Modular Connector Assembly

Abstract

A modular connector and method is disclosed that provides two sides of the connector in a modular and interchangeable manner. The modular design can be enhanced to add various useful features to one or both sides of the connector, including the use of rods, hooks, rod receivers of various configurations, etc. This modular approach can allow for the assembly of a variety of unique connectors from a pool of interchangeable components while minimizing manufacturing cost and complexity.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to surgical implants, and more particularly to modular connector assemblies utilized in various surgical procedures, such as posterior fixation techniques utilized in spinal surgery. [Background technology]

[0002] Typically, surgical connectors utilized in posterior fixation spine procedures are devices having two sides configured to connect various spinal fixation components. One such type of connector is a lateral connector, featuring a first side configured to capture a rod and a second side featuring the rod extending at an angle relative to the axis of the captured rod. Various other types of connector assemblies are also possible. Manufacturing such connectors can be difficult because forming such connectors from a single piece of stock can require a large amount of material to be removed, and implant size can limit available manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, the strength of the connection between the two sides of the connector can be limited by profile and geometric considerations. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] Therefore, there is a need for improved surgical connectors, including improved lateral connectors and other connectors that address the shortcomings of current techniques. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Disclosed herein is a modular connector that addresses shortcomings in current approaches by providing two sides of the connector in a modular and interchangeable manner. The modular design can be enhanced to add various useful features to one or both sides of the connector. This modular approach can enable users to assemble a variety of unique connector assemblies from a pool of interchangeable components.

[0005] In one aspect, a modular connector assembly can include a first connector having a first opening configured to receive a spinal fixation element therein and a second connector extending into the first connector through a second opening formed in the first connector. The second connector can have a bore formed at a first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector. The assembly can further include a coupler disposed within the first connector and passing through the bore of the second connector to prevent separation between the first and second connectors.

[0006] Any of a variety of alternative or additional features can be included and are considered within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the assembly can further include a set screw threadably coupled to the first connector. In some embodiments, the assembly can further include a spinal fixation element disposed within the first opening of the first connector, the set screw being capable of urging the spinal fixation element toward the coupler.

[0007] In certain embodiments, the second end of the second connector can extend through the first opening of the third connector, and the second coupler can be disposed within the third connector and pass through a bore formed in the second end of the second connector to prevent separation of the second connector and the third connector. In some embodiments, at least one of the first connector and the third connector can be configured to pivot relative to the second connector.

[0008] In certain embodiments, the first opening may be substantially U-shaped with an open proximal end and is defined by spaced arms of the first connector.

[0009] In some embodiments, the first opening can be formed through opposing side walls of the first connector with a closed proximal end.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the first connector can include an internally threaded surface configured to mate with the external threads of the set screw.

[0011] In some embodiments, the second opening of the first connector can have a shape that substantially matches the shape of the portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the second opening of the first connector can have a shape that is larger in one dimension than a shape of a portion of the second connector extending through the second opening such that the second connector can pivot in one direction relative to the first connector. In some embodiments, the assembly can further include a spring disposed within the first connector and configured to provide a resistance force against pivotal movement of the second connector relative to the first connector.

[0013] In some embodiments, the second connector can include a rod extending from the first connector, hi certain embodiments, the second end of the rod can have a flange.

[0014] In certain embodiments, the second connector can include spaced apart arms defining a substantially C-shaped opening having an open end opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

[0015] In some embodiments, the second connector can include an opening formed through a sidewall of the second connector having a closed proximal end.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the second connector can include a hook formed opposite a first end of the second connector that is disposed within the first connector.

[0017] In some embodiments, the second connector can include a plurality of auxiliary fixation openings formed opposite a first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the second connector can include a rectangular body having a plurality of bores formed therein opposite a first end of the second connector that is disposed within the first connector.

[0019] In some embodiments, the coupler can include a proximally facing rod-receiving surface, hi certain embodiments, the rod-receiving surfaces can include either a curved surface or opposing planar surfaces that are angled toward one another.

[0020] In certain embodiments, the coupler can include a distally extending post configured to extend through a bore formed in the second connector.

[0021] In some embodiments, the coupler can include spaced apart arms configured to mate with retention features on an inner surface of the first connector to prevent removal of the coupler from the first connector.

[0022] In another aspect, a method of assembling modular connectors can include inserting a first connector through an opening in a second connector to dispose a first end of the first connector within the second connector, and can further include inserting a coupler through a second opening in the second connector and a bore formed in the first end of the first connector to prevent separation of the first and second connectors.

[0023] Similar to the devices described above, the methods disclosed herein can include any of a variety of additional or alternative steps deemed within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the method can further include threading a set screw into the first connector. In certain embodiments, the method can further include inserting a spinal fixation element into the first connector and rotating the set screw to urge the spinal fixation element toward the coupler.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the method can further include inserting a second end of the first connector into an opening of the third connector and inserting a second coupler into the third connector through a bore formed in the second end of the first connector to prevent separation of the first connector and the third connector. In some embodiments, the method can include pivoting at least one of the second connector and the third connector relative to the first connector.

[0025] In some embodiments, the method can further include inserting a spring into the second connector to provide resistance to pivotal movement of the first connector relative to the second connector. In certain embodiments, the method can further include inserting the coupler through a bore formed in the spring.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the method can further include pivoting the first connector relative to the second connector.

[0027] Any of the features or variations described herein may be applied to any particular aspect or embodiment of the present disclosure in several different combinations, and the explicit description of any particular combination is omitted, but only to avoid unnecessary length or repetition. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0028] Aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure can be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B is a rear perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 1A. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a connector rod. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a connector body. [Figure 4] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a rod seat. [Figure 5] 1 is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure showing the sequence of assembly. FIG. [Figure 6A] FIG. 1 is a top view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 6A. [Figure 6C] FIG. 6B is a front view of the modular assembly of FIG. 6A. [Figure 7A] FIG. 12 is a side view of one embodiment of a connector body. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B is a front view of the connector body of FIG. 7A. [Figure 7C] FIG. 7B is a top view of the connector of FIG. 7A. [Figure 7D] 7B is a cross-sectional top view of the connector body of FIG. 7A taken along line 705 of FIG. 7B. [Figure 8] FIG. 10 is a top view of an embodiment of a connector rod. [Figure 9A] FIG. 1 is a top view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 9A. [Figure 9C] FIG. 9B is a front view of the modular assembly of FIG. 9A. [Figure 10A] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 10B] FIG. 10B is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 10A. [Figure 11A] FIG. 12 is a side view of one embodiment of a connector body. [Figure 11B] FIG. 11B is a front view of the connector body of FIG. 11A. [Figure 11C] FIG. 11B is a top view of the connector body of FIG. 11A. [Figure 11D] 11B is a cross-sectional top view of the connector body of FIG. 11A taken along line 1105 of FIG. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is a top view of an embodiment of a connector rod. [Figure 13A] FIG. 1 is a top view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 13B] FIG. 13B is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 13A. [Figure 13C] FIG. 13B is a front view of the modular assembly of FIG. 13A. [Figure 14A] FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 14B] FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 14A. [Figure 15A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 15B] FIG. 15B is an exploded perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 15A. [Figure 16A] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional detail view of one embodiment of a rod seat partially inserted into a connector body. [Figure 16B] FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional detail view of the rod seat fully inserted into the connector body of FIG. 16A. [Figure 17A] FIG. 1 is a top view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 17B] FIG. 17B is an alternative top view of the modular assembly of FIG. 17A. [Figure 17C] FIG. 17B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 17A. [Figure 17D] FIG. 17B is a top view of the connector rod of the modular assembly of FIG. 17A. [Figure 17E] FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 17A. [Figure 18A] 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure having a connector body and hooks in a first orientation; [Figure 18B] 18B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 18A with the hooks in a second orientation. [Figure 18C] 18B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 18A with the hooks in a third orientation. [Figure 18D] 18B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 18A with the hooks in a fourth orientation. [Figure 19A] 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure having a connector body and a multi-point fixation component; FIG. [Figure 19B] FIG. 19B is an alternative perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 19A. [Figure 19C] 19B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 19A, in which the multi-point fixation adapter includes an extended connecting rod portion. [Figure 19D] FIG. 19D is an alternative perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 19C. [Figure 20A] FIG. 1 is a top view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure having a first connector body and a second in-line connector. [Figure 20B] FIG. 20B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 20A. [Figure 20C] FIG. 20B is another perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 20A. [Figure 21] FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure having a first connector body and a second C-shaped connector body. [Figure 22A] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 21. [Figure 22B] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the C-shaped connector body of FIG. 21. [Figure 23] FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure having a first connector body and a second O-shaped connector body. [Figure 24A] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 23. [Figure 24B] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the O-shaped connector body of FIG. 23. [Figure 25A] FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 25B] FIG. 25B is a perspective view of the modular assembly of FIG. 25A. [Figure 26A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular connector assembly according to the present disclosure. [Figure 26B] FIG. 26B is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 26A. [Figure 26C] FIG. 26B is a bottom view of the modular assembly of FIG. 26A. [Figure 27A] FIG. 26B is a top view of the modular assembly of FIG. 26A coupled to a spinal rod. [Figure 27B] FIG. 26B is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 26A coupled to a spinal rod. [Figure 28] FIG. 10 is a top view of an embodiment of a rear fixation structure utilizing a modular connector assembly. [Figure 29] FIG. 10 is a top view of an embodiment of a rear fixation structure utilizing a modular connector assembly. [Figure 30] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular assembly according to the present disclosure having a flanged connector rod. [Figure 31A] FIG. 31 is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 30. [Figure 31B] FIG. 31 is a bottom view of the modular assembly of FIG. 30. [Figure 32] FIG. 31 is a top view of the modular assembly of FIG. 30 coupled to a spinal rod. [Figure 33] FIG. 31 is a side view of the modular assembly of FIG. 30 coupled to a spinal rod. [Figure 34] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a rear fixation structure utilizing a modular connector assembly. [Figure 35] FIG. 10 is a top view of an embodiment of a rear fixation structure utilizing a modular connector assembly. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The devices, systems, and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting embodiments. Features illustrated or described in connection with one embodiment may be combined with features of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, to the extent that linear, circular, or other dimensions are used in describing the disclosed devices and methods, such dimensions are not intended to limit the types of shapes that can be used in conjunction with such devices and methods. Equivalent dimensions can be determined for different geometries, etc. Furthermore, like-numbered components of the embodiments may generally have similar characteristics. Still further, the size and shape of a device and its components may depend at least on the anatomy of the subject with whom the device is used, the size and shape of the object with which the device is used, and the method and procedure for which the device is used.

[0030] 1A and 1B illustrate one embodiment of a modular connector assembly utilizing a statically positioned connector rod extending from one side of a connector body configured to capture a spinal fixation element within its U-shaped recess. In FIG. 1A, the modular connector assembly 100 can include a connector body 104 and a connector rod 102 having a first end (not shown in FIG. 1A , see FIG. 2 ) that can be coupled to the connector body 104. The connector body 104 can have a proximal portion defined by a pair of spaced-apart arms 108 a, 108 b that form a U-shaped recess or opening 106 (also referred to as a rod-receiving recess) therebetween for receiving a spinal fixation element (not shown), such as a spinal rod. The inner surfaces of the spaced-apart arms 108 a, 108 b can include a threaded surface 114 that can engage a set screw or other locking element received therebetween to lock the spinal rod within the connector body 104. As discussed in detail below, connector body 104 may have multiple separate engagement or attachment features to facilitate coupling connector body 104 to a surgical instrument during use.

[0031] For example, the proximal end of the connector body 104 may include a groove or channel 110 in the outer surface of the proximal end of the connector body 104 (i.e., in each of the spaced arms 108a, 108b). This groove 110 may define a “top notch” feature that may engage a corresponding portion of an instrument, such as a protrusion, to facilitate coupling of an instrument to the connector body 104. The connector body 104 may also include a proximal rocker feature or recess 112 formed therein, which may facilitate distal reduction of a rod or other spinal fixation element into the U-shaped recess 106 of the connector body 104. The proximal rocker feature 112 may allow a rocker instrument to pivotally couple to the connector body 104 via a leverage or rocking motion for reduction of the spinal fixation element into the connector body 104. The proximal rocker feature 112 may be a bilateral circular depression or recess that intersects the top notch feature 110. Additionally or alternatively, the connector body 104 may include a more distal recess 113 (FIG. 1B) formed in the connector body 104 by a swaging operation that is used to retain the rod seat within the connector body 104. In some embodiments, this more distal recess may also be utilized as a locker feature to facilitate reduction of the spinal fixation element into the U-shaped recess 106 of the connector body 104. Additional disclosure of lockers and other features that may be included in the connector body 104, which may be similar to a polyaxial screw receiving head, is provided in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2022 / 0280200, entitled "Multi-feature Polyaxial Screw," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0032] 2-4 illustrate the individual modular components of a connector assembly similar to that shown in FIG. 1A, including the rod of FIG. 2, the connector body of FIG. 3, and the rod seat of FIG. 4. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a connector rod 202 of the present disclosure. The connector rod 202 can include a first end 222 configured to couple to a socket in the connector body and a second end 224 that can be received within a rod-receiving recess, such as a polyaxial bone screw, that can be coupled to another surgical component or instrument. The first end 222 can have a substantially cylindrical shape with a flat surface 226 for securely coupling the connector rod 202 to the connector body 304 via a complementary-shaped socket. The first end 222 can also include a slot or bore 228 for receiving the rod seat 440 within the connector body 304, thereby securing the components together.

[0033] The connector rod 202 may include a taper 230 between the first end 222 and the second end 224 of the connector rod 202. In some embodiments, the first end 222 may include opposing flat surfaces for coupling to a connector body. Thus, in some embodiments, the first end 222 may have a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the second end 224.

[0034] Figure 3 illustrates one embodiment of a connector body 304 having an opening or socket 316 configured to couple to the connector rod 202 of Figure 2. The opening 316 can have a shape complementary to the first end 222 of the connector rod 202. The connector body 304 of Figure 3 can also include any of the features described herein, such as those discussed above with respect to the connector body 104 of Figure 1A.

[0035] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a rod seat 440. The rod seat 440 can include a proximal end 442 having a substantially U-shaped, V-shaped, or other similarly shaped surface on which a spinal rod can be seated. For example, in some embodiments, the proximal surface 442 can have a U-shaped surface with a radius of curvature that matches the radius of curvature of the spinal fusion rod received thereon. In some embodiments, the surfaces can have opposing planar or flat surfaces that are angled relative to each other, which can facilitate interfacing with spinal fusion rods of various diameters. On the outer surface 443 of the proximal end 442, the rod seat 440 can include a recess or indentation 444 for locking the rod seat 440 into the connector body via a swaging operation. The rod seat 440 can include a distal post 446 configured to pass through the bore or slot 228 of the connector rod 202. For example, when the rod seat 440 is inserted into the connector body 304 having the connector rod 202 inserted into the socket 316 of the connector body, the distal post 446 can pass through the slot 228 of the connector rod 202 and then be locked into place within the connector body 304 by a swaging operation, thereby connecting the components together. The rod seat 440 can be locked into the connector body in several ways, including a swage lock or a press-fit lock as described herein, as described below.

[0036] FIG. 5 illustrates an assembly process for one embodiment of a modular assembly similar to that shown in FIG. 1A. First, the connector rod 502 can be inserted laterally into a socket 516 formed in the connector body 504. In some embodiments, the connector rod 502 and socket 516 can be sized to provide a press fit or at least some degree of provisional retention when the connector rod 502 is inserted into the socket 516. After the connector rod 502 is inserted into the socket 516 of the connector body 504, the rod seat 540 can be advanced distally from its proximal end into the U-shaped opening 506 of the connector body 504. A distally extending post 546 on the rod seat 540 can pass through a bore 528 formed in the first end 522 of the connector rod 502 to prevent the connector rod 502 from separating from the connector body 504. In some embodiments, the rod seat 540 can then be locked into place within the U-shaped opening 506 of the connector body 504 using a swaging action or a press-fit connection.

[0037] 6A-6C illustrate another embodiment of a modular connector assembly including a connector body and a statically positioned connector rod extending from a socket formed in the connector body. In FIG. 6A, a top view of the modular connector assembly 600 is shown, with a rod seat 640 positioned within the connector body 604. The connector rod 602 extends perpendicularly from the central longitudinal axis of the rod seat 640. In FIG. 6B, a side cross-sectional view of the modular assembly 600 of FIG. 6A can be seen. The connector body 604 can include a pair of spaced-apart arms 608a, 608b forming a U-shaped recess 606 at the proximal end of the connector body 604. The inner surface of each spaced-apart arm 608a, 608b includes threads 616 for coupling to a set screw. The outer surface of each spaced-apart arm 608a, 608b can include an upper notch feature 610 and various locker features for engaging various instruments. The connector body 604 may also include an end slot 618 at the distal end of the connector body 604. The end slot 618 may receive a distal post 646 of the rod seat 640 and help strengthen the connection between the connector rod 602, the connector body 604, and the rod seat. In certain embodiments, the distal post 646 of the rod seat 640 has a length that allows the end of the distal post 646 to be flush with the bottom of the connector body 604 when the connector body 604 and the rod seat 640 are coupled.

[0038] The connector body 604 can receive the connector rod 602 through a distal socket 616. The first end 622 of the connector rod 602 can include opposing flat surfaces 626a, 626b for coupling to the socket 616 of the connector body 604, and the socket 616 can have corresponding surfaces such that the interface between the connector body 604 and the rod 602 resists relative movement therebetween.

[0039] 6C shows a front view of the connector system of FIG. 6A. In this view, the connector rod 602 extends from the connector body 604 at an angle perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of the connector body 604. The exterior surface of the proximal end 608 of the connector body 604 (i.e., the exterior surface of one of the pair of spaced arms) can include an upper notch feature 610 and a proximal rocker feature 612 for coupling various instruments to the connector body 604. As mentioned above, various other features can also be incorporated into the connector body 604, such as various tapers or other shapes, features to facilitate engagement with an instrument via one or both of the spaced arms, etc. Additional disclosure regarding such features can be found in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Publication No. 2022 / 0280200, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0040] 7A-7D illustrate in more detail one embodiment of a connector body similar to that shown in FIG. 6A. In FIG. 7A, connector body 704 includes a pair of spaced apart arms 708a, 708b that form a U-shaped recess 706 at the proximal end of connector body 704. The outer surface of each spaced apart arm 708a, 708b includes an upper notch feature 710 for engaging various instruments. Near the distal end of connector body 704 is a socket 716 for receiving a connector rod. Notably, the socket 716 for receiving the connector rod does not extend all the way through to the opposing outer surface 704″ of the connector body 704. FIG. 7B shows the front surface 704′ of the connector body 704 of FIG. 7A, including the socket 716. As mentioned above, the proximal end of the connector body 704 may include an upper notch feature 710. Additionally or alternatively, the proximal end may include a proximal locker feature 712. The socket 716 may have a shape that complements the cross-sectional shape of the connector rod with which it is used. In some embodiments, the socket 716 may be substantially circular or oval in shape. In some embodiments, the socket 716 may include at least one flat surface 716a that corresponds to a flat surface on the first end of the connector rod. The inclusion of a non-circular feature such as a flat surface 716a can ensure proper assembly of the connector body to the connector rod (i.e., the rod can only be inserted in a desired orientation relative to the body) and can help resist relative movement between the rod and body once assembled.

[0041] Figure 7C depicts a top view of the connector body 704 of Figure 7A. From this view, a pair of spaced apart arms 708a, 708b form a recess 706. An end slot 718 can be seen at the distal end 719 of the connector body 704. Figure 7D shows a cross-sectional view taken from dotted line 705 of Figure 7B. The distal socket 716 does not extend through the opposite side 704" of the connector body 704 and represents a stop for insertion of a first end of a connector rod into the connector body 704. Furthermore, the width 707 of the socket 716 can closely match the diameter or width of the rod to be used therewith, so that the rod, once inserted into the socket 716, cannot pivot to the left or right in the view of FIG. 7D. These features can help maintain the connector rod in a desired orientation relative to the connector body 704 after assembly. Furthermore, at least the socket width 707 can be in contrast to embodiments described below, which provide some rod movement after assembly, e.g., pivoting about the central axis of the connector body.

[0042] FIG. 8 illustrates in more detail one embodiment of a connector rod 802 similar to the rod of FIG. 6A . Its outer shape can be configured to match the contour of a socket formed in the connector body, as shown in FIGS. 7B and 7D , to resist relative movement between the connector rod and the connector body when coupled by inserting the connector rod into the socket of the connector body. As shown, the connector rod 802 can include a first end 822 and a second end 824. The first end 822 can have at least one flat surface 826 for mating with the socket of the connector body. The first end 822 can also include a bore or slot 828 for receiving a distal post of a rod seat. In some embodiments, the first end 822 of the connector rod can include a rounded end portion 823. The rounded end portion 823 can match the shape of the interior surface of the connector body (e.g., the curve 709 shown in FIG. 7D ). The connector rod 802 may also include a taper 830 that allows the first end 822 and the second end 824 of the connector rod 802 to have different diameters. The second end 824 of the connector rod 802 may be substantially cylindrical, although other shapes are possible and may be utilized for coupling to additional or alternative instruments or tools. For example, in some embodiments, the posterior fixation structure may include capturing the second end 824 of the connector rod 802 within a receiver head of a polyaxial bone screw implanted within the patient.

[0043] 9A-9C illustrate one example of an alternative modular connector body type that may be utilized. In particular, the illustrated connector body is a closed-top body 904, which may be referred to as an “O”-shaped connector body, as opposed to the embodiment described above having a U-shaped recess that is open at its proximal end, which may be referred to as a “U”-shaped connector. Thus, the modular assembly shown in FIGS. 9A-9C may be referred to as an “OR” assembly (i.e., an “O”-shaped connector body on one side of the assembly and a connecting rod on the other), while the embodiment described above may be referred to as a “UR” assembly (i.e., a “U”-shaped connector body on one side of the assembly and a connecting rod on the other). The closed-top connector body 904 may include a rod capture bore 962 formed along the horizontal or medial-lateral axis 901 of the closed-top connector body 904 (i.e., perpendicular to the longitudinal or proximal-distal axis 903 of the connector body). The connector body 904 may also include a set screw bore 905 formed in the proximal end 904p or closed top of the connector body 904 for coupling a set screw 950 to the closed-top connector body 904. The closed-top connector body 904 may include a socket 916 for receiving a statically positioned connector rod 902 that extends perpendicular to the axis of a rod capture bore 962 formed in the body of the closed-top connector 904. The closed-top connector body 904 may capture a spinal rod 960 by sliding the spinal rod 960 through the rod capture bore 962 and securing the spinal rod 960 with the set screw 950, rather than by top-loading into a U-shaped rod seat, as is possible in the previously described embodiments.

[0044] FIG. 9A depicts a top view of a modular connector assembly utilizing a closed-top connector body 904. The closed-top connector body 904 can include a substantially planar proximal end 904p. A set screw bore 905 in the proximal end 904p can allow a set screw 950 to couple to the closed-top connector body 904. A spinal rod 960 can extend through a rod capture bore in the closed-top connector body 904. The connector rod 902 can couple to the closed-top connector body 904 via a socket 916. FIG. 9B shows a side view of the connector system of FIG. 9A. The spinal rod 960 can extend through a rod capture bore 962 that follows a horizontal axis 901 through the closed-top connector body 904. A set screw 950 can be coupled to the closed-top connector body 904 through the proximal end 904p of the closed-top connector body 904, thereby securing a spinal rod 960 within the rod capture bore 962. A socket 916 in the closed-top connector body 904 can receive the connector rod 902 so that the rod extends perpendicular to the horizontal axis 901 of the rod capture bore 962. However, in some embodiments, the socket 916 can be rotated 90 degrees or any other angle about the axis 903 so that the connector rod 902 can extend parallel to the rod 960 or at any desired angle relative thereto. Such modifications are possible with respect to any of the various embodiments disclosed herein. FIG. 9C further illustrates the rod capture bore 962 and the vertical axes 901, 903 of the connector rod 902. The connector body 904 of FIGS. 9A-9C can also include any of the features described herein, such as those described above with respect to the connector body of FIG. 1A.

[0045] 10A and 10B illustrate an embodiment of a modular connector assembly 1000 in which the connector rod can pivot relative to the connector body through a range of motion. For example, when implanted in a patient's spine, this may provide the connector rod with the ability to pivot or move in the coronal plane. These figures show a side view of a modular connector assembly with a pivotable connector rod. The modular connector assembly 1000 may include a connector body 1004, a connector rod 1002, a rod seat 1040, and a spring or biasing element 1048. The connector body 1004 may include any of the features described herein, including a socket 1016 for receiving a first end 1022 of the connector rod 1002. As described further below, the width of the socket 1016 may be greater than the width of the first end 1022 of the connector rod 1002 so that the connector rod 1002 can pivot between the bounding ends of the socket 1016. The connector rod 1002 may include at least one flat surface 1026 to facilitate coupling of the connector body 1004 to the socket 1016 in the correct orientation and to resist relative rotation of the connector rod with respect to the connector body other than the pivotal movement permitted by the wider socket. The spring 1048 may be positioned within the connector body 1004 such that a bore (not shown) in the spring aligns with the bore of the connector rod 1002 and the end bore of the connector body 1004 when the connector rod 1002 is coupled to the connector body 1004. Thus, the distal post 1046 of the rod seat 1044 may pass through corresponding bores in the spring 1048, as well as the bore of the connector rod 1002 and the end slot of the connector body 1004 when the rod seat 1040 is coupled to the modular connector system 1000. The spring 1048 may provide a preload or resistance force to the connector rod 1002 such that pivoting the connector rod 1002 relative to the connector body 1004 requires overcoming the preload or resistance force.

[0046] FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate in more detail one embodiment of a connector body 1104 similar to the connector body 1004 of FIGS. 10A and 10B. Similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 7A-7D, the connector body of FIG. 11A includes a pair of spaced-apart arms 1108a, 1108b forming a U-shaped recess 1106 at the proximal end 1104p of the connector body 1104. The outer surface of each spaced-apart arm 1108a, 1108b includes an upper notch feature 1110 for engaging various instruments. Near the distal end of the connector body is a socket 1116 for receiving a connector rod. FIG. 11B shows the front end 1104f of the connector body 1104, including the socket 1116. The socket 1116 formed in the connector body 1104 has a contour that allows pivotal movement of the rod relative to the connector body 1104. For example, the socket 1116 can have an elongated oval shape with a width greater than the width of the connector rod, allowing space within the socket 1116 for the connector rod to pivot. Comparing the width 1107 of the socket 1116 to the width 707 of the socket 716 in FIGS. 7A-7D also highlights this distinction between the embodiments. The socket 1116 can include at least one flat surface 1116a that corresponds to the flat surface on the first end of the connector rod. In some embodiments, the socket 1116 can include opposing proximal-distal flat surfaces 1116a, 1116b that correspond to the opposing flat surfaces on the first end of the connector rod. The dotted line 1105 represents the cross section of the connector body shown in FIG. 11D.

[0047] FIG. 11C shows a top view of the connector body of FIG. 11A. A pair of spaced-apart arms form a recess 1106 in the connector body 1104. The connector body 1104 may include an end slot or bore 1118 at the distal end 1104d of the connector body 1104. Additionally, the distal inner surface of the connector body 1104 may include a recess 1117 surrounding the bore 1118, which may receive a spring 1048 or other element configured to apply a preload or drag force on the connector rod. FIG. 11D shows a cross-sectional view taken along dotted line 1105 in FIG. 11B. As shown, the socket 1116 does not extend through both sides of the connector body 1104, and the inner surface of the connector body 1104 opposite the opening of the socket 1116 may have a curved sidewall 1109. For example, comparing the socket 1116 shown in Figures 11B and 11D with that shown in Figures 7B and 7D highlights the larger opening width 1107 of the connector body 1104 to allow for a range of pivotal motion between the connector rod 1102 and the connector body 1104.

[0048] Figure 12 illustrates in more detail one embodiment of a connector rod similar to connector rod 1002 of Figures 10A and 10B. Its outer shape can be configured to match the contour of a socket 1116 formed in connector body 1104, as shown in Figures 11B and 11D, to allow pivotal movement between the connector rod and the connector body. For example, connector rod 1202 can have a first end 1222 having a curved shape to match the curved inner surface 1109 of connector body 1104. The curved shape of first end 1222 can have a larger diameter than the diameter of the remainder of connector rod 1202, which can help secure first end 1222 within connector body 1104. The first end 1222 of the connector rod 1202 can have at least one flat surface 1226 that matches the shape of the socket 1116 in the connector body 1104, which can ensure proper assembly, provide a bearing surface that mates with a rod seat (e.g., rod seat 1040), and help resist undesired relative movement between the two components. The first end 1222 can also include a slot or bore 1228 for receiving the rod seat therethrough. The second end 1224 of the connector rod 1202 can be substantially cylindrical in shape, although various other shapes and sizes are possible.

[0049] 13A-13C illustrate one example of an alternative modular connector body type that can be utilized. In particular, the illustrated connector body 1304 is a closed-top body (a so-called "O"-shaped connector) having a socket 1316 that allows a pivoting connector rod 1302 to extend transversely to the axis 1301 of a rod capture bore 1362 formed in the connector's body 1304. Such a connector body 1304 captures a rod 1360 by introducing it along its longitudinal axis through the rod capture bore 1362, rather than being top-loaded into a U-shaped rod seat, as is possible in the "U"-shaped embodiment described above. The rod 1360 is then secured in the rod capture bore 1362 by a set screw 1350. This embodiment may be similar to the connector shown in FIGS. 9A-9C but may provide the range of rod pivoting motion described with respect to the connector assembly of FIGS. 10A-12. Figure 13A shows a top view of a modular connector system 1300 with a set screw 1350 securing a rod 1360 within a connector body 1304. Figure 13B shows a side view of the modular connector assembly 1300, illustrating the rod 1360 within the rod capture bore 1362 and the rod 1302 extending perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis 1303 of the connector body 1304. Figure 13C depicts a socket 1316 within the connector body 1304 having a width sufficient to allow pivotal movement of the connector rod about the longitudinal axis 1303 of the connector body, and a spherical shape of a first end 1322 of the connector rod seated within the connector body that is wider than the diameter of the second end 1324 of the rod extending therefrom. 13C also shows a perpendicular configuration of the rod capture bore axis 1301, the connector body longitudinal axis 1303, and the longitudinal axis of the connector rod (extending out of the plane of the page of this figure). However, the connector rod 1302 can deviate from this perpendicular configuration at least relative to axis 1301 in that it can pivot about axis 1303.

[0050] The modular assemblies described above have been generally described with respect to "OR" or "UR" style connectors, where a connector rod forms one half of the assembly and a "U" or "O" style connector body forms the other half of the assembly. However, other connector assembly configurations are possible, and FIGS. 14A-24B disclose certain alternatives. The present disclosure contemplates a modular platform for assembling connectors having any of a variety of configurations. The disclosed embodiments are examples that can be combined in various ways with other types of connector components within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0051] 14A-14C illustrate one embodiment of a modular connector assembly having a first connector body and a second connector body connected by a rod. The connector bodies may be similar to the "U"-shaped connector bodies described above. Thus, the connector assembly shown in FIGS. 14A-14C may be referred to as a "UU" connector. FIG. 14A is a side view of a modular connector assembly 1400 having a first connector body 1404 and an opposing second connector body 1404'. A statically positioned connector rod 1402 extends into respective sockets 1416, 1416' on each connector body 1404, 1404' and may be coupled to each of the first connector body 1404 and the second connector body 1404' via opposing ends of the rod 1402 that extend into respective sockets 1416, 1416' on each connector body 1404, 1404' and are captured within the connector bodies by respective rod seats 1440, 1440'. Each of the first connector body 1404 and the second connector body 1404' may include any of the features described herein.

[0052] 14B, a cross-sectional view of the modular connector assembly 1400 of FIG. 14A shows a second connector body 1404′ having substantially the same features as the first connector body 1404. The first connector body 1404 can include a proximal pair of spaced apart arms 1408a, 1408b that form a U-shaped opening or recess 1406 in the first connector body 1404. The outer surface of the pair of spaced apart arms 1408a, 1408b can include an upper notch feature 1410 for coupling to various instruments. The inner surface of the pair of spaced apart arms 1408a, 1408b can include threads 1414 for coupling to a set screw. A retention surface or lip 1441 may be positioned distal to the threads 1414 to prevent proximal movement of the rod seat 1440 when it is inserted distally into the first connector body 1404 such that the proximal end of the rod seat passes distally over the lip 1441. The rod seat 1440 may have a distal post 1446 that extends distally through a bore formed in the connector rod 1402 and the connector body 1404. The rod seat 1440 may include any of the features described herein. For example, the end of the rod 1402 may include a flat surface 1425a, 1425b, 1425a', 1425b' facing each end thereof, which may be received in complementary shaped recesses in the connector bodies 1404, 1404' to aid proper assembly and prevent undesired relative movement between the components. Additionally, the first connector body 1404 and the second connector body 1404' can have internal recesses 1407, 1407' configured to receive the terminal ends of the first end 1422 and second end 1424 of the connector rod 1402. The terminal ends 1422, 1424 can include one or more flat surfaces that can mate with flat surfaces formed within the recesses 1407, 1407', respectively, to help resist relative movement or bending of the connector rod 1402 and the connector bodies 1404, 1404', such as rotation of the rod relative to the connector bodies 1404, 1404' about the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 1402.Generally speaking, the configuration of features of the second connector body 1404′ can substantially mirror the features of the first connector body 1404. For example, the second connector body 1404′ can be coupled to the second end 1424 of the connector rod 1402 when the features of the second end 1424 mirror the features of the first end 1422 of the connector rod 1402 for the first and second connector bodies, respectively.

[0053] 15A shows a perspective view of an embodiment of a modular connector assembly 1500 having a first connector body 1504 and a second connector body 1504, 1504′. The embodiment of FIG. 15A can be similar or identical to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. The first connector body 1504 can include a first proximal pair of spaced apart arms 1508a, 1508b creating a U-shaped opening 1506 therebetween. An outer surface of the first pair of spaced apart arms 1508a, 1508b can include an upper notch feature 1510 and a proximal rocker feature 1512. An inner surface of the first pair of spaced apart arms 1508a, 1508b can include threads 1514 and a retaining feature 1541. The retaining feature 1541 can lock the first rod seat 1540 within the first connector body 1504 to prevent proximal removal of the first rod seat after the rod seat has been inserted distally beyond the retaining feature. The connector rod 1502 connects the first connector body 1504 and the second connector body 1504'. The connector rod 1502 is secured to the connector bodies 1504, 1504' by the rod seats 1540, 1540'. The second connector body 1504' includes a second pair of spaced apart arms 1508a', 1508b' having the same features as the first connector body 1504, i.e., an upper notch feature 1510', a proximal rocker feature 1512', threads 1514', and a retaining feature 1541'.

[0054] Figure 15B is an exploded view of the modular connector assembly 1500 of Figure 15A. Further details of the components of the modular connector assembly can be seen in Figure 15B. For example, the first connector body 1504 includes a socket 1516 for receiving a corresponding first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502. The first connector body 1504 also includes an internal recess 1507 having a shape that correlates to the end portion 1523 of the first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502 such that the end portion 1523 couples with the internal recess 1507 when the connector rod 1502 is inserted into the first connector body 1504. The end portion 1523 can include one or more flat surfaces that can mate with flat surfaces formed in the recess 1507 to help resist relative movement or bending of the connector rod 1502 and the connector body 1504, such as rotation of the connector rod 1502 relative to the connector body 1504 about the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 1502. The first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502 further includes a flat surface 1526 extending toward the midline of the rod to aid in coupling to the first connector body 1504 and resisting certain movements, such as rotation of the rod relative to the connector body 1504 about the longitudinal axis of the rod 1502. A bore 1528 in the first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502 allows a distal post 1546 of the first rod seat 1540 to pass through the first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502.

[0055] The second connector body 1504' includes substantially the same features as the first connector body 1504. The second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 includes a flat surface 1526' to aid in coupling to the second connector body 1504' when inserted through the socket 1516' and to resist certain movements, such as rotation of the rod relative to the connector body 1504 about the longitudinal axis of the rod 1502. A bore 1528' in the second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 allows a distal post 1546' of the second rod seat 1540' to pass through the second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 and the second connector body 1504'. The terminal end 1523' of the second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 correlates with an internal recess (not shown in FIG. 15, see recess 1407 in FIG. 14B) within the second connector body 1504' to aid in coupling of the second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 when the connector rod 1502 is inserted into the second connector body 1504'. For example, the terminal end 1523' can include one or more flat surfaces that can mate with flat surfaces formed within the recess of the connector body 1504' to help resist relative movement or bending of the connector rod 1502 and the connector body 1504', such as rotation of the connector rod 1502 relative to the connector body 1504' about the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 1502.

[0056] In assembling the modular connector system 1500, the first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502 can be inserted laterally into the socket 1516 of the first connector body 1504. After insertion of the first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502, the first rod seat 1540 can be advanced distally into the U-shaped opening 1506 of the first connector body 1504. A distal post 1546 on the first rod seat 1540 can pass through a bore 1528 in the first end 1522 of the connector rod 1502 to prevent the connector rod 1502 from separating from the first connector body 1504 (see the cross-sectional view in FIG. 14B ). The rod seat 1540 can have a mid-fit through the bore 1528 in the connector rod 1502. The first rod seat 1540 can be locked in place within the first connector body 1504 by snapping into a retaining feature 1541, as described in more detail below in connection with FIGS. 16A and 16B . The second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 can be inserted into a socket 1516' of the second connector body 1504'. The second rod seat 1540' can be advanced distally into the U-shaped opening 1506' of the second connector body 1504', with the distal post 1546' of the second rod seat 1540' passing through a bore 1528' in the second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502. The rod seat 1540' can have an intermediate fit through the bore 1528' in the connector rod 1502. The second rod seat 1540' can be locked into place within the second connector body 1504' in the same manner as the first rod seat 1540, i.e., by snapping into a retention feature 1541', as described below in connection with FIGS. 16A and 16B. In some embodiments, assembly can begin with insertion of the components associated with the second connector body 1504'. In some embodiments, the first end 1522 and the second end 1524 of the connector rod 1502 can be inserted into the first connector body 1504 and the second connector body 1504' before the first rod seat 1540 and the second rod seat 1540' are advanced distally into the respective connector bodies 1504, 1504'.

[0057] 16A and 16B illustrate detailed views of one embodiment of a rod seat and connector body such as those shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. In FIG. 16A, the rod seat 1640 is partially inserted into the connector body so that its proximal end is disposed proximal to the connector body's retaining feature 1641. In FIG. 16B, the rod seat is fully inserted downward into the connector body so that its proximal end is disposed distal to the connector body's retaining feature 1641. The rod seat 1640 includes a proximal end having a substantially U- or V-shaped rod seating surface 1642 upon which a spinal rod can be seated. In some embodiments, the shape of the proximal rod seating surface can precisely match the diameter of the rod used with the rod seat. In other embodiments, a substantially V-shaped surface, or a surface with opposing planar surfaces angled toward each other (which may or may not meet at a center point), can accommodate the use of a variety of rods having different diameters. The proximal end of the rod seat can form resilient arms 1642a, 1642b that can include outward protrusions 1643a, 1643b having distally facing beveled surfaces and planar proximally facing surfaces 1644a, 1644b. In use, as the rod seat advances distally from the position of FIG. 16A to the position of FIG. 16B , the outward protrusions 1643a, 1643b with their distally facing beveled surfaces can contact the proximally facing sloped surface 1645 of the retaining feature 1641. As the rod seat advances further distally, the resilient arms 1642a, 1642b can deflect inward until they pass distally past the retaining feature 1641, which can be a vertical lip or shoulder formed just distal to the proximally facing sloped surface 1645. Once past the retaining feature 1641, the resilient arms 1642a, 1642b can return outward to their resting position, and the outward protrusions 1643a, 1643b can be disposed within grooves 1647 in the inner sidewall of the connector body. At this point, the rod seat can be locked from being pulled proximally out of the connector body because the planar proximally-facing surfaces 1644a, 1644b of the rod seat will interfere with the distal-facing surfaces of the retaining feature 1641 if the rod seat is moved proximally enough.The proximal-distal extension of the groove 1647 can allow some movement of the rod seat relative to the connector body while preventing complete removal of the rod seat. The rod seat 1640 includes a distal post 1646 configured to pass through a bore 1628 in the connector rod 1602. In FIG. 16B , the rod seat 1640 is coupled to the connector body 1604 and the connector rod 1602. In particular, the planar proximal ends 1642 a, 1642 b contact a retention feature 1641 in the connector body 1604, thereby preventing proximal movement of the rod seat 1640 within the connector body 1604. The distal surface 1640 d of the rod seat 1640 contacts the flat surface 1626 of the connector rod 1602. The distal post 1646 of the rod seat 1640 securely passes through the bore 1628 of the connector rod 1602.

[0058] 17A and 17B illustrate an embodiment of a modular connector assembly of the present disclosure having a first connector body, a second connector body, and a pivotable connector rod. FIG. 17A shows a top view of the modular assembly 1700 having a first connector body 1704 and a second connector body 1704′. Each of the first connector body 1704 and the second connector body 1704′ may include any of the features described herein, in particular a socket 1716, 1716′ for receiving the first or second end, respectively, of the connector rod 1702. The width of each socket 1716, 1716′ may be greater than the width of an intermediate portion of the connector rod 1702 so that the connector rod 1702 can pivot through the width of each socket 1716, 1716′. Each of the first and second ends of the connector rod 1702 may include at least one flat surface 1726 for complementary coupling to a socket 1716, 1716′ in each of the first and second connector bodies 1704, 1704′. A spring (not shown in FIG. 17 , see spring 1048 in FIG. 10A ) within each of the connector bodies 1704, 1704′ may apply a preload or resistance force to the connector rod 1702 such that movement of the connector rod 1702 relative to the first connector body 1704 or the second connector body 1704′ requires overcoming the preload or resistance force. As shown in FIG. 17A, each of the first and second ends of the connector rod 1702 may be independently pivotable, i.e., the first end may pivot within the socket 1716 of the first connector body 1704 simultaneously with, and independently of, the second end within the socket 1716' of the second connector body 1704'. However, in some embodiments, only one of the connectors may be pivotally movable, while the other is fixed. FIG. 17B further depicts a top view of the pivotable connection of the modular connector assembly 1700 of FIG. 17A.17A and 17B, the second end of the connector rod 1702 can pivot from a first side 1716i of the socket 1716' of the second connector body 1704' in Figure 17A to a second side 1716k of the socket 1716' in Figure 17B. Additionally, the first end of the connector rod 1702 can pivot from a first side 1716h of the socket 1716 of the first connector body 1704 in Figure 17A to a second side 1716j of the socket 1716 of the first connector body 1704 in Figure 17B.

[0059] Figure 17C shows a perspective view of the modular connector system 1700 of Figure 17A in further detail. In Figure 17C, a first rod seat 1740 connects the first end 1722 of the connector rod 1702 to the first connector body 1704. A second rod seat 1740' connects the second end 1724 of the connector rod 1702 to the second connector body 1704'. The sockets 1716, 1716' of the first connector body 1704 and the second connector body 1704' each have a width greater than the width of the central portion of the connector rod 1702, thus allowing the connector rod 1702 to pivot within a limited range within each of the sockets 1716, 1716' of the first connector body 1704 and the second connector body 1704'.

[0060] FIG. 17D shows a top view of the connector rod 1702 of the modular connector system 1700 of FIG. 17A. The first end 1722 and the second end 1724 of the connector rod 1702 each have a shape substantially similar to the first end of the connector rod of FIG. 12. In particular, the first end 1722 and the second end 1724 of the connector rod 1702 each have an outer shape configured to match the contours of respective sockets formed in the connector bodies. The first end 1722 and the second end 1724 can have a curved shape with a diameter larger than the diameter of the central portion of the connector rod 1702. The first end 1722 and the second end 1724 can each have at least one flat surface 1726 to match the shape of the sockets of the first and second connector bodies. Each of the first end 1722 and the second end 1724 may also include a bore 1728, 1728' for receiving a distal post of the rod seat.

[0061] FIG. 17E shows a cross-sectional view of the modular assembly 1700. The figure illustrates a connector rod 1702 configuration having a first end 1722 coupled to a first connector body 1704 and a second end 1724 coupled to a second connector body 1704′. The first end 1722 and second end 1724 of the connector rod 1702 can have substantially mirror-image features, as described above. For example, the first end 1722 can include a pair of opposing flat surfaces 1726a, 1726b that can match the shape of the inner surface of the first connector body 1704. The first end 1722 can also have an outer shape, such as a curved surface 1727 extending between the flat surfaces 1726a, 1726b, that is configured to match the contours of a socket formed in the connector body 1704. This curved surface can have a diameter larger than the diameter of a central portion of the connector rod 1702. The first end 1722 may include a bore 1728 through which the distal post 1746 of the rod seat 1740 may pass to couple the connector rod 1702 to the first connector body 1704. Similarly, the second end 1724 of the connector rod 1702 may include a pair of opposing flat surfaces 1726a', 1726b' to aid in coupling to the second connector body 1704' and in resisting certain movements, such as rotation of the rod relative to the connector body 1704' about the rod's longitudinal axis. The second end 1724 may also have an outer shape, such as a curved surface 1727' extending between the flat surfaces 1726a' and 1726b', configured to match the contours of a socket formed in the connector body 1704'. This curved surface may have a diameter larger than the diameter of a central portion of the connector rod 1702. The second end 1724 may also include a bore 1728' for passing the distal post 1746' of the rod seat 1740' over the connector rod 1702 and coupling the rod seat 1740' to the second connector body 1704'.

[0062] 18A-18D illustrate another embodiment of a modular connector assembly. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 18A, the assembly 1800 includes a first connector body 1804 having a substantially U-shaped opening 1806 and a substantially hook-shaped second connector body 1870. The first connector body 1804 may be similar to that described in FIGS. 14A-16B, for example, and may include any of the features of the present disclosure. The second connector body 1870, or hook body, includes a convex side 1872 opposite a concave side 1874 that creates the hook shape. The concave side 1874 may be configured to couple to a rod, bar, or part of the patient's anatomy. The hook body 1870 may include a connector rod portion 1802 on the second end of the connector rod 1802 such that the hook body 1870 and the second end of the connector rod 1802 are unitary or integrally formed, although in some embodiments, they may be formed from separate components coupled to one another. The taper 1830 can connect the hook body 1870 to the connector rod portion 1802 such that the hook body 1870 can have a different dimension than the diameter of the connector rod portion 1802 .

[0063] The connector rod portion 1802 can include a first end 1822 configured to couple to the first connector body 1804. The first end 1822 of the connector rod portion 1802 can include a bore (not shown, see bore 228 in FIG. 2 ) through which the distal post of the rod seat 1840 can pass, thus coupling the hook body 1870 to the first connector body 1804. In some embodiments, the bore in the first end 1822 of the connector rod portion 1802 can extend parallel to the plane of the hook. In some embodiments, the bore can be perpendicular to the plane of the hook. In certain embodiments, the first end 1822 of the connector rod portion 1802 can include both a parallel bore and a perpendicular bore relative to the plane of the hook, such that the parallel bore and the perpendicular bore intersect at a right angle within the first end 1822 of the connector rod portion 1802. In FIG. 18A, the first end 1822 of the connector rod 1802 includes a bore perpendicular to the plane of the hook, which allows the concave side 1874 of the hook body 1870 to face inward or outward relative to the first connector body 1804.

[0064] 18B-18D show the hook body of FIG. 18A in alternative orientations when connected to a first connector body. In FIG. 18B, the first end 1822 of the connector rod portion 1802 includes a bore parallel to the plane of the hook, which allows the concave side 1874 of the hook body 1870 to face distally relative to the first connector body 1804. In FIG. 18C, the hook body 1870 and connector rod portion 1802 of FIG. 18B are rotated 180 degrees so that the concave side 1874 of the hook body 1870 faces proximally relative to the first connector body 1804. In FIG. 18D, the hook body 1870 and connector rod portion 1802 of FIG. 18A are rotated 180 degrees so that the concave side 1874 of the hook body 1870 faces in the opposite inward or outward direction from FIG. 18A. The modular assembly 1800 of Figures 18A-18D can also be referred to as a "UH" connector.

[0065] 19A-19D illustrate another embodiment of a modular connector assembly having an additional bore for inserting a supplemental fixation or multipoint bone screw. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 19A, the assembly 1900 includes a first connector body 1904 having a substantially U-shaped opening 1906 and a second connector body 1980, which is a multipoint or supplemental fixation adapter. The first connector body 1904 can be similar to that described, for example, in FIGS. 14A-16B and can include any of the features of the present disclosure. The second connector body 1980, or multipoint adapter, can have a flattened, substantially oval shape having a proximal side 1980p and a distal side 1980d. The multipoint adapter 1980 can include at least one anchor bore 1982a capable of receiving a bone anchor. In some embodiments, the multipoint adapter 1980 can include a pair of anchor bores 1982a, 1982b passing through it in a proximal-distal direction. The pair of anchor bores 1982a, 1982b can be parallel so that insertion of a pair of bone anchors into the pair of anchor bores 1982a, 1982b allows the pair of anchors to be parallel when coupled to bone. In other embodiments, the anchor bores 1982a, 1982b can be angled in the same or different manners so that auxiliary fixation screws inserted therethrough can pass through the patient's anatomy at different trajectories. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the anchor bores 1982a, 1982b can include threads that can accept screws at different trajectories. Further details regarding possible multi-point or auxiliary fixation bore features and screws for use therewith can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 9,962,192, 10,898,232, 11,426,210, and 11,304,728. The entire contents of each of these patents are incorporated herein by reference.

[0066] The multi-point adapter 1980 can include a connector rod portion 1902, either as a single or integrally formed portion or as a separate component coupled thereto. The proximal and distal surfaces 1980p, 1980d of the multi-point adapter 1980 can transition to the cylindrical shape of the connector rod portion 1902 at a transition point 1980t. The connector rod portion 1902 can include a first end 1922 configured to couple to the first connector body 1904. The first end 1922 can include one or more flats and bores (as described above, not shown) that can allow a distal post of the rod seat 1940 to pass through the connector rod 1902 and couple it to the first connector body 1904.

[0067] Figure 19B shows another view of the modular connector assembly of Figure 19A. In this view, it can be seen that the first connector body 1904 can include features discussed throughout this disclosure, such as a top notch feature 1910, a proximal rocker feature 1912, and a distal rocker feature 1913.

[0068] 19C and 19D show an alternative embodiment of the modular connector assembly of FIG. 19A that includes an elongated connector rod 1902′. Comparing the modular connector assembly 1900 of FIG. 19A to the assembly 1900′ of FIG. 19C, the connector rod 1902′ has a longer length that may enable coupling of the multipoint adapter 1980′ to different anatomical structures than the multipoint adapter 1980 of FIG. 19A. In FIGS. 19C and 19D, the first connector body 1904 and the multipoint adapter 1980′ include substantially the same features as the first connector body 1904 and the multipoint adapter 1980 of FIGS. 19A and 19B. One difference is that the transition point 1980t in FIGS. 19C and 19D is at a distance d from the first connector body 1904 that is greater than the distance separating the transition point 1980t from the connector body 1904 of FIGS. 19A and 19B. The modular systems 1900, 1900' of Figures 19A-19D can also be referred to as "UA" connectors.

[0069] 20A and 20B illustrate another embodiment of the modular connector assembly of the present disclosure. In FIG. 20A , a top view of the modular connector assembly 2000 includes a first connector body 2004 that may be similar to that described in FIGS. 14A-16B , for example, and may include any of the features of the present disclosure. The first connector body 2004 may be coupled to a second connector body 2086, which is an inline connector, via a connector rod portion 2002 of the inline connector 2086. The inline connector 2086 may be used to extend a previous spinal fusion construct in a cranial or caudal direction by coupling to the distal end of a spinal fusion rod, for example, in a revision surgery. Notably, a surface 2090 opposite the connector rod portion 2002 may include an opening 2092 (see FIG. 20C ) formed therein that may receive a rod therethrough. The inline connector 2086 can have a substantially rectangular shape with a substantially planar proximal surface 2086p and a curved distal surface 2086d. The inline connector 2086 can have a length l that is greater than its width w. The proximal surface 2086p of the inline connector 2086 can include a pair of bores 2088a, 2088b. The bores 2088a, 2088b can have threads 2089 and be configured to receive a set screw 2091 (see FIG. 20C ) used to secure any rod inserted into the inline connector against movement relative to the connector 2086. In some embodiments, the proximal surface 2086p of the inline connector 2086 also can include a window 2087 for viewing a rod inserted into the inline connector 2086. The inline connector 2086 can be integrally formed with or coupled to the connector rod portion 2002.

[0070] 20B and 20C show perspective views of the modular assembly of FIG. 20A. Each of the pair of bores 2088a, 2088b can include threads 2089 for coupling to a screw or other threaded component, such as the set screw 2091 described above. The connector rod portion 2002 can include a first end 2022 configured to couple to the first connector body 2004. The first end 2022 can include a bore (as described above, not shown) that can allow a distal post of a rod seat to pass through the connector rod 2002, coupling the rod to the first connector body 2004. The modular assembly 2000 of FIGS. 20A-20C can also be referred to as a "UI" connector.

[0071] 21 illustrates an embodiment of a modular connector assembly having a first connector body and a second connector body of an alternative shape. The modular connector assembly 2100 includes a first connector body 2104 that can have all of the features of the present disclosure. The second connector body 2204 can include a pair of spaced apart arms 2208p, 2208d, where the first arm 2208p extends from a proximal side of the second connector body 2204 and the second arm 2208d extends from a distal side of the second connector body 2204. The pair of spaced apart arms 2208p, 2208d can define a substantially C-shaped opening 2206 in the second connector body 2204. The C-shaped opening 2206 can be capable of receiving a spinal fixation element or rod within the second connector body 2204. The first arm 2208p can include a bore (not shown in FIG. 22A, see bore 2205 in FIG. 22B) capable of receiving a set screw 2250. The set screw 2250 can be threaded into the first arm 2208p such that the rod can be secured within the C-shaped opening 2206.

[0072] The C-shaped opening 2206 can allow a rod to be coupled to the second connector body 2204 at an angle perpendicular to the connector rod portion 2202. The connector rod portion 2202 can connect the second connector body 2204 to the first connector body 2104 via a socket 2116 in the first connector body 2104. In some embodiments, the second connector body 2204 can be integrally formed with or coupled to the connector rod portion 2202 on a second end 2224 of the connector rod 2202 opposite the C-shaped opening 2206. The connector rod portion 2202 can include a first end 2222 (as described above, not shown in FIG. 21 , see FIG. 22B ) configured to couple to the first connector body 2104. The first end 2222 can include a bore (as described above, not shown in FIG. 21, see FIG. 22B) that allows the distal post of the rod seat 2140 to pass through the connector rod 2202 and couple the second connector 2204 to the first connector body 2104.

[0073] 22A and 22B illustrate various components of the modular connector assembly of FIG. 21. As shown in FIG. 22A, the first connector body 2104 can include features discussed in this disclosure, including an upper notch feature 2110, a proximal rocker feature 2112, and internal threads 2114. A rod seat 2140 can couple the connector rod portion 2202 to the first connector body 2104 by passing a distal post (as described above, not shown) of the rod seat 2140 through a bore 2228 (see FIG. 22B) in a first end of the connector rod 2202. The second connector body 2204 can have a pair of spaced apart arms 2208p, 2208d that define a substantially C-shaped opening 2206. A set screw 2250 can be threaded into a bore 2205 in the first arm 2208p on the second connector body 2204.

[0074] 22B shows that the second connector body 2204 and the connector rod portion 2202 may be an integrated unit. A bore 2205 in the first arm of the second connector body may be threaded for coupling to a set screw 2250. The connector rod portion 2202 may have a first end 2222 that may include at least one flat surface 2226 to aid in coupling and securing the second connector body 2204 to the first connector body 2104. A bore 2228 in the first end 2222 of the connector rod portion 2202 may allow a distal post of a rod seat to pass through the connector rod 2202. An end portion 2223 on the first end 2222 of the connector rod 2202 may have a shape complementary to an internal recess (see, for example, recess 1407 in FIG. 14B ) in the first connector body to aid in coupling the connector rod portion 2202 into the first connector body. The modular assembly of Figures 21-22B can also be referred to as a "UC" connector.

[0075] 23 illustrates an embodiment of a modular connector assembly having a first connector body and a second connector body of an alternative shape. The modular connector system 2300 includes a first connector body 2104, which can have any of the features of the present disclosure. The second connector body 2304 can include a closed-top body similar to the closed-top body of FIGS. 9A-9C. The closed-top connector body 2304 can include a rod capture bore 2362 formed along the horizontal axis of the closed-top connector body 2304. A bore in the proximal end 2304p of the closed-top body 2304 can allow for connection to a set screw 2350. The closed-top connector body 2304 can capture a spinal rod by sliding the spinal rod along its longitudinal axis through the rod capture bore 2362 and securing the spinal rod with a set screw 2350, rather than by top-loading into a U-shaped rod seat, as is possible with the first connector body 2104. The closed-top connector body 2304 can be integrally formed with or coupled to the connector rod 2302. The connector rod 2302 can connect the closed-top connector body 2304 to the first connector body 2104. The first end of the connector rod 2302 can be inserted into the socket 2116 of the first connector body 2104 and secured within the first connector body 2104 by passing the distal post of the rod seat 2140 through the bore 2328 in the first end of the connector rod 2302.

[0076] 24A and 24B illustrate various components of the modular connector assembly of FIG. 23. In FIG. 24A, a second or closed-top connector body 2304 can be coupled to a first connector body 2104 via a connector rod portion 2302. A rod seat 2140 in a U-shaped opening 2106 of the first connector body 2104 can secure a first end of the connector rod 2302 within the first connector body 2104. The closed-top connector body 2304 can include a rod capture bore 2362 extending along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the connector rod portion 2302. In FIG. 24B, the closed-top connector body 2304 is integrally formed with the connector rod portion 2302. A bore 2305 on a proximal end 2304p of the closed-top body 2304 can be threaded for coupling to a set screw 2350. The first end 2322 of the connector rod portion 2302 can include a flat surface 2326 to aid in assembly and secure the connection to the first connector body. A bore 2328 in the first end 2322 of the connector rod 2302 can allow the distal post of the rod seat 2140 to pass through the connector rod 2302 and couple the second connector 2304 to the first connector body. A terminal end 2323 on the first end 2322 of the connector rod portion 2302 can have a contoured shape to match the internal recess of the first connector body when the first end 2322 of the connector rod 2302 is inserted into the socket of the first connector body. The modular assembly of FIGS. 23-24B can also be referred to as a "UO" connector.

[0077] FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate another embodiment of a modular connector assembly in a UR configuration. Similar to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the modular connector assembly 2500 includes a statically positioned connector rod 2502 extending from one side of a connector body 2504. The connector body 2504 can be configured to capture a spinal rod within a U-shaped recess 2506. The connector body 2504 can include any of the separate engagement or attachment features described in this disclosure. In FIG. 25A, a side view of the modular connector system 2500 illustrates the use of a longer connector rod 2502' than in the modular connector system of FIG. 1A. Any of a variety of rod lengths can be used, including, for example, rod lengths from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. Different connector rod diameters can also be used, including, for example, connector rod diameters of about 5.5 mm and about 6 mm, among others. FIG. 25B shows a perspective view of the modular connector system of FIG. 25A. 25B, the elongated connector rod 2502' may omit a taper such that the first end 2522' and the second end 2524' of the connector rod 2502' have a uniform diameter. The omission of a taper may help to facilitate reception of the connector rod 2502' into a socket formed in the connector body 2504. The components of the modular connector system of FIGS. 25A and 25B may include any of the features of the present disclosure.

[0078] 26A-26C illustrate another embodiment of a modular connector assembly in a UR configuration. In FIG. 26A, the modular connector assembly 2600 may be substantially similar to the modular connector assembly of FIG. 25A and includes an elongated connector rod 2602′. However, in FIG. 26A, the connector rod 2602′ may include a taper 2630′ between the first end 2622′ and the second end 2624′ of the connector rod 2602′. FIG. 26B shows a side view of the modular connector system of FIG. 26A with the elongated connector rod 2602′ having the taper 2630′. The first end 2622′ of the elongated connector rod 2602′ may be coupled to the connector body 2604 via a socket 2616 in the connector body 2604. A rod seat (see 2640 in FIG. 26A ) can secure the first end 2622′ of the connector rod 2602′ within the connector body 2604. FIG. 26C shows a bottom view of the modular connector assembly of FIG. 26A . In particular, FIG. 26C illustrates an end slot 2618 at the distal end 2604d of the connector body 2604. The distal post 2646 of the rod seat 2640 rests within the end slot 2618, thereby securing the first end 2622′ of the connector rod 2602′ to the connector body 2604.

[0079] 27A and 27B illustrate the modular connector assembly of FIG. 26A with a spinal rod connected thereto. In FIG. 27A, a top view of the modular connector assembly 2600 shows the connector body 2604 connected to a connector rod 2602′. A spinal rod 2660 is connected to the connector body 2604 within a U-shaped opening 2606. The spinal rod 2660 is secured within the U-shaped opening 2606 by a set screw 2650. The spinal rod 2660 has a longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 2602′.

[0080] 27B shows a side view of the modular connector assembly of FIG. 26A with a spinal rod connected thereto. The spinal rod 2660 is secured within the U-shaped opening 2606 of the connector body 2604 by a set screw 2650 having external threads complementary to threads within the U-shaped opening 2606 of the connector body 2604 (i.e., on the interior surfaces of the pair of spaced-apart arms). The spinal rod 2660 extends from the connector body 2604 at an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 2602′.

[0081] FIG. 28 illustrates one embodiment of a posterior fixation construct 2800 that can be fabricated using the modular connector assembly described above; however, any of a variety of different constructs are possible by combining the modular connector with other spinal fixation elements. In FIG. 28 , a modular connector assembly 2700 in a UR configuration is utilized. A first bone anchor 2802 can be coupled to the second end 2724 of the connector rod 2702 by securing the second end 2724 of the connector rod 2702 with a set screw 2850 within a recess in the first bone anchor 2802. The first end 2722 of the connector rod 2702 is coupled to the connector body 2704 via a socket 2716 within the connector body 2704. The connector rod 2702 includes a taper 2730 between the first end 2722 and the second end 2724. A spinal rod 2760 is secured within a U-shaped opening formed by a pair of spaced arms 2708a, 2708b on the proximal end of the connector body 2704. The spinal rod 2760 is secured with a set screw 2750. A second bone anchor 2802' can be coupled to the spinal rod 2760 abutting the connector body 2704. The spinal rod 2760 is secured within a recess in the second bone anchor 2802' by a set screw 2850'. The orientation of the spinal rod 2760 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 2702. Any of a variety of different configurations are possible by combining the above-described modular connector with other spinal fixation elements in different combinations, including combinations of connector bodies with statically positioned connector rods, pivoting connector rods, flanged connector rods, connector rods of different diameters, connector rods of different lengths, different styles of connector bodies (e.g., top loading, closed / side loading, etc.), etc.

[0082] FIG. 29 illustrates a posterior fixation structure 3000 similar to the structure of FIG. 28. In particular, in FIG. 29, the second end 2924 of the connector rod includes a flanged terminal end 2925. A first bone anchor 3002 is coupled to the second end 2924 of the connector rod 2902 via a set screw 3050. The first end 2922 of the connector rod 2902 extends into a socket 2916 in the connector body 2904 of the modular connector assembly 2900. The socket 2916 of the connector body 2904 has an enlarged width to allow the connector rod 2902 to pivot while coupled to the connector body 2904. As shown in FIG. 29, the connector rod 2902 is pivoted to a first side of the socket 2916, although pivoting in the opposite direction is also possible. A spinal rod 2960 is secured within a U-shaped opening formed by a pair of spaced arms 2908a, 2908b on the proximal end of the connector body 2904. The spinal rod 2960 is secured with a set screw 2950. A second bone anchor 3002' can be coupled to the spinal rod 2960 against the connector body 2904. The second bone anchor 3002' is secured to the spinal rod 2960 by a set screw 3050'. Unlike the spinal rod in FIG. 28 , the spinal rod 2960 in FIG. 29 extends at an oblique angle relative to the connector rod 2902 due to the connector rod 2902 being pivoted to a first side of the socket 2916.

[0083] FIG. 30 illustrates a perspective view of a UR modular connector assembly of the present disclosure. The modular connector assembly 3100 includes a connector body 3104, an elongated connector rod 3102, and a rod seat 3140. The connector body 3104 may include any of the features described herein, similar to the connector body of FIG. 1A. The connector rod 3102 may include a first end 3122 configured to couple to the connector body 3104 and a second end 3124 having a flanged terminal portion 3125. A socket 3116 in the connector body 3104 may have an enlarged width that allows the connector rod 3102 to pivot within the socket 3116 of the connector body 3104 when the connector rod 3102 is coupled to the connector body 3104 via the rod seat 3140. A distal post of the rod seat 3140 extends through a bore in the first end 3122 of the connector rod 3102, thereby coupling the first end 3122 of the connector rod 3102 to the connector body 3104. The rod seat 3140 may be locked into the connector body 3104 by a press-fit or swage connection, as described above.

[0084] 31A and 31B illustrate additional views of the UR modular connector assembly of FIG. 30. In FIG. 31A, a side view of the modular connector assembly 3100 shows an elongated connector rod 3102 having a first end 3122 and a flange 3125 on a second end 3124. The first end 3122 includes a pair of opposing flat surfaces 3126a, 3126b that match the contours of a socket 3116 in the connector body 3104. The pair of opposing flat surfaces 3126a, 3126b also facilitate pivoting of the connector rod 3102 within the socket 3116. The connector rod 3102 is fixedly mounted within the connector body 3104 via a distal post of a rod seat 3140. FIG. 31B shows a bottom view of the modular connector system of FIG. 30. In this view, the expanded width of the socket 3116 in the connector body 3104 relative to the width of the connector rod 3102 is visible. The width of the socket 3116 allows the connector rod 3102 to pivot through a limited range of motion while coupled to the connector body 3104. The distal end 3104d of the connector body includes a bore 3118. The bore 3118 receives the distal post 3146 of the rod seat when the rod seat is coupled to the connector rod 3102 and connector body 3104.

[0085] Figure 32 illustrates a top view of the modular connector assembly of Figure 30 coupled to a spinal rod. As described above, the modular connector system 3100 includes a connector body 3104, a rod seat (not shown in Figure 32), a connector rod 3102, and a set screw 3150. A spinal rod 3160 is positioned within a U-shaped opening defined by a pair of spaced-apart arms 3108a, 3108b of the connector body 3104. The spinal rod 3160 is secured to the connector body 3104 with the set screw 3150. The connector rod 3102 is coupled to the connector body 3104 through a socket 3116 therein and secured to the connector body 3104 by a distal post of the rod seat that passes through a bore in a first end 3122 of the connector rod 3102. 32 , the connector rod 3102 is pivoted until one side of the rod contacts the edge of the socket 3116 at point p. In this pivoted configuration, the connector rod 3102 has a longitudinal axis that extends obliquely relative to the longitudinal axis of the spinal rod 3160. In some embodiments, the connector assembly can be configured to provide a maximum of about 48 degrees of pivoting motion between the connector rod 3102 and the connector body 3104, i.e., about 24 degrees in either direction relative to a configuration in which the longitudinal axis of the connector rod 3102 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spinal rod 3160. In other embodiments, the socket 3116 of the connector body 3104 and / or the rod 3102 can be configured differently to provide a greater or lesser range of pivoting motion therebetween.

[0086] Figure 33 illustrates a side view of the assembly of Figure 30 coupled to a spinal rod. From this view, the spinal rod 3160 is positioned within the U-shaped opening 3106 of the connector body 3104 and is secured to the connector body 3104 by a set screw 3150. The set screw 3150 includes external threads to facilitate coupling to the connector body 3104. The first end 3122 of the connector rod is shown with opposing flat surfaces 3126a, 3126b to facilitate coupling to the socket 3116 and the interior surface of the connector body 3104. The socket 3116 has an enlarged width to allow the connector rod 3102 to pivot as shown in Figure 32.

[0087] FIG. 34 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of an anchoring structure 3300 that can be made using the modular connector assembly 3200. In FIG. 34, the UR modular connector assembly 3200 includes a connector body 3204, a rod seat (not shown, see rod seat 1640 in FIG. 16A ), a set screw 3250, and a connector rod 3202. The connector rod 3202 may include any of the features described in this disclosure, such as the connector rod of FIG. 29 (i.e., first end, flanged second end, bore, etc.). The second end 3224 of the connector rod 3202 is coupled to a first bone anchor 3302 via a set screw 3350. The first bone anchor 3302 includes a receiving head 3304 for receiving the second end 3224 of the connector rod 3202 and a threaded distal shank 3306 for coupling the bone anchor 3302 to a bone. A spinal rod 3260 is coupled to the connector body 3204, with the spinal rod 3260 positioned within a U-shaped opening 3206 of the connector body 3204 and secured thereto by a set screw 3250. The connector body 3204 may include any of the features disclosed herein, including but not limited to threads, a top notch feature, etc. The connector body 3204 includes a socket 3216 having an expanded width to allow the connector rod 3202 to pivot about the width of the socket 3216. Also coupled to the spinal rod 3260 is a second bone anchor 3302′. The second bone anchor 3302′ includes a receiver head 3304′ and a threaded distal post 3306′ similar to those of the first bone anchor 3302. The second bone anchor 3302′ is coupled to the spinal rod 3260 by a set screw 3350′. The second bone anchor 3302' is positioned adjacent to the connector body 3204 of the modular connector system 3200, however, the second bone anchor 3302' can be coupled to the spinal rod 3260 at any distance from the connector body 3204 along the length of the spinal rod 3260.

[0088] FIG. 35 illustrates another embodiment of a posterior fixation structure 3500 utilizing a modular connector assembly 3400 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 35, the modular connector assembly 3400 includes at least a first connector body 3404, a second connector body 3404′, and a connector rod 3402. This “UU” connector may be similar to the connector shown in FIG. 17A in that at least one of the connector bodies 3404, 3404′ may be configured to pivot about the connector rod 3402. The first connector body 3404 and the second connector body 3404′ may include any of the features disclosed herein. The first connector body 3404 is coupled to a first spinal rod 3460 via a set screw 3450. The first spinal rod 3460 includes a curved portion 3461 at a first end 3464 of the first spinal rod 3460. A first bone anchor 3502 is coupled to a first end 3464 of a first spinal rod 3460 via a set screw 3550 and is disposed a distance from the first connector body 3404 on the opposite side of the curved portion 3461. A second connector body 3404' is coupled to a second spinal rod 3560 via a set screw 3450'. Adjacent to either side of the second connector body 3404' are a second bone anchor 3502' and a third bone anchor 3502" which are each coupled to the second spinal rod 3560 via a set screw 3550', 3550".

[0089] In this configuration, the connector rod 3402 is pivoted about a socket (not shown) in the first connector body 3404 so that the longitudinal axis of the second end 3466 of the first spinal rod 3460 extends obliquely relative to the longitudinal axis of the second spinal rod 3560. The longitudinal axis of the first end 3464 of the first spinal rod 3460 can be positioned parallel to and coincident with the longitudinal axis of the second spinal rod 3560 due to the curvature 3461 at the first end 3464 of the first spinal rod 3460.

[0090] From this and other descriptions contained herein, it is apparent that the modular connector assembly of the present disclosure can enable the creation of a variety of fixation structures, providing surgeons and other users with a versatile tool. A wide variety of individual component parts can be combined in a variety of ways to create a variety of assemblies, all of which may utilize some common base components (e.g., set screws, rod seats, etc.). Furthermore, the modular connector assemblies of the present disclosure can be manufactured in any of a variety of sizes so that they can be utilized with different sized spinal fixation rods or other fixation elements, bone screws, etc. For example, larger modular assemblies can be utilized in lower areas of the spine, such as the lumbar and sacral regions, and smaller modular assemblies can be utilized in higher areas of the spine, such as the thoracic and cervical regions.

[0091] The various devices and methods disclosed herein can be used in minimally invasive and / or open surgery. Although the various devices and methods disclosed herein are generally described in the context of surgery on a human patient, the methods and devices disclosed herein can be used in any of a variety of surgical or non-surgical procedures with any human or animal subject.

[0092] The various devices disclosed herein may be constructed from any of a variety of known materials. Exemplary materials include materials suitable for use in surgical applications, including metals such as stainless steel, titanium, nickel, cobalt chromium, or alloys and combinations thereof, polymers such as PEEK, ceramics, carbon fiber, etc. Additionally, a variety of manufacturing methods may be utilized, including 3D printing or other additive manufacturing techniques, as well as more traditional manufacturing techniques including molding, stamping, casting, machining, etc.

[0093] The various devices or components disclosed herein may be designed to be disposed of after a single use, or they may be designed to be used multiple times. In either case, however, the various devices or components may be reconditioned for reuse after at least one use. Reconditioning may include any combination of the steps of disassembly, followed by cleaning or replacement of particular parts, and subsequent reassembly. In particular, devices or components may be disassembled, and any number of the particular parts may be selectively replaced or removed in any combination. Upon cleaning and / or replacement of particular parts, the device or component may be reassembled for subsequent use at a reconditioning facility, or by a surgical team immediately prior to a surgical procedure. Reconditioning of devices or components may utilize a variety of techniques for disassembly, cleaning / replacement, and reassembly. Use of such techniques, and the resulting reconditioned devices or components, are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0094] The various devices or components described herein can be processed before use in a surgical procedure. For example, new or used devices or components can be obtained and cleaned as needed. The devices or components can be sterilized. In one sterilization technique, the devices or components can be placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic bag or a TYVEK bag. The container and its contents can be placed in a radiation field that can penetrate the container, such as gamma rays, X-rays, or high-energy electrons. The radiation can kill bacteria on the device or component and within the container. The sterilized device or component can be stored in the sterile container. The sealed container can keep the device or component sterile until it is opened in a medical facility. Other forms of sterilization are also possible, including beta or other radiation, ethylene oxide, steam, or a liquid bath (e.g., cold immersion). Certain forms of sterilization techniques may be more suitable for use with different devices or components, or portions thereof, due to the materials utilized, the presence of electrical components, etc.

[0095] In this disclosure, phrases such as "at least one of" or "one or more of" may be used in conjunction with a conjunctive list of the preceding elements or features. The term "and / or" may also be used with a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it is used, such phrases are intended to refer to any of the listed elements or features individually, or any of the listed elements or features in combination with any of the other listed elements or features. For example, the phrases "at least one of A and B," "one or more of A and B," and "A and / or B" are each intended to mean "A alone, B alone, or A and B together." A similar interpretation is also intended for lists containing more than two items. For example, the phrases "at least one of A, B, and C," "one or more of A, B, and C," and "A, B, and / or C" are each intended to mean "A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together." Additionally, use of the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based at least in part on," such that unrecited features or elements are acceptable.

[0096] Further features and advantages based on the above-described embodiments are possible and are within the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited by what has been specifically shown and described. All publications and references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, except for any definitions, disclaimers or denials of subject matter, and except where the incorporated material contradicts the explicit disclosure of this specification, in which case the language of the present disclosure shall prevail.

[0097] Examples of the above-described embodiments may include the following. 1. A modular connector assembly comprising: a first connector having a first opening therein configured to receive a spinal fixation element; a second connector extending into the first connector through a second opening formed in the first connector, the second connector having a bore formed in a first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector; a coupler disposed within the first connector and passing through a bore of the second connector to prevent separation of the first connector and the second connector;

[0098] 2. The assembly of example 1, further comprising a set screw threadably coupled to the first connector.

[0099] 3. The assembly of example 2, further comprising a spinal fixation element disposed within the first opening of the first connector, the set screw urging the spinal fixation element toward the coupler.

[0100] 4. a second end of the second connector extending through the first opening of the third connector; The assembly of any one of Examples 1 to 3, wherein the second coupler is disposed within the third connector and passes through a bore formed in the second end of the second connector to prevent separation between the second connector and the third connector.

[0101] 5. The assembly of example 4, wherein at least one of the first connector and the third connector is configured to pivot relative to the second connector.

[0102] 6. The assembly of any of Examples 1-5, wherein the first opening is substantially U-shaped with an open proximal end and defined by spaced apart arms of the first connector.

[0103] 7. The assembly of any of Examples 1-5, wherein a first opening is formed through opposing side walls of the first connector with a closed proximal end.

[0104] 8. The assembly of any of Examples 1-7, wherein the first connector comprises an internally threaded surface configured to mate with the external threads of the set screw.

[0105] 9. The assembly of any of Examples 1-8, wherein the second opening of the first connector has a shape that substantially matches the shape of the portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening.

[0106] 10. The assembly of any of Examples 1-8, wherein the second opening of the first connector has a shape that is larger in one dimension than the shape of the portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening such that the second connector can pivot in one direction relative to the first connector.

[0107] 11. The assembly of example 10, further comprising a spring disposed within the first connector and configured to provide resistance to pivotal movement of the second connector relative to the first connector.

[0108] 12. The assembly of any of examples 1-11, wherein the second connector comprises a rod extending from the first connector.

[0109] 13. The assembly of example 12, wherein the second end of the rod has a flange.

[0110] 14. The assembly of any of Examples 1-13, wherein the second connector comprises spaced apart arms defining a substantially C-shaped opening having an open end opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

[0111] 15. The assembly of any of Examples 1-13, wherein the second connector comprises an opening formed through a side wall of the second connector having a closed proximal end.

[0112] 16. The assembly of any of Examples 1-13, wherein the second connector comprises a hook formed on an opposite side of the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

[0113] 17. The assembly of any of Examples 1-13, wherein the second connector comprises a plurality of auxiliary fixation openings formed on opposite sides of the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

[0114] 18. The assembly of any of Examples 1-13, wherein the second connector comprises a rectangular body having a plurality of bores formed therein opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

[0115] 19. The assembly of any of Examples 1-18, wherein the coupler comprises a proximally-facing rod-receiving surface.

[0116] 20. The assembly of example 19, wherein the rod-receiving surface comprises either a curved surface or opposing planar surfaces that are angled toward one another.

[0117] 21. The assembly of any of Examples 1-20, wherein the coupler comprises a distally extending post configured to extend through a bore formed in the second connector.

[0118] 22. The assembly of any of Examples 1-21, wherein the coupler comprises spaced apart arms configured to mate with retention features on an inner surface of the first connector to prevent removal of the coupler from the first connector.

[0119] 23. A method of assembling a modular connector, comprising: inserting the first connector through an opening in the second connector so as to dispose a first end of the first connector within the second connector; and inserting a coupler through a second opening of the second connector and a bore formed in the first end of the first connector to prevent separation of the first connector and the second connector.

[0120] 24. The method of example 23, further comprising threading a set screw into the first connector.

[0121] 25. The method of example 24, further comprising inserting a spinal fixation element into the first connector and rotating the set screw to urge the spinal fixation element toward the coupler.

[0122] 26. Inserting a second end of the first connector into an opening of a third connector; 26. The method of any of Examples 23 to 25, further comprising: inserting a second coupler into the third connector through a bore formed in the second end of the first connector to prevent separation of the first connector and the third connector.

[0123] 27. The method of example 26, further comprising pivoting at least one of the second connector and the third connector relative to the first connector.

[0124] 28. The method of any of examples 23-27, further comprising inserting a spring into the second connector to provide resistance to pivotal movement of the first connector relative to the second connector.

[0125] 29. The method of example 28, further comprising inserting a coupler through a bore formed in the spring.

[0126] 30. The method of any of examples 23-29, further comprising pivoting the first connector relative to the second connector.

[0127] [Embodiment] (1) A modular connector assembly, comprising: a first connector having a first opening therein configured to receive a spinal fixation element; a second connector extending into the first connector through a second opening formed in the first connector, the second connector having a bore formed in a first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector; a coupler disposed within the first connector and passing through the bore of the second connector to prevent separation of the first connector and the second connector. (2) The assembly described in embodiment 1, further comprising a set screw threadably coupled to the first connector. (3) The assembly of embodiment 2, further comprising a spinal fixation element disposed within the first opening of the first connector, the set screw urging the spinal fixation element toward the coupler. (4) a second end of the second connector extends through a first opening of a third connector; An assembly as described in embodiment 1, wherein a second coupler is disposed within the third connector and passes through a bore formed in the second end of the second connector to prevent separation between the second connector and the third connector. (5) The assembly of embodiment 4, wherein at least one of the first connector and the third connector is configured to pivot relative to the second connector.

[0128] (6) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the first opening is substantially U-shaped with an open proximal end and is defined by spaced arms of the first connector. (7) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the first opening is formed through opposing side walls of the first connector with a closed proximal end. (8) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the first connector includes an internally threaded surface configured to mate with the external threads of the set screw. (9) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second opening of the first connector has a shape that substantially matches the shape of a portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening. (10) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second opening of the first connector has a shape that is larger in one dimension than the shape of a portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening so that the second connector can pivot in one direction relative to the first connector.

[0129] (11) The assembly of claim 10, further comprising a spring disposed within the first connector and configured to provide resistance to pivotal movement of the second connector relative to the first connector. (12) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second connector comprises a rod extending from the first connector. (13) The assembly of embodiment 12, wherein the second end of the rod has a flange. (14) The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second connector comprises spaced arms defining a substantially C-shaped opening having an open end opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector. (15) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second connector comprises an opening formed through a side wall of the second connector having a closed proximal end.

[0130] (16) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second connector includes a hook formed on an opposite side of the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector. (17) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second connector includes a plurality of auxiliary fixation openings formed on an opposite side of the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector. (18) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the second connector comprises a rectangular body having a plurality of bores formed therein opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector. (19) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the coupler comprises a proximally facing rod-receiving surface. (20) The assembly of embodiment 19, wherein the rod-receiving surfaces include either curved surfaces or opposing planar surfaces angled toward each other.

[0131] (21) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the coupler includes a distally extending post configured to extend through the bore formed in the second connector. (22) The assembly of embodiment 1, wherein the coupler includes spaced apart arms configured to mate with retention features on an inner surface of the first connector to prevent removal of the coupler from the first connector.

Claims

1. 1. A modular connector assembly comprising: a first connector having a first opening therein configured to receive a spinal fixation element; a second connector extending into the first connector through a second opening formed in the first connector, the second connector having a bore formed in a first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector; a coupler disposed within the first connector and passing through the bore of the second connector to prevent separation of the first connector and the second connector.

2. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a set screw threadably coupled to the first connector.

3. The assembly of claim 2 , further comprising a spinal fixation element disposed within the first opening of the first connector, the set screw urging the spinal fixation element toward the coupler.

4. a second end of the second connector extending through a first opening of a third connector; 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein a second coupler is disposed within the third connector and passes through a bore formed in the second end of the second connector to prevent separation of the second connector and the third connector.

5. The assembly of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the first connector and the third connector is configured to pivot relative to the second connector.

6. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first opening is substantially U-shaped with an open proximal end and is defined by spaced arms of the first connector.

7. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first opening is formed through opposing side walls of the first connector with a closed proximal end.

8. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first connector includes an internally threaded surface configured to mate with the external threads of a set screw.

9. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second opening of the first connector has a shape that substantially matches the shape of a portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening.

10. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second opening of the first connector has a shape that is larger in one dimension than a shape of a portion of the second connector that extends through the second opening so that the second connector can pivot in one direction relative to the first connector.

11. The assembly of claim 10 , further comprising a spring disposed within the first connector and configured to provide a resistance to pivotal movement of the second connector relative to the first connector.

12. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second connector comprises a rod extending from the first connector.

13. The assembly of claim 12 , wherein the second end of the rod has a flange.

14. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second connector comprises spaced arms defining a substantially C-shaped opening having an open end opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

15. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second connector includes an opening formed through a sidewall of the second connector having a closed proximal end.

16. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the second connector includes a hook formed on an opposite side of the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

17. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second connector comprises a plurality of auxiliary fixation openings formed on an opposite side of the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

18. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second connector comprises a rectangular body having a plurality of bores formed therein opposite the first end of the second connector disposed within the first connector.

19. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the coupler includes a proximally facing rod-receiving surface.

20. 20. The assembly of claim 19, wherein the rod-receiving surfaces include any of a curved surface and opposing planar surfaces angled toward one another.

21. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the coupler comprises a distally extending post configured to extend through the bore formed in the second connector.

22. 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the coupler includes spaced apart arms configured to mate with retention features on an inner surface of the first connector to prevent removal of the coupler from the first connector.

Images