein, can be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. The examples and embodiments described herein may also utilize conventional procedures, unless otherwise specified. Some procedures are described herein for illustrative purposes. [Example]

[0060] Metal substrate samples were prepared for trials in a production facility using standard tooling equipment. Repeated controlled tests of approximately 20 million converted ends per coil were conducted with new tooling installed for each. Examples 1-4 were standard bare 5182AA product at different rolling mills. Examples 1 and 2 were bare material after being subjected to standard industry cleaning methods well known to those skilled in the art. Example 3 was bare material without cleaning, and Example 4 was bare material with a 3-9 mg / ft 2 This was the only sample to have pretreatment (trivalent chromium solution) applied at an average coating weight of 0.01 (see Table 1). [Table 1]

[0061] The wear profiles of the tooling were measured and the number of production run hours recorded before wear required tooling replacement. Figure 1 shows a typical wear profile across one corner of an exemplary tooling. As shown in Figure 2, tooling run using unpretreated substrates had the shortest run time before needing replacement. Even for new tooling, using unpretreated substrates resulted in shorter run times before needing replacement. Figure 3 shows a comparison of tool wear between Example 1 and Example 4. As noted above, Example 1 and Example 4 were standard bare 5182AA products at different rolling mills. Example 1 was bare material after standard industry cleaning procedures, while Example 4 was tested with pretreatment applied. In Figure 3, each data bar represents measurements on 4 to 10 tools from a run of approximately 20 million cycles.

[0062] Friction testing was performed on Examples 3 and 4 according to ASTM No. G99 using a Falex ball-on-flat configuration with a 0.5 inch 52100 steel ball at 44 N, 10 rpm, and 5 cycles. Figure 4 shows the difference in the coefficient of friction measured for each test (each run twice).

[0063] Accelerated Property Mapping (XPM) nanoindentation hardness was measured for Examples 1, 2, and 4. XPM utilizes shallow surface penetration to measure the hardness of the outer layer of a metal substrate. The test analysis area was 100 μm × 20 μm. Approximately 500 tests were performed per sample, with indentation depths of less than 80 nm. Figures 5-7 show the hardness distribution for each sample. Figure 8 compares the average measured hardness values ​​across the test materials. The pretreated substrates were more flexible and had less variability than the standard rolled substrates.

[0064] Cross sections of the trial materials were analyzed using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to measure the oxide and coating layer thicknesses. Examples of STEM micrographs are shown in Figures 9 and 10. The oxide layer thicknesses of the trial samples are shown in Figure 11. Exemplary Embodiments

[0065] As used hereinafter, any reference to a series of embodiments (e.g., "Embodiments 1-4") or an unrecited group of embodiments (e.g., "any preceding or subsequent embodiment") should be understood as a disjunctive reference to each of those embodiments (e.g., "Embodiments 1-4" should be understood as "Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4").

[0066] Aspect 1 is a method for making a 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate, the method comprising: forming a pretreatment film on a surface of a 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate to provide a pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate; and forming a coating weight of the pretreatment film on a surface of the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate to provide a pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate. 2 and controlling:

[0067] Example 2 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein producing the pretreated film comprises contacting a 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate with a pretreatment solution.

[0068] Aspect 3 is the method of any preceding or subsequent aspect, wherein the pretreatment solution comprises chromium, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, or a combination thereof.

[0069] Example 4 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the pretreatment solution comprises trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), a phosphate, or a combination thereof.

[0070] Example 5 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the pretreatment solution comprises a compound of titanium and zirconium (Ti / Zr).

[0071] Example 6 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the contacting comprises spraying, roll coating, or dipping at least a portion of the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate.

[0072] In embodiment 7, the coating weight of the pretreated film is 3 mg / ft 2 ~9mg / ft 2 The method of any preceding or subsequent aspect, wherein

[0073] Example 8 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the pretreated film has a thickness of at most 300 nm or at most 250 nm.

[0074] Example 9 is the method of any of the preceding or subsequent examples, wherein the pre-treated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate has a coefficient of friction after 2 cycles according to ASTM No. G99 of less than 0.5.

[0075] Example 10 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, further comprising degreasing at least a portion of a surface of the aluminum alloy substrate prior to producing the pretreatment film.

[0076] Example 11 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the degreasing comprises contacting at least a portion of the substrate with an acidic solution, an alkaline solution, an alkaline organic compound, or a combination thereof.

[0077] Example 12 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, further comprising preheating the aluminum alloy substrate to a temperature less than 300° C. prior to producing the pretreated film.

[0078] Example 13 is the method of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate is AA5182.

[0079] Example 14 is an aluminum alloy substrate prepared according to the method of any of the preceding or subsequent examples.

[0080] Example 15 is the aluminum alloy substrate of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the pretreatment film has a thickness of up to 300 nm.

[0081] Example 16 is the aluminum alloy substrate of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the pretreatment film has a thickness of up to 250 nm.

[0082] Example 17 is the aluminum alloy substrate of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate has a coefficient of friction after 2 cycles according to ASTM No. G99 of less than 0.5.

[0083] Example 18 is the aluminum alloy substrate of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the pretreatment film comprises trivalent chromium.

[0084] Example 19 is the aluminum alloy substrate of any preceding or subsequent example, wherein the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate is AA5182.

[0085] Embodiment 20 is a beverage container comprising an aluminum alloy substrate according to any preceding or subsequent embodiment.

[0086] Example 21 is a beverage container of any preceding or subsequent example, further comprising a 1xxx series aluminum alloy or a 3xxx series aluminum alloy.

[0087] Example 22 is a beverage tab comprising an aluminum alloy substrate according to any of the preceding examples.

[0088] All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The foregoing description of embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment, has been presented only for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed. Numerous modifications, adaptations, and uses thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A method for producing a 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate, comprising: forming a pretreatment film on a surface of a 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate to provide a pretreated 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate; The coating weight of the pretreated film was 10 mg / ft. ２ Controlling the following: The method comprising:

2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein producing the pretreated film comprises contacting the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate with a pretreatment solution.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the pretreatment solution comprises chromium, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, or a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the pretreatment solution comprises trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), a phosphate, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the pretreatment solution comprises a compound of titanium and zirconium (Ti / Zr).

6. The method of any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein contacting comprises spraying, roll coating, or dipping at least a portion of the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate.

7. The coating weight of the pretreated film is 3 mg / ft ２ ~9 mg / ft ２ The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the pre-treatment film has a thickness of up to 300 nm.

9. 9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the pretreated 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate has a coefficient of friction of less than 0.5 after 2 cycles according to ASTM No. G99.

10. 10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising degreasing at least a portion of the surface of the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate prior to producing the pretreatment film.

11. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein degreasing comprises contacting at least a portion of the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate with an acidic solution, an alkaline solution, an alkaline organic compound, or a combination thereof.

12. 12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising preheating the 5xxx series aluminum alloy substrate to a temperature less than 300°C prior to producing the pretreated film.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate is AA5182.

14. An aluminum alloy substrate prepared according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 13.

15. The coating weight of the pretreated film is 3 mg / ft ２ ~9 mg / ft ２ The aluminum alloy substrate according to claim 14, wherein

16. 16. The aluminum alloy substrate of claim 15, wherein the pretreatment film has a thickness of up to 300 nm.

17. The aluminum alloy substrate according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate has a coefficient of friction after 2 cycles according to ASTM No. G99 of less than 0.

5.

18. The aluminum alloy substrate according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the pretreatment film comprises trivalent chromium.

19. The aluminum alloy substrate according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein the 5xxx-series aluminum alloy substrate is AA5182.

20. A beverage container comprising the aluminum alloy substrate according to any one of claims 14 to 19.

21. 21. The beverage container of claim 20, further comprising a 1xxx-series aluminum alloy or a 3xxx-series aluminum alloy.

22. A beverage tab comprising the aluminum alloy substrate according to any one of claims 14 to 21.

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