Apparatus for determining the technical application characteristics of superabsorbent materials

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for predicting the absorption capacity, swelling kinetics, or permeability of superabsorbent materials, such as those used in diapers. The superabsorbent material comprises polymer particles having an interconnected core and a surface-crosslinked shell. The absorption capacity, swelling rate, or permeability of the material is predicted based on the particle size distribution using a trained model. The output of the apparatus and method is control data for adjusting the production process to produce particles with a size distribution that provides the desired target absorption capacity, swelling kinetics, or permeability.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method, an apparatus and a computer program product for determining the technical application properties of superabsorbent materials.Furthermore, the present invention relates to an interface device, an interface method and an interface computer program product for providing an interface for determining the technical application properties of superabsorbent materials.Furthermore, the present invention relates to a training device, a training method and a training computer program product for parameterizing a characterization model that can be used to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent materials. [Background technology]

[0002] Many modern sanitary products utilize superabsorbent materials, often in the form of superabsorbent particles, to absorb fluids. However, the production process for the necessary superabsorbent particles is complex, and although this process involves multiple grinding and classification steps, typically sieving steps, the resulting particles still vary in size. Each piece of equipment in such powder processes is subject to severe wear and tear, leading to drift grinding and sieving characteristics. Furthermore, the complex production process requires continuous adjustment of the process to provide products with consistent product quality, particularly products that always provide the same technical application characteristics, especially the same absorption characteristics. Currently, readjustments to the production process to always provide superabsorbent materials with the same technical application characteristics are mostly based on the experience of the person controlling the production process or on adjustment decisions based on random sampling and measurement of random samples. Furthermore, in the current design process for determining the properties of superabsorbent materials used in, for example, sanitary products, laboratory experiments are generally used to measure the properties of each designed particle. However, these measurements often only provide information about the technical application properties of the optimal superabsorbent particles, while during normal production, the superabsorbent particles produced are often diverse and therefore distributed around the optimal superabsorbent particles. This can lead to the technical application properties of the produced superabsorbent particles deviating from the predicted technical application properties, and these deviations are difficult to predict due to the design process, and production readjustment is often not possible or is only possible by redesigning the respective superabsorbent particles. Such redesign typically involves process and formulation adjustments.

[0003] It would therefore be advantageous if the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles could be more easily and accurately predicted sufficiently to allow control of the production process of the superabsorbent particles based on the predicted technical application properties. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus, a method and a computer program product that allows for an improved determination of the technical application properties of a superabsorbent material, which allows for an improved control of the production process of the superabsorbent material, in particular for producing a superabsorbent material that continuously meets predetermined technical application properties.It is a further object of the present invention to provide a training method, a training device and a computer program product that allows for the provision of a characterization model suitable for use in the method, the apparatus and the computer program product. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] In a first aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is provided for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material, the superabsorbent material being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface-crosslinked shell having higher connectivity than the core, the apparatus comprising: (a) a receiving interface for receiving particle sizes of the superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material; (b) one or more processors configured to utilize a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on particle size, the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent particles based on the size of the particles; and (c) an output interface for generating control data based on the determined technical application properties.

[0006] The inventors have discovered that it is possible to train a characterization model that allows for determining the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles in an accurate manner based on the size of each superabsorbent particle. Thus, the technical application properties of a superabsorbent material containing superabsorbent particles of different sizes, i.e., a size distribution, can be easily predicted by determining the technical application properties for each size present in the superabsorbent material. Therefore, by utilizing such a characterization model, control data can be generated that allows for improved control of the production of superabsorbent materials by determining the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on particle size, for example, by adjusting the resulting size distribution of particles forming the superabsorbent material. In particular, the production of superabsorbent materials can be directly controlled based on easily measurable variables, i.e., particle size, enabling rapid and straightforward adjustments, for example, if the determined technical application properties deviate from the predetermined target technical application properties of the superabsorbent material, without having to rely solely on the experience of the production process controller or randomly performed quality control. In particular, this improved production process allows for avoiding waste generation and reducing the resources required to produce superabsorbent material for each hygienic product. Additionally, the results of the characterization model can be combined with other process and raw material data from one or more previous or subsequent steps in the production process to determine the optimal process adjustments required to obtain or maintain a given target performance of the superabsorbent material.

[0007] Generally, an apparatus may refer to any general or dedicated computing device adapted to perform the functions of the apparatus, for example by executing a respective computer program. In particular, an apparatus may be realized in any form of software and / or hardware that causes a general or dedicated computing device to perform the functions defined above. Furthermore, an apparatus may be realized in the form of a standalone device, for example in the form of dedicated hardware, or by being provided in a user's respective computer system, but also in the form of a network of computers or processors, for example in a shared computing regime such as cloud computing, network computing, etc., in which two or more computers or processors may have the functions of the apparatus.

[0008] Typically, the device is adapted to determine the technical application characteristics of a superabsorbent material. A superabsorbent material is a material capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of aqueous liquid relative to its mass. For example, in the case of deionized and distilled water, a superabsorbent material can absorb up to 1,000 times its own weight. For practical applications in hygiene, the superabsorbent material absorbs at least 15 g / g, typically at least 20 g / g, preferably at least 25 g / g, most preferably at least 30 g / g, but not more than 120 g / g, preferably not more than 100 g / g, more preferably not more than 80 g / g, and most preferably not more than 60 g / g of a 0.9 wt% saline solution (NaCl) in the absence of external pressure, such as in a teabag CRC. Absorption by superabsorbent polymers is particularly advantageous compared to conventional absorbents, such as cellulose fluff, because the absorbed liquid is not released, keeping the wearer's skin dry, even under the operating pressures of hygiene applications. In most cases, superabsorbent materials contain superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), often provided in the form of multiple particles that form the superabsorbent material. Superabsorbent polymers typically consist of hydrophilic and ionic groups with high molecular weight polymer chains, which are interconnected to render the superabsorbent polymer water-insoluble. The ionic groups are typically -COOH, but can also be sulfur (-SO3H) or phosphorus-based to provide acidity. These groups are partially neutralized to achieve a pH that is gentle on the wearer's skin, typically between 4.0 and 7.5, and preferably between 5.0 and 6.5. Any alkali metal-based neutralizing agent (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) can be used as a neutralizing agent, although Na is preferred for hygienic applications. Typically used neutralizing agents are alkali metal salts of hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates, as well as mixtures thereof.Examples of such superabsorbent polymers include crosslinked poly(meth)acrylic acid sodium salt, crosslinked polyitaconic acid sodium salt, polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose, crosslinked starch derivatives and carboxymethyl starch, polyvinyl alcohol-grafted or starch-grafted crosslinked partially neutralized polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol copolymer, crosslinked polyethylene oxide, etc. Also, copolymers of acrylic acid, maleic acid, and itaconic acid can be used, and can be combined with copolymerized nonionic hydrophilic or hydrophobic monomers. Partially neutralized crosslinked polyacrylic acid and polyitaconate, and their copolymers, are preferred. Partially neutralized crosslinked polyacrylic acid and polyitaconate, and their copolymers, whose raw materials are derived from biological sources, such as plants, microorganisms, algae, and fungi, are more preferred.

[0009] Most preferred are superabsorbent production processes that produce the partially neutralized crosslinked polyacrylic acid and polyitaconate, and copolymers thereof, and superabsorbent polymers of the present invention with the lowest possible carbon footprint.

[0010] The technical application property may refer to any technical application property related to the superabsorbent properties of the superabsorbent material. Preferably, the technical application property refers to at least one of absorption capacity, swelling kinetics, and permeability. Absorption capacity can be determined as any of centrifuge retention capacity (CRC), free swelling capacity (FSC), and pressure absorption capacity (AAP). Generally, CRC and FSC are determined without external pressure, i.e., at 0.0 psi. In each case, the higher the CRC or FSC value, the more fluid can be absorbed by the particle. Swelling kinetics may refer to any of VAUL, T20, and Vortex. For irregularly shaped, rough-surfaced particles, these three quantities are correlated. For particles with regular, smooth surfaces or circular shapes, Vortex may not correlate with the other quantities. Generally, the faster the particle swells, the smaller the respective value of one of the quantities. Permeability (SFC) correlates nonlinearly with CRC capacity. Generally, the higher the permeability value, the better the fluid is distributed in the particle convolutions. These technical application properties are examples of different categories of technical application properties. CRC can be interpreted as the simple absorption capacity of the superabsorbent material, SFC can be interpreted as the simple permeability of the open pores in the swollen gel bed of the swollen superabsorbent material, and FSC or AAP can be interpreted as the absorption capacity of the superabsorbent material under defined external pressure conditions, each including contributions from the swollen superabsorbent material and contributions from partially or completely liquid-filled pores in the resulting gel bed (interstitial fluid). T20, Vortex, and VAUL properties. Swelling time can be interpreted as a kinetic swelling rate parameter describing the rate of swelling, and may include additional effects other than absorption rate; for example, particle morphology and surface stickiness may affect these measurements. The rate at which liquid is absorbed into the swellable superabsorbent material particles is defined as the absorption rate. These properties and their respective methods for determining them are further described below. Various other forms of characteristics or methods for determining the respective characteristics exist and may also be used as technical application characteristics according to the present invention.Other methods may differ, for example, in the dimensions of the equipment (e.g., smaller or larger AAP cells or permeabilized cells), handling techniques, test liquids (e.g., water, artificial urine instead of saline), and swelling times (e.g., 1, 3, 5, or 10 minutes instead of 30 minutes). Generally, the choice of technical application characteristics may depend on the intended application, e.g., hygienic application versus consumer needs. A particularly useful method for measuring technical application characteristics is described in WO 2021 / 001221, which allows for the determination of the time-dependent swelling profile of superabsorbent polymers at various external pressures. In this way, characteristic fingerprint curves are obtained that can be used to define target technical application characteristics. Inline analytical methods, such as those disclosed in WO 2020 / 109601, which allow for the determination of technical application characteristics via Raman spectroscopy within the production process, are particularly useful. The combination of such inline techniques with inline particle size determination enables highly efficient use cases in the present invention.

[0011] Typically, absorption capacity, swelling kinetics, and permeability all require optimization for the needs of hygiene articles. Hygiene articles include several technical elements designed to manage fluid acquisition and distribution, as well as superabsorbent polymers for irreversible liquid storage. These elements must cooperate with each other and with the superabsorbent polymer to achieve rapid liquid acquisition and wide distribution to utilize the full storage capacity of the hygiene article, and the superabsorbent polymer must quickly absorb liquid so that the hygiene article dries again under use conditions. The capacity and swelling rate of a superabsorbent polymer depend on various factors, such as process conditions in the formulation, e.g., gel drying step, especially particle size and shape. As a result, optimizing one aspect, e.g., capacity, often has an adverse effect on another aspect, such as swelling kinetics. Therefore, it is necessary not only to find the optimum between capacity and swelling kinetics for a given hygiene article design, but also to find the optimal settings in the production process for such a superabsorbent polymer.

[0012] Superabsorbent materials are provided in the form of superabsorbent particles containing superabsorbent polymers. For most applications, the size of the superabsorbent particles is preferably between 100 μm and 850 μm. However, for some applications, larger or smaller superabsorbent particles may also be suitable. Recently, for some hygienic applications, which are much more difficult and expensive to produce and whose technical properties are difficult to optimize, a narrower particle size distribution is required, for example, a lower particle size of 100, 150, 200, or 250 μm and an upper particle size of 700 μm, 600 μm, or 500 μm.

[0013] In particular, each superabsorbent particle comprises a) an interconnected core and b) a surface-crosslinked shell having higher connectivity than the core. In this context, the terms "interconnected" and "connectivity" mean that the polymer chains in the core or shell portions of the superabsorbent polymer particle are physically entangled and ionically or covalently crosslinked, so that each portion of the superabsorbent particle is water-swellable but not water-soluble. A combination of such methods of interconnecting polymer chains is possible and is typically found in superabsorbent particles. Ionic crosslinking can be achieved by multivalent cations, a practical example being Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ Al 3+ , Ti 4+ , Zr 4+Covalent crosslinking can be achieved by adding a difunctional or polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated crosslinking agent to the monomer mixture during polymerization. Alternatively, this functionality can be provided by groups capable of undergoing esterification or transesterification. Mixed functionality within a single molecule is also possible. The same compounds described above can be used for surface crosslinking. Typically, ionic and covalent crosslinkers are used in combination. Examples of core and surface crosslinking are described in International Publication No. 2019 / 197194, which is incorporated herein by reference. In the present invention, it is understood that the shell and core of a superabsorbent particle are connected to each other by physical entanglement or ionic or, preferably, covalent crosslinking. Such a core-shell structure may destroy the surface-shell of the superabsorbent particle upon swelling, but because the shell is attached to the core, it continues to exert physical forces on the swollen core even if the shell is completely destroyed. In particular, superabsorbent particles refer to post-crosslinked superabsorbent polymer particles. Such postcrosslinked superabsorbent polymer particles comprise a crosslinked, and therefore interconnected, core, which is then provided in a postcrosslinking process with a shell that comprises higher connectivity than the core, while the shell is covalently bonded to the underlying core. Optionally, the superabsorbent particles thus provided may be provided with an additional non-superabsorbent coating. Non-limiting examples of such coatings include polymers or polymer films to improve flowability or damage stability, powder coatings to prevent caking (silica, alumina, clay, or other inorganic powders in their dry or hydrated form), additives to prevent aging or discoloration, additives to suppress malodor, or, as disclosed, for example, in WO 2019 / 197194, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , and Zr 4+ Functional coatings that react with surfaces such as salts or their soluble hydroxides.

[0014] The receiving interface is configured to receive the particle size of superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material. In particular, the receiving interface may be configured to interface with a storage unit in which superabsorbent particle sizes are already stored. However, the receiving interface may additionally or alternatively be configured to interface with a user input unit so that a user can provide the superabsorbent particle size. Furthermore, the receiving interface may also additionally or alternatively be configured to interface with a measurement unit, such as a sensor, configured to measure the particle size or particle size distribution of the superabsorbent material, for example, during the production process. Generally, the particle size of the superabsorbent particles can be received in the form of any quantity indicative of the volume of the superabsorbent particle, such as the volume, radius, or diameter of the superabsorbent particle. Furthermore, the particle size refers to the dry state of the superabsorbent particles, i.e., the state in which the superabsorbent particles are not in contact with an absorbent fluid. In the dry state, the superabsorbent particles contain a moisture content of less than 25 wt%, typically less than 20 wt%, preferably less than 15 wt%, more preferably less than 10 wt%, even more preferably less than 5 wt%, and most preferably less than 3 wt%.

[0015] The one or more processors are then further configured to utilize the characterization model to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on particle size. In particular, the characterization model is implemented as a data-driven model parameterized, for example, based on historical measurement data, so as to be adapted to determine technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on particle size. Specifically, the term "data-driven" defines that the model is primarily based on respective data inputs and not, for example, on intuition, personal experience, or knowledge. The characterization model can be implemented as any machine learning-based model, particularly based on known machine learning algorithms such as neural networks, regression models, classification algorithms, etc. White-box models evaluated using nonlinear regression optimizers are particularly useful in the present invention. Such machine learning models can be used as part of a comprehensive process control model, taking into account other formulation and process parameters using other machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. Generally, the characterization model includes one or more model parameters that can be determined based on respective training data. Thus, parameterization of the characterization model is the determination of the value of each one or more model parameters based on training data in a model training process. In particular, the determination model is parameterized so that the technical application properties of the superabsorbent particles can be determined based on the particle size. Generally, to appropriately parameterize the characterization model, a respectively known training method for parameterizing a given model can be used. In particular, an optimization method can be used to find the best fit of the model parameters to each training data. For training the characterization model, preferably, historical data can be used as training data, for example, the historical data includes measurement data from each measurement of the technical application properties of the superabsorbent particles or data derived from known physical relationships between the technical application properties of the superabsorbent particles and each measurable property. In particular, the historical data includes data for a plurality of different particle sizes of superabsorbent particles corresponding to one or more technical application properties.

[0016] Because the production process of superabsorbent particles can have a significant impact on the specific composition of the superabsorbent particles, for example, on the specific interconnectivity between the core and shell of the superabsorbent particle, it is preferable to use a historical data set for each specific production process for each produced superabsorbent material to parameterize the characterization model. This allows the characterization model to provide a highly accurate determination of the technical application properties of superabsorbent materials produced in a specific production process. However, in other embodiments, the characterization model can also be trained using a more general historical data set including data on superabsorbent materials using different production processes. In such cases, the characterization model can then learn to distinguish between superabsorbent materials produced in different production processes, each of which can be provided as an additional input to the characterization model. Furthermore, while the characterization model can be trained to determine one technical application property of a superabsorbent material, it can also be trained to predict two or more technical application properties of a superabsorbent material.

[0017] The output interface is then configured to generate control data based on the determined technical application characteristics. In particular, the output interface can be configured to interface with a user interface and then generate control data for controlling the user interface to provide the determined technical application characteristics. However, the control data can refer to other applications and, for example, can be provided to a user interface so that the user can then decide whether to implement the control data or arrange for the user to modify the control data. However, the output interface can additionally or alternatively be configured to interface with other computing systems or production systems. For example, the output interface can be configured to interface with a production management system that controls the production of the superabsorbent material and provide the control data to the production management system, and / or can be configured to interface directly with a production system configured to produce the superabsorbent material and provide the control data directly to the production system. In a preferred embodiment, the generated control data includes a production specification for controlling the production of the superabsorbent material. In particular, the production specification preferably includes information indicating the size of the superabsorbent particles to be produced. The production specification can further include additional information regarding the superabsorbent particles involved in the production, such as one or more process parameters indicating the production process of the superabsorbent particles, a recipe indicating the substances or materials to be used during the production process, etc. Preferably, the production specifications are provided in the form of a control sequence for the production system so that the superabsorbent material can be directly produced based on the control data. Generally, the control data can be generated based on predetermined rules that determine, for example, which control data are generated based on which determined technical application characteristics.

[0018] In a preferred embodiment, the utilized characterization model is further parameterized based on the core size and shell size of the superabsorbent particles. Surprisingly, the inventors have found that further parameterizing the characterization model based on the core size and shell size of the superabsorbent particles allows for particularly accurate determination of technical application properties. Furthermore, further parameterizing the characterization model based on the core size and shell size of the superabsorbent particles allows for the separation of the respective influences of these parameters on the technical application properties. Generally, the core size and shell size of superabsorbent particles depend on particle size, i.e., the penetration depth of the material used in the post-crosslinking process is substantially the same for all particle sizes, so that the size, i.e., volume, of the shell and core mainly depends on the particle size. However, the overall penetration depth of the post-crosslinking material, and therefore the thickness of the shell relative to the core, depends on the crosslinking procedure used, such as the material used, pressure conditions, additives used, temperature, etc. Therefore, by further separating the influence of core and shell size on the technical application properties, it is not only possible to use the size of the superabsorbent particles to control the technical application properties, but it is also possible to determine the influence of shell size and core size on the technical application properties, and therefore to optimize the post-crosslinking procedure of the superabsorbent particles with respect to the technical application properties.

[0019] Preferably, parameterizing the utilized characterization model comprises determining a performance parameter that quantifies the respective contribution of the core size and shell size of the superabsorbent particles to the technical application properties. By utilizing respective training data sets for a plurality of superabsorbent particle sizes, including the corresponding core size, shell size, and technical application properties, it becomes possible to parameterize the characterization model such that the influence of the core size and shell size on the technical application properties can be accurately quantified by determining the performance parameter. Preferably, the utilized characterization model is based on the following relationship between the technical application properties and the size of the superabsorbent particles:

number

[0020] In an embodiment, the received particle size information is a particle size distribution of superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material, and the one or more processors are further configured to: a) determine, based on the particle size distribution, one or more particle size classes from the predetermined particle size classes in which particles having each size are present in the superabsorbent material; b) determine technical application characteristics for the determined particle size classes; and c) determine overall technical application characteristics of the superabsorbent material based on the determined technical application characteristics for each determined particle size class and based on the particle size distribution. Generally, the particle size distribution of superabsorbent particles can be received in the form of any data information indicating the particle sizes present in a statistically relevant sample of the superabsorbent material. For example, the particle size distribution can be provided in the form of a list of all sampled superabsorbent particles and their corresponding sizes. However, the particle size distribution can also be provided directly in the form of a class distribution indicating the amount of particles present in each class in a statistically relevant sample for multiple particle size classes. Generally, a particle size class refers to a range of particle sizes and is defined by a minimum particle size and a maximum particle size that define the particle size range. In this case, if the particle size distribution is provided in the form of a class distribution, each predetermined particle size class can refer to a previously used particle size class. In this case, determining whether particles are present in a predetermined particle size class is achieved by determining whether the particle size class distribution indicates a particle amount greater than zero for each particle size class. However, a predetermined particle size class can also be independent of any particle size class previously used to provide the particle size class distribution. In this case, a respective statistical method can be used to determine which particles of a predetermined particle size class are present in the superabsorbent material. Furthermore, if a list of particle sizes is provided as a particle size distribution, the predetermined particle size class can be used to sort the particle sizes appropriately and determine whether at least one particle is present in each predetermined particle size class. Preferably, for example, the particle size distribution of water-absorbing polymer particles can be determined by the EDANA recommended test method, number WSP220.3(11) "Particle Size Distribution."Optical methods, such as laser diffraction, photoanalysis, etc., can also be advantageously utilized and preferably calibrated to the EDANA or corresponding ISO test method based on screening analysis. Such calibrations may also depend on particle characteristics other than particle size and are therefore performed specifically for each product grade. In the present invention, such calibrated methods are particularly useful because they can be used in-line in the production process at one or more locations and provide the necessary particle size information in real time.

[0021] The technical application properties for the determined particle size classes are then determined by utilizing a characterization model for each particle size falling within the predetermined particle size class. Generally, the technical application properties can be determined by inputting at least one particle size falling within the predetermined particle size class into the characterization model and utilizing the determined technical application properties as the technical application properties for all sizes falling within the determined particle size class. However, the minimum and maximum sizes of particles falling within each determined particle size class can also be utilized as inputs to the characterization model, and the determined technical application properties can be statistically combined, for example, by averaging to determine the technical application properties representing each determined particle size class. However, other statistical methods can also be utilized as appropriate. The overall technical application properties can then be determined based on the determined technical application properties for each determined particle size class and based on the particle distribution. In particular, the amount of particles falling within each determined particle size class is taken into account when determining the overall technical application properties. For example, a weighted average can be utilized to determine the overall technical application properties based on the determined technical application properties, with the weights of the weighted average being determined based on the amount of particles in the particle distribution falling within each particle size class. For example, if more particles are included in a particle size class, the respective technology application characteristic may be weighted higher than a technology application characteristic corresponding to a particle size class with fewer particles. Furthermore, other known or learned relationships may also be taken into account in the weighting for determining the overall technology application characteristic. For example, it may be determined that larger particles generally have a higher impact on the overall technology application characteristic than smaller particles. In this case, the weighting of a particle size class with larger particles may be given higher weighting than the weighting of a particle size class with smaller particles. The control data is then preferably generated based on the determined overall technology application characteristic.

[0022] Typically, weighted averages can be used to predict overall product properties from individual particle size classes, such as absorption capacity with and without external pressure. This is not the case for performance-critical properties like swelling kinetics and liquid permeability. For blends of superabsorbent particles with different properties, rather complex blending characteristics are found, as described, for example, in WO 2019 / 137833. This is due to the fact that for such blends, not only are size-class-specific properties relevant, but complex blending phenomena based on the amount of particles present in different size classes also have a significant impact on overall performance. While finer particles may be beneficial for achieving fast liquid absorption, they may also act antagonistically in terms of liquid distribution, as they quickly block fluid-conducting pores. To predict such properties, a size-class weighted average value can be used, which does not treat all particle sizes equally and may depend on the number of particles in each class. In the present invention, weighting is preferably determined experimentally after first measuring the overall performance characteristics of the superabsorbent polymer and then classifying it into discrete size classes by determining the properties of each class. By mixing each class with each other in various amounts, a conclusion can be drawn regarding the required weight. For such mixing, an experimental design can be used.

[0023] In an embodiment, the received particle size is provided as an initial particle size, the receiving interface is further adapted to receive target application characteristics, and the processor is further adapted to iteratively determine a target particle size so that the superabsorbent material meets the target application characteristics within a predetermined limit, the iteration including: a) determining the technical application characteristics at each iteration step; b) comparing the determined technical application characteristics with the target technical application characteristics; and c) providing a corrected particle size or determining the particle size as the target size based on the comparison. When the particle size is provided in the form of a particle size distribution, the target technical application characteristics refer to the overall technical application characteristics of the target, which can be determined as described above. Then, control data is generated based on the target size or target size distribution. In particular, the control data can be generated in such a case so that a production system for producing superabsorbent particles produces superabsorbent particles having the target size or target size distribution.

[0024] Additionally or alternatively, the one or more processors may be adapted to determine the deviation of the determined technical application characteristics from the target technical application characteristics, and then generate control data based on the deviation. Therefore, in this case, iteration can be omitted, and in such a case, the control data can be generated directly based on the deviation. For example, a predetermined rule can be used to generate the control data based on the deviation. For example, if a deviation between the determined technical application characteristics and the target technical application characteristics is determined, control data can be generated to modify the production process, for example, so that the particle size decreases or increases by a predetermined amount. Then, after the production of superabsorbent particles with a decreased or increased size, the technical application characteristics of the superabsorbent particles can be determined again and compared again with the target technical application characteristics. This process can then be repeated until the determined technical application characteristics meet the target technical application characteristics.

[0025] In a further aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for determining overall technical application properties of a superabsorbent material is provided, the superabsorbent material being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface-crosslinked shell having higher connectivity than the core, the apparatus comprising: a) a receiving interface for receiving a particle size distribution of the superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material; b) one or more processors configured to: i) determine one or more particle size classes from predetermined particle size classes in which particles having each size are present in the superabsorbent material based on the particle size distribution; ii) utilize a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material for the determined particle size classes, the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent particles based on the particle size; iii) determine overall technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on the determined technical application properties for each determined particle size class and based on the particle size distribution; and c) an output interface for generating a control signal based on the determined overall technical application properties.

[0026] In a further aspect of the present invention, an interface device is provided for providing an interface for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material, the interface device comprising: a) an interface input unit for interfacing with such an apparatus to provide the apparatus with particle size, and b) an interface output unit for processing control data generated by such an apparatus based on the particle size.

[0027] In a further aspect of the present invention, a training device for parameterizing a characterization model is provided, the training device including: a) a receiving interface for receiving historical training data including a plurality of particle sizes for superabsorbent particles of a superabsorbent material and corresponding one or more measured application properties of the superabsorbent material; b) one or more processors configured to utilize the received historical training data to parameterize the characterization model, such that the parameterized characterization model is adapted to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on particle size; and c) an output interface for outputting the parameterized characterization model.

[0028] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optimization apparatus for determining a target superabsorbent material comprising target technology application properties, the superabsorbent material being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface cross-linked shell having higher connectivity than the core, the apparatus comprising: a) a receiving interface configured to receive the target technology application properties of the target superabsorbent material and particle sizes of potential superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material; b) one or more processors configured to: i) utilize a characterization model to determine the technology application properties of the potential superabsorbent material based on particle size; and c) one or more processors configured to: i) utilize a characterization model to determine the technology application properties of the potential superabsorbent material based on particle size; and ii) one or more processors configured to compare the determined technical application characteristics with target technical application characteristics to: I) determine the particle size as the target particle size if the predicted technical application characteristics are within a predetermined range centered on the target application characteristics, and II) determine a corrected particle size if the predicted technical application characteristics are outside the predetermined range centered on the target application characteristics, and repeat the determination of the technical application characteristics using the corrected particle size; and an output interface configured to generate a control signal based on the target particle size. Preferably, the received potential particle size is a particle size distribution of superabsorbent particles of the target superabsorbent material. As described above with respect to the apparatus, the one or more processors may then be further configured to: a) determine one or more particle size classes from the predetermined particle size classes in which particles having each size are present in the superabsorbent material based on the particle size distribution; b) determine technical application characteristics for the determined particle size classes; and c) determine overall technical application characteristics of the superabsorbent material based on the determined technical application characteristics for each determined particle size class and based on the particle size distribution. The determined overall technology application characteristic can then be compared with the target technology application characteristic, and the potential particle size distribution can be determined to be the target particle size distribution, or a corrected particle size distribution can be determined as the new potential particle size distribution. For example, the amount of particles in one or more particle size classes can be corrected.However, in embodiments, the target particle size distribution can also be determined analytically by a) providing one or more potential target particle size classes, b) determining technical application characteristics for each of the potential target particle size classes, and c) determining the amount of target particles in each potential target particle size class by optimizing the amount of particles in each particle size class so that the overall technical application characteristics meet the target technical application characteristics.

[0029] In a further aspect of the present invention, an interface method is provided for providing an interface for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material, the interface method comprising: a) providing a particle size via an input interface to an apparatus as described above; and b) processing, via an output interface, control data generated by the apparatus as described above based on the particle size.

[0030] In a further aspect of the present invention, a training method for parameterizing a characterization model is provided, the training method including: a) receiving historical training data including a plurality of particle sizes for superabsorbent particles of a superabsorbent material and one or more corresponding measured application properties of the superabsorbent material; b) utilizing the received historical training data to parameterize a characterization model, such that the parameterized characterization model is adapted to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on particle size; and c) outputting the parameterized characterization model.

[0031] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optimization method for determining a target superabsorbent material comprising target technical application properties, the superabsorbent material being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface-crosslinked shell having higher connectivity than the core, the method comprising: a) receiving the target technical application properties of the target superabsorbent material and the particle size of a potential superabsorbent particle of the superabsorbent material; b) utilizing a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the potential superabsorbent material based on particle size, the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on particle size; c) comparing the determined technical application properties with the target technical application properties, and determining I) the particle size as the target particle size if the predicted technical application properties are within a predetermined range centered on the target application properties, and II) a corrected particle size if the predicted technical application properties are outside the predetermined range centered on the target application properties, and repeating the determination of the technical application properties using the corrected particle size; and d) generating a control signal based on the target particle size.

[0032] In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer program product for predicting technical application properties of a superabsorbent material, the computer program product comprising program code means for causing an apparatus as described above to carry out a method as described above.

[0033] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer program product for training a characterization model, the computer program product comprising program code means for causing a training device as described above to perform the training method as described above.

[0034] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided control data generated in accordance with the above-described apparatus, method and / or computer program product.

[0035] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of an apparatus as described above, a corresponding method and / or a computer program for determining application properties of a superabsorbent polymer.

[0036] In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of the above-described apparatus, method and / or computer program for generating a library of technical application properties of different superabsorbent polymers.

[0037] In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an apparatus, method and / or computer program product as described above for controlling a production process of a superabsorbent material, in particular for controlling particle size distribution.

[0038] It is to be understood that the above-described method, the above-described apparatus and the above-described computer program product have similar and / or identical preferred embodiments, in particular as defined in the dependent claims. Furthermore, the above-described training method, the above-described training apparatus and the above-described training computer program product also have similar and / or identical preferred embodiments, in particular as defined in the dependent claims.

[0039] It is to be understood that a preferred embodiment of the invention can also be any combination of the dependent claims or the above embodiments with the respective independent claim.

[0040] These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment(s) described hereinafter. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0041] [Figure 1] 1 shows, in a schematic and exemplary manner, a system for producing a superabsorbent material including an apparatus for determining the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material. [Figure 2] 1 shows, schematically and exemplarily, a flow chart of a method for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material and optionally controlling the production of the superabsorbent material. [Figure 3] 1 shows, schematically and exemplarily, a training device for training a characterization model for determining technical application properties of superabsorbent materials. [Figure 4] 1 shows, schematically and exemplarily, a flow chart of a method for training a characterization model for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material. [Figure 5] 1 shows a schematic and exemplary swelling model of superabsorbent particles. [Figure 6] 1 shows a schematic and exemplary application of the determination of technical application properties of superabsorbent particles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0042] 1 shows a schematic and exemplary system 100 for producing a superabsorbent material 140. The system 100 includes an apparatus 110 for determining technical application properties of the superabsorbent material 140. Optionally, the system may further include an interface apparatus 120 for interfacing with the apparatus 110. Furthermore, the system may include a production system 132 and a production control system 131 provided in a production plant 130 for producing the superabsorbent material 140.

[0043] The apparatus 110 comprises a receiving interface 111, one or more processors 112, and an output interface 113. Generally, the apparatus is configured to determine technical application characteristics of a superabsorbent material. The superabsorbent material is provided in the form of superabsorbent particles, which include superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of an interconnected core and a surface-crosslinked shell having higher connectivity than the interconnected core. Generally, the apparatus can be provided as a standalone device, e.g., a dedicated computing device, but can also be provided as part of a more general computing device that provides additional functionality. In particular, the apparatus can be provided as part of a quality control system or, for example, as part of a production control system 131.

[0044] The receiving interface 111 is configured to receive particle sizes of superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material. Generally, the receiving interface can be implemented as any interface that allows receiving respective data indicating particle sizes. In particular, the receiving interface can be configured to provide an interface to a storage unit in which particle sizes are already stored, a control system such as the control system 131 of the generating system 132 that provides sensor measurements indicating particle sizes, or a user interface 120 that allows a user to input respective particle sizes. The particle size can refer to any quantity that allows quantifying the volume of a superabsorbent particle of the superabsorbent material. Preferably, the particle size refers to the volume of the particle, or, if the particle can be approximated as a spherical particle, the radius or diameter of the particle. The particle size of the superabsorbent particles is generally provided when the superabsorbent particles are in a dry state, i.e., before fluid has been absorbed into the superabsorbent particles, increasing their size. The received particle size of the superabsorbent particles is then provided to one or more processors 112.

[0045] The one or more processors 112 are then configured to utilize the characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on the particle size. For example, the one or more processors may be configured to access a storage unit 114 in which a characterization model is already stored. Generally, more than one characterization model may be stored in the storage unit 114, e.g., characterization models for different superabsorbent materials using, for example, different superabsorbent polymers, different crosslinking methods, and / or production parameters, generated according to manufacturing specifications. In this case, the one or more processors may then be configured to select a respective characterization model for the superabsorbent material using respective information about the superabsorbent material, e.g., the identity of the superabsorbent material or the manufacturing specifications provided for the superabsorbent material. Furthermore, different characterization models for different technical application properties may be stored in the storage unit 114. In this case, the one or more processors may be configured to select all available characterization models for each superabsorbent material and then apply each of the characterization models to determine all available technical application properties for each superabsorbent material, or based on further information regarding the desired technical application properties provided, for example, via user interface 120, the one or more processors may be configured to select each characterization model to be utilized.

[0046] Generally, the characterization model is parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application characteristics of superabsorbent particles based on the particle size. In particular, the data-driven decision model can be any machine learning-based model that allows learning based on historical data to determine the technical application characteristics of superabsorbent particles based on the particle size. For example, the characterization model can refer to a regression model-based algorithm such as a neural network algorithm, a lasso algorithm, a ridge regression algorithm, a MASS algorithm, or a random forest algorithm. However, the characterization model can also refer to a classifier-based model algorithm such as a random forest algorithm or an SVM algorithm. A particularly preferred embodiment of the characterization model is described with reference to FIG. 5. In particular, the utilized characterization model is preferably further parameterized based on the core size and shell size of each superabsorbent particle to enable quantifying and determining the respective contributions of the core size and shell size to the respective technical application characteristics. This allows the characterization model to be stored by storing respective performance parameters that quantify the contributions. The selection of the characterization model can then be achieved by selecting performance parameters corresponding to each core size and each shell size and using these performance parameters in the characterization model.

[0047] Generally, the characterization models may be trained using a training device 300 as shown in FIG. 3, which may be configured to execute a training method as shown in FIG. 4, for example. The training device 300 as shown in FIG. 3 includes a receiving interface 310, one or more processors 320, and an output interface 340. Generally, the training device 300 may be integrated into the device 110, for example. In this case, the device 110, and in particular the one or more processors 112 of the device 110, may instead be configured to access a storage unit that stores the respective historical training data and then train the respective characterization models using the device 300 if the characterization models are not available, for example, in the storage 114. However, the training device 300 may also be provided independently of the device 110 and may be configured to then provide the trained characterization models to a storage unit, such as the storage unit 114, accessible to the device 110.

[0048] The receiving interface 310 is configured to receive historical training data for training the characterization model. Generally, the receiving interface can provide an interface to a storage unit in which the historical training data is stored, or to a measurement or sensor interface that allows receiving respective measurements that can be used as historical training data. The historical training data includes at least two, preferably multiple, particle sizes of the superabsorbent material and one or more corresponding measured application properties of the superabsorbent material. Such training data can be generated, for example, by measuring the respective superabsorbent material using known measurement methods for determining technical application properties and for measuring the respective particle sizes of the superabsorbent material. Generally, such historical training data is often generated during quality control of the superabsorbent material or during the design process of the superabsorbent material, in which respective measurements are performed.

[0049] The one or more processors 320 are then configured to utilize the received historical training data to parameterize a characterization model, such that the parameterized characterization model is adapted to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on particle size. For example, known machine learning, i.e., parameterization, methods can be utilized. The output interface 340 is then configured to output the parameterized characterization model to a respective storage, such as the storage 114, or directly to an apparatus for determining technical application properties, such as the apparatus 110. In general, the method schematically and exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 4 can be utilized to train the characterization model. For example, the historical training data can be received, for example, as described with respect to the receiving interface of the training apparatus 300. The respective historical training data can then be utilized to parameterize the respective characterization model using known training methods, as described in more detail with respect to the training apparatus 300. The trained characterization model can then be provided, for example, to the apparatus 110.

[0050] Based on such trained characterization model, the one or more processors 112 of the apparatus 110 are then configured to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on the provided particle size. The determined technical application properties and, optionally, the utilized particle size are then provided to the output interface 113. The output interface 113 is then configured to generate control data based on the determined technical application properties. For example, the output interface can generate control data that enables the determined technical application properties to be provided to the user interface 120 to inform a user of the determined technical application properties. However, in a preferred embodiment, the generated control data includes production specifications for controlling the production of the superabsorbent material, and in particular, for controlling the production system 132 that produces the superabsorbent material 140. The production specifications can then be provided to the control system 131, for example, to control the production system 132 to produce the respective superabsorbent particles 140.

[0051] However, in a preferred embodiment, the apparatus 110 is further configured to perform iterations not only to determine the technical application characteristics but also to determine a particle size that enables the superabsorbent material to achieve the target technical application characteristics. In particular, the apparatus may be configured to perform, for example, the method exemplarily and schematically shown in the flowchart of FIG. 2. Generally, a method such as that shown in FIG. 2 may be performed in conjunction with the design of a production process in which a superabsorbent product having predetermined target technical application characteristics is designed and a respective superabsorbent material must be found to provide the respective target technical application characteristics. In this case, the iterations are based solely on the respective target technical application characteristics, and no further measurements are provided as part of a feedback loop. However, the method may also be applied, for example, in conjunction with the system 100 shown in FIG. 1, for providing control feedback to the production system 132 to produce a superabsorbent material 140 having the respective desired technical application characteristics. In this case, for example, measurements of the particle size of a current batch of superabsorbent material may be used as input to the iterations, and the production process may be simultaneously corrected until the measured particle size that provides the respective desired technical application characteristics is reached.

[0052] Generally, in the method described in FIG. 2 , target technical application characteristics are received, indicating the technical application characteristics to be satisfied by each superabsorbent material. The method further includes receiving each particle size, for example, as an arbitrary starting particle size or as a measured particle size provided by a current batch of produced superabsorbent material. Furthermore, as described below, the provided particle size can also be a particle size distribution of a statistically relevant sample of superabsorbent material. In many cases, the production of superabsorbent material does not allow for the production of particles of only one size. Therefore, production often results in a superabsorbent material containing a distribution of different particle sizes. Such a particle size distribution can be determined, for example, by measuring each statistically relevant amount of superabsorbent material and determining the size of each superabsorbent particle. The particle size distribution thus determined can be provided, for example, in the form of a list of all measured particle sizes. However, the particle size distribution can also be provided, for example, in the form of a histogram, which determines different particle size classes by referring to their respective particle size ranges and determines how many particles of each particle size class are found in each amount of superabsorbent material. Measuring the particle size distribution in the form of a histogram can be performed, for example, by using sieves of different sizes and measuring the amount of particles captured by each sieve, which then provide the boundaries for each particle size class.

[0053] In the next step, the characterization model is used to determine the technical application properties of the individual superabsorbent materials. If only one particle size is provided, the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material are determined, for example, as described above with respect to apparatus 110. If the particle sizes are provided in the form of a particle size distribution, different particle sizes must be taken into account to determine the overall technical application properties of the particle size distribution. For example, if a list of particle sizes is provided as a particle size distribution, the characterization model can be used to determine the respective technical application properties for each particle size, and the overall technical application properties of the superabsorbent material can then be determined, for example, by averaging over the determined technical application properties. Optionally, a weighted average can also be used, for example, if it is known that certain particle sizes have a higher impact on the overall technical application properties than other particle sizes. However, in most cases, it is not necessary to precisely determine the technical application properties for each particle size to provide adequate accuracy. In fact, in most cases, particle size measurements do not provide exact particle sizes, but instead result in a particle size distribution in the form of a histogram that can be easily measured, for example, using sieves, with the amount of particles obtained being continuously measured for each sieving step. In this case, it is preferable to use particle size classes and determine the technical application characteristics for each particle size class. Generally, the characterization model used can therefore be pre-trained using the same particle size classes. However, the characterization model can also be trained without using particle size classes. If the characterization model has already been trained based on particle size classes, it only needs to be determined based on the provided particle size distribution, and at least one particle for that class exists in the particle size distribution. For the particle size classes thus determined, the characterization model can then be used to determine the technical application characteristics. Also, if the characterization model is trained based on a specific particle size, i.e., without using particle size classes, the respective particle size classes can be used. For example, in this case, particle size classes already provided in the particle size distribution can be used, or other particle size classes can be pre-determined.This is then determined based on the particle size distribution in which at least one particle of each particle size class can be found in the superabsorbent material. One or more particle sizes representing the particle size class can then be determined. For example, a particle size in the middle of a particle size class can be used to represent the particle size class. However, the minimum and maximum particle sizes of a particle size class can also be used to represent the particle size class. Based on the represented particle size value, the technical application characteristics can then be determined using a characterization model. If two or more values ​​are used to represent a particle size class, it is preferable to use a statistical method to determine the technical application characteristics corresponding to this particle size class based on the technical application characteristics determined for two or more particle sizes representing the particle size class. For example, the average value of the determined technical application characteristics can be used. Thus, in this case, the technical application characteristics corresponding to this particle size class are determined for each particle size class. The overall technical application characteristics can be determined based on all the technical application characteristics determined for all particle size classes in which at least one particle is present in the superabsorbent material. For example, a respective statistical method can be used, such as averaging or, in particular, weighted averaging. Furthermore, known relationships between different particle size classes and their contributions to the respective technical application characteristics can also be taken into account. For example, if larger particles have a greater effect on the technical application properties than smaller particles during the averaging process, the technical application properties corresponding to the particle size class of larger particles can be provided with a higher weight than the technical application properties corresponding to the particle size class of smaller particles. Furthermore, when determining the overall technical application properties, the particle size distribution can also be taken into account. In particular, the relative amount of particles of a particle size class compared to particles of other particle sizes can be considered to determine the overall technical application properties. For example, in the averaging process, particle size classes containing more particles can be weighted higher than particle size classes containing fewer particles. In particular, the weights can be selected based on the respective percentages of particles of each particle size class relative to the total number of particles in each sample. Thus, in the case of a particle size distribution, the above method allows for very accurate determination of the overall technical application properties of a superabsorbent material containing this particle size distribution.

[0054] In the next step, the determined technical application characteristics, in the case of particle size distribution, the overall technical application characteristics are then compared with the target technical application characteristics. In particular, it is determined whether the determined technical application characteristics deviate from the target technical application characteristics. If the deviation between the determined technical application characteristics and the target technical application characteristics exceeds a predetermined limit, i.e., if the determined technical application characteristics do not meet the target technical application characteristics within these predetermined limits, a next iteration step can be initiated. In particular, in the next iteration step, the particle sizes can be corrected, for example, increased or decreased. In the case of particle size distribution, the respective particle size distributions are corrected, for example, by changing the respective amounts of particles of different particle size classes. This step can refer to a purely computer-implemented step. However, in the case of controlling a production process, this step can also refer to providing control data for controlling the production process of the superabsorbent material so that the respective particle sizes produced are corrected. In this case, the corrected particle sizes can be measured again, also as a feedback loop, because it is often not possible to accurately guarantee that the particle sizes will be corrected as planned for each production process. In this case, the measured corrected particle sizes are used in the next iteration step. Based on the corrected particle size or particle size distribution, respectively, the characterization model is again utilized as described above to determine the technical application properties.

[0055] These iterative steps can be performed repeatedly until a predetermined interruption criterion is reached, for example, until a predetermined number of iterative steps have been performed, or until the comparison results in a deviation below a predetermined limit, i.e., until a technical application characteristic is determined that meets the target technical application characteristic within the predetermined limit. In this case, the respective control data are generated based on the technical application characteristic and / or the target particle size thus determined. In particular, the control data are preferably generated, which include production specifications that indicate a target particle size or particle size distribution to be reached during the production of superabsorbent particles. The respective production specifications can then be optionally used to control the respective production of superabsorbent particles. However, if the method is used to directly control the production process, the control data in this case can also simply indicate that, with the current production settings, e.g., process parameters of the superabsorbent particle production process, the respective target technical application characteristic reaches a level at which these production parameters should not be further corrected.

[0056] In an optional embodiment, the control data, in particular the manufacturing specifications, can also be determined directly based on the determined technology application characteristics without a further iterative step to determine the target technology application characteristics. This may be the case especially if the target technology application characteristics are directly satisfied or if the control data may refer to providing the determined technology application characteristics to a user interface.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment of the characterization model, the characterization model is further parameterized based on the core size and shell size of the superabsorbent particles, as shown in FIG. 4. Generally, the core size and shell size of the superabsorbent particles depend on the particle size. However, the core size and shell size also depend on the process parameters of the superabsorbent particle production process, particularly the process parameters that affect the crosslinking process and the post-crosslinking process that provides each particle with its shell. In such an embodiment, these process parameters, or directly the core size and shell size, can also be used as input parameters depending on the radius, and can be corrected for particle size in addition to or instead of the radius. This makes it possible to take into account the contribution of the core size and shell size to the technical application properties, providing a higher probability of achieving the desired technical application properties. For example, in some cases, it may not be possible to meet the respective target technical application properties based solely on particle size correction, and it may be necessary to also correct the respective shell size or core size. Therefore, the iteration may then include providing a corrected core and / or shell size in addition to or instead of the corrected particle size. Further details regarding this preferred characterization model are provided below.

[0058] Superabsorbent materials are typically produced by crushing and sieving the pre-dried gel obtained from the polymerization step. For example, after belt drying, the dried gel is initially provided in the form of at least one infinitely long, flat slab, often several centimeters thick, which can then be crushed and sieved to provide superabsorbent polymer powder as the superabsorbent material. The crushing step can, for example, use a combination of finger crushers, roller mills, or pin mills to crush the polymer slab. However, in most common production processes, the crushing step results in a wide, but not necessarily uniform, particle size distribution of the superabsorbent particles that form the resulting superabsorbent material. Most crushing processes produce both very fine superabsorbent particles, e.g., smaller than about 100 μm, and particles that are too coarse, e.g., larger than about 850 μm, for each application. Particles that are too fine are often separated during production of the base superabsorbent polymer and can be recycled to the gel or monomer. Particles that are too coarse can be further crushed, e.g., by repeated crushing or additional crushing steps. However, both process steps are economically disadvantageous and can undesirably reduce the quality of the final product, so it is advantageous to limit further processing steps for overly fine and overly coarse particles to the minimum necessary for each application.

[0059] Recently, for very thin hygiene articles that should not contain a lot of fluff, if at all, narrower particle size is required as mentioned above, while for reasons of industrial hygiene and performance, they should not contain too many very fine particles, for example, particle size fractions of less than 50 μm, preferably less than 100 μm, most preferably less than 150 μm, should be minimized, and ideally should be absent.However, such very fine particles cannot be avoided in any grinding process and must be removed from the final product.Ideally, these very fine particles are recycled in the production process, but because they are crosslinked, and recycling can have a negative impact on the performance of the product, so this ability is very limited.Therefore, it is preferable to control the production process of superabsorbent so that these very fine particle fractions are minimized.

[0060] Separation of fine, fine, and coarse particle fractions is usually achieved, at least in part, by air classification, which exploits the different air resistance and density of particles, or by separation via particle flow behavior, e.g., in trickle separators, or by mechanical screening, which exploits differences in particle size, using vibrating feeders or other separation processes that exploit the different flow behavior of differently sized particles, such as friction, adhesion, or agglomeration. A typical production process utilizes a combination of these separation methods. Thus, changes in the chemical or physical surface properties of particles, for example, due to changes in manufacturing specifications, often require significant adjustments to the grinding or classification process to ensure consistent production of the desired particle size distribution. For example, a high space-time yield during a production process can load a sieve face with significantly more material than at laboratory scale, which can subsequently lead to a significant decrease in separation efficiency due to the particles' then-highly accentuated flow properties.

[0061] In all these grinding and separation processes, the challenge is to provide an optimal particle size distribution that allows the superabsorbent material to meet the customer's technical requirements and also improve the efficiency of the production process, for example, by optimizing the steps used to reprocess particles that are too small or too coarse. To this end, it is advantageous to provide process parameter settings suitable for the grinding and separation processes used and to periodically adjust these process parameter settings during continuous production. Currently, the setting and adjustment of these process parameters is usually provided by experienced plant operators and can further be based on the analysis of collected product and / or intermediate samples. For this purpose, samples are taken at appropriate points in the production process; for example, a sample of the base superabsorbent polymer fed to the post-crosslinking step and a sample of the final product obtained from the post-crosslinking step are usually analyzed. Furthermore, whenever technically possible, an attempt is made to record the volume flow of material during the production process. The adjustment itself is then often performed empirically, thereby creating optimization problems. The drawback is that in practice, this is a time-consuming and costly "trial and error" method. In the case of new equipment in the grinding and separation process, or in the case of changes in the base superabsorbent material, e.g., morphology, porosity, surface properties, etc., due to its production, e.g., compounding, polymerization, extrusion, drying, etc., it is often necessary to repeatedly calculate the necessary settings to ensure continuity of product quality, especially to ensure the same technical application characteristics of the final product, but this is often difficult due to the lack of operating experience, especially with new products. In particular, in the case of continuous production processes with high space-time yields, operating trials are often ineffective and difficult to carry out. In addition, the difference in selectivity between the laboratory and production adds further complexity to scale-up: while the optimal particle size distribution can be easily developed and adjusted in the laboratory, the actual production process usually requires careful operating trials and adjustments over a longer period of time. In many cases, it is not possible to set the same particle size distribution for the actual production process as in the laboratory; only the best possible approximation can be set.

[0062] In production plants, for example in crushing or screening devices, mechanical wear of the equipment also occurs over time, which must be compensated for by regular readjustment of process parameters, such as, for example, gap width in roller mills, choice of screen, etc., so that the set particle size distribution is maintained.

[0063] The superabsorbent polymer powder produced as described above is usually subjected to a post-crosslinking process step following the creation of an optimal particle size distribution. In this step, a post-crosslinking agent dissolved in a solvent is sprayed onto the superabsorbent powder, followed by annealing to effect post-crosslinking on the surface of the superabsorbent particles, followed by at least partial or complete drying. Depending on the formulation composition, the post-crosslinking solution penetrates the particles only to a certain depth. Complete penetration of the particles is often not advantageous, since it is usually important to combine the properties of a strongly crosslinked surface shell with a lightly crosslinked base polymer core. An excessively thin post-crosslinked shell is also not advantageous, as it can be damaged by mechanical abrasion, resulting in at least partial loss of the desired particle properties. Experimental determination of shell thickness is generally known, but is labor-intensive and only leads to approximate results. This is described, for example, in "Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology" by F.L. Buchholz, A.T. Graham, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, pp. 192-193.

[0064] Generally, the core-shell structure described above, in which the shell polymer is covalently bonded to the core polymer and only cracks open during swelling without delamination, provides a strong dependency of almost all technical application properties of the final product on the particle size distribution of the superabsorbent polymer powder. During the product development and manufacturing process, only the technical application properties of the final superabsorbent polymer, including a broad particle size distribution, are typically determined. However, in this form, the contributions of the superabsorbent polymer powder, surface post-crosslinking, and particle size distribution are inseparably linked and appear only as overall performance. Therefore, optimization of these three components is typically carried out through careful laboratory and operational testing, or is impossible with respect to particle size distribution. This poses additional challenges, for example, offering the possibility of optimizing the crosslinking process of superabsorbent polymer particles together with the optimization of particle size distribution. Further optimization of the post-crosslinking process often offers more possibilities than the technically limited optimization of particle size distribution. Furthermore, it would be advantageous to be able to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent materials in silico in hygiene articles. Here, it is particularly advantageous to be able to determine the technical application properties of different superabsorbent particles in the respective mixtures that are normally present, for example as a starting point for the development of possible products.

[0065] The present invention therefore provides the possibility to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on their radius by utilizing a characterization model, for example as described above with reference to Figures 1 to 4. However, in a preferred embodiment described in more detail below with reference to Figure 5, it is further preferred that the characterization model also takes into account the size of the core and shell of the particle.

[0066] Surprisingly, the contribution of the core and shell of a superabsorbent particle to the technical application properties, which is experimentally hardly or not available at all, can be calculated by, for example, the volume V of the respective shell and core in a dry superabsorbent particle. シェル , V コアIt has been found by the inventors that although sizes quantified by σ can be easily separated in characterization models, taking into account the reasonable assumption that sizes vary differently upon swelling during use, e.g., different densities of crosslinking provide different degrees of swelling, their structurally given properties before swelling can dominate the achievable technical application properties of swollen particles during use.

[0067] Figure 5 shows a schematic and exemplary swelling model for each superabsorbent particle. The particle in the dry state is shown on the left, with r0 = r i +d, so that the radius r i , shell thickness d, and a core with particle radius r0. On the right, the superabsorbent particle is shown after swelling. As shown during swelling, the post-crosslinked shell breaks down but does not separate from the core, substantially retaining its size, i.e., volume. Thus, the volumes of the shell and core, respectively, V シェル , V コア teeth,

number

[0068] To separate the shell and core contributions in the characterization model, the algorithm used preferably includes respective performance parameters indicative of the respective contributions that can be learned during parameterization of the characterization model. Preferably, the performance parameters var シェル quantifies the volume-specific contribution of the shell size, and the performance parameter var コアquantifies the volume-specific contribution of the core size. Furthermore, since the shell thickness d is often difficult to determine for actually produced superabsorbent particles, an additional performance parameter d' that quantifies the effective thickness of the shell polymer can be utilized to represent d in the model, where d' is replaced by d for all practical purposes, but the same formula is used. Generally, the performance parameter is a constant parameter related to particle size, but is a function of the formulation and other process parameters, such as temperature and residence time in the surface post-crosslinking process. Based on these performance parameters, the amount of particles var that are or exhibit technical application properties can be calculated. 粒子 The variables can be determined, for example, using the following relationship:

number

[0069] Generally, size, for example, in the form of particle radius or diameter, is known from the respective size distribution of the superabsorbent particles forming the superabsorbent material. For example, the respective size distribution can be determined by sieving the superabsorbent material, usually with the aid of calibration to the sieving method, or by optical measurements such as image analysis, laser diffraction, light barrier, etc. For example, a Parsum®-Probe in-line measurement system can be utilized. Such in-line measurements are useful because data is readily available for processing, and while sieves are highly efficient and reliable classifiers in the laboratory, this is not the same in production plants. Sieve deck throughputs and loading capacities vary, and equipment wear and tear alters crushing and sorting characteristics. Monitoring these effects in real time and adjusting and optimizing the process to take them into account can greatly benefit from the present invention. It should be noted that when a performance parameter referring to the shell thickness of a superabsorbent particle is utilized, this performance parameter quantifies an effective thickness, which may or may not correspond to a physical thickness. For example, the determined value of this performance parameter may vary, for example, depending on the technical application characteristics and on the surface size of the particle. Furthermore, although the exemplary characterization model provided above is discussed with respect to spherical geometric shapes of superabsorbent particles, it has been found by the inventors that the above-discussed embodiments can also very well be used to determine the technical application characteristics of highly irregularly shaped particles, for example after gel extrusion.

[0070] For the characterization models described above, the performance parameters can then be determined during parameterization, particularly training, of the characterization model. For example, nonlinear optimization using a "least squares" or equivalent optimization function can be used to determine the performance parameters based on historical training data, e.g., referencing laboratory or production sample measurements. In particular, the particles of each sample, including their particle size distribution, can be separated into samples containing only particles with a predetermined particle size class, e.g., by sieving the sample through different sieve sizes. The technical application properties corresponding to each of these particle size classes can then be measured for the separate samples, as described below. Information about the particle size classes and the corresponding technical application properties can then be used in the training data to determine performance parameters that are independent of particle size. For example, during training, a first initial estimate of the performance parameters is used to calculate the shell and core volumes. These calculated volumes can then be substituted into the characterization model, e.g., using the above formula, to calculate the technical application properties for particles in that size class. The performance parameters, and therefore the accuracy of the characterization model, can then be determined by comparing the calculated technical application properties with the measured technical application properties of the training data for each particle size class. Based on this comparison, an optimization function can be utilized to iteratively adjust the performance parameters until the characterization model optimally describes the given measurement data. Based on such a training method, the characterization model can be parameterized by determining values ​​for the performance parameters.

[0071] Each such training process for a characterization model is shown schematically and exemplarily in FIG. 6. The steps of determining the particle size distribution and separating the superabsorbent material sample into particle size classes are symbolically indicated by the first two symbols. Furthermore, the scheme in FIG. 6 includes determining the technical application properties for each particle size class of the sample. Based on the training data thus obtained, performance parameters, for example, referring to the contribution of core size and shell size to the technical application properties, can then be determined, as described above. The performance parameters thus obtained can then be cataloged and stored with respect to the formulation and process parameters from which they were obtained. Because the characterization model is defined by the performance parameters, storing these performance parameters is equivalent to storing the characterization model. However, by separating the performance parameters determined for the contributions of the core and the surface-postcrosslinked shell, these performance parameters can also be combined in new ways to provide new characterization models for previously unmeasured superabsorbent particles. For example, the performance parameters determined for the contribution of the core containing the superabsorbent polymer can be combined with the performance parameters for the contribution of the shell determined for different postcrosslinking procedures. In this way, a characterization model for a previously unsynthesized and unmeasured superabsorbent material can be provided. This allows both to accelerate product development and to optimize the surface post-crosslinking procedure, the core crosslinking procedure, and / or the particle size distribution during the scale-up of the subsequent production of superabsorbent materials in order to solve the above-mentioned problems. In particular, such determined characterization models can then be used to determine the technical application properties of potential superabsorbent materials, for example, using the particle size distribution measured in the above-mentioned manner.

[0072] The following describes some exemplary methods that can be used to measure particularly preferred technical application properties. Generally, EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association, Avenue Herrmann Debroux 46, 1160 Brussels, Belgium, www.edana.org) and INDA (Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry, 1100 Crescent Green, Suite 115, Cary, North Carolina 27518, USA, www.inda.org) have published a joint standard procedure, "Nonwovens Standards Procedures," published in 2015, which is available from both organizations and can be used to determine technical application properties in the context of superabsorbent particles. The test methods for determining absorbent capacity or permeability of superabsorbent materials disclosed in the above publications are incorporated herein by reference as useful methods for measuring technical application properties in the present invention. Generally, most test methods are performed at an ambient temperature of 23±2°C and a relative humidity of 50±10%, unless otherwise specified in the method. Unless otherwise specified, the granular superabsorbent material is thoroughly mixed before performing the test method. This mixing is particularly important for obtaining a representative sample for determining technical application properties, as these may vary depending on particle size. CRC (Centrifuge Retention Capacity) can be determined according to EDANA Test Method NWSP 241.0.R2(15) "Gravimetric Determination of Fluid Retention Capacity in Saline Solution After Centrifugation." FSC (Free Swell Capacity in Saline by Gravimetric Determination) can be determined according to EDANA Test Method NWSP 240.0.R2(15).AAP (Absorption against pressure) can be determined at one or more predetermined external pressures depending on the properties of the superabsorbent material according to EDANA Test Method No. NWSP242.0.R2(15), "Absorption Under Pressure, Gravimetric Determination." The external pressure can be varied by the selection of the applied weight; typical pressures are 0.0, 0.3, and 0.7 psi, which correspond to 0.0, 21.0, and 49.2 g / cm. 2T20 can be determined as the liquid uptake time of 20 g / g (T20) according to the test procedure described in EP 2,535,027 A1, pages 13-18, "(Dynamic Effective Permeability and Uptake Kinetics Measurement Test Method)." VAUL (Volumetric Absorbency Under Load) can be determined by the method described in EP 2,922,882 B1, page 22, and the "characteristic swelling time," usually denoted as τ, can also be obtained. The external pressure used in this method can vary between 0.0 and 0.7 psi, preferably 0.03 psi or 0.30 psi. Vortex can be determined according to the Vortex Time Method described by F.L. Buchholz and A.T. Graham, "Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology," Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, pages 156-157. Saline flow conductivity (SFC) can be determined according to the "Urine Permeability Measurement (UPM) Test Method" in EP 2,535,698 A1, pages 19-22. PSD is the "Standard Test Method for Superabsorbent Materials and the Determination of Polyacrylate Superabsorbent Powders and Particle Size Distribution - Sieve Fractionation" NWSP 220.0.R2(15). This method is useful for classifying superabsorbent materials into predetermined size fractions for the determination of technical application properties.

[0073] Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.

[0074] For the processes and methods disclosed herein, the operations performed in the processes and methods may be performed in different orders. Furthermore, the outlined operations are provided only as examples, and some of the operations are optional and may be combined into fewer steps and operations, supplemented with additional operations, or expanded into additional operations without detracting from the essence of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0075] In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality.

[0076] A single unit or device may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

[0077] The steps such as receiving particle size, determining technical application characteristics, generating control data, etc., performed by one or more units or devices can be performed by any other number of units or devices. These steps can be implemented as program code means of a computer program and / or as dedicated hardware.

[0078] The computer program product may be stored on / distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium, supplied together with or as part of other hardware, or may be distributed in other forms, for example via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunications systems.

[0079] Any unit described herein may be a processing unit that is part of a classical computing system. A processing unit may include a general-purpose processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any other dedicated circuit. Any memory may be physical system memory, which may be volatile, nonvolatile, or a combination of both. The term "memory" may also include computer-readable storage media, such as non-volatile mass storage. If a computing system is distributed, processing and / or storage capabilities may also be distributed. A computing system may include multiple structures as "executable components." The term "executable component" is a structure well understood in the computing arts, which may be software, hardware, or a combination thereof. For example, when implemented in software, those skilled in the art will understand that the structure of an executable component may include software objects, routines, methods, etc. that can be executed on the computing system. This may include both executable components in the computing system heap or executable components on a computer-readable storage medium. The structure of the executable components may reside on a computer-readable medium that, when interpreted by one or more processors of a computing system, e.g., by processor threads, causes the computing system to perform the functions. Such structure may be directly computer-readable by a processor, e.g., where the executable components are binary, or may be structured to be interpretable and / or compiled to generate such a binary, e.g., in a single stage or multiple stages, that is directly interpretable by a processor. In other examples, the structure may be hard-coded or hard-wired logic gates implemented exclusively or nearly exclusively in hardware, e.g., in a field programmable gate array (FPGA), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other dedicated circuitry.Thus, the term “executable component” is a term for structures well understood by those skilled in the computing arts, whether implemented in software, hardware, or a combination. Any embodiments herein are described with reference to operations performed by one or more processing units of a computing system. When such operations are implemented in software, one or more processors direct the operation of the computing system in response to execution of the computer-executable instructions that make up the executable components. A computing system may also include communications channels, e.g., over a network, that enable the computing system to communicate with other computing systems. A “network” is defined as one or more data links that enable the transmission of electronic data between computing systems and / or modules and / or other electronic devices. When information is transferred or provided to a computing system via a network or another communications connection, e.g., either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired and wireless, the computing system properly considers the connection to be a carrier medium. A carrier medium may include a network and / or data link that can be used to carry desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose computing system or a special-purpose computing system or a combination thereof. Although not all computing systems require a user interface, in some embodiments a computing system includes a user interface system for use in interfacing with a user. The user interface serves as an input or output mechanism to the user, for example, via a display.

[0080] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that at least portions of the present invention may be implemented in networked computing environments having many types of computing system configurations, including personal computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, message processors, handheld devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, cellular phones, PDAs, pagers, routers, switches, data centers, wearable devices such as eyeglasses, etc. The present invention may also be practiced in distributed system environments where local and remote computing systems, linked, for example, through a network, either by hardwired data links, wireless data links, or a combination of hardwired and wireless data links, both perform tasks. In a distributed system environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0081] Those skilled in the art will also understand that at least a portion of the present invention may be implemented in a cloud computing environment. A cloud computing environment may be distributed, but this is not required. If distributed, a cloud computing environment may be distributed internationally within an organization and / or have components held across multiple organizations. For purposes of this specification and the claims that follow, "cloud computing" is defined as a model that enables on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources, such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services. The definition of "cloud computing" is not limited to any of the many other advantages that may be obtained when such a model is deployed. The computing systems in the figures, as described, include various components or functional blocks that may implement various embodiments disclosed herein. The various components or functional blocks may be implemented on a local computing system or on a distributed computing system that includes elements that reside in the cloud or implement aspects of cloud computing. The various components or functional blocks may be implemented as software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The computing systems shown in the figures may include more or fewer components than those shown in the figures, and some of the components may be combined where circumstances permit.

[0082] Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

[0083] The present invention relates to an apparatus for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material. The superabsorbent material is provided in the form of superabsorbent particles, including polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface-crosslinked shell. The apparatus includes a receiving interface for receiving particle sizes of the particles of the superabsorbent material. One or more processors are configured to utilize a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material based on particle size, where the characterization model is a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent particles based on particle size. An output interface generates control data based on the determined technical application properties.

Claims

1. 1. An apparatus for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material (140), said superabsorbent material (140) being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface cross-linked shell having higher connectivity than said core, said apparatus (110) comprising: a receiving interface (111) for receiving the particle size of said superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material (140); One or more processors (112), one or more processors (112) configured to utilize a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material (140) based on the particle size, the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on the size of the particles; an output interface (113) for generating control data based on the determined technology application characteristics; 1. An apparatus comprising:

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the utilized characterization model is further parameterized based on core and shell sizes of the superabsorbent particles.

3. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein said parameterizing the utilized characterization model comprises determining performance parameters that quantify the contribution of the core size and the shell size, respectively, of superabsorbent particles to the technical application properties.

4. The utilized characterization model is based on the following relationship between the technical application properties and the size of the superabsorbent particles: [Equation 1] In the formula, V シェル is the volume of the shell, and V コア is the volume of the core of the superabsorbent particle, the volume of the shell and the volume of the core of the superabsorbent particle depend on the size of the superabsorbent particle, and var シェル and var コア are performance parameters that quantify the contribution of the core size and the shell size, respectively, and are determined during the parameterization of the characterization model; and var 粒子 The device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein indicates the technical application characteristic.

5. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the received particle size is a particle size distribution of the superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material (140), and the one or more processors are further configured to: a) determine, based on the particle size distribution, one or more particle size classes from predetermined particle size classes in which particles having the respective sizes are present in the superabsorbent material (140); b) determine technical application properties for the determined particle size classes; and c) determine overall technical application properties of the superabsorbent material (140) based on the determined technical application properties for each determined particle size class and based on the particle size distribution.

6. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the received particle size is provided as an initial particle size, the receiving interface is further adapted to receive target application characteristics, and the processor is further adapted to iteratively determine a target particle size such that the superabsorbent material (140) meets the target application characteristics within predetermined limits, the iterations comprising: a) determining technical application characteristics at each iteration step; b) comparing the determined technical application characteristics with the target technical application characteristics; and c) providing a corrected particle size or determining the current particle size as the target size based on the comparison.

7. 7. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the generated control data comprises production specifications for controlling the production of the superabsorbent material (140), in particular specifications for controlling the size of the superabsorbent particles.

8. 1. An interface device for providing an interface for determining technical application characteristics of a superabsorbent material (140), said interface device comprising: an interface input unit for interfacing with the apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 7 to provide a particle size to the apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 7; an interface output unit for processing control data generated by the device according to any one of claims 1 to 7 based on said particle size; An interface device comprising:

9. A training device for parameterizing a characterization model, the training device (300) comprising: a receiving interface (310) for receiving historical training data including a plurality of particle sizes for superabsorbent particles of a superabsorbent material (140) and a corresponding one or more measured application properties of said superabsorbent material (140); one or more processors (320) configured to utilize the received historical training data to parameterize a characterization model, such that the parameterized characterization model is adapted to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material (140) based on particle size; an output interface (340) for outputting the parameterized characterization model; 12. A training device comprising:

10. 1. An optimization apparatus for determining a target superabsorbent material (140) comprising target technology application properties, said superabsorbent material (140) being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface cross-linked shell having higher connectivity than said core, said apparatus comprising: a receiving interface for receiving the target technology application characteristics of the target superabsorbent material (140) and the particle size of potential superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material (140); one or more processors, utilizing a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the potential superabsorbent material (140) based on the particle size, the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on the size of the particles; one or more processors configured to compare the determined technology application characteristics with the target technology application characteristics, and i) determine the particle size as the target particle size if the predicted technology application characteristics are within a predetermined range centered on the target application characteristics, and ii) determine a corrected particle size if the predicted technology application characteristics are outside the predetermined range centered on the target application characteristics, and repeat the determination of the technology application characteristics using the corrected particle size; an output interface configured to generate a control signal based on the target particle size; 1. An apparatus comprising:

11. 1. A computer-implemented method for determining technical application characteristics of a superabsorbent material (140), said superabsorbent material (140) being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising i) a core having a superabsorbent polymer and ii) a surface-crosslinked shell, said method comprising: receiving a particle size of said superabsorbent particles of a superabsorbent material (140); utilizing a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the superabsorbent material (140), the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on the size of the particles; generating control data based on the determined technology application characteristics; A method comprising:

12. 1. An interface method for providing an interface for determining technical application characteristics of a superabsorbent material (140), said interface method comprising: Providing a particle size to the apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 7 via an input interface; processing, via an output interface, control data generated by the device according to any one of claims 1 to 7 based on said particle size; An interface method comprising:

13. 1. A training method for parameterizing a characterization model, the training method comprising: receiving historical training data including a plurality of particle sizes for superabsorbent particles of a superabsorbent material (140) and a corresponding measured one or more application properties of said superabsorbent material (140); utilizing the received historical training data to parameterize a characterization model, such that the parameterized characterization model is adapted to determine technical application properties of the superabsorbent material (140) based on particle size; outputting the parameterized characterization model; A training method, including:

14. 1. An optimization method for determining a target superabsorbent material (140) comprising target technology application properties, said superabsorbent material (140) being provided in the form of superabsorbent particles comprising superabsorbent polymers provided in the form of i) an interconnected core and ii) a surface cross-linked shell having higher connectivity than said core, said method comprising: receiving the target technology application of the target superabsorbent material (140) and the particle size of potential superabsorbent particles of the superabsorbent material (140); utilizing a characterization model to determine the technical application properties of the potential superabsorbent material (140) based on the particle size, the characterization model being a data-driven model parameterized to be adapted to determine the technical application properties of superabsorbent particles based on the size of the particles; comparing the determined technology application characteristics with the target technology application characteristics, and i) determining the particle size as the target particle size if the predicted technology application characteristics are within a predetermined range centered on the target application characteristics, and ii) determining a corrected particle size if the predicted technology application characteristics are outside the predetermined range centered on the target application characteristics, and repeating the determination of the technology application characteristics using the corrected particle size; generating a control signal based on the target particle size; A method comprising:

15. 12. A computer program product for determining technical application properties of a superabsorbent material (140), said computer program product comprising program code means for causing an apparatus according to claim 1 to perform the method according to claim 11.

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