Use of natural pozzolans in methods for making cementitious compositions

Abstract

Provided herein are compositions, methods for preparing, and uses of cementitious products that use, among other things, natural pozzolans, artificial pozzolans, and / or recycled materials including desalination waste and seawater.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] In 2015, global Portland cement manufacturers were responsible for approximately 2.8 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, or CO2, emissions. These emissions represent approximately 8% of the world's total CO2 emissions. The production of Portland clinker, which acts as a binder, is a key step in making ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Limestone (CaCO3) is burned at high temperatures in cement kilns to produce lime (CaO), leading to the release of waste CO2.

[0002] This decarbonization reaction accounts for approximately 50% of the CO2 emissions produced, with 40% of the emissions coming from burning fossil fuels to heat the kilns to the high temperatures required for this firing process, and 10% of the emissions coming from the fuels needed to mine and transport the raw materials. Each tonne of Portland cement produced contributes about 1 tonne of CO2 directly through the heat of decomposition of calcium carbonate to produce lime and CO2, and indirectly through the burning of fossil fuels to heat the calcium carbonate in the kilns.

[0003] The cement industry has attempted to reduce emissions over the past few decades. The industry has implemented energy-efficient kilns, low-emission fuels, and increased clinker substitution. However, these levers will not achieve the 24% reduction in cement emissions needed to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C (3.8°F), as defined by the Paris Agreement. To achieve this goal, technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CSS) and "new" cements are being investigated. CSS has not yet reached commercial-scale development due to its cost and energy consumption, and will be difficult to achieve. Therefore, alternative cement technologies offer the most logical path to reducing emissions in the industry. The present embodiment meets this and other needs.

[0004] While it may be recognized that natural pozzolans or the use of pozzolans can be included in certain hydraulic binders, the use of natural pozzolans in specific formulations has not been appreciated. Previous attempts to use natural pozzolans or pozzolana cement without clinker have faced numerous problems and other drawbacks, including, for example, difficulties in applications related to vertical and other structural construction contexts (e.g., cracking, non-hydraulic performance, incompatibility with steel and other metals, etc.). This application relates to various formulations including natural pozzolans combined with other materials to produce alternative hardening formulations to clinker-based cements such as Portland cement and / or other currently known mixtures (including, for example, mixtures that may contain natural pozzolans), providing a reliable and sustainable alternative to the construction industry and beyond. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application generally relates to natural pozzolans or pozzolan-containing alternative "cement" technologies (e.g., materials that set, harden, and / or adhere to other materials to bind them together to make materials such as concrete) with improved physical properties, including the absorption of CO2 and the use of seawater or brine sourced from desalinated seawater or well water, reducing energy requirements, cost requirements, and waste to reduce environmental impact. According to some embodiments, certain formulations or mixtures are disclosed herein that are combined with water (and / or other liquids) and allowed to set and harden to form materials suitable for construction. Such mixtures may include MgO or Mg(OH)2 and are alternatives to Portland cement, other calcium-containing binder materials, and other conventional binder formulations. In some embodiments, such mixtures do not contain Portland cement before being combined with water and / or another liquid (e.g., brine) (referred to herein as "dry" mixtures). As noted herein, under certain circumstances, Portland cement or any clinker-free mixtures can provide environmental benefits (e.g., by reducing greenhouse gas emissions).

[0006] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected concrete mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, and (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators.

[0007] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected concrete mixture including: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag; (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators; and (d) at least one aggregate.

[0008] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected concrete mixture including: (a) a pozzolan; (b) a slag; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0009] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture comprising: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag; (c) an aqueous solution comprising one or more accelerators; and (d) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0010] In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material, comprising: (a) mixing a natural pozzolan in an aqueous solution containing one or more accelerators with ground granulated blast furnace slag to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture into a structural mold to form an injected cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) in the structural mold to form the negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material.

[0011] In one aspect, provided herein is a process for making a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material, comprising: (a) mixing a pozzolan with one or more accelerators and MgO, Mg(OH)2, or other reactants, and / or slag to form a dry cementitious mixture; (b) combining the dry cementitious mixture with an aqueous solution to form a cementitious mixture; and then (c) hardening the cementitious mixture from step (b) to form the negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material.

[0012] In embodiments, the aqueous solution is seawater. In embodiments, the aqueous solution is non-potable water. In embodiments, the aqueous solution is brine. In embodiments, the aqueous solution is concentrated desalinated brine. In embodiments, the aqueous mixture is water, e.g., well water. In embodiments, the well is a brackish well. In embodiments, the aqueous solution is purified water. In embodiments, the brine or seawater includes a promoter. In embodiments, for example, if the brine or seawater does not contain the required promoter(s), one or more additional promoters are added to the mixture (e.g., dry mixture and / or aqueous solution). Advantages of the present technology can include, for example, using the brine directly without the need to filter, treat, evaporate, or modify the brine. Without being bound by theory, it is expected that other components of the brine do not affect the performance of the mixture(s) described herein. As a result, another advantage of the present technology is that it does not require the use of fresh (e.g., potable) water.

[0013] As used herein, a reactant can be derived from any source. For example, Mg(OH) can be derived from any source. In an embodiment, the Mg(OH) is derived from brucite.

[0014] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected concrete mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) a slag, (c) one or more accelerators, and (d) an aqueous solution. In an embodiment, the pozzolan is a natural pozzolan. In an embodiment, the pozzolan is an artificial pozzolan.

[0015] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected concrete mixture including: (a) a pozzolan; (b) a slag; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) at least one aggregate.

[0016] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including: (a) pozzolan; (b) slag; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0017] In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material, comprising: (a) mixing a pozzolan in an aqueous solution with one or more accelerators and slag to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form the negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material. In an embodiment, the cementitious mixture is injected into a mold. In an embodiment, the cementitious mixture is injected into a structural component mold.

[0018] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including: (a) a pozzolan; (b) MgO; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0019] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including: (a) a pozzolan; (b) Mg(OH)2; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0020] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture comprising: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) an artificial pozzolan; (c) an aqueous solution; and (d) one or more accelerators. In an embodiment, the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (e) at least one aggregate.

[0021] According to some embodiments, any of the hardenable mixtures and formulations disclosed herein can include four different components. The hardenable mixture or formulation can include (i) reactants, (ii) natural pozzolana(s) or pozzolana(s), (iii) accelerator(s), and (iv) fillers and / or other additives. Such mixtures and formulations can be combined with water and / or other liquids and hardened to create a hardened final product (e.g., a structure, a slab, etc.). According to some embodiments, the hardenable mixture or formulation can include equal or substantially equal parts (by weight of the dry mixture) of reactants and natural pozzolana(s) and / or pozzolana(s). For any of the embodiments of the mixtures or formulations disclosed herein, the proportions of reactants and natural pozzolana(s) and / or pozzolana(s) in the formulation (e.g., the dry formulation before any water and / or other liquids are added) can be equal relative to one another. For example, the weight percent proportion of natural pozzolan(s) and / or pozzolana(s) in the dry mixture or formulation is 20% to 180% (e.g., 20% to 180%, 30% to 170%, 40% to 160%, 50% to 150%, 60% to 140%, 70% to 130%, 80% to 120%, 90% to 110%, 95% to 105%, 98% to 102%, 99% to 101%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the weight percent proportion of the reactants in the dry mixture or formulation.

[0022] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected concrete mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan or pozzolan (pozzolana), (b) a reactant, (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators, and (d) at least one aggregate.

[0023] In an aspect, a settable mixture configured to set in the presence of water includes a reactant, primary natural pozzolana(s) or pozzolana(s), where the weight percentage of the pozzolana(s) is 80% to 120% of the weight percentage of the reactant(s) of the mixture, and at least one accelerator, where the at least one accelerator is MgCl2. · Contains magnesium chloride in the form of 6H2O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0024] The present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) an artificial pozzolan, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators, and (d) optionally, at least one aggregate. Additionally, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) slag, MgO or Mg(OH)2, (c) an aqueous solution, (d) one or more accelerators, and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate. Additionally, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) an artificial pozzolan; (c) MgO or Mg(OH)2; (d) an aqueous solution; (e) one or more accelerators; and (f) optionally, at least one aggregate. In an embodiment, the injected cementitious mixture includes at least one aggregate.

[0025] Traditionally, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregate, or rock. The paste, composed of cementitious materials and water, coats the surfaces of fine and coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength, forming a rock-like mass known as concrete. Concrete can be suitable for the construction of skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks, highways, homes, and dams.

[0026] The cementitious material in the traditional form of concrete includes Portland cement. Portland cement is a fine powder produced by heating limestone (CaCO3) and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker (CaO), grinding the clinker, and adding 2% to 3% gypsum. Several types of Portland cement are available, including gray ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and white Portland cement. The limestone, shale, and other natural materials used in Portland cement are low-cost and widely available, making it one of the lowest-cost materials widely used over the last century. However, it is one of the construction industry's largest contributors to climate-change-related carbon dioxide emissions.

[0027] The production of Portland cement can have environmental impacts at all stages of the process: these include the emission of air pollution in the form of dust, particulate emissions, gases, carbon dioxide emissions from raw materials during production, and damage to the countryside from quarrying operations.

[0028] The present application is directed to the unexpected benefits of using natural pozzolans, including basalt and / or volcanic ash, as an alternative to other cement technologies. For example, natural pozzolans avoid the problems associated with depleting and heating / smelting high-grade ores in land-based mining and are instead sourced from existing natural resources. Furthermore, the present application contemplates combining the use of natural pozzolans with seawater or recycled waste brine to produce contemplated cementitious products. Thus, using natural pozzolans from natural sources avoids the problem of sourcing the large amounts of compounds necessary to produce cementitious products, thereby further offsetting carbon dioxide and energy requirements. In embodiments, pozzolans, such as artificial pozzolans, are used. In embodiments, the pozzolans include volcanic ash. In embodiments, basalt is treated with acid prior to use. For example, basalt can be treated with acid to convert and isolate minerals. In embodiments, mineral acids are used. In embodiments, the acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, or hydroiodic acid. In embodiments, the acid is HCl. In embodiments, the basalt is not treated with an acid.

[0029] Additional unexpected benefits of the technology described herein include increased resistance to sulfate attack and improved compatibility with marine use and coral substrates. In addition, dry materials (e.g., pozzolan, MgO, Mg(OH)2, slag, and / or other components) can be added directly to seawater (e.g., the seabed) as part of the hydration process. The technology described herein further reduces or substantially eliminates CO2 emissions from the production and use of Portland cement while removing CO2 from the atmosphere.

[0030] I. Definition Before the present invention is further described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to precise particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the claims.

[0031] It should be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, the terms "a" or "an" entity should be further understood to refer to one or more of that entity. For example, a nucleic acid molecule refers to one or more nucleic acid molecules. As such, the terms "a," "an," "one or more," and "at least one" can be used interchangeably. Similarly, the terms "comprising," "including," and "having" can be used interchangeably.

[0032] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described below. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials for which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein should be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed.

[0033] It will be understood that certain features of the invention that are described in the context of separate embodiments may, for clarity, also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. All combinations of embodiments are specifically embraced by the present invention and each and every combination is disclosed herein just as if it were individually and explicitly disclosed herein. In addition, all subcombinations are also specifically embraced by the present invention and each and every such subcombination is disclosed herein just as if it were individually and explicitly disclosed herein.

[0034] It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. Accordingly, this statement is intended to serve as a guideline precedent for use of exclusive terminology such as "solely," "only," or "negative" limitations in connection with the recitation of claim elements.

[0035] As used herein, the term "about" refers to a range of values ​​that includes a particular value and that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider reasonably similar to the particular value. In embodiments, about refers to within a standard deviation using measurements generally accepted in the art. In embodiments, about refers to a range that covers + / - 10% of the particular value. In embodiments, about refers to the particular value.

[0036] As used herein, the term "accelerator" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a substance that improves a chemical reaction and provides a stronger material. In embodiments, accelerators contemplated in this application include, but are not limited to, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides. The amount of accelerator added can vary depending on various factors. For example, more accelerator may be added to larger amounts of material (i.e., higher mass). Additionally, the lower the ambient temperature, the more accelerator may be used. The amount of accelerator used varies depending on the amount of pozzolan, MgO, or Mg(OH)2 used. The amount of accelerator used varies depending on the ratio of pozzolan, MgO, or Mg(OH)2 used. The amount of accelerator used varies based on the aqueous solution used (e.g., water, non-potable water, brackish water, brine, concentrated brine, seawater).

[0037] As used herein, the term "aggregates" or "aggregate" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to inert granular materials, such as sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, or crushed stone, used in concrete with cementitious materials and other optional raw materials, such as pigments and / or admixtures, whether normal weight and / or lightweight. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "aggregate" can include ASTM International C33 fine aggregate, ASTM International C33 coarse aggregate, and other particulate materials mixed into the concrete mix. Aggregates may be processed by crushing, screening, and washing to obtain the appropriate cleanliness and gradation. In some cases, beneficiation processes, such as jigging or heavy media separation, can be used to improve quality. Once processed, aggregates can be handled and stored to minimize segregation and deterioration, prevent contamination, protect from weather, and allow moisture to drain and / or evaporate. Aggregates from different sources or produced by different methods can vary significantly in particle shape, size, and texture. The shape of the aggregates of the present disclosure can be cubic, reasonably regular, essentially rounded, angular, or irregular. Surface texture can range from relatively smooth with small exposed pores to irregular with small to large exposed pores. The particle shape and surface texture of both fine and coarse aggregate can affect mix proportions with factors such as workability, pumpability, fine to coarse aggregate ratio, and water requirements.

[0038] As used herein, the term "brine" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to a high concentration of salt in water. In embodiments, the concentration ranges from about 3 grams of salt per liter of water to 26 grams of salt per liter of water. In embodiments, the salinity of the brine exceeds that of natural seawater. In embodiments, the salinity of the brine is at least 101% greater than that of natural seawater. In embodiments, the salinity of the brine ranges from about 101% greater than that of natural seawater to about 1000% greater than that of natural seawater. In embodiments, the brine is also referred to as desalinated brine effluent. In embodiments, the brine may contain trace metals such as, but not limited to, iron, nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. In embodiments, the brine is not treated. In embodiments, the brine is minimally treated. In embodiments, the brine is highly concentrated. In embodiments, the brine contains one or more reactants. In embodiments, the brine contains at least 75% (by weight) of one or more reactants. In an embodiment, the brine is supplemented with one or more reactants.

[0039] As used herein, the term "cement" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to a powdered substance prepared for use in making mortar or concrete. For example, cement can be a material that sets, hardens, and / or adheres to other materials to bind them together, e.g., to make concrete. In embodiments, concrete is a mineral binder that does not contain any organic compounds. In embodiments, the present application contemplates products that do not contain Portland cement. Some embodiments contemplate Portland cement-containing materials that are reduced to less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% Portland cement, or any partial value or partial range between 0% and 90%. In embodiments, Portland cement includes calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron. In embodiments, Portland cement includes CaO, CaCO3, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CaSO4·H2O. In embodiments, cement may be characterized as non-hydraulic or hydraulic cement. It should be further understood that "cementitious" may refer to a material having one or more attributes or characteristics of cement, including materials according to embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the mixture does not include Portland cement.

[0040] As used herein, the term "concrete" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a man-made stone-look material used for a variety of structural purposes, made by mixing cement and various aggregates, such as sand, pebbles, gravel, or shale, with water and allowing the mixture to harden. In embodiments, the term "stone-look" refers to a material that visually, functionally, and / or characteristically resembles stone, including in its hardened state. In embodiments, "concrete replacement material" is used synonymously throughout with "man-made stone-look material."

[0041] As used herein, the term "artificial stone look material" refers to a cementitious material used for various structural or non-structural purposes (such as slabs, panels, pavers, or tiles) and is made by mixing a cement substitute, as contemplated herein, and various aggregates, such as sand, pebbles, gravel, lightweight aggregate, or shale, with water and allowing the mixture to harden. In embodiments, the term "stone look" refers to a material that visually resembles stone. In embodiments, "concrete replacement material" is used synonymously throughout with "artificial stone look material."

[0042] As used herein, the term "desalination" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to the process of removing salt or other minerals and contaminants from seawater, brackish water, well water, and wastewater runoff, which are increasingly common solutions for obtaining fresh water for human consumption and domestic / industrial use.

[0043] As used herein, the phrase "desalinated wastewater" refers to reject brine from desalination. In embodiments, the process of removing salt from seawater to obtain freshwater produces highly concentrated brine as a by-product. The by-product is often disposed of by discharging into the ocean, which requires expensive pumping systems and must be carefully managed to prevent damage to the marine ecosystem. If not properly managed, this process disturbs local waters and sediments by ingesting multi-component waste and increasing temperatures, and also endangers marine life due to residual chemicals mixed into the brine from prior treatment processes.

[0044] As used herein, the term "freshwater" refers to water having a low concentration of dissolved salts. In embodiments, freshwater excludes seawater and brackish water. In embodiments, freshwater may include, but is not limited to, frozen water and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snow fields and icebergs, natural precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, hail, sleet). In embodiments, the salt concentration is less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, and less than 1%, including partial values ​​therebetween.

[0045] As used herein, the term "non-hydraulic cement" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a cement that does not set under wet conditions or under water. In embodiments, non-hydraulic cement sets when it dries and reacts with CO2 in the air. In embodiments, non-hydraulic cement is resistant to degradation by chemicals after it sets.

[0046] As used herein, the term "hydraulic cement" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a cement that sets in wet conditions by a chemical reaction between dry ingredients and water. In embodiments, the chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are completely or nearly insoluble in water. In embodiments, hydraulic cement also refers to Portland cement.

[0047] As used herein, the term "mixing" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to any form of mixing, which may include crushing or grinding of materials in solid form.

[0048] As used herein, the term "mortar" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a material comprised of a binder or binders.

[0049] As used herein, the term "carbon dioxide negative emitting concrete replacement material" refers to a material that has a net positive CO2 absorption, as opposed to having a lower carbon footprint. In embodiments, the present application contemplates a material that generates carbon credits. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs more carbon dioxide than it emits.

[0050] As used herein, the term "seawater" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to water from a sea or ocean. In embodiments, seawater contains various salts, dissolved inorganic (e.g., minerals) and organic compounds, and other particulates.

[0051] As used herein, the term "silane" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning. In embodiments, silanes are used as linking agents between two dissimilar materials to create a critical surface tension.

[0052] As used herein, the term "slag" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and may be used synonymously with "ground granulated blast furnace slag." Ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) refers to a composition obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel production) from a blast furnace with water or steam to produce a glassy granular product, which is then dried and ground into a fine powder. In embodiments, slag includes any by-product following the separation of metals from their raw ores (e.g., via smelting) that has cementitious components and / or properties. In embodiments, slag includes, but is not limited to, electric arc furnace slag, foundry furnace slag, induction furnace slag, and the like. Generally, furnace slag is a non-metallic by-product that includes silicates, calcium-alumina-silicates. Slag may include slag from any metal, for example, but not limited to, steel, iron, copper, nickel, lead, aluminum, and zinc. Without being bound by any one theory, the slag contemplated herein is used as a binder to provide hydraulic properties. The hydraulic properties can then adjust the compressive strength of the material. As contemplated herein, the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag reduces the disposal of iron waste in landfills. In some embodiments, the slag meets ASTM requirements.

[0053] As used herein, the term "slurry" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a mixture of denser solids suspended in a liquid. In embodiments, "brine slurry" refers to demineralized water waste.

[0054] As used herein, the term "structural component" refers to any vertical or horizontal load-bearing member of a structure that supports its own weight as well as a dead or live load, including, but not limited to, foundations, exterior or interior load-bearing walls, columns, beams, floors, and roof structures.

[0055] As used herein, the term "mold" refers to any container or shape used to impart shape to a material. In embodiments, the mold comprises a well.

[0056] Pozzolana Without being bound by theory, the particle size of the pozzolan(s) may affect the reactivity of the material. For example, a smaller particle size may provide increased reactivity. The pozzolan(s) may be provided in any particle size. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #325. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #700. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #500. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #325. The mesh size can be any value or sub-range within the recited range.

[0057] In embodiments, at least about 95% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 96% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 97% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 99% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #325. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #700. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #500.In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the pozzolan(s) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to #325. The mesh size can be any value or sub-range within the recited range.

[0058] Natural pozzolan A natural pozzolan is a raw pozzolan found in natural deposits. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan is not calcined. A material is said to be "calcined" when it has been heated below the fusion temperature to change its composition or physical state.

[0059] Natural pozzolans have been used to replace cement clinker in the production of Portland cement. Cement clinker is a solid material produced by sintering limestone and aluminosilicate materials and contains four mineral phases: two calcium silicates, alite (CaSi) and belite (CaSi), tricalcium aluminate (CaAl), and calcium aluminoferrite (CaAlFe). The clinker is ground to a fine powder and used as a binder; a small amount of gypsum must be added to avoid flash setting of tricalcium aluminate (CaAlO), the most reactive mineral phase in Portland clinker (exothermic hydration).

[0060] In contrast, the reactive chemical composition of pozzolans and natural pozzolans can include, but is not limited to, silica (SiO), alumina (AlO), and iron oxide (FeO). Natural pozzolans encompass a wide range of materials, including, but not limited to, volcanic rocks (rhyolite, obsidian, rosinite, pumice, basalt or trap, and andesite), volcanic ash, sedimentary clays and shales, diatomaceous earth, and olivine.

[0061] Despite the strengths and historical use of natural pozzolans in the production of Portland cement-based concrete as a clinker substitute, several obstacles or drawbacks exist: the use of pozzolans can reduce the early strength of concrete, making such cements unsuitable for precast applications and potentially increasing construction time. It can also increase water demand during concrete production, potentially reducing resistance to carbonation and increasing the risk of corrosion to carbon (black) steel reinforcement. However, the materials and methods described herein provide an improved alternative.

[0062] In embodiments, the natural pozzolan used in the compositions or methods provided herein is selected from rhyolite, obsidian, tallowstone, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay, shale, wollastonite, milk shale, diatomaceous earth, olivine, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises rhyolite. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises obsidian. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises wollastonite. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises pumice. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises basalt. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises andesite. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises volcanic ash. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises sedimentary clay. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises shale. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises wollastonite. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises diatomaceous earth. In embodiments, the natural pozzolan comprises milk shale. In an embodiment, the natural pozzolan comprises olivine.

[0063] In embodiments, the natural pozzolans used in the provided compositions or methods explicitly exclude one or more of the natural pozzolans listed herein.

[0064] Natural pozzolan: volcanic stone Rhyolite is a silica-rich volcanic rock with a fine-grained or glassy texture. It forms from silica-rich magma that is extruded from craters and cooled quickly on the surface rather than slowly underground. The mineral composition of rhyolite includes quartz, sanidine, and plagioclase, with small amounts of amphibole and biotite. Chemically, the composition of rhyolite generally includes SiO2 and alkali metal oxides such as K2O and Na2O.

[0065] Obsidian is also formed from extruded lava from volcanoes that cool rapidly with minimal crystal growth (i.e., glassy or fine-grained). Like rhyolite, obsidian is very rich in SiO2, at about 70% by weight or more, and also contains MgO and Fe2O3. Obsidian is used for manufacturing, but its use is typically for cutting and piercing tools.

[0066] Litholite is a volcanic glass similar to obsidian that forms when extruded lava cools rapidly. It has a similar chemical composition to both rhyolite and obsidian, with SiO2 content ranging from about 70% to 75% by weight. Litholite contains minerals such as quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase, as well as small amounts of pyroxene and amphibole.

[0067] Pumice is a porous volcanic rock created when superheated, high-pressure rock is violently ejected from a volcano. Pumice typically has a porosity of approximately 64% to 85% by volume. The mineral composition of pumice includes feldspar, augite, amphibole, and zircon. Pumice contains primarily SiO2, Al2O3, with small amounts of other oxides such as FeO, Fe2O3, Na2O, and KO.

[0068] Basalt is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock formed by the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron. Although basalt has a relatively low amount of SiO2 compared to other common igneous rocks, basalt generally has a composition of 45-52 wt% SiO2, 2-5 wt% total alkalis, 0.5-2.0 wt% TiO2, 5-14 wt% Ni, and 14 wt% Al2O3. Basalt may contain additional components, including (but not limited to) calcium oxide and / or magnesium oxide.

[0069] Andesite is a fine-grained volcanic rock formed as a result of the rapid cooling and solidification of lava from arc volcanic eruptions or fissure seepage. It contains sodium-rich plagioclase (Na, Ca) [(Si, Al)AlSi2]O8 and may also contain amphibole, biotite, pyroxene, and quartz minerals (usually less than 20%). Additionally, andesite compositions contain 52-63% silicon dioxide and alkali oxide contents (e.g., Na2O, KO2) ranging from 0-7% w / w. Andesite compositions are referred to as low-silica or high-silica andesite when they contain either 52-57% or 57-63% SiO2, respectively.

[0070] Olivine is a magnesium-iron silicate found abundantly as a compact aggregate in the Earth's upper mantle. It is chemically expressed as (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Generally, olivine is abundant in low-silica mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks.

[0071] Artificial pozzolan Other materials may have pozzolanic activity, including some artificial materials. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein may utilize pozzolans, including non-natural (e.g., artificial) pozzolans. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolans are calcined materials. A material is said to be "calcined" when it is heated below the fusion temperature to change its composition or physical state. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolans are recycled materials from industry (e.g., GGBFS).

[0072] Non-limiting examples of artificial pozzolans include metakaolin, fly ash (e.g., Class C fly ash), silica fume, powdered glass (e.g., powdered waste glass), slag (e.g., ground blast furnace slag, blast furnace slag, steel furnace slag, basic oxygen furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag, ladle slag, copper slag, steel slag, iron slag, lead slag, nickel slag, zinc slag, aluminum slag, slag from other metals), combustion organic residues (e.g., rice husk ash or rice husk ash), expanded clay, expanded shale, and calcined clay, and combinations thereof.

[0073] In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan used in the provided compositions or methods comprises metakaolin. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises fly ash. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises silica fume. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises combustion organic residue. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises powdered glass. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises powdered waste glass. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises ground blast furnace slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises blast furnace slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises steel furnace slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises basic oxygen furnace slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises electric arc furnace slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises ladle slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises copper slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises steel slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises iron slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises lead slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises nickel slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises zinc slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises aluminum slag. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises slag from other metals. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises combustion organic residues. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises rice husk ash. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises expanded clay. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises expanded shale. In embodiments, the artificial pozzolan comprises calcined clay.

[0074] In embodiments, the materials described herein may be chemically treated (e.g., with an acid) prior to use. In embodiments, the materials described herein are not chemically treated prior to use.

[0075] In embodiments, the artificial pozzolans used in the provided compositions or methods expressly exclude one or more of the artificial pozzolans listed herein.

[0076] It should be understood that when the term "pozzolana" is recited, natural pozzolana, artificial pozzolana, or mixtures thereof are intended.

[0077] High-performance water reducing agent As contemplated herein, the use of alternative cements, such as natural pozzolans, generally increases water demand. The addition of wide-range water-reducing admixtures to concrete mixes, either separately or simultaneously, can increase slump, decrease the water-to-cement (w / c) ratio, and / or reduce the cement content required to achieve a given slump, which increases the workability and strength of the concrete. These admixtures also improve the bond between the concrete and steel, preventing cracking, separation, honeycombing, and bleeding. Water-reducing admixtures, also known as plasticizers, are classified as plasticizers, intermediate plasticizers, and superplasticizers. Regular plasticizers reduce water demand by up to 10%. Intermediate plasticizers reduce water demand by up to 15%. Superplasticizers reduce water demand by up to 30%. Common plasticizers include calcium, sodium, and ammonium lignosulfonates. Superplasticizers include acrylic polymers, poly(carboxylates), and poly(carboxylate ethers). In embodiments, plasticizers include, but are not limited to, calcium, sodium, and ammonium lignosulfonates, acrylic polymers, poly(carboxylates), poly(carboxylate ethers). In embodiments, depending on the requirements, plasticizers may be used based on the chloride content of the cementitious mixture.

[0078] In embodiments, commercially available proprietary blends of plasticizers include, but are not limited to, EUCON 1037, EUCON 37, EUCON 537, EUCON SP, EUCON SPJ, PLASTOL 341, PLASTOL 341S, PLASTOL 5000, PLASTOL 5000 / 5000SCC, PLASTOL 5700, PLASTOL 6400, PLASTOL 6200EXT, PLASTOL 3425, PLASTOL 3420, PLASTOL ULTRA 209, PLASTOL SPC from Euclid Chemical; Examples of suitable viscocreate-containing compounds include SIKA® VISCOCRETE®-1000, SIKA® VISCOCRETE®-2100, SIKA® VISCOCRETE®-2110, SIKA® VISCOCRETE®-4100, SIKA® VISCOCRETE®-6100, SIKAMENT®-686, SIKAMENT® SPMN, and SIKAMENT®-475 manufactured by SIKAMENT Chemical.

[0079] Superplasticizers can provide water reduction levels of 12% to 30% or more compared to concrete mixes made without the addition of the superplasticizer. In embodiments, superplasticizers can provide water reduction levels of up to 50%. In embodiments, superplasticizers can provide water reduction levels of greater than 0% to 50%, greater than 0% to 45%, greater than 0% to 40%, greater than 0% to 35%, greater than 0% to 30%, greater than 0% to 25%, greater than 0% to 20%, greater than 0% to 15%, greater than 0% to 10%, or greater than 0% to 5%. In embodiments, superplasticizers can provide water reduction levels of 5% to 50%, 10% to 50%, 15% to 50%, 20% to 50%, 25% to 50%, 30% to 50%, 35% to 50%, 40% to 50%, or 45% to 50%. In embodiments, the superplasticizer can provide a water reduction level of 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, or 50%. The percentages can be any value or sub-range within the recited ranges, including the endpoints.

[0080] The dosage rate of the superplasticizer is based on the cementitious material and composition, and the chemical properties of the water reducer, and may range, without limitation, from 1 to 32 fl oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, or 65 to 2090 ml / 100 kg. In embodiments, the dosage rate depends on operating conditions such as temperature, humidity of the environment, and the use of brine (i.e., recycled seawater) containing a certain amount of chlorides.

[0081] Accelerating Admixture The use of accelerating admixtures is contemplated herein. Accelerating admixtures improve concrete strength by reducing the initial setting time and increasing the rate of hydration. These admixtures are used in situations requiring early formwork removal, emergency repairs, or construction in cold climates. Examples of accelerating admixtures include triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride. In embodiments, accelerating admixtures include, but are not limited to, triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride. In embodiments, accelerating admixtures include, but are not limited to, triethenolamine, calcium formate, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride. In embodiments, accelerating admixtures do not include silica fume.

[0082] retarding admixture The use of retarders is contemplated herein. Retarding admixtures slow the rate of cement hydration in its early stages, increasing the initial setting time of concrete. These admixtures are used in high-temperature zones where concrete sets rapidly, which can lead to structural discontinuities and poor bonding between surfaces. In embodiments, retarders include, but are not limited to, citric acid, tartaric acid, glucose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, raffinose, phosphates, phosphonates, borates, lead oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium salts, fluorides, unrefined calcium, sodium, or ammonia. Some retarders can also act as water-reducing admixtures and are defined by ASTM as Type D admixtures (i.e., water-reducing and retarding). Such admixtures include lignosulfonates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, and salts of hydroxycarboxylic acids.

[0083] The set retarder may be applied at a dosage rate of 2 to 10 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material or 130 to 650 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, typically applied to the initial batch water for the concrete mix. In embodiments, the retarder may be applied at a dosage rate of 1 to 20 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material. In embodiments, the retarder may be applied at a dosage rate of 100 to 800 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material.

[0084] In an embodiment, the retarder is present in an amount of 1 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 1 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 2 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 3 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 4 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 5 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 6 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 7 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 8 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 9 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 10 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 11 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 12 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 13 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 14 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 15 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 16 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 17 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 18 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 19 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 20 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 21 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 22 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 23 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 24 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 25 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 26 oz per 100 lbs of The dosage rate may be applied at a dosage rate of 10 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 11 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 12 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 13 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 14 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 15 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 16 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 17 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 18 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, 19 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material, and 20 oz per 100 lbs of cementitious material. The dosage rate amount may be any value or sub-range within the recited range, including the endpoints.

[0085] In an embodiment, the retarder is 100mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 125mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 150mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 175mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 200mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 225mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 250mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 275mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 300mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 325mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 350mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 375mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 400mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 425mL / 100kg of cementitious material, 450mL / 100kg of cementitious material. The cementitious material may be applied at a dosage rate of 475 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 500 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 525 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 550 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 575 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 600 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 625 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 650 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 675 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 700 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 725 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 750 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, 775 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material, or 800 mL / 100 kg of cementitious material. The dosage rate amount may be any value or sub-range within the recited range, including the endpoints.

[0086] Surface retarders are 100-300ft 2 / gal or 2.45m 2 / L~7.36m 2 / L and is typically applied by spraying one or more thin, uniform coats onto the top surface of the concrete. In an embodiment, the surface retarder is applied at a coverage of 100 ft 2 / gal, 110ft 2 / gal, 120ft 2 / gal, 130ft 2 / gal, 140ft 2 / gal, 150ft 2 / gal, 160ft 2 / gal, 170ft 2 / gal, 180ft 2 / gal, 190ft 2 / gal, 200ft 2 / gal, 210ft 2 / gal, 220ft 2 / gal, 230ft 2 / gal, 240ft 2 / gal, 250ft 2 / gal, 260ft 2 / gal, 270ft 2 / gal, 280ft 2 / gal, 290ft 2 / gal, or 300ft 2 / gal. The coverage amount can be any value or subrange within the recited range, including the endpoints.

[0087] reactants As used herein, the term "reactant" refers to one or more components of a cementitious mixture that provide reactivity to the mixture. Reactants include, for example, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum oxide, and aluminum hydroxide. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises magnesium oxide. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises magnesium hydroxide. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises calcium carbonate. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises calcium oxide. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises calcium hydroxide. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises aluminum oxide. In an embodiment, a reactant comprises aluminum hydroxide.

[0088] The reactants can come from any source. For example, the source of Mg(OH) can be brucite.

[0089] Without being bound by theory, the particle size of the reactants (or reactant sources) can affect the reactivity of the material. For example, smaller particle sizes can provide increased reactivity. The reactants can be provided in any particle size. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #325. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #700. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #500. In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #400.In embodiments, at least about 90% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #325. The mesh size can be any value or subrange within the recited range.

[0090] In embodiments, at least about 95% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 96% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 97% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 99% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #600. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #120 to about #325. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1200. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #1000. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #800. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #700. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #600.In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #500. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #400. In embodiments, at least about 98% of the particles of the reactants (or reactant sources) fit through a mesh size of about #200 to about #325. The mesh size can be any value or subrange within the recited range.

[0091] II. Composition In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material for use, for example, as a cement and / or concrete material, the material comprising one or more of a polazone, a reactant or one or more accelerators, and an aqueous solution. In embodiments, the present technology comprises a combination of a reactant (e.g., MgO, Mg(OH)2, or other reactant) and one or more pozzolans in an approximately 1:1 ratio. In embodiments, the material comprises one or more of a natural pozzolan, ground granulated blast furnace slag, a reactant, an aqueous solution, and one or more accelerators. In embodiments, the material comprises one or more of a natural pozzolan, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and an aqueous solution comprising one or more accelerators. In embodiments, the material comprises one or more of a pozzolan, MgO, an aqueous solution, and one or more accelerators. In embodiments, the material comprises one or more of a pozzolan, Mg(OH)2, an aqueous solution, and one or more accelerators. In embodiments, the pozzolan is a natural pozzolan. In embodiments, the pozzolan is an artificial pozzolan. The material may further include at least one filler. The material may include at least one aggregate, such as, for example, sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof. The accelerator may include one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium. The material may be compacted upon mixing of the components. Compacting may be accomplished by mixing and then pouring the mixture.

[0092] The materials described herein, including any of those described herein, can be used in any suitable and desired manner. For example, the materials can be used or formed into building materials (including those described herein) such as structural foundations and slabs (e.g., by pouring into shapes, with or without reinforcing materials or supports such as rebar, etc.), porches, tiles (e.g., roofs, floors, walls, etc.), driveways and sidewalks, blocks, preformed walls or wall components, rooms, etc., bricks, pavers, articles such as lamp bases, furniture, frames, etc. In short, the materials can be utilized for any end use, as described anywhere herein.

[0093] In embodiments, the components of the cementitious mixture may be derived from any source. Different sources may have different levels of purity. While sources having any purity level may be used, it is understood that the purity level may affect the strength and / or setting time of the product.

[0094] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material, such as a cement and / or concrete replacement material, that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, and (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material, such as a cement and / or concrete replacement material, that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) an artificial pozzolan, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material, such as a cement and / or concrete replacement material, that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) slag, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material, such as a cement and / or concrete replacement material, that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture comprising: (a) a pozzolan, (b) MgO, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material, such as a cement and / or concrete replacement material, that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture comprising: (a) a pozzolan, (b) Mg(OH)2, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators.

[0095] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, and (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) an artificial pozzolan, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) slag, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) MgO, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) Mg(OH)2, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, a hardenable mixture configured to set in the presence of water includes reactants, primary natural pozzolana(s) or pozzolana(s), where the weight percentage of the pozzolana(s) is 80% to 120% of the weight percentage of the reactant(s) of the mixture, and at least one accelerator, the at least one accelerator including magnesium chloride in the form of MgCl2·6H2O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O.

[0096] In embodiments, the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrate, sulfate, sodium, chloride, and phosphate. In embodiments, the accelerator comprises nitrate. In embodiments, the accelerator comprises sulfate. In embodiments, the accelerator comprises sodium. In embodiments, the accelerator comprises chloride. In embodiments, the accelerator comprises phosphate. In embodiments, the addition of increased amounts of sulfate reduces heat generation when preparing the mixture on a large scale without adversely affecting the strength of the final material.

[0097] In embodiments, the accelerating admixture is selected from triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride. In embodiments, the accelerating admixture comprises triethenolamine. In embodiments, the accelerating admixture comprises calcium formate. In embodiments, the accelerating admixture comprises silica fume. In embodiments, the accelerating admixture comprises fine silica gel. In embodiments, the accelerating admixture comprises calcium chloride.

[0098] In an embodiment, the accelerator is added to the aqueous solution prior to adding it to the pozzolan, slag, MgO, and / or Mg(OH). In an embodiment, the accelerator is combined with one or more of the pozzolan, slag, MgO, and / or Mg(OH) prior to adding it to the aqueous solution.

[0099] In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture further comprises at least one aggregate. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate comprises sand. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate comprises gravel. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate comprises lightweight aggregate. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate comprises crushed stone. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate comprises unprocessed (e.g., uncrushed) slag. In embodiments, the at least one aggregate comprises unprocessed (e.g., uncrushed) glass (e.g., waste glass). The aggregate may be of any size.

[0100] In an embodiment, the average particle size of the aggregate is about 0.01 mm to about 12 mm. In an embodiment, the average particle size of the aggregate is about 0.01 mm to about 3 mm. In an embodiment, the average particle size of the aggregate is about 3 mm to about 8 mm. In an embodiment, the average particle size of the aggregate is about 8 mm to about 12 mm.

[0101] In an embodiment, the natural pozzolan is selected from rhyolite, obsidian, tartar, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay, sedimentary shale, calcined clay, rice husk ash, diatomaceous earth, metakaolin, olivine, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the natural pozzolan is basalt.

[0102] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material that is set by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, and (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material that is set by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) an artificial pozzolan, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material that is set by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) slag, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material that is set by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) MgO, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material that is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture comprising: (a) a pozzolan; (b) Mg(OH)2; (c) an aqueous solution; and (d) one or more accelerators.

[0103] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, and (c) an aqueous solution including one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) slag, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) MgO, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that has been hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) Mg(OH)2, (c) an aqueous solution, and (d) one or more accelerators.

[0104] In embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes MgO and / or Mg(OH). In embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes MgO. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes Mg(OH). In embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes MgO and Mg(OH). The ratio of MgO to Mg(OH) in the cementitious mixture can be any ratio. In embodiments, the ratio of MgO to Mg(OH) in the cementitious mixture is 4:1 to 1:4. Any ratio of MgO to Mg(OH) within that range may be used, for example, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, or any value or sub-range therebetween.

[0105] In embodiments, the slag included in the mixture may be replaced (or supplemented) by one or more other pozzolans, such as, but not limited to, Class C fly ash and / or any other material containing similar cementitious properties that can be combined with a reactant, e.g., magnesium oxide. According to some embodiments, one component of the dry mixture disclosed herein includes a primary cementitious component. In some configurations, the primary cementitious component includes a pozzolan. In other embodiments, the primary cementitious component includes a pozzolan and / or another cementitious component configured to combine with the magnesium oxide of the mixture in the presence of water or another liquid such that the component alone forms a binder. According to some embodiments, the optional primary cementitious component meets all or at least some of the requirements set forth in ASTM C618.

[0106] In an embodiment, the concrete replacement material is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture and then applying a curing technique to the injected cementitious mixture.

[0107] In an embodiment, the artificial stone-like material is hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture and then applying a hardening technique to the injected cementitious mixture.

[0108] In embodiments, the ratio of reactants (MgO and / or Mg(OH)2) to pozzolan (natural and / or synthetic) in the cementitious mixture is about 1:5 to about 5:1 wt. %. Any ratio of reactants to pozzolan within that range may be used, e.g., 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, or any value or subrange therebetween. In embodiments, the ratio of reactants to pozzolan (natural and / or synthetic) in the cementitious mixture is about 1:1.

[0109] In embodiments, the ratio of artificial pozzolan to natural pozzolan in the cementitious mixture is from about 1:5 to about 5:1 weight percent. Any ratio of artificial pozzolan to natural pozzolan within that range may be used, for example, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, or any value or sub-range therebetween.

[0110] In embodiments, the combined amount of reactants and pozzolan in the dry cementitious mixture (before adding the aqueous solution) is about 10 to about 40% by weight. In embodiments, the combined amount of reactants and pozzolan in the dry cementitious mixture (before adding the aqueous solution) is about 10 to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the combined amount of reactants and pozzolan in the dry cementitious mixture (before adding the aqueous solution) is about 10 to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the combined amount of reactants and pozzolan in the dry cementitious mixture (before adding the aqueous solution) is about 15 to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the combined amount of reactants and pozzolan in the dry cementitious mixture (before adding the aqueous solution) is about 15 to about 20% by weight.

[0111] In some embodiments, the proportions of reactants and pozzolan in a formulation (e.g., a dry formulation before any water and / or other liquids are added) are equal relative to one another. For example, the proportion of pozzolan by weight in the dry mixture or formulation is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80% to 120%, 90% to 110%, 95% to 105%, 98% to 102%, 80% to 100%, 85% to 100%, 90% to 100%, 95% to 100%, 80% to 90%, 85% to 95%, 100% to 120%, 100% to 115%, 100% to 110%, 100% to 105%, 105% to 115%, 105% to 120%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the proportion of reactants by weight in the dry mixture or formulation. In other embodiments, the proportion of pozzolan by weight in the dry mix or formulation is 70% to 130% (e.g., 70% to 130%, 70% to 120%, 80% to 130%, 80% to 120%, 90% to 110%, 95% to 105%, 98% to 102%, 70% to 100%, 80% to 100%, 85% to 100%, 90% to 100%, 95% to 100%, 80% to 90%, 85% to 95%, 100% to 120%, 100% to 115%, 100% to 110%, 100% to 105%, 105% to 115%, 105% to 120%, values ​​in between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the proportion of reactants by weight in the dry mix or formulation.

[0112] According to some embodiments, the formulation or mixture comprises a combined reactant and pozzolan content, by weight % of the dry formulation or mixture, of 40% to 80%, e.g., 40% to 70% (e.g., 40% to 70%, 50% to 60%, 40% to 60%, 40% to 50%, 40% to 45%, 45% to 50%, 45% to 55%, 45% to 60%, 45% to 65%, 45% to 70%, 50% to 55%, 50% to 65%, 50% to 70%, 55% to 60%, 55% to 65%, 55% to 70%, 60% to 65%, 60% to 70%, other percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.). In certain configurations, the combined percentage of reactants and pozzolan in the dry mix (e.g., before the mix is ​​combined with water and / or another liquid) is at least 40% (e.g., at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, greater than 65%, etc.), as desired or needed. In some embodiments, the combined percentage of reactants and pozzolan in the dry mix (e.g., before the mix is ​​combined with water and / or another liquid) is at least 15% (e.g., at least 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, greater than 65%, etc.), as desired or needed.

[0113] According to some embodiments, the formulation or mixture comprises a combined reactant and pozzolan content, by weight of the dry formulation or mixture, of 15% to 50% (e.g., 15% to 50%, 20% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 15% to 20%, 15% to 25%, 15% to 30%, 15% to 35%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 45%, 20% to 25%, 20% to 30%, 20% to 35%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 50%, 25% to 30%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 50%, 30% to 35%, 30% to 40%, 30% to 50%, other percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.).

[0114] In some embodiments, the formulation or mixture comprises a reactant content, by weight % of the dry formulation or mixture, that is between 20% and 50% (e.g., 20% and 50%, 20% and 45%, 20% and 40%, 20% and 25%, 20% and 30%, 20% and 35%, 25% and 50%, 25% and 45%, 25% and 40%, 25% and 30%, 25% and 35%, 25% and 40%, 30% and 50%, 30% and 45%, 30% and 35%, 30% and 40%, 22% and 28%, 23% and 27%, other percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.). In certain configurations, the percentage of reactants in the dry mixture (e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and / or another liquid) is less than 40% (e.g., less than 40%, 39%, 38%, 37%, 36%, 35%, 34%, 33%, 32%, 31%, 30%, 25%, or less than 20%, 25%-30%, 20%-25%, 10%-20%, 5%-10%, 5%-15%, or any specific percentage between the aforementioned values, etc.). In some embodiments, the percentage of reactants in the dry mixture (e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and / or another liquid) is less than 10% (e.g., less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or any specific percentage between the aforementioned values, etc.).

[0115] In some configurations, the percentage of reactants in the dry mix (e.g., before the mix is ​​combined with water and / or another liquid) is 20%-35% (e.g., 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 22%-28%, 25%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) by weight of the dry mix. Similarly, in some configurations, the percentage of pozzolan in the dry mix (e.g., before the mix is ​​combined with water and / or another liquid) is 20%-35% (e.g., 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 22%-28%, 25%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) by weight of the dry mix.

[0116] In some configurations, the percentage of reactants in the dry mix (e.g., before the mix is ​​combined with water and / or another liquid) is 5% to 20% (e.g., 5% to 20%, 5% to 15%, 5% to 10%, 10% to 20%, 10% to 15%, any value between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the weight of the dry mix. Similarly, in some configurations, the percentage of pozzolan in the dry mix (e.g., before the mix is ​​combined with water and / or another liquid) is 5% to 20% (e.g., 5% to 20%, 5% to 15%, 5% to 10%, 10% to 20%, 10% to 15%, any value between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the weight of the dry mix.

[0117] In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is about 50:50% by weight. The ratios are inclusive of the endpoints and can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0118] In an embodiment, the ratio of pozzolan to slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of pozzolan to slag is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of pozzolan to slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of pozzolan to slag is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of pozzolan to slag is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of pozzolan to slag is about 50:50% by weight. The ratios are inclusive of the endpoints and can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0119] In embodiments, the reactant to pozzolan ratio is between 4:1 wt% and 1:4 wt%. In embodiments, the reactant to pozzolan ratio is between 3.5:1 wt% and 1:3.5 wt%. In embodiments, the reactant to pozzolan ratio is between 3:1 wt% and 1:3 wt%. In embodiments, the reactant to pozzolan ratio is between 2.5:1 wt% and 1:2.5 wt%. In embodiments, the reactant to pozzolan ratio is between 2:1 wt% and 1:2 wt%. In embodiments, the reactant to pozzolan ratio is between 1.1:1 wt% and 1:1.1 wt%. The ratios are inclusive of the endpoints and may be any partial value or partial range therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0120] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is non-reactive slag or crushed non-reactive slag.

[0121] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture does not include, and can specifically exclude, MgO obtained from the calcination reaction. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the MgO obtained from the calcination reaction, or any partial value or partial range between 0% and 90%.

[0122] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is 33% by weight, 34% by weight, 35% by weight, 40% by weight, 45% by weight, 50% by weight, 55% by weight, 60% by weight, 65% by weight, 70% by weight, 75% by weight, 80% by weight, 85% by weight, 90% by weight, 95% by weight, 100% by weight, 105% by weight, 110% by weight, 115% by weight, 120% by weight, 125% by weight, 130% by weight, 135% by weight, 140% by weight, 145% by weight, 150% by weight, 165% by weight, 170% by weight, 175% by weight, 180% by weight, 185% by weight, 190% by weight, 200% by weight, 205% by weight, 210% by weight, 215% by weight, 220% by weight, 225% by weight, 230% by weight, 235% by weight, 240% by weight, 245% by weight, 250% by weight, 255% by weight, 260% by weight, 265% by weight, 270% by weight, 275% by weight, 280% by weight, 285% by weight, 290% by weight, 300% by weight, 305% by weight, 310% by weight, 315% by weight, 320% by weight, 325% by weight, 330% by weight, 340% by weight, 350% by weight, 360% by weight, 365% by weight, %, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, 200%, 205%, 210%, 215%, 220%, 230%, 235%, 240%, 245%, 250%, 265%, 270%, 275%, 280%, 285%, 290%, 295%, 300%, or any partial value or subrange from 33% to 300% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints, and can be any partial value or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein.

[0123] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan may be present in the mixture in any ratio. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan is 33%, 34%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 165% by weight , 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, 200%, 205%, 210%, 215%, 220%, 230%, 235%, 240%, 245%, 250%, 265%, 270%, 275%, 280%, 285%, 290%, 295%, 300%, or any partial value or subrange from 33% to 300% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints, and can be any partial value or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0124] In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 2% to about 30% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 2% to about 12% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 15% to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints and can be any partial value or partial range therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0125] In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 2% to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 2% to about 12% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 15% to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of reactants is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0126] In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 90% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 20% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 20% to about 50% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 80% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% by weight, or any sub-integer value thereof, inclusive of ranges between the endpoints. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 31% by weight. In another embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 90% by weight. The amounts can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, inclusive of the endpoints, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0127] In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 0.1% to about 90% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 20% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 20% to about 50% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 80% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% by weight, or any integer less than thereof, including ranges between endpoints. For example, in embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants is 31% by weight. In other embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of reactants is 90% by weight, and the amount can be any partial value or partial range therebetween, inclusive of the endpoints, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0128] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of chloride depends on the end use and batch size. Without being bound by any one theory, the use of chloride aids in batch density. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or less than an integer thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 1.8% by weight. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0129] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of reactants depends on the end use and batch size. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of reactants is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or less than an integer value thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of reactants is 1.8% by weight. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0130] In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, eg, ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% by weight, or any integer less than thereof. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0131] In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of reactants ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of reactants is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% by weight, or any integer less than thereof. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0132] Other "low-carbon" concretes inject CO2 gas into the mix before hardening to trap the CO2. However, this does not result in significant carbon capture from the atmosphere; CO2 must be captured from industrial processes, which may not be feasible. In contrast, the concrete-replacement material described herein removes CO2 from the air via a chemical reaction that takes place at room temperature. This reaction permanently mineralizes the CO2 in the concrete-replacement material.

[0133] In embodiments, CO2 is captured in the concrete replacement material or artificial stone-like material. In embodiments, CO2 crystallizes in the concrete replacement material or artificial stone-like material. In embodiments, retention of CO2 in the material results in an increase in the strength of the material. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.04 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.04 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.05 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.07 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.08 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.09 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.04 kg to about 0.9 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.04 kg to about 0.8 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.04 kg to about 0.7 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains from about 0.09 kg to about 0.7 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material per year.

[0134] In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.05 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.07 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.08 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.09 kg to about 1 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg to about 0.9 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg to about 0.8 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg to about 0.7 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year. In an embodiment, the artificial stone-look material absorbs and retains at least 0.09 kg to about 0.7 kg of CO2 per kg of artificial stone-look material per year.

[0135] In an embodiment, the concrete replacement material absorbs CO2 over a 15-year period, retaining at least 5-52% by weight of the concrete replacement material.

[0136] In an embodiment, the artificial stone-like material absorbs CO2 over a period of 15 years, retaining at least 5-52% by weight of the artificial stone-like material.

[0137] In another aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material formed from an injected cementitious mixture and configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, and (c) optionally, at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material formed from an injected cementitious mixture and configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) slag, and (c) optionally, at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material formed from an injected cementitious mixture and configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide, the injected cementitious mixture including (a) a pozzolan, (b) MgO, and (c) optionally, at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture, the injected cementitious mixture including: (a) a pozzolan; (b) Mg(OH)2; and (c) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0138] In another aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture comprising (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, (c) an aqueous solution comprising one or more accelerators, and (d) optionally at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture comprising (a) a natural pozzolan, (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, (c) an aqueous solution, (d) one or more accelerators, and (e) optionally at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture comprising (a) a pozzolan, (b) a slag, (c) an aqueous solution, (d) one or more accelerators, and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture comprising (a) a pozzolan, (b) MgO, (c) an aqueous solution, (d) one or more accelerators, and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate. In another aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from an injected cementitious mixture including: (a) a pozzolan; (b) Mg(OH)2; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0139] In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture absorbs and retains carbon dioxide over a period of time as it sets and hardens.

[0140] In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture absorbs CO2 over a 15-year period, retaining at least 5-52% of the material by weight.

[0141] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0142] In embodiments, the weight percent of pozzolan (e.g., natural pozzolan, artificial pozzolan, or both) is between 80% and 120% of the reactants by weight of the mixture. In embodiments, the weight percent of pozzolan (e.g., natural pozzolan, artificial pozzolan, or both) is between 5:1 and 1:5 of the reactants by weight of the mixture. In embodiments, the total weight percent of the reactants and pozzolan(s) comprises at least 12% by weight of the mixture. In embodiments, the mixture does not include clinker or Portland cement or gypsum. In some embodiments, the mixture does not include gypsum as an initial mixture component. For example, in some embodiments, the dry mixture does not include gypsum, although some final or intermediate forms of gypsum may be created after the dry mixture is combined with water (e.g., after setting).

[0143] In embodiments, the mixtures or formulations disclosed herein, when combined with water and / or one or more other liquids and allowed sufficient time to harden, are configured to produce a final hardened product suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars (rebar), mesh, other types of steel (beams, channels, rods, fasteners, etc.), and / or other metals or materials prone to corrosion. Thus, such formulations can be used universally in the construction industry where steel or other metal reinforcement and / or contact is desired or required. However, in other embodiments, as discussed further herein, the formulations can be used in structural or non-structural applications, regardless of whether rebar or other metals will come into contact with the final hardened product resulting from such formulations.

[0144] In embodiments, the 28-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 2000 psi (e.g., at least 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 3000-3500, 3500-4000 psi, greater than 4000 psi, etc.). In embodiments, the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 400 psi (e.g., 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000, greater than 3000 psi, etc.). In one aspect, the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 600 psi. In some embodiments, the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 1000 psi. In some configurations, the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, psi, greater than 4500 psi, etc.). In some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 3000 psi. In some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 2000 psi (e.g., greater than 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 psi, etc.).

[0145] In one aspect, the cementitious mixture includes a reactant comprising one or both of magnesium oxide and / or magnesium hydroxide. In one aspect, the cementitious mixture includes a reactant comprising one or more of magnesium oxide and / or magnesium hydroxide and / or calcium carbonate and / or calcium oxide and / or calcium hydroxide and / or aluminum oxide and / or aluminum hydroxide. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises magnesium oxide. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises magnesium hydroxide. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises calcium carbonate. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises calcium oxide. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises calcium hydroxide. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises aluminum oxide. In an embodiment, the reactant comprises aluminum hydroxide.

[0146] In one aspect, the cementitious mixture includes two or more reactants. In one aspect, the cementitious mixture includes three or more reactants. In embodiments, the reactants can be found in natural pozzolana(s) and / or pozzolana, such as, but not limited to, basalt. In these examples, if the reactants are found in and / or as part of a pozzolan, two pozzolanas can be combined, provided the reactant ratios are within the ratios described herein. For example, slag and basalt (with sufficient reactant content) can be combined according to the ratios described herein. In one embodiment, the sum of the reactant(s) and the natural pozzolana(s) or proportion of pozzolana(s) is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15% to 50%, 15% to 45%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) by weight of the mixture, and the weight proportion of the natural pozzolana(s) or pozzolana(s) is 90% to 110% of the proportion of the reactant(s) by weight of the mixture.

[0147] In some embodiments, the formulation or mixture is 40% to 80% (e.g., 40% to 80%, 40% to 75%, 40% to 70%, 40% to 65%, 40% to 60%, 40% to 55%, 40% to 50%, 40% to 45%, 45% to 80%, 45% to 75%, 45% to 70%, 45% to 65%, 45% to 60%, 45% to 55%, 45% to 50%, 50% to 80%, 50% to 75%, 50% to 70%, 50% to 65% %, 50%-60%, 50%-55%, 55%-80%, 55%-75%, 55%-70%, 55%-65%, 55%-60%, 60%-80%, 60%-75%, 60%-70%, 60%-65%, 65%-80%, 65%-75%, 65%-70%, 70%-80%, 70%-75%, 75-80%, percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.

[0148] In some embodiments, the formulation or mixture may comprise, as a weight percentage of the dry formulation or mixture, 10% to 50% (e.g., 10% to 50%, 10% to 45%, 10% to 40%, 10% to 35%, 10% to 30%, 10% to 25%, 10% to 20%, 10% to 15%, 15% to 50%, 15% to 45%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 15% to 30%, 15% to 25%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to The range may include a combined reactant and natural pozzolan(s) and / or pozzolan(s), with the pozzolan(s) being 35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-50%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, 35%-50%, 35%-45%, 35%-40%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45-50%, percentages in between the aforementioned ranges, etc. According to some embodiments, the total percentage of reactants and natural pozzolana(s) and / or pozzolana(s) is between 40% and 70% by weight of the mixture (e.g., 40% and 70%, 50% and 60%, 40% and 60%, 40% and 50%, 40% and 45%, 45% and 50%, 45% and 55%, 45% and 60%, 45% and 65%, 45% and 70%, 50% and 55%, 50% and 65%, 50% and 70%, 55% and 60%, 55% and 65%, 55% and 70%, 60% and 65%, 60% and 70%, other percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.).

[0149] In some embodiments, the curable mixture or formulation additionally includes at least one accelerator. In some embodiments, the accelerator includes at least one of magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the at least one accelerator is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15% to 50%, 15% to 45%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the percentage of reactant(s) by weight of the mixture.

[0150] In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is about 50:50% by weight. The ratios are inclusive of the endpoints and can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0151] In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolana to artificial pozzolana is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolana to artificial pozzolana is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolana to artificial pozzolana is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolana to artificial pozzolana is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolana to artificial pozzolana is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolana to artificial pozzolana is about 50:50% by weight. The ratios are inclusive of the endpoints and can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0152] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0153] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture does not include, and can specifically exclude, MgO obtained from the firing reaction. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture contains less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% MgO obtained from the firing reaction, or any partial value or partial range between 0% and 90%.

[0154] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is 33% by weight, 34% by weight, 35% by weight, 40% by weight, 45% by weight, 50% by weight, 55% by weight, 60% by weight, 65% by weight, 70% by weight, 75% by weight, 80% by weight, 85% by weight, 90% by weight, 95% by weight, 100% by weight, 105% by weight, 110% by weight, 115% by weight, 120% by weight, 125% by weight, 130% by weight, 135% by weight, 140% by weight, 145% by weight, 150% by weight, 165% by weight, 170% by weight, 175% by weight, 180% by weight, 185% by weight, 190% by weight, 200% by weight, 205% by weight, 210% by weight, 215% by weight, 220% by weight, 225% by weight, 230% by weight, 235% by weight, 240% by weight, 245% by weight, 250% by weight, 255% by weight, 260% by weight, 265% by weight, 270% by weight, 275% by weight, 280% by weight, 285% by weight, 290% by weight, 300% by weight, 305% by weight, 310% by weight, 315% by weight, 320% by weight, 325% by weight, 330% by weight, 340% by weight, 350% by weight, 360% by weight, 365% by weight, %, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, 200%, 205%, 210%, 215%, 220%, 230%, 235%, 240%, 245%, 250%, 265%, 270%, 275%, 280%, 285%, 290%, 295%, 300%, or any partial value or subrange from 33% to 300% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints, and can be any partial value or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein.

[0155] In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 2% to about 30% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 2% to about 12% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 15% to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints and can be any partial value or partial range therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0156] In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 0.1% to about 90% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 20% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 20% to about 50% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 80% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% by weight, or any sub-integer value thereof, inclusive of ranges between the endpoints. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 31 wt. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 90 wt. The amount can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, inclusive of the endpoints, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0157] In embodiments, the amount of sodium present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or any integer less than thereof. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sodium present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 4.5 wt. % The amount can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, inclusive of the endpoints, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0158] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of chloride depends on the end use and batch size. Without being bound by any one theory, the use of chloride aids in batch density. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or less than an integer thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 1.8% by weight. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0159] In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of slag, eg, ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% by weight, or any integer less than thereof. The amount can be any sub-value or sub-range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0160] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a cementitious mixture comprising (a) an aqueous solution comprising water and a natural pozzolan, and (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag, wherein the cementitious mixture has a pH of at least 8. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a cementitious mixture comprising (a) an aqueous solution comprising water, (b) a natural pozzolan, and (c) an artificial pozzolan, wherein the cementitious mixture has a pH of at least 8. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a cementitious mixture comprising (a) an aqueous solution comprising water and a pozzolan, and (b) MgO, wherein the cementitious mixture has a pH of at least 8. In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a cementitious mixture comprising (a) an aqueous solution comprising water and a pozzolan, and (b) Mg(OH)2, wherein the cementitious mixture has a pH of at least 8.

[0161] In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, or at least 13. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of 8-14, 8-13, 8-12, 8-11, 8-10, or 8-9. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of 9-14, 9-13, 9-12, 9-11, or 9-10. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of 10-14, 10-13, 10-12, or 10-11. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of 11-14, 11-13, or 11-12. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of 12-14 or 12-13. In embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a pH of 13-14. The pH can be any partial value or partial range therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein, including the endpoints. In embodiments, the pH is the pH of seawater. In embodiments, the pH of seawater is about 8, e.g., about 8.1.

[0162] In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is about 50:50% by weight. The amounts are inclusive of the endpoints and can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0163] In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to artificial pozzolan is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to artificial pozzolan is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to artificial pozzolan is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to artificial pozzolan is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In an embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to artificial pozzolan is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of natural pozzolan to slag is about 50:50% by weight. The amounts are inclusive of the endpoints and can be any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0164] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0165] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture does not include, or can specifically exclude, MgO obtained from the calcination reaction. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the MgO obtained from the calcination reaction, or any partial value or subrange from 0% to 90%. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints and can be any partial value or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0166] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is 33% by weight, 34% by weight, 35% by weight, 40% by weight, 45% by weight, 50% by weight, 55% by weight, 60% by weight, 65% by weight, 70% by weight, 75% by weight, 80% by weight, 85% by weight, 90% by weight, 95% by weight, 100% by weight, 105% by weight, 110% by weight, 115% by weight, 120% by weight, 125% by weight, 130% by weight, 135% by weight, 140% by weight, 145% by weight, 150% by weight, 165% by weight, 170% by weight, 175% by weight, 180% by weight, 185% by weight, 190% by weight, 200% by weight, 205% by weight, 210% by weight, 215% by weight, 220% by weight, 225% by weight, 230% by weight, 235% by weight, 240% by weight, 245% by weight, 250% by weight, 255% by weight, 260% by weight, 265% by weight, 270% by weight, 275% by weight, 280% by weight, 285% by weight, 290% by weight, 300% by weight, 305% by weight, 310% by weight, 315% by weight, 320% by weight, 325% by weight, 330% by weight, 340% by weight, 350% by weight, 360% by weight, 365% by weight, %, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, 200%, 205%, 210%, 215%, 220%, 230%, 235%, 240%, 245%, 250%, 265%, 270%, 275%, 280%, 285%, 290%, 295%, 300%, or any partial value or subrange from 33% to 300% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints, and can be any partial value or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically called out herein.

[0167] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan is 33%, 34%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 165% by weight , 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, 200%, 205%, 210%, 215%, 220%, 230%, 235%, 240%, 245%, 250%, 265%, 270%, 275%, 280%, 285%, 290%, 295%, 300%, or any partial value or subrange from 33% to 300% by weight. The amount is inclusive of the endpoints, and can be any partial value or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically called out herein.

[0168] In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 2% to about 30% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 2% to about 12% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 15% to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight.

[0169] In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 0.1% to about 90% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 20% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 20% to about 50% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 80% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% by weight, or any sub-integer value thereof, inclusive of ranges between the endpoints. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 31 wt. %. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 90 wt. %.

[0170] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of chloride depends on the end use and batch size. Without being bound by any one theory, the use of chloride aids in batch density. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or less than an integer thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 1.8% by weight.

[0171] In embodiments, the process effectively operates at ambient pressure and / or gas temperature. For example, in some embodiments, the curing step is carried out at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure is about 0.5 to about 10 atm, e.g., about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 atm. In some embodiments, pressure is applied beyond or after the curing step. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 15°C to about 80°C, e.g., about 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, or 80°C. In some embodiments, the process includes a cooling step. In embodiments, the cooling temperature is 30°C, 29°C, 28°C, 27°C, 26°C, 25°C, 24°C, 23°C, 22°C, 21°C, 20°C, 19°C, 18°C, 17°C, 16°C, 15°C, 14°C, 13°C, 12°C, 11°C, 10°C, 9°C, 8°C, 7°C, 6°C, 5°C, 4°C, 3°C, 2°C, 1°C, or 0°C.

[0172] In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture includes at least one accelerator, the at least one accelerator including at least one of the following: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate. In some embodiments, the at least one accelerator includes sodium hexametaphosphate ((NaPO) or SHMP). In some embodiments, sodium hexametaphosphate is excluded. In some embodiments, when a non-magnesium accelerator (e.g., SHMP) is included in the mixture, the content of such non-magnesium accelerator is relatively low. For example, in some configurations, the content of such non-magnesium accelerator in the mixture is less than 2% by weight of the total dry mixture (e.g., 0%-2%, 0.1%-2%, 0%-1%, 0.1%-1%, 1%-2%, a specific percentage between the above ranges, etc.).

[0173] In an embodiment, at least one promoter comprises magnesium chloride in the form of MgCl2·6H2O. In an embodiment, at least one promoter comprises magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O. In one aspect, at least one promoter comprises MgSO4 .Further comprising magnesium sulfate in the form of 7H2O. In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture comprises at least two accelerators. In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture comprises two accelerators. In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture comprises at least three accelerators. In embodiments, the injected cementitious mixture comprises three accelerators. In embodiments, the at least one accelerator is present in an amount of 1% to about 5% by weight. In embodiments, the accelerator is present in an amount of about 1.0 wt%, about 1.1 wt%, about 1.2 wt%, about 1.3 wt%, about 1.4 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.7 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, about 1.9 wt%, about 2.0 wt%, about 2.1 wt%, about 2.2 wt%, about 2.3 wt%, about 2.4 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.6 wt%, about 2.7 wt%, about 2.8 wt%, about 2.9 wt%, about 3.0 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3.2 wt%, about 3.3 wt%, about 3.4 wt%, about 3.5 wt%, about 3.6 wt%, about 3.7 wt%, about 3.8 wt%, about 3 ...1 wt%, about 3.2 wt%, about 3.3 wt%, about 3.4 wt%, about 3.5 wt%, about 3.6 wt%, about 3.7 wt%, about 3.8 wt%, about 3.9 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3.2 wt%, about 3.3 wt%, about 3.4 wt%, about 3.5 wt%, about 3.6 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3.1 wt%, about 3. 0%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4.0%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%, or about 5.0% by weight. In embodiments, the at least one accelerator is present in an amount of about 1% to 5% by weight, 1% to 4.5% by weight, 1% to 4% by weight, 1% to 3.5% by weight, 2% to 5% by weight, 2% to 4.5% by weight, 2% to 4% by weight, 2% to 3.5% by weight, 2.5% to 5% by weight, 2.5% to 4.5% by weight, 2.5% to 4% by weight, 2.5% to 3.5% by weight, 2.5% to 3% by weight, 3% to 3.5% by weight, or any value between the aforementioned ranges inclusive of the endpoints.

[0174] In one embodiment, the at least one accelerator comprises magnesium chloride in the form of MgCl2·6H2O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, wherein the weight percentage of MgCl2·6H2O or Mg(NO3)2·6H2O is between 0.25% and 30% (e.g., 0%, 0%-30%, 0%-25%, 0%-20%, 0%-15%, 0%-10%, 0%-5%, 1%-30%, 0.25%-25%, 0.25%-20%, 0.25%-15%, 0.25% ~10%, 0.25%~5%, 2%~30%, 2%~25%, 2%~15%, 2%~12%, 2%~10%, 2%~8%, 2%~6%, 2%~5%, 2%~4%, 2%~3%, 3%~30%, 3%, 25%, 3%, 15%, 3%~12%, 3%~10%, 3%~8%, 3%~6%, 3%~5%, 3%~4%, 5%~30%, 5%~25%, 5%~20%, 5%~15%, 5%~12%, 5%~10%, 10%~30%, 10%~20%, 15%~25%, 15%~30%, and values ​​in between the aforementioned ranges). In embodiments, the weight percentage of MgCl2·6H2O or Mg(NO3)2·6H2O is 80%-120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the percentage of reactants by weight in the mixture.

[0175] In one aspect, the at least one accelerator further comprises magnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO4·7H2O, wherein the weight percentage of MgSO4·7H2O is 5% to 70% (e.g., 5% to 70%, 5% to 65%, 5% to 60%, 5% to 55%, 5% to 50%, 5% to 45%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the proportion of reactant(s) by weight of the mixture. .The weight percentage of 7HO is between 90% and 140% of the percentage of reactants by weight of the mixture (e.g., 90% and 140%, 90% and 130%, 90% and 120%, 90% and 110%, 95% and 105%, 98% and 102%, 80% and 100%, 85% and 100%, 90% and 100%, 95% and 100%, 80% and 90%, 85% and 95%, 100% and 120%, 100% and 115%, 100% and 110%, 100% and 105%, 105% and 115%, 105% and 120%, 105% and 130%, 105% and 140%, values ​​in between the aforementioned ranges, etc.).

[0176] In one embodiment, the curable mixture further comprises at least one accelerator, the at least one accelerator comprising magnesium chloride in the form of MgCl2·6H2O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O. In one embodiment, the weight proportion of MgCl2·6H2O or Mg(NO3)2·6H2O is between 80% and 120% of the proportion of reactant(s) by weight of the mixture.

[0177] In one aspect, the curable mixture further comprises at least one accelerator, the at least one accelerator comprising magnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O is between 90% and 140% of the proportion of reactant(s) by weight of the mixture.

[0178] In one embodiment, the weight percentage of the at least one accelerator is 5% to 70% of the weight percentage of the reactant(s) of the mixture, as determined by the mass of the mixture. In one embodiment, the weight percentage of the at least one accelerator is 80% to 145% by weight of the weight percentage of the reactant(s) of the mixture, as determined by the mass of the mixture.

[0179] According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerator comprises MgCl2·6H2O or Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, and the weight proportion of MgCl2·6H2O or Mg(NO3)2·6H2O is 0.1% to 30%, 1% to 30%, 2% to 30% (e.g., 2% to 12%, 2% to 10%, 2% to 8%, 2% to 6%, 2% to 5%, 2% to 4%, 2% to 3%, 3% to 12%, 3% to 10%, 3% to 8%, 3% to 6%, 3% to 5%, 3% to 4%, 5% to 12%, 5% to 10%, 6% to 8%, 6% to 9%, 7% to 10%, 8% to 12%, 9% to 10%, 10% to 12 ... and the at least one accelerator further comprises magnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO4·7H2O, wherein the weight percentage of MgSO4·7H2O is 15% to 50% of the reactant weight percentage of the mixture (e.g., 15% to 50%, 15% to 45%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, and any value between the aforementioned ranges).

[0180] In one aspect, at least one accelerator does not include phosphate or other phosphorus-based materials. In some embodiments, at least one accelerator includes a phosphate-based accelerator, and the weight percentage of the phosphate-based accelerator is 0.1% to 5% of the reactant(s) by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, the accelerator includes a phosphate-based accelerator, and the weight percentage of the phosphate-based accelerator is 0.1% to 5% of the reactant(s) by weight of the mixture (e.g., 0.1% to 5%, 0.5% to 5%, 1 to 5%, 1.5% to 5%, 2% to 5%, 2% to 4.5%, 2% to 4%, 2% to 3.5%, 2.5 to 5%, 2.5% to 4.5%, 2.5% to 4%, 2.5% to 3.5%, 2.5% to 3%, 3% to 3.5%, 3% to 5%, 4% to 5%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.).

[0181] In one embodiment, the at least one promoter may be provided in a dry crystalline form, such as, for example, MgCl.6H.sub.2O, Mg(NO.sub.3).6H.sub.2O, and / or MgSO.7H.sub.2O. However, in other configurations, the at least one promoter may be provided in the mixture as part of a solution (e.g., in liquid form) as desired or required.

[0182] According to some embodiments, the mixture is configured to be combined with water to create a hardenable paste, and the amount of water used to create the hardenable paste is between 25% and 125% by weight of the amount of reactants in the mixture. In some embodiments, the weight of water (and / or other liquid) added to the dry mixture to form the hardenable product is between 75% and 125% (e.g., 75-125, 80-120, 85-115, 90-110, 95-105, 75-100, 100-125%, percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the weight of the MgO. In embodiments, the amount of water used to create the hardenable paste is 75% to 125% by weight (e.g., 75% to 125%, 75% to 120%, 75% to 115%, 75% to 110%, 75% to 105%, 75% to 100%, 75% to 95%, 75% to 90%, 75% to 85%, 75% to 80%) of the amount of MgO in the mixture. %, 80%~125%, 80%~120%, 80%~115%, 80%~110%, 80%~105%, 80%~100%, 80%~95%, 80%~90%, 80%~85%, 85%~125%, 85%~120%, 85%~115%, 85%~110%, 85%~105%, 85%~100%, 85%~95%, 85 %~90%, 90%~125%, 90%~120%, 90%~115%, 90%~110%, 90%~105%, 90%~100%, 90%~95%, 95%~125%, 95%~120%, 95%~115%, 95%~110%, 95%~105%, 95%~100%, 100%~125%, 100%~120%, 1 (00%~115%, 100%~110%, 100%~105%, 105%~125%, 105%~120%, 105%~115%, 105%~110%, 110%~125%, 110%~120%, 110%~115%, 115%~125%, 115%~120%, 120%~125%, values ​​in between the aforementioned ranges, etc.)

[0183] In embodiments, the concrete replacement material obtained by combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars, mesh, steel, and other materials prone to corrosion.

[0184] In embodiments, the artificial stone-like material obtained by combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars, mesh, steel, and other materials prone to corrosion.

[0185] In embodiments, the artificial stone-like material obtained by combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars, mesh, steel, and other materials prone to corrosion.

[0186] In embodiments, the mixture further comprises at least one filler material or other additive selected from the following: pumice or other volcanic rock or material, sand, aggregate (e.g., fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, medium aggregate, other types of aggregate, etc.), lightweight aggregate, talc, other clay materials, fibers (e.g., steel and / or other metal fibers, polypropylene and / or other polymeric fibers, glass fiber, asbestos fiber, carbon fiber, organic fibers, etc.), glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), other reinforcing polymers, admixtures or other additives that promote fire protection, corrosion resistance / inhibition, workability, and / or one or more other properties of the final hardened product (e.g., MasterPel, RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.), sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) and / or other surfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and other color additives, titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural or synthetic materials, other filler materials, and / or the like. In embodiments, fillers and / or other additives include, but are not limited to, non-cementitious slag (e.g., air-cooled slag or electric arc furnace slag), non-Class C fly ash (e.g., Class F fly ash), silica fume, nano-silica, fine silica glass, other silica-based materials, waste glass, ground glass, other glass-containing materials, post-consumer materials, other waste materials, fine aggregate, intermediate aggregate, coarse aggregate, other types of aggregate, pumice, or other volcanic rocks or materials. In some embodiments, fillers and / or other additives are included to react with other components of the mixture and / or to provide some beneficial attribute or property to the resulting paste and / or final set product (e.g., once the mixture is combined with water). For example, in some embodiments, such materials (e.g., air-cooled slag, other non-cementitious slag, Class F fly ash, other non-cementitious fly ash, pozzolans, silica fume, etc.) can act to reduce the permeability of the resulting paste or set product. In some embodiments, such materials serve to plug or otherwise fill holes or other cavities in the resulting paste and hardened product.According to some configurations, a mixture or formulation containing materials that provide one or more benefits or other advantages to the resulting paste or hardened product may be referred to as a ternary mixture. In some embodiments, the non-cementitious components included in the ternary mixture meet the requirements of ASTM C595. In some embodiments, fillers and / or other additives are included to provide one or more other benefits and advantages in addition to, or instead of, reducing permeability. For example, one or more of the additives listed above can promote fire protection, waterproofing, corrosion resistance / corrosion inhibition, workability, and / or one or more other properties of the final hardened product. In some embodiments, fillers such as aggregates (e.g., coarse aggregate, medium aggregate, fine aggregate, etc.), clay, pumice or other volcanic rocks or materials, sand, talc, other clay materials, etc., are present solely as fillers. Such materials can provide desired or required density and structural properties to the mixture and the resulting paste and hardened product.

[0187] In embodiments relating to cementitious mixtures, the amounts (by weight) of natural pozzolan and ground granulated blast furnace slag in the mix can be equal relative to one another. For example, the amount of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag can range from a ratio of about 75:25 to about 25:75. In embodiments, the ratio of natural pozzolan to ground granulated blast furnace slag is 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, 59:41, 58:42, 57:43, 56:44, 55:45, 54:46, 53:47, 52:48, 51:49, 50:50, 49:51, 48:52, 47:53, 46:54, 45:55, 44:56, 43:57, 42:58, 41:59, 40:60, 35:65, 30:70, or 25:75.

[0188] In embodiments relating to cementitious mixtures, the amounts (by weight) of natural and synthetic pozzolans in the formulation can be equal relative to one another. For example, the amount of natural to synthetic pozzolans can range from about 75:25 to about 25:75. In embodiments, the ratio of natural to synthetic pozzolans is 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, 59:41, 58:42, 57:43, 56:44, 55:45, 54:46, 53:47, 52:48, 51:49, 50:50, 49:51, 48:52, 47:53, 46:54, 45:55, 44:56, 43:57, 42:58, 41:59, 40:60, 35:65, 30:70, or 25:75.

[0189] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is 33% by weight, 34% by weight, 35% by weight, 40% by weight, 45% by weight, 50% by weight, 55% by weight, 60% by weight, 65% by weight, 70% by weight, 75% by weight, 80% by weight, 85% by weight, 90% by weight, 95% by weight, 100% by weight, 105% by weight, 110% by weight, 115% by weight, 120% by weight, 125% by weight, 130% by weight, 135% by weight, 140% by weight, 145% by weight, 150% by weight, 165% by weight, 170% by weight, 175% by weight, 180% by weight, 185% by weight, 190% by weight, 200% by weight, 205% by weight, 210% by weight, 215% by weight, 220% by weight, 225% by weight, 230% by weight, 235% by weight, 240% by weight, 245% by weight, 250% by weight, 255% by weight, 260% by weight, 265% by weight, 270% by weight, 275% by weight, 280% by weight, 285% by weight, 290% by weight, 300% by weight, 305% by weight, 310% by weight, 315% by weight, 320% by weight, 325% by weight, 330% by weight, 340% by weight, 350% by weight, 360% by weight, 365% by weight, %, 170% by weight, 175% by weight, 180% by weight, 185% by weight, 190% by weight, 195% by weight, 200% by weight, 205% by weight, 210% by weight, 215% by weight, 220% by weight, 230% by weight, 235% by weight, 240% by weight, 245% by weight, 250% by weight, 265% by weight, 270% by weight, 275% by weight, 280% by weight, 285% by weight, 290% by weight, 295% by weight, 300% by weight, or any partial value or partial range from 33% to 300% by weight.

[0190] In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 90% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan is 33%, 34%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 165% by weight , 170% by weight, 175% by weight, 180% by weight, 185% by weight, 190% by weight, 195% by weight, 200% by weight, 205% by weight, 210% by weight, 215% by weight, 220% by weight, 230% by weight, 235% by weight, 240% by weight, 245% by weight, 250% by weight, 265% by weight, 270% by weight, 275% by weight, 280% by weight, 285% by weight, 290% by weight, 295% by weight, 300% by weight, or any partial value or partial range from 33% to 300% by weight.

[0191] In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 2% to about 30% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 2% to about 12% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 15% to about 30% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight.

[0192] In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 0.1% to about 90% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 20% to about 110% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 20% to about 50% by weight. In an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is in the range of about 80% to about 110% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% by weight, or any sub-integer value thereof, inclusive of ranges between the endpoints. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 31 wt. %. For example, in an embodiment, the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 90 wt. %.

[0193] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of chloride depends on the end use and batch size. Without being bound by any one theory, the use of chloride aids in the density of the batch. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, or less than an integer thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of slag, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 1.8% by weight.

[0194] In embodiments, the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, eg, ground granulated blast furnace slag, ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of phosphoric acid present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan, e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, is 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% by weight, or any integer less than thereof.

[0195] In an embodiment, the weight percentage of pozzolan is 80% to 120% of the percentage of reactants by weight of the mixture. In one embodiment, the total percentage of reactants and pozzolan(s) comprises at least 12% by weight of the mixture. In embodiments, the total percentage of reactant(s) and natural pozzolana(s) or pozzolana(s) is between 15% and 50% (e.g., 15% and 50%, 15% and 45%, 15% and 40%, 15% and 35%, 20% and 50%, 20% and 45%, 20% and 40%, 20% and 35%, 25% and 50%, 25% and 45%, 25% and 40%, 25% and 35%, 25% and 30%, 30% and 35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) by weight of the mixture, and the percentage by weight of natural pozzolana(s) or pozzolana(s) is between 90% and 110% of the percentage of reactant(s) by weight of the mixture. In one aspect, the sum of the proportions of the reactant(s) and natural pozzolana(s) and / or pozzolana(s) is between 40% and 70% by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, the weight proportion of the natural pozzolana(s) and / or pozzolana(s) is between 90% and 110% of the proportion of the reactant(s) by weight of the mixture.

[0196] In one embodiment, the weight percentage of the at least one accelerator is 10% to 70% (e.g., 10% to 70%, 10% to 65%, 10% to 60%, 10% to 55%, 10% to 50%, 10% to 45%, 10% to 40%, 10% to 35%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 35%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) of the percentage of reactant(s) by weight of the mixture.

[0197] In embodiments, the present application contemplates multiple end uses for concrete replacement materials. These uses include, but are not limited to, both residential and commercial building construction (e.g., used in columns, beams, and other load-bearing members), wall and other construction panels (e.g., including non-load-bearing members), airports, dams, levees, bridges, tunnels, ports, refineries, and other industrial sites, parking structures, roads, tiles and other floors, paving stones, planters, homeware, pipes, channels, countertops, and / or the like. Depending on the ability of the final cured product to not damage steel or other metals, one or more of the formulations or mixtures may be suitable for use in applications where tensile reinforcement is desired or required (e.g., to prevent or reduce the likelihood of cracking, breaking, and / or other damage to the cured product). The present application also contemplates precast materials, such as building panels. Other non-structural uses of the present application provided herein can be kitchen islands, decorative garden structures (e.g., bird baths, benches, planters, pots, etc.), tiles, decorative floors, furniture, bathroom tubs, sinks, tables, fire pits, washbasins, pool decks, or any architectural or decorative application where concrete materials can be used.

[0198] According to some embodiments, the cementitious mixture resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a density equal to or substantially equal to that of Portland cement paste. In some embodiments, the density of the cementitious mixture is 80% to 120% of the density of Portland cement paste (e.g., 80% to 120%, 90% to 110%, 95% to 105%, 98% to 102%, 80% to 100%, 85% to 100%, 90% to 100%, 95% to 100%, 80% to 90%, 85% to 95%, 100% to 120%, 100% to 115%, 100% to 110%, 100% to 105%, 105% to 115%, 105% to 120%, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.).

[0199] Furthermore, according to some embodiments, the cementitious mixture resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a leaching rate equal to or substantially equal to that of Portland cement paste. In some embodiments, the leaching rate of the cementitious mixture is 80% to 120% of that of Portland cement paste. According to some embodiments, for one or more of the mixture configurations disclosed herein, the leaching rate of components (e.g., MgCl, Mg(NO), MgSO, hydrated, anhydrous, and / or other compounds therewith) during and / or after hardening is equal to or less than that of known cements (e.g., Portland cement, MgO, or other magnesia cements). In some embodiments, the leaching rate by mass can be as low as 0% to 10% (e.g., 0-10, 0-5, 2-8, 2-10, 5-10, 2-5, 5-8, 1-9%, percentages between the aforementioned ranges, etc.) relative to known cements. In some embodiments, the leaching rate for one or more of the blend configurations disclosed herein is equal to or substantially equal to the leaching rate of known cements (e.g., Portland cement, MgO, or other magnesia cements, etc.). However, in other configurations, the leaching rate by mass may be greater than 10% (e.g., 10-15, 15-20, 20-30%, greater than 30%, etc.) lower.

[0200] Also, according to some embodiments, the cementitious mixture resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises an elastic modulus equal to or substantially equal to the elastic modulus of Portland cement paste. According to some embodiments, the cementitious mixture resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises an elastic modulus equal to or substantially equal to the elastic modulus of Portland cement paste.In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the cementitious mixture is between 50% and 200% (e.g., 50-200, 50-190, 50-180, 50-170, 50-160, 50-150, 50-140, 50-130, 50-120, 50-110, 50-100, 50-90, 50-80, 50-70, 50-60, 60-200, 60-190, 60-180, 60-170, 60-160, 60-150, 60-140, 60-130, 60-120, 60-110, 60-100, 60-90, 60-80 , 60~70, 70~200, 70~190, 70~180, 70~170, 70~160, 70~150, 70~140, 70~130, 70~120, 70~110, 70~100, 70~90, 70~80, 80~200, 80~190, 80~180, 80~170, 8 0~160, 80~150, 80~140, 80~130, 80~120, 80~110, 80~100, 80~90, 90~200, 90~190, 90~180, 90~170, 90~160, 90~150, 90~140, 90~130, 90~120, 90~110, 9 0-100, 100-200, 100-190, 100-180, 100-170, 100-160, 100-150, 100-140, 100-130, 100-120, 100-110, 110-200, 110-190, 110-180, 110-170, 110-160 0, 110-150, 110-140, 110-130, 110-120, 120-200, 120-190, 120-180, 120-170, 120-160, 120-150, 120-140, 120-130, 130-200, 130-190, 130-180, 130 ~170, 130-160, 130-150, 130-140, 140-200, 140-190, 140-180, 140-170, 140-160, 140-150, 150-200, 150-190, 150-180, 150-170, 150-160, 160-200, 160-190, 160-180, 160-170, 170-200, 170-190, 170-180, 180-200, 180-190, 190-200, 95-105, 85-115, 75-125, 65-135, 55-145, values ​​between the aforementioned ranges, etc.In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the cementitious mixture resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water is between 3(10) and 5(10) (e.g., between 3(10) and 5(10), between 3.0(10) and 3.5(10), between 3.5(10) and 4.0(10), between 4.0(10) and 4.5(10), between 4.5(10) and 5.0(10), between 3(10) and 4(10), between 3.0(10) and 4.5(10), between 3.5(10) and 5.0(10), between 3.5(10) and 4.0 ... 6) to 4.5(106), 3.0(106), 3.1(106), 3.2(106), 3.3(106), 3.4(106), 3.5(106), 3.6(106), 3.7(106), 3.8(106), 3.9(106), 4.0(106), 4.1(106), 4.2(106), 4.3(106), 4.4(106), 4.5(106), 4.6(106), 4.7(106), 4.8(106), 4.9(106), 5.0(106) psi, values ​​between the aforementioned values ​​and ranges, etc.

[0201] Additionally, according to some embodiments, the hardenable paste resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a Poisson's ratio equal to or substantially equal to that of Portland cement paste. In some embodiments, the Poisson's ratio of the hardenable paste is between 70% and 150% (e.g., 70% to 150%, 70% to 140%, 70% to 130%, 70% to 120%, 70% to 110%, 70% to 100%, 70% to 90%, 70% to 80%, 80% to 150%, 80% to 140%, 80% to 130%, 80% to 120%, 80% to 110%, 80% to 100%, 80% to 90%, 90% to 150%, 90% to 140%, 90% to 130%, 90% to 140%, 90% to 150%, 90% to 140%, 90% to 13 ... %~120%, 90%~110%, 90%~100%, 100%~150%, 100%~140%, 100%~130%, 100%~120%, 100%~110%, 110%~150%, 110%~140%, 110%~130%, 110%~120%, 120%~150%, 120%~140%, 120%~130%, 130%~150%, 130%~140%, 140%~150%, 95%~105%, 85%~115%, 75%~125%, percentages between the above ranges, etc. In some embodiments, the Poisson's ratio of the hardenable paste resulting from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water is between 0.15 and 0.30 (e.g., 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.15-0.25, 0.15-0.20, 0.25-0.30, 0.20-0.25, 0.20-0.27, 0.20-0.30, values ​​and ranges therebetween, etc.).

[0202] III. Method In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry comprising water, natural pozzolan, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and / or phosphates with ground granulated blast furnace slag to form a cementitious mixture; (b) pouring the cementitious mixture into a structural component mold to form an poured cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the poured cementitious mixture from step (b) in the structural mold to form a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material. In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry including water, a natural pozzolan, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and / or phosphates with an artificial pozzolan to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and then (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material. In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry including water, a pozzolan, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and / or phosphates with MgO to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and then (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material.In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry including water, pozzolan, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, chloride, and / or phosphate with Mg(OH) to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and then (c) setting the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material.

[0203] In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material and / or manufacturing product, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry including water, natural pozzolan, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and / or phosphates with ground granulated blast furnace slag to form a cementitious mixture; (b) pouring the cementitious mixture into a structural mold to form an poured cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the poured cementitious mixture from step (b) in the structural mold to form a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material. In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing an artificial, negative carbon dioxide emitting stone-like material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry comprising water, a natural pozzolan, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and / or phosphates with an artificial pozzolan to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form the artificial, negative carbon dioxide emitting stone-like material. In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing and / or manufacturing a product of a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry including water, pozzolan, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and / or phosphates with MgO to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form the negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material.In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing and / or manufacturing a product of a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material, comprising: (a) mixing a slurry comprising water, pozzolan, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, chloride, and / or phosphate with Mg(OH) to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form the negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material.

[0204] In another aspect, contemplated herein is a process for producing a carbon dioxide negatively emitting artificial stone-like material wall or slab. In embodiments, the process may include, but is not limited to, (1) extruding a clay extruder through a die into the final shape of the wall or slab, and (2) extruding a clay extruder through a die into a sheet of a thickness equal to or greater than the final thickness of the wall or slab, and a width that allows for one or more wall or slab widths. The sheet is formed into the final wall or slab shape either by placing the sheet over half of a lower mold in a vertical press or running the sheet through a forming calendar, (3) extruding a cylindrical shape of material that is then formed into the final wall or slab shape between a lower mold and an upper mold in a vertical press or similar method, or (4) mixing a rheologically modified material and then placing a finite, metered portion of the material that is then formed into the final wall or slab between a lower mold and an upper mold in a vertical press or similar method.

[0205] In embodiments, solidification can occur within a few hours following any one of the preceding methods, hi embodiments, solidification occurs within about 2 hours to about 48 hours.

[0206] In embodiments, the mechanical properties are modified to generate a ductile (non-brittle) material by adding fiber reinforcement such as cellulose fibers, glass fibers, plastic fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, homopolymer acrylic or alkali-resistant fibers, natural fibers, or combinations thereof.

[0207] In embodiments, the artificial stone tiles can be made water resistant by including water- and / or oil-repellent silanes in the product mixture or by applying over a water-resistant surface coating known in the state of the art. [Example]

[0208] Examples provided herein include compositions of cementitious materials containing natural and artificial pozzolans, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, and / or MgO or Mg(OH). It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the exemplary compositions are non-limiting and may be adjusted based on factors such as heat and humidity to achieve properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, low deterioration, and CO2 absorption contemplated by the present application. The applications and examples illustrate that result-effective variables for achieving these properties include sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, and pozzolans, such as natural pozzolans.

[0209] Materials and Methods. [Table 1] [Table 2] [Table 3] [Table 4] [Table 5] [Table 6] [Table 7] [Table 8] [Table 9] [Table 10] [Table 11] [Table 12] [Table 13] [Table 14] [Table 15]

[0210] Comparative Strength. The compressive strength of concrete is measured after 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days of curing on 50-mm cube specimens according to ASTM C109 [ASTM C109-10, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010] using a digital compactor. Specimens are removed from the oven after each curing period and allowed to cool before testing. Triplicate specimens for each curing period are prepared and tested under compression. The average of the three readings is reported.

[0211] As contemplated herein, the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 1000 psi, 1500 psi, 2000 psi, 2500 psi, 3000 psi, 3500 psi, 4000 psi, 4500 psi, 5000 psi, 5500 psi, 6000 psi, 6500 psi, 7000 psi, 7500 psi, 8000 psi, 8500 psi, 9000 psi or more, including any value or sub-range within the recited range, inclusive of the endpoints. In some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 1000 psi, 1500 psi, 2000 psi, 2500 psi, 3000 psi, 3500 psi, 4000 psi, 4500 psi, 5000 psi, 5500 psi, 6000 psi, 6500 psi, 7000 psi, including any value or sub-range within the recited range, inclusive of the endpoints. In some embodiments, the 28-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and cured is at least 1000 psi, 1500 psi, 2000 psi, 2500 psi, 3000 psi, 3500 psi, 4000 psi, 4500 psi, 5000 psi, 5500 psi, 6000 psi, 6500 psi, 7000 psi, including any value or sub-range within the recited range, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0212] Flexural Strength. Prismatic specimens measuring 50 x 50 x 200 mm were prepared to determine the flexural strength of concrete using third-point loading in accordance with ASTM C78 [ASTM C1437-10, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcinated Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010; ASTM C78-10, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010]. Flexural strength of concrete was determined at 28 and 90 days of curing. Triplicate specimens of each mixture for a given curing period were prepared and tested. The average of the three readings is reported.

[0213] Elastic modulus. The elastic modulus of concrete is measured on cylindrical concrete specimens with a diameter of 75 mm and a height of 150 mm. The experiment is performed according to ASTM C 469 [ASTM C496-10, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010]. The elastic modulus is measured after 28 and 90 days of curing.

[0214] Environmental impact The present application contemplates producing housing structures made of housing materials that meet current housing shortfalls while generating carbon credits. In embodiments, the housing structures are made of carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious materials. In further embodiments, the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious materials are cementitious masonry units produced by the processes described herein. Production of the cementitious masonry units (blocks) provided herein absorbs carbon dioxide and reduces carbon dioxide production based on the production method. In some embodiments, production does not require fresh water.

[0215] Each masonry unit is 0.0076m 3 volume of cementitious material, weighing 38.5 lb (17.5 kg). When tested, the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material absorbs 32 kg CO2 / mt / year (mt refers to metric ton). Thus, for each block over a 20-year period: 17.5kg x 0.001m.t. / kg x 32kgCO2 / mt / year x 20 years = 11.2kgCO2 / block over 20 years

[0216] Each block also produces less carbon dioxide than traditional concrete and other cement products: 0.0076m 3 x405kgCO2 / m 3 = 3.08kg CO2 avoided per block

[0217] Therefore, the total carbon credits (avoidance 11.2 kg CO2 / block + removal 3.1 kg CO2 / block) is 14.3 kg (31.5 lb) CO2 / block. Note: 405 kg CO2 / m 3Based on DuPont EPD High Test CMU 900003403, issued August 31, 2021, valid through August 31, 2026 (www.basalite-cmu.com / _files / ugd / 31fd52_c399e811721a4fa4b9fe9cf4bd91c2e6.pdf).

[0218] The above calculations are then converted into application calculations when cementitious masonry blocks are combined with mortar (or filler). Carbon removal, 22.6 kg (49.8 lb): 11.2 kg CO2 / block (calculated above) + 11.4 kg (mortar / filler) 11.2 kg CO2 / block + [mortar / filler] 11.2 kg CO2 / block x 1.02 kg mortar / kg block = 22.6 kg CO2 Carbon avoidance, 6.22 kg (13.7 lb): 3.08 kg (calculated above) + 3.14 kg (mortar) 3.08 kg (block) + 3.08 kg CO2 / block x 1.02 kg mortar / kg block = 6.22 kg CO2

[0219] Total carbon credits (removal 22.6 kg CO2 + avoidance 6.22 kg CO2) is 28.8 kg CO2 (63.5 lb) per block.

[0220] The environmental impact of the materials contemplated herein extends to freshwater consumption; the compositions of the present application do not utilize or treat freshwater in the manufacturing process. According to the USEPA (https: / / www.epa.gov / indoor-air-quality-iaq / introduction-indoor-air-quality), the carbon dioxide absorption equivalent of a medium-growth coniferous tree that can be grown for 10 years is 23.2 lb of CO2 (10.5 kg). Therefore, referring to the above calculation, each cementitious masonry unit removes 11.2 kg of CO2, which is approximately equivalent to one tree. For each cementitious masonry unit applied, referring to the above calculation, 20.4 kg of CO2 is removed, which is equivalent to two trees.

[0221] In embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the cementitious masonry units are used in the construction of residential homes. In embodiments, the size of the homes is 1,250 ft 2 Each home uses 3,000 applied cementitious masonry units. In addition to the applied block mortar and fill materials, each home also includes 62.9 m of foundation, slab, porch, roof tiles, driveway, and sidewalk. 3 The cementitious material contains 1,505 kg / m 3 (or 94 lb / ft 3 ) is used to absorb 32 kg of CO2 / metric ton / year. In embodiments, the present application avoids the need for additional materials such as drywall, insulation, bitumen roofing, and paint. 1 residential building (1,250 ft 2 )(116.1m 2 ) carbon removal Blocks applied: 22.6 kg CO2 x 3,000 blocks / houses = 67,800 kg CO2 or 67.8 mtCO2 (credits) Foundation, slab, porch, roof tiles, driveway, sidewalk: 62.9m 3 x1,505kg / m 3x 0.001 m.t. / kg x 32 kg CO2 / mt / year x 20 years = 60,585 kg CO2 or 60.6 mt CO2 (credits) 67.8mtCO2 (credit) + 60.6mtCO2 (credit) = 128.4mtCO2 (credit) Carbon avoidance for a home (1,250 ft²) 2 )(116.1m 2 ) Blocks applied: 6.24 kg CO2 x 3,000 blocks / house = 18,720 kg CO2 or 18.7 mt CO2 (credits) Foundation, slab, porch, roof tiles, driveway, sidewalk: 62.9m 3 x405kgCO2 / m 3 = 25,475 kg CO2 or 25.5 mt CO2 (credits) 18.7mtCO2 (credit) + 25.5mtCO2 (credit) = 44.2mtCO2 (credit) Additional avoidance from the construction process = 10 credits Total carbon credits (removals + avoidance) 128.4 mtCO2 + 44.2 mtCO2 + 10 mtCO2 =182.6mt or credit per house

[0222] In embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material is paving stones. In embodiments, the plurality of paving stones is 100,000 m 2 In an embodiment, the pavers are 3 inches thick (0.2286 m). Therefore, the surface area is 100,000 m. 2 In this case, the paving stones are 22,860 m 3 The density of the above carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material is 1,505 kg / m 3 , 22,860m 3 (volume of paving stone) x 1,505 kg / m 3 (density) x 0.001 m.t. / kg gives 34,404 metric tonnes of material used for paving stones. 100,000m 2 Carbon removal on paving stones 34,404mt x 32kgCO2 / mt / year x 20 years x 0.001m.t. / kg = 22,018mt of CO2 (credits) 100,000m 2 Carbon avoidance for paving stones 22,860m 3 x405kgCO2 / m 3 = 9,258,300 kg or 9,258 mt of CO2 credits Total carbon credits (avoided + removed) = 22,018 mt + 9,258 mt = 100,000 m of paving 2 31,276 credits per prize

[0223] Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, those skilled in the art will understand that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Additionally, each reference provided herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if each reference were individually incorporated by reference. In the event of a conflict between the present application and a reference provided herein, the present application shall control.

Claims

1. An artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, wherein the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) an artificial pozzolan; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

2. 10. The artificial stone-like material of claim 1, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

3. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

4. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises an accelerating admixture selected from triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride.

5. 5. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the natural pozzolan is selected from the group consisting of rhyolite, obsidian, rosinite, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay, shale, wollastonite, milky shale, diatomaceous earth, olivine, and combinations thereof.

6. 6. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the artificial pozzolan is selected from metakaolin, fly ash, silica fume, powdered glass (e.g., powdered waste glass), slag (e.g., ground granulated blast furnace slag, blast furnace slag, steel furnace slag, basic oxygen furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag, ladle slag, copper slag, steel slag, iron slag, lead slag, nickel slag, zinc slag, aluminum slag, or slag from other metals), combustion organic residues (e.g., rice husk ash or rice husk ash), expanded clay, expanded shale, calcined clay, and combinations thereof.

7. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the artificial stone-like material is hardened by injecting the cementitious mixture and then applying a hardening technique to the injected cementitious mixture.

8. 8. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the artificial pozzolan ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight.

9. 9. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the artificial pozzolan ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight.

10. 10. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the artificial pozzolan ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight.

11. 11. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the nitrate present relative to the amount of the artificial pozzolan ranges from about 2% by weight to about 30% by weight.

12. 12. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the sulfate present relative to the amount of the artificial pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% by weight to about 90% by weight.

13. 13. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the amount of said sulfate present relative to the amount of said artificial pozzolan ranges from about 20% to about 50% by weight.

14. 14. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of artificial pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% by weight to about 12% by weight.

15. 15. The artificial stone-like material of claim 1, wherein the amount of the phosphate present relative to the amount of the artificial pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight.

16. MgO and / or Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 15, further comprising:

17. An artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, wherein the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (a) a pozzolan; (b) MgO, (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

18. 18. The artificial stone-like material of claim 17, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

19. 19. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

20. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises an accelerating admixture selected from triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride.

21. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein the pozzolan is selected from artificial pozzolans, natural pozzolans, and combinations thereof.

22. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 17 to 21, wherein the artificial stone-like material is hardened by injecting the cementitious mixture and then applying a hardening technique to the injected cementitious mixture.

23. 23. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 22, wherein the amount of pozzolan present relative to the amount of MgO ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight.

24. 24. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein the amount of pozzolan present relative to the amount of MgO ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight.

25. 25. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 24, wherein the amount of pozzolan present relative to the amount of MgO ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight.

26. 26. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 25, wherein the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 2% to about 30% by weight.

27. 27. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 26, wherein the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 90% by weight.

28. 28. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 27, wherein the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 20% to about 50% by weight.

29. 29. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 28, wherein the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight.

30. 30. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 17 to 29, wherein the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight.

31. An artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, wherein the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (a) a pozzolan; (b) Mg(OH) ２ and, (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators; and (e) optionally, at least one aggregate.

32. 32. The artificial stone-like material of claim 31, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

33. 33. The artificial stone-like material of claim 31 or 32, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

34. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises an accelerating admixture selected from triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride.

35. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the pozzolan is selected from artificial pozzolans, natural pozzolans, and combinations thereof.

36. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein the artificial stone-like material is hardened by injecting the cementitious mixture and then applying a hardening technique to the injected cementitious mixture.

37. The Mg(OH) ２ 37. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 36, wherein the amount of pozzolan present relative to the amount of granules ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight.

38. The Mg(OH) ２ 38. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 37, wherein the amount of pozzolan present relative to the amount of granules ranges from about 50% to about 200% by weight.

39. The Mg(OH) ２ 39. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 38, wherein the amount of pozzolan present relative to the amount of granules ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight.

40. 40. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 39, wherein the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 2% to about 30% by weight.

41. 41. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 40, wherein the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 90% by weight.

42. 42. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 41, wherein the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 20% to about 50% by weight.

43. 43. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 42, wherein the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight.

44. 44. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of pozzolan ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight.

45. An artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, wherein the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag; (c) an aqueous solution containing one or more accelerators.

46. 46. ​​The artificial stone-like material of claim 45, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

47. 47. The artificial stone-like material of claim 45 or 46, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises at least one aggregate.

48. 48. The artificial stone-like material of claim 47, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

49. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 48, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises an accelerating admixture selected from triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride.

50. 50. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 49, wherein the natural pozzolan is selected from rhyolite, obsidian, rosinite, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay, sedimentary shale, calcined clay, rice husk ash, diatomaceous earth, metakaolin, olivine, and combinations thereof.

51. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 50, wherein the natural pozzolan is basalt.

52. An artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, wherein the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag; (c) an aqueous solution containing one or more promoters; (d) at least one aggregate.

53. 53. The artificial stone-like material of claim 52, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

54. 54. The artificial stone-like material of claim 52 or 53, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

55. 55. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 52 to 54, wherein the natural pozzolan is selected from rhyolite, obsidian, rosinite, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay and shale, calcined clay, rice husk ash, diatomaceous earth, metakaolin, olivine, and combinations thereof.

56. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 52 to 55, wherein the natural pozzolan is basalt.

57. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 56, wherein the artificial stone-like material is hardened by injecting the cementitious mixture and then applying a hardening technique to the injected cementitious mixture.

58. 58. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 45 to 57, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

59. 59. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 58, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 33% by weight to about 300% by weight.

60. 60. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 59, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 50% by weight to about 200% by weight.

61. 61. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 60, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 85% by weight to about 115% by weight.

62. 62. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 61, wherein the amount of the nitrate present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 30% by weight.

63. 63. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 62, wherein the amount of the sulfate present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 90% by weight.

64. 64. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 63, wherein the amount of the sulfate present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 20% by weight to about 50% by weight.

65. 65. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 64, wherein the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 12% by weight.

66. 66. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 45 to 65, wherein the amount of the phosphate present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 20% by weight.

67. The injected cementitious mixture may contain MgO and / or Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 66, further comprising:

68. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 45 to 67, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises CaO.

69. 1. An artificial stone-like material formed from an injected cementitious mixture and configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide, the injected cementitious mixture comprising: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag; (c) an aqueous solution containing one or more promoters; (d) optionally, at least one aggregate.

70. 70. The artificial stone-like material of claim 69, wherein the injected cementitious mixture absorbs and retains carbon dioxide over a period of time as it sets and hardens.

71. 71. The artificial stone-like material of claim 69 or 70, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

72. 72. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 69 to 71, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

73. 73. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 72, wherein the natural pozzolan is selected from rhyolite, obsidian, rosinite, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay and shale, calcined clay, rice husk ash, diatomaceous earth, metakaolin, olivine, and combinations thereof.

74. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the natural pozzolan is basalt.

75. 75. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 74, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag slag is in the range of about 33% by weight to about 300% by weight.

76. 76. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 75, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 50% by weight to about 200% by weight.

77. 77. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 76, wherein the amount of the natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 85% by weight to about 115% by weight.

78. 78. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 77, wherein the amount of the nitrate present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 30% by weight.

79. 78. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 77, wherein the amount of the sulfate present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 90% by weight.

80. 78. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 77, wherein the amount of the sulfate present relative to the amount of the ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 20% by weight to about 50% by weight.

81. 78. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 69 to 77, wherein the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 12% by weight.

82. 78. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 69 to 77, wherein the amount of the phosphate present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 20% by weight.

83. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 69 to 82, wherein the poured concrete mixture absorbs and retains at least 5% carbon dioxide by weight of the artificial stone-like material for 15 years.

84. A manufacturing process for artificial stone-like materials with negative carbon dioxide emissions, (a) mixing a natural pozzolan in an aqueous solution containing one or more accelerators with ground granulated blast furnace slag to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture into a structural component mold to form an injected cementitious mixture; and (c) hardening the cementitious concrete mixture from step (b) in the structural mold to form an artificial stone-like material with negative carbon dioxide emitting properties.

85. 85. The manufacturing process of claim 84, further comprising adding a water-repellent silane or an oil-repellent silane to the cementitious mixture of step (a).

86. 86. The process of claim 84 or 85, wherein the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 33% to about 300% by weight.

87. 87. The process of any one of claims 84 to 86, wherein the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 50% by weight to about 200% by weight.

88. 88. The process of any one of claims 84 to 87, wherein the amount of natural pozzolan present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 85% to about 115% by weight.

89. 89. The process of any one of claims 84 to 88, wherein the amount of nitrate present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 30% by weight.

90. 90. The process of any one of claims 84 to 89, wherein the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 0.1% by weight to about 90% by weight.

91. 91. The process of any one of claims 84 to 90, wherein the amount of sulfate present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 20% by weight to about 50% by weight.

92. 92. The process of any one of claims 84 to 91, wherein the amount of chloride present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of about 0.1% by weight to about 12% by weight.

93. 93. The process of any one of claims 84 to 92, wherein the amount of phosphate present relative to the amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag ranges from about 0.1% by weight to about 20% by weight.

94. 1. A method for reducing carbon emissions, comprising: (a) mixing a natural pozzolan, an artificial pozzolan, an aqueous solution, and one or more accelerators to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture to form an injected cementitious mixture; (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) to form a carbon dioxide negative evacuating cementitious material; thereby forming a carbon dioxide negative scavenging cementitious material that absorbs carbon dioxide and prevents carbon dioxide from escaping.

95. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein said reduction in carbon emissions consists of the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed and carbon dioxide emissions prevented.

96. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the carbon dioxide negative venting cementitious material is a cementitious masonry unit.

97. The cementitious masonry unit emits 11.2 kg of CO over a 20-year period. ２ and absorbs 3.08 kg of CO per cementitious masonry unit. ２ 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the

98. A plurality of cementitious masonry units are combined with filler or mortar material to form a masonry structure of at least 1,250 ft. ２ 98. The method of claim 97, forming a residential structure having a square foot area of

99. The residential structure reduces CO emissions by at least 120 metric tons. ２ and absorb at least 40 metric tons of CO ２ 99. The method of claim 98, wherein the discharge of

100. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material is paving stone.

101. Multiple paving stones, 100,000m ２ 101. The method of claim 100, having a surface area of

102. The plurality of paving stones are at least 20,000 m.t. ２ and absorbs at least 9,000 m.t. of CO ２ 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the discharge of

103. The method according to any one of claims 94 to 102, wherein the carbon dioxide negatively emitting cementitious material comprises an artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 83, or is produced by the process according to any one of claims 84 to 93.

104. An artificial stone-like material hardened by injecting a cementitious mixture, wherein the injected cementitious mixture comprises: (a) a natural pozzolan; (b) ground granulated blast furnace slag; (c) an aqueous solution; (d) one or more accelerators.

105. 105. The artificial stone-like material of claim 104, wherein the accelerator comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and phosphates.

106. 106. The artificial stone-like material of claim 104 or 105, wherein the injected cementitious mixture further comprises at least one aggregate.

107. 107. The artificial stone-like material of claim 106, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, lightweight aggregate, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

108. The injected cementitious mixture further comprises an accelerating admixture selected from triethenolamine, calcium formate, silica fume, fine silica gel, and calcium chloride. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 104 to 107.

109. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 104 to 108, wherein the natural pozzolan is selected from rhyolite, obsidian, rosinite, pumice, basalt, andesite, volcanic ash, sedimentary clay, sedimentary shale, calcined clay, rice husk ash, diatomaceous earth, metakaolin, olivine, and combinations thereof.

110. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 104 to 109, wherein the natural pozzolan is basalt.

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