Detection of biomagnetic fields

Abstract

A system, apparatus and method for sensing a magnetic field, such as an electromagnetic field (EMF) or a magnetocardiogram (MCG), associated with tissue of an individual, a portion of the individual's body and / or the individual's entire body.SOLUTION: The devices and systems are configured to sense a signal, such as a signal from an individual. In some embodiments, the signal is a magnetic field. In some embodiments, the source of the signal is an organ of the individual, such as the myocardium. A device or system, in some embodiments, comprises one or more sensors, such as a sensor array, configured to detect a signal. A device or system, in some embodiments, comprises a shield or a portion thereof to reduce noise and enhance signal collection.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 18

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (cross reference) This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 15 / 673,067, filed August 9, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference. [Background technology]

[0002] Dynamic magnetic fields are associated with certain mammalian tissues, e.g., tissues with action potential-driven physiology. Changes in the structure or function of a particular tissue can be reflected in changes in the magnetic fields associated with and / or generated by the tissue. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems, devices, and methods are described herein for sensing magnetic fields, such as electromagnetic fields (EMF) or magnetocardiograms (MCG), associated with tissues of an individual, a body part of an individual, and / or the entire body of an individual. Non-limiting examples of tissues with which magnetic fields may be associated and sensed using the systems, devices, and methods described herein include blood, bone, lymph, CSF, and organs including the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and skin. In certain embodiments, the devices and systems described herein sense magnetic field signals associated with a body part of an individual, such as, for example, a body part, such as the torso, or a magnetic field associated with the entire body of an individual.

[0004] Described herein is an apparatus for sensing magnetic field data associated with an individual, the apparatus comprising: a movable base unit; an arm having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the arm being movably coupled to the movable base unit or the like such that the arm moves relative to the movable base unit with at least one degree of freedom; and an array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers coupled to the distal end of the arm, the optically pumped magnetometer array configured to sense magnetic fields associated with the individual. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises a shield configured to attenuate one or more magnetic fields associated with the environment. In some embodiments, the shield is configured to include a portion of the individual's body associated with the magnetic field data. In some embodiments, the portion of the individual's body associated with the magnetic field is the individual's chest. In some embodiments, the arm of the apparatus or system comprises a joint configured to allow the arm to be articulated. In some embodiments, the optically pumped magnetometer array is movably coupled to the distal end such that the optically pumped magnetometer moves relative to the arm with at least one degree of freedom. In some embodiments, the optically pumped magnetometer is part of an array. In some embodiments, the array is positioned to correspond to a specific portion of the individual's body. In some embodiments, the device comprises a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a computer program configured to cause the processor to receive magnetic field data sensed by the optically pumped magnetometer and filter the magnetic field data. In some embodiments, the device comprises a gradiometer, the computer program causing the processor to filter the data by canceling out magnetic fields associated with the environment. In some embodiments, the computer program causes the processor to filter the data by subtracting frequency-based measurements from the magnetic field data. In some embodiments, the computer program causes the processor to generate a visual representation of the magnetic field data, including a waveform.

[0005] Also described herein are methods for detecting magnetic field data associated with an individual, the method including: positioning a movable electromagnetic detector proximate to the individual; positioning an arm of the movable electromagnetic detector coupled to a base unit proximate one or more optically pumped magnetometers proximate a portion of the individual's body associated with magnetic field data; and detecting the magnetic field data. In some embodiments, the method includes shielding at least a portion of the individual from magnetic fields associated with the environment. In some embodiments, the shield is configured to contain the portion of the individual's body associated with magnetic field data. In some embodiments, the portion of the individual's body associated with the magnetic field is the individual's chest. In some embodiments, the arm of the device or system includes a joint configured to articulate the arm. In some embodiments, the optically pumped magnetometer is movably coupled to the arm such that the optically pumped magnetometer moves relative to the arm with at least one degree of freedom. In some embodiments, the optically pumped magnetometer is part of an array. In some embodiments, the array is positioned to match a particular portion of the individual's body.

[0006] In some embodiments, the method includes generating a visual representation of the magnetic field data including a waveform. In some embodiments, the method includes generating a visual representation of the magnetic field data including a two-dimensional cubic interpolation between two or more sensors in the magnetometer array for each timestamp of the recorded data. In some embodiments, the visual representation includes color values ​​associated with the magnetic field values ​​displayed in two-dimensional (2D) space. Playing back the sequential visual representation of the sensed magnetic field data, in some embodiments, includes a dynamic 2D animation summarizing the electromagnetic activity detected from the individual. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0007] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also referred to herein as "Figure" and "FIG."). [Figure 1] 1 shows an example of a sensor array, shield, and base unit. [Figure 2] An example of a shield is shown below. [Figure 3] An example of a shield and a basic unit is shown. [Figure 4] 1 shows an example of a sensor array operably connected to a base unit. [Figure 5] 1 shows an example of a sensor array operably connected to an arm. [Figure 6] 1 shows an example of a sensor array operably connected to a base unit. [Figure 7] 1 shows an example of a sensor array operably connected to an arm of a base unit. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates a computer control system that is programmed or otherwise configured to carry out the methods provided herein. [Figure 9] AB show an example of a shield. The shield in FIG. 9A is oriented to show the open end and interior volume of the shield. The shield in FIG. 9B is oriented to show the closed end of the shield, which has a tapered or conical shape. [Figure 10] AB show two different cross sections for the shield. [Figure 11A] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11B] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11C] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11D] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11E] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11F] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11G] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11H] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11I] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11J] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11K] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 11L] 1 shows multiple views of one example of a shield. [Figure 12] AB show multiple views of one example of external support for the shield. [Figure 13] Here is an example of a hook: [Figure 14A] 1 shows multiple views of a movable cart device. [Figure 14B] 1 shows multiple views of a movable cart device. [Figure 15A] 1 shows multiple views of a movable cart device. [Figure 15B] 1 shows multiple views of a movable cart device. [Figure 15C] 1 shows multiple views of a movable cart device. [Figure 16] 1 shows an example of a device in use in a magnetically shielded environment. [Figure 17] An example of an individual sliding into a shield is shown. [Figure 18] An example embodiment of a shield is shown that includes three layers of mu metal (the three innermost layers) and one layer of aluminum alloy (the outer layer). [Figure 19] 1 shows a plot of magnetic field measurements along the centerline of the shield. [Figure 20] 1 shows an example of a sensor array. [Figure 21] An example 3D rendering of the sensor head cage mounted on the bed of the shield is shown. [Figure 22] 10 illustrates an exemplary layout of one internal coil arranged in an embodiment of a shield. [Figure 23] 10 illustrates an exemplary layout of an external coil arranged in an embodiment of a shield. [Figure 24] Demonstrates typical balance function. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0008] While various embodiments have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments herein may be utilized.

[0009] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Any reference to "or" herein is intended to include "and / or" unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0010] The term "about" may mean that a referenced numerical designation is plus or minus 15% of the referenced numerical designation.

[0011] Device and system for sensing magnetic fields Described herein are devices and systems configured to sense magnetic fields associated with one or more tissues, one or more body parts, one or more organs, or the entire body of an individual. Non-limiting examples of organs and organ systems whose magnetic fields may be sensed by the devices and systems described herein include the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon, the endocrine system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, urogenital system, nervous system, vascular system, lymphatic system, and digestive system. Non-limiting examples of tissues whose magnetic fields may be sensed by the devices and systems described herein include inflamed tissue (including areas of inflamed tissue), blood vessels and the blood flowing within them, lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic fluid flowing within them, bone, and cartilage. The sensed magnetic field data may be further processed to make or assist a user (e.g., a healthcare provider) in making a decision regarding one or more tissues, one or more body parts, one or more organs, or the entire body of an individual associated with the sensed magnetic field. For example, in some embodiments, devices as described herein are used to determine a prognosis for an individual, e.g., predict an individual's likelihood of developing a disease or condition based on one or more magnetic fields detected using the device. For example, in some embodiments, devices as described herein are used to establish a prognosis, e.g., confirm or provide a diagnosis to an individual for a disease or condition based on one or more magnetic fields detected using the device. For example, in some embodiments, devices as described herein are used to provide monitoring, such as monitoring the progression of an individual's disease or condition, monitoring the effectiveness of a treatment provided to an individual, or a combination thereof, based on one or more magnetic fields detected using the device. It should be understood that the devices and systems described herein are suitable for measuring magnetic fields associated with any type of tissue.

[0012] In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, sensed magnetic field data associated with the heart is used to generate a magnetocardiogram. In these embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the devices and systems are utilized as magnetocardiographs, which are passive, non-invasive bioelectrical measurement tools intended to sense, record, and display magnetic fields naturally generated by the electrical activity of the heart, for example.

[0013] In some embodiments, a device or system as described herein is configured to measure one or more biomarkers in addition to the magnetic field. Non-limiting examples of biomarkers that may be sensed in addition to the magnetic field using embodiments of the devices and systems described herein include body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, echocardiogram (ECG), magnetic field, or any combination thereof.

[0014] In some embodiments, the individual whose magnetic field is being detected is healthy. In some embodiments, the individual whose magnetic field is being detected is an individual suspected of having a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the individual whose magnetic field is being detected is an individual who has previously been diagnosed with a disease or disorder.

[0015] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder identified in the individual is a cardiac disease or disorder, hi some embodiments, the cardiac disease or disorder identified in the individual comprises rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, inflammatory heart disease, valvular heart disease, aneurysm, stroke, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, hypertension, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, congenital heart disease, heart failure, or any combination thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the devices described herein include one or more sensors. In some embodiments, two or more sensors are arranged in a sensor array. In some embodiments, the devices described herein include an electromagnetic shield, and some embodiments of the devices described herein do not include a shield.

[0017] A system as described herein, in some embodiments, includes any of the devices as described herein and one or more local and / or remote processors.

[0018] Sensors and sensor arrays for detecting magnetic fields In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the devices include a sensor such as an optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) as a measurement tool, which in some embodiments utilizes a non-radioactive, self-contained alkali metal battery coupled with a closed-loop pump laser and photodetector setup to measure weak magnetic fields. In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the devices and systems utilize the OPM in an n x n array (or grid) or alternative geometric locations to collect magnetic field data at n discrete locations on a portion of an individual's body, such as the chest region, which in some embodiments is digitized using pickup electronics.

[0019] OPMs are typically configured to utilize a non-radioactive, self-contained alkali metal battery coupled with a closed-loop pump laser and photodetector setup to measure small magnetic fields. Compared to superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are also typically used to detect these biomagnetic fields, OPM sensors are significantly smaller and typically do not require the use of cryogenic cooling.

[0020] The Earth's magnetic field is naturally present everywhere on Earth and has an amplitude of approximately 50 microteslas. OPM performance is enhanced in the presence of the Earth's ambient magnetic field in at least two exemplary ways. In the first OPM enhancement technique, a reference value representing the Earth's magnetic field is used in the OPM as part of a vector subtraction process to isolate the signal of interest. Another technique involves the use of a gradiometer for active noise reduction in the OPM.

[0021] Sensor array configurations, as utilized in some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, include custom array configurations. In some embodiments, the sensor array configuration is customized for an individual's anatomy. In some embodiments, the sensor array configuration is customized for an individual's location to be measured, such as a chest location or a head location. In some embodiments, the sensor array configuration is customized for the type of measurement the device is programmed to acquire. In some embodiments, the sensor array configuration is customized to be operably coupled to a shield and / or arm. In some embodiments, the sensor array configuration is interchangeable with different array configurations, which may be performed by the user. The array configuration, in some embodiments, comprises an arc (e.g., a generally curved shape) having a depth and a radius of about 20 cm to about 50 cm, or about 10 cm to about 60 cm. Array configurations, such as arc configurations, in some embodiments, comprise one or more variable inter-magnetometer distances and variable sensor densities. The array configuration, in some embodiments, comprises a concave structure (e.g., a concave structure configured to wrap around or form a body part, such as the head or chest). The one or more magnetometers are disposed on at least a portion of the surface of the concave structure. The concave array configuration, in some embodiments, includes one or more variable inter-magnetometer distances and variable sensor densities.

[0022] In some embodiments, the sensor array is an nxn array of sensors. In some embodiments, the sensor array is a 2D rectangular array, such as a 2x2 array or a 4x4 array. In some embodiments, the sensor array is a 2D non-rectangular array, such as a 2x1 array or a 4x1 array. In some embodiments, the sensor array is a circular or semicircular array, such as a 3D array of sensors arranged in an arc or concave configuration. In some embodiments, the sensor array is a 2D array or a 3D array. In some embodiments, the sensors of the sensor array have x, y, and z coordinates. The array, in some embodiments, includes a single sensor, such as nxn = 1x1. The array, in some embodiments, includes two sensors, such as nxn = 2x1. The array, in some embodiments, includes three sensors. The array, in some embodiments, includes four sensors. The array, in some embodiments, includes nine sensors. The array, in some embodiments, includes 16 sensors. The array, in some embodiments, includes 25 sensors. In some embodiments, the array includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more sensors. In some embodiments, the sensor array includes 8 sensors. In some embodiments, the sensor array includes 16 sensors. In some embodiments, the sensor array includes a single sensor housed in a single housing. In some embodiments, the sensor array includes multiple sensors housed in a single housing, such as a housing with multiple sensor locations or interchangeable sensor locations. In some embodiments, the sensor array includes multiple sensors housed in multiple housings. In some embodiments, the sensor array includes multiple sensors, each sensor contained in a separate housing.In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor in the sensor array are different. In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor in the sensor array are the same. In some embodiments, each sensor in the sensor array is unique. In some embodiments, each sensor in the sensor array is identical. In some embodiments, a subset of sensors in the sensor array are unique. In some embodiments, a subset of sensors in the sensor array are identical. The spatial positioning of sensors in the sensor array is adjustable, for example, by a user or automated by a controller. In some embodiments, the spatial positioning of sensors in the sensor array is fixed. In some embodiments, the number of sensors in the sensor array is selected based on the application. In some embodiments, the number of sensors in the sensor array is selected based on the type of measurement or the location of the measurement. The array, in some embodiments, comprises a single-channel array or a multi-channel array. In some embodiments, increasing the number of sensors in the sensor array increases the resolution of measurements obtained by the array. In some embodiments, the sensor arrays of sensors are densely packed, such that they are substantially adjacent or adjacent to each other. The sensor arrays of sensors are sparsely spaced to provide spacing between each other. In some embodiments, the subset of sensors in the sensor array are densely packed. In some embodiments, the subset of sensors in the sensor array are sparsely spaced or densely spaced. In some embodiments, the center points of any two sensors in the densely packed subset of sensors are spaced less than about 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.1 centimeters (cm) apart. In some embodiments, the center points of the densely packed sensors are spaced from center point to center point by about 0.1 cm to about 2.0 cm, or about 0.1 cm to about 1.5 cm, or about 1.0 cm to about 2.0 cm.In some embodiments, the center points of any two sensors in a subset of sparsely packed sensors are spaced more than about 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 8, or 10 centimeters apart. In some embodiments, the center points of the sparsely packed sensors are spaced from center point to center point by about 1.5 cm to about 3 cm, or about 2 cm to about 5 cm, or about 2.5 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the center point is the center location of the sensor, such as a central axis. In some embodiments, the center point of a circular sensor is the center location where all other edge points are equidistant.

[0023] In some embodiments, a densely packed array exhibits an inter-magnetometer spacing of less than 1.5 cm, whereas an inter-magnetometer spacing of greater than about 1.5 cm constitutes a sparsely packed array.

[0024] In some embodiments, the housing is configured to house a sensor or a sensor array of sensors. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to accommodate a single arrangement of sensor spacing within the housing. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to accommodate multiple arrangements of sensor spacing within the housing. In some embodiments, the housing is adapted to (i) adjust sensor spacing, such as dense or sparse spacing, or (ii) vary the number of sensors in the array. In some embodiments, the housing is a universal housing for multiple arrays and array configurations.

[0025] In some embodiments, the sensor is configured to detect the presence of a magnetic field or measure a parameter of a magnetic field. The sensor, in some embodiments, includes a sensitivity to magnetic fields of about 10 femtotesla per square root of hertz (fT / √Hz). The sensor, in some embodiments, includes a sensitivity of about 1 fT / √Hz to about 20 fT / √Hz. The sensor, in some embodiments, includes a sensitivity of about 5 fT / √Hz to about 15 fT / √Hz. The sensor, in some embodiments, includes a sensitivity of about 0.1 fT / √Hz to about 30 fT / √Hz. The sensor, in some embodiments, includes a sensitivity of about 0.5 fT / √Hz to about 12 fT / √Hz. The sensor, in some embodiments, includes a sensitivity of about 1 fT / √Hz to about 15 fT / √Hz. The sensor, in some embodiments, comprises a sensitivity of about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 fT / √Hz.

[0026] In some embodiments, the sensor does not require a cooling element, such as cryogenic cooling, to collect measurements. In some embodiments, the sensor takes measurements over a temperature range of about 30 degrees Fahrenheit (F) to about 110 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the sensor collects measurements over a temperature range of about 50 degrees Fahrenheit to about 110 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the sensor collects measurements over a time period of about 1 second to about 5 hours without the need for a cooling element. In some embodiments, the sensor collects measurements over a time period of about 1 second to about 1 hour without the need for a cooling element. In some embodiments, the sensor collects measurements over a time period of about 1 second to about 30 minutes without the need for a cooling element.

[0027] The noise source, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength. In some embodiments, the strength of the magnetic field of the noise source is measured in Tesla (T). Noise, such as environmental noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of less than about 100 nanotesla (nT). The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of less than about 1000 nT. The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of less than about 500 nT. The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of less than about 200 nT. The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of less than about 120 nT. The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of less than about 80 nT. Noise sources, such as the Earth's magnetic field, in some embodiments, comprise a magnetic field strength of about 50 microtesla (mT). The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of about 40 mT to about 60 mT. The noise, in some embodiments, comprises a magnetic field strength of about 10 mT to about 100 mT. The noise, in some embodiments, includes amplitude components, frequency components, or a combination thereof, and in some embodiments includes both direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) sources, or a combination of the two.

[0028] Electromagnetic shielding Some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein are configured to provide an electromagnetic shield that reduces or eliminates the magnetic field around the Earth. The shields described herein, in some embodiments, include a metal alloy (e.g., Permalloy or Mumetal) that, when annealed in a hydrogen furnace, provides exceptionally high magnetic permeability, thereby isolating the area protected by the shield from the Earth's magnetic field (e.g., within a shield shaped as a chamber).

[0029] The chambers or shields described herein minimize internal magnetic fields and, in some embodiments, are constructed with one closed end and one open end, which in some embodiments takes the form of a flat, conical, or dome-shaped end cap.

[0030] In some embodiments, the use of a shield with sensors, such as a sensor array, provides noise reduction such that the sensors collect measurements that are substantially noise-free or have significantly reduced noise. The noise, in some embodiments, includes noise from a noise source. In some embodiments, the noise source includes high-frequency noise, such as greater than about 20 Hz, mid-frequency noise, such as from about 1 Hz to about 20 Hz, low-frequency noise, such as from about 0.1 Hz to about 1 Hz, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the noise source includes any structure containing metal. In some embodiments, the metal-containing structure includes a pacemaker, defibrillator, orthopedic implant, dental implant, or other object. In some embodiments, the metal-containing structure includes a metal tool, a metal door, a metal chair, or other object. In some embodiments, the noise source includes the operation of a device, such as a fan, an air conditioner, clinical equipment, or building vibration. In some embodiments, the noise source includes the operation of an electronic device, such as a power supply, a monitor, or a computer with a graphical user interface.

[0031] The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises a single layer of material. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises multiple layers of material. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises multiple layers, wherein at least two of the multiple layers comprise different materials. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises two layers. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises three layers. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises four layers. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises five layers. The shield or portion thereof, in some embodiments, comprises six layers.

[0032] In some embodiments, a layer of the shield or portion thereof comprises a thickness of about 0.1 to about 10 millimeters. In some embodiments, a layer of the shield has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 millimeters. In some embodiments, a layer of the shield has a thickness of about 0.1 to about 2 millimeters. In some embodiments, a layer of the shield has a thickness of about 0.8 to about 5 millimeters. The thickness is substantially the same along the length or circumference of the shield. In some embodiments, the thickness of the layer of the shield varies along the length or circumference of the shield.

[0033] In some embodiments, the shield comprises multiple layers. In some embodiments, a space exists between at least two of the multiple layers. In some embodiments, a space exists between each layer of the multiple layers. In some embodiments, a space exists between a subset of the multiple layers. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be adjacent to the second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be adhered or bonded to the second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 0.1 inches to about 5 inches from the second layer. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 1 inch to about 3 inches from the second layer. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 1 inch to about 20 inches from the second layer. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 1 inch to about 10 inches from the second layer.

[0034] In some embodiments, the length of the shield, such as the inner length or outer length, is about 2 times the inner diameter of the shield. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is about 0.5 to about 3 times the inner diameter of the shield. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is about 1 to about 3 times the inner diameter of the shield. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is about 1.5 to about 3 times the inner diameter of the shield.

[0035] In some embodiments, the length of the shield is configured to fit at least a portion of the individual. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is configured to fit the individual. In some embodiments, the diameter of the shield, such as the inner diameter, is configured to fit at least a portion of the individual. In some embodiments, the diameter of the shield, such as the inner diameter, is configured to fit the individual. In some embodiments, the individual is a human subject. In some embodiments, the human subject is an adult subject, a pediatric subject, or a neonatal subject.

[0036] In some embodiments, the shield length is from about 40 inches to about 100 inches. In some embodiments, the shield length is from about 50 inches to about 90 inches. In some embodiments, the shield length is from about 40 inches to about 150 inches. In some embodiments, the shield length is from about 60 inches to about 90 inches.

[0037] In some embodiments, the diameter of the shield is from about 40 inches to about 60 inches. In some embodiments, the diameter of the shield is from about 45 inches to about 55 inches. In some embodiments, the diameter of the shield is from about 50 inches to about 70 inches.

[0038] In some embodiments, the shield, or a portion thereof, is configured with a substantially cylindrical shape. In some embodiments, the shield, or a portion thereof, is configured with a substantially conical shape. In some embodiments, the shield comprises a first end and a second end. In some embodiments, the first end of the shield comprises a substantially cylindrical shape and the second end of the shield comprises a conical shape. In some embodiments, the shield comprises a first end having a tapered cylindrical shape, such as gradually tapering to a second end having a conical shape.

[0039] In some embodiments, the shield includes an interior volume configured to place an individual, a sensor, or a combination thereof within the interior volume. When an individual is placed in the interior volume of the shield, a reduction in the internal volume may be desirable. For example, providing the shield with a tapered or conical end may reduce the internal volume, improve the spatial uniformity of measurements taken by the sensor, reduce noise, or any combination thereof.

[0040] In some embodiments, measurements taken from the sensor are taken from within the interior volume of the shield. In some embodiments, the measurements are taken in the absence of the individual. In some embodiments, the measurements are taken in the presence of the individual. In some embodiments, the shield comprises a portion of the interior volume that has greater spatial uniformity or a greater amount of noise reduction compared to a different portion. For example, a tapered or conically shaped end of the interior volume has greater spatial uniformity of measurement, noise reduction, or both, compared to a cylindrically shaped end. In some embodiments, the individual is positioned within the interior volume of the shield such that the region of the subject desired to be measured by the sensor is located within a portion of the interior volume that has greater spatial uniformity of measurement, noise reduction, or both.

[0041] In some embodiments, varying the length of the shield, varying the diameter of the shield, or varying the shape of the shield (such as tapering) changes the noise reduction and measurement quality within the interior volume of the shield, each being varied independently or collectively to optimize noise reduction or improve the quality of measurements taken by the sensor.

[0042] In some embodiments, the shield includes a coil, such as a Helmholtz coil. In some embodiments, the coil generates a current within the coil. In some embodiments, adding a coil to the shield improves measurement quality (such as spatial uniformity of the measurement), reduces noise, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the shield includes multiple coils. In some embodiments, the shield includes a single coil. In some embodiments, the shield includes two coils. In some embodiments, the shield includes three coils. In some embodiments, the shield includes one to three coils. In some embodiments, the coil is positioned within a portion of the shield. In some embodiments, the coil is positioned within a portion of the shield where the measurement is performed. In some embodiments, the position of the coil is adjustable, for example, by a controller or a user. In some embodiments, the position of the coil is adjusted for each measurement of the sensor. In some embodiments, the position of the coil is pre-programmed according to the type of measurement of the sensor. In some embodiments, the position of the coil is adjustable with an accuracy of about 0.1 inches to about 5 inches. In some embodiments, the coil provides feedback to a user or controller that the desired positioning has been achieved by the coil. In some embodiments, feedback from the coil to a user or controller occurs prior to, during, or after a sensor measurement. In some embodiments, feedback from the coil confirms that a desired location (such as a location corresponding to the location of an individual desired to be measured) has been reached.

[0043] In some embodiments, the shield is modular. In some embodiments, the shield or portions thereof are disposable. In some embodiments, the shield is configured to receive at least a portion of an individual, at least a portion of a sensor array, or a combination thereof. The portion of the individual, in some embodiments, includes a head, an arm, or a leg that is placed within the interior volume of the shield. The portion of the individual, in some embodiments, includes an individual from a midsection to a head, or from a midsection to a leg. In some embodiments, the shield is not modular. In some embodiments, the shield is configured to interact with one or more modular units. For example, a modular unit, such as a base unit, is modular and configured to adjust in relation to a fixed or non-modular shield.

[0044] In some embodiments, the shield or portion thereof is configured for the comfort of the subject. In some embodiments, the shield or portion thereof is configured to include illumination, such as an interior volume of the shield, and in some embodiments, includes a light source. In some embodiments, the shield or portion thereof is configured with ventilation, such as one or more ports or openings, such as one or more openings located on the interior surface of the shield.

[0045] In some embodiments, the shield comprises a single material. In some embodiments, the shield comprises one or more materials. In some embodiments, the shield or portions thereof comprise a metal, a metal alloy, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the shield or portions thereof comprise permalloy or mu-metal. In some embodiments, the shield or portions thereof comprise aluminum, copper, gold, iron, nickel, platinum, silver, tin, zinc, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the shield or portions thereof comprise brass, bronze, steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, stainless steel, titanium, or any combination thereof.

[0046] In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises nickel, iron, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises about 70% to about 90% nickel by weight. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises about 75% to about 85% nickel by weight. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises about 10% to about 30% iron by weight. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises about 15% to about 25% iron by weight. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises about 70% to about 90% nickel by weight and about 10% to about 30% iron by weight. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprises about 40% to about 60% nickel by weight and about 50% to about 60% iron by weight. In some embodiments, the shield, or portion thereof, comprising permalloy or mu-metal also comprises one or more additional components, such as molybdenum.

[0047] The shield, or portions thereof, in some embodiments, comprises a material having a high magnetic permeability. For example, the material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability of about 50,000 to about 900,000, as compared to, for example, steel, which has a relative permeability of about 4,000 to about 12,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability of about 75,000 to about 125,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability of about 400,000 to about 800,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability greater than about 50,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability greater than about 75,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability greater than about 100,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability greater than about 200,000. The material in some embodiments comprises a relative permeability greater than about 300,000. The material, in some embodiments, comprises a relative permeability greater than about 400,000. The material, in some embodiments, comprises a relative permeability greater than about 500,000. The material, in some embodiments, comprises a relative permeability greater than about 600,000. The material, in some embodiments, comprises a relative permeability from about 80,000 to about 900,000. The material, in some embodiments, comprises a relative permeability from about 400,000 to about 800,000.

[0048] In some embodiments, the shield is a single piece in shape. In some embodiments, the shield is formed from multiple subcomponents assembled together. In some embodiments, the shield is fabricated with a 3D printer. In some embodiments, the shield comprises a material formed in a hydrogen furnace, such as a shield comprising one or more materials annealed in a hydrogen furnace.

[0049] Described herein are devices and systems configured to detect magnetic fields associated with, for example, tissue, body parts, or organs of an individual. In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the device for detecting magnetic fields comprises a movable base unit and one or more magnetic field sensors. In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the device for detecting magnetic fields comprises a movable base unit, one or more magnetic field sensors, and a shield for shielding ambient electromagnetic noise.

[0050] In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the device for sensing a magnetic field comprises a movable base unit configured for portability. In some embodiments, the movable base unit comprises wheels or tracks along which the movable base unit is moved over a surface. In some embodiments, the movable base unit is handheld. The movable base unit, in some embodiments, is configured to comprise a housing containing electronic components.

[0051] In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the device for sensing a magnetic field comprises one or more magnetic field sensors, such as, for example, one or more OPMs.

[0052] In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the device for sensing a magnetic field comprises one or more coupling mechanisms for receiving and coupling with one or more sensors. In some embodiments of the systems and devices described herein, the device for sensing a magnetic field comprises one or more arms or extensions connected to a movable base unit. In some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the device for sensing a magnetic field comprises one or more extensions or arms configured to move, rotate, and articulate that connect to a movable base unit to position one or more sensors for sensing a magnetic field in proximity to an individual whose magnetic field is to be sensed.

[0053] In some embodiments, the devices or systems described herein comprise a mechanical housing comprising one or more non-ferrous materials, such as aluminum alloy, rubber, plastic, wood, or any combination thereof, to minimize the amount of interference seen in the biomagnetic signal from the system itself.

[0054] Illustrative Embodiments 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus 100 for sensing a magnetic field, as described herein, comprising a shield 107. The apparatus 100 for sensing a magnetic field comprises the shield 107 and one or more sensors 106 (such as optically pumped magnetometers). In some embodiments, two or more sensors 106 are arranged in an array.

[0055] Shield 107 includes an open end 109 and a closed end 108. In some embodiments, open end 109 is disposed adjacent to closed end 108. In some embodiments, open end 109 is disposed opposite closed end 108. Shield 107, in some embodiments, includes one or more openings. One or more openings in shield 107 are configured to receive at least a portion of base unit 101, at least a portion of individual 114, at least a portion of one or more sensors 106, or any combination thereof.

[0056] For example, shield 107 includes an opening, such as recessed opening 113, configured to receive a portion of base unit 101. Shield 107, in some embodiments, includes opening 115 configured to receive at least a portion of base unit 101, at least a portion of individual 114, at least a portion of one or more sensors 106, or any combination thereof. Shield 107 includes inner surface 110. In some embodiments, inner surface 110 includes a coating. In some embodiments, inner surface 110 of shield 107 defines an interior volume of the shield. The interior volume of shield 107 is a volume in which a portion of individual 114, a portion of a sensor, a portion of base unit 101, or any combination thereof is received. Shield 107 includes shield portion 116 configured to house components of a device for sensing magnetic fields, such as an electronic screwdriver. Shield portion 116, in some embodiments, comprises a drawer, shelf, cabinet, compartment, or portion of shield 107. Shield portion 116, in some embodiments, is disposed on a side portion of the shield. Shield portion 116 is located at the bottom of shield 107 in some embodiments.

[0057] In some embodiments, an apparatus 100 for sensing magnetic fields described herein comprises a base unit 101. In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 1, the base unit 101 comprises a bed or gurney on which an individual 114 lies.

[0058] In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 for sensing magnetic fields described herein is operably coupled to a base unit 101. In some embodiments, the shield 107 is configured to receive a portion of the base unit 101. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 , a recessed opening in the shield 107 is configured to receive at least a portion of the base unit 101 in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 is directly attachable to one or more sensors 106.

[0059] The base unit 101, in some embodiments, is configured as a fixed base unit 101. The base unit 101, in some embodiments, is configured as a movable base unit 101. In some embodiments, the shield 107 is movable relative to the base unit 101. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 is movable relative to the shield 107. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 and the shield 107 are movable relative to each other.

[0060] In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the base unit 101 is configured as a movable base unit 101. The movable base unit 101, in some embodiments, is configured to move in one or more degrees of freedom (e.g., relative to the shield 107). In some embodiments, the movable base unit 101 is configured to move along the x-axis, the y-axis, the z-axis, or any combination thereof. The movable base unit 101, in some embodiments, comprises one or more rolling elements, such as wheels 113 a, 113 b, rollers, conveyor belts, or any combination thereof, configured to provide movement of the base unit 101 or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises one rolling element. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises two rolling elements. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises three rolling elements. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises four rolling elements. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises more than four rolling elements. In some embodiments, the rolling elements are disposed at one or both ends of the base unit 101. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises a non-rotating element configured to be received in a track or channel such that the base unit 101 is movable along the track or channel. In some embodiments, the track or channel is positioned adjacent to the shield 107 such that the base unit 101 is movable along the track or channel toward the shield, away from the shield, or in both directions.

[0061] In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises one or more pivots 102a, 102b. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises one pivot. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises two pivots. In some embodiments, the base unit 101 comprises more than two pivots. The pivots 102a, 102b are configured in some embodiments to allow movement of the base unit 101, for example, by conforming to an individual disposed on the base unit 101. The pivots 102a, 102b are configured in some embodiments to allow movement of the base unit 101 such that the base unit 101 is disposed within the interior volume of the shield 107. The pivots 102a, 102b are configured in some embodiments to provide movement to the base unit 101, providing one or more degrees of freedom.

[0062] In some embodiments, the one or more sensors 106 are operably coupled to an arm 103. The arm 103, in some embodiments, is a movable arm 103. In some embodiments, the device has an extendable arm 103 at the end where the sensor array 106 is housed. In some embodiments, any type of OPM is used as one or more of the one or more sensors 106. In some embodiments, the arm 103 is movable with at least one degree of freedom. The arm 103, in some embodiments, includes a joint 104 configured to provide movement to the arm 103. In some embodiments, the arm 103 includes more than one joint 104. In some embodiments, the arm 103 includes two joints 104. The arm 103, in some embodiments, is operably coupled to the one or more sensors 106 and the base unit 101, as shown in FIG. 1 . The arm 103 is operably coupled to the base unit 101 by a beam 105, as shown in FIG. 1 .

[0063] 1, an apparatus 100 for sensing a magnetic field described herein includes a computer processor 112. The computer processor 112, in some embodiments, includes a graphical user interface. The computer processor 112, in some embodiments, includes a touch screen.

[0064] 1, the apparatus 100 for sensing magnetic fields includes a stand 111 configured to receive, for example, a computer processor 112. In some embodiments, the stand 111 is positioned adjacent to the shield 107 or the base unit 101 of the apparatus for sensing magnetic fields 100. In some embodiments, the stand 111 is integrated with or attachable to the shield 107 or the base unit 101 of the apparatus 100 for sensing magnetic fields.

[0065] In some embodiments of the device 100 shown in Figure 1, the device is essentially fixed. It should be understood that other embodiments of the device 100 (and systems) described herein are configured to be movable.

[0066] In some embodiments, device 100 includes a compartment 116 or tabletop to house the electronics, computer interface, and power source, and in other cases includes a separate unit housing these components, which is connected to the first component by a wired connection. In some embodiments, device 100 requires power via an electrical outlet. In some embodiments, the standard operating procedure involves extending the device's arm 103 and lowering the bottom of sensor unit 106 to a position, such as adjacent to, within 2 centimeters of the individual's skin surface (e.g., the individual's 114 chest, head, or other area of ​​interest). Device 100, in some embodiments, is calibrated using a software application provided with the device or separately. In some embodiments, the subject's biomagnetic signal is displayed and recorded for immediate or later analysis.

[0067] Operation of the device (or system) 100 as described herein is controlled, in some embodiments, using either a software user interface (UI), a manual UI, or a combined UI comprising software and manual elements. In some embodiments, the UI is installed locally on a provided companion computer. Use of the device is directed by a medical professional, such as a physician, to determine more information about an individual's condition. Within the UI, user preferences and learning parameters, including sampling rate and axis operation of the device or system, are selected. From the software user interface, an individual's magnetic field signal, such as a signal corresponding to the individual's heart, is displayed and saved to a file. In some embodiments, the device or system is configured to measure the heart's electrical activity, producing waveforms similar to electrocardiograms that can demonstrate points of interest in the cardiac cycle.

[0068] One or more sensors 106 are arranged in an array in which one or more optically pumped magnetometers output one or more waveforms. The array, in some embodiments, outputs one waveform per sensor in the array. In some embodiments, the individual waveforms of the individual sensors are combined into a single waveform. The array, in some embodiments, outputs a single waveform comprising a combination of waveforms from each sensor in the array. In some embodiments, the magnetic field data is visualized as a series of 2D images made from interpolated magnetic field values ​​between sensors. In some embodiments, the array comprises at least one OPM and at least one other type of magnetometer. In some embodiments, the array comprises only OPMs.

[0069] The shield 107, in some embodiments, is housed in an encased structure, with the total device length being, in some embodiments, a minimum of about 2.25 meters (m) in length, with a hole opening (or internal opening diameter) of about 0.8 m.

[0070] In some embodiments, a base unit 101, such as a bed platform on which the subject rests, is used to insert the individual into the shield 107. During use, the flexible articulated arm 103 with xyz translational movement is configured to occupy any point within a semicircle defined by the full arm length when extended and is used to position the n-optically pumped magnetometer array in a wide range of geometric configurations on or near or over a portion of the individual (such as the chest, head, or other organ of the individual 114) using a set standard operating procedure based on the organ of interest, the disease or disorder of interest, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, after this point, the sensor array is energized, and at least a portion of the subject, at least a portion of the base unit 101 (e.g., bed platform), or a combination thereof, is slid into the shield 107. Using a provided computer application, a quick calibration of the sensors is performed, after which the magnetic field of the organ of interest is displayed, recorded, or a combination of both, for immediate or later analysis. In some embodiments, the electronic drivers for the sensors are housed under the shield 107 portion of the device 100 or on an adjacent cart with computer control.

[0071] The system, in some embodiments, includes a touchscreen computer interface (such as a graphical user interface) housed on the side of the device itself or on an adjacent cart.

[0072] As shown in FIG. 2 , the shield, in some embodiments, comprises a shield frame 200. In some embodiments, the shield frame 200 provides the macrostructure or shape for the shield. In some embodiments, the shield frame 200 is disposed on an interior or exterior surface of the shield. In some embodiments, the shield frame 200 is configured to receive one or more portions of the base unit. In some embodiments, the shield frame 200 comprises an open end 201 and a closed end 203. In some embodiments, an opening 202 is disposed in the open end 201, such as an opening configured to receive a portion of the base unit. In some embodiments, an opening, such as a recessed opening 204, is disposed in the open end 201 or the closed end 203 and configured to receive a portion of the base unit. In some embodiments, the shield frame 200 includes individual elements operably coupled to form the shield frame 200, or the shield frame 200 comprises a single, integrally molded frame or a frame fabricated by a 3D printer. In some embodiments, the shield frame 200 comprises one or more layers.

[0073] As shown in FIG. 3 , an exemplary embodiment of a device or system 300 as described herein includes a shield 301. The shield 301 includes a closed end 302 and an open end 303. In some embodiments, the open end 303 of the shield 301 is disposed opposite the closed end 302 of the shield 301. In some embodiments, the open end 303 of the shield 301 is disposed adjacent to the closed end 302 of the shield 301. In some embodiments, the open end 303 is configured to position a sensor, an individual 305, a base unit 306 (such as a movable base unit), or any combination thereof, within the interior volume of the shield 301. In some embodiments, the shield 301 includes an interior surface 304. In some embodiments, the interior surface 304 of the shield 301 spatially defines the interior volume of the shield 301. In some embodiments, the interior surface 304 is configured to interface with the individual 305. In some embodiments, the interior surface 304 includes ventilation or illumination to accommodate the individual 305. In some embodiments, the base unit 306 includes one or more pivots such that one or more portions of the base unit 306 are adjustable. For example, the base unit 306 includes a first pivot 307 and a second pivot 308 in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the pivots are configured to adjust the position of the base unit 306 relative to the shield 301. In some embodiments, the pivots are configured to adjust the position of the base unit 306 relative to the interior volume of the shield 301. In some embodiments, the base unit 306 includes one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more pivots. In some embodiments, the pivots provide one or more degrees of freedom of movement. In some embodiments, the pivots provide bending movement. In some embodiments, the pivots provide rotational movement. In some embodiments, the pivots provide extension movement. In some embodiments, the base unit 306 includes a base 309.In some embodiments, base 309 is configured to support a portion of base unit 306 that holds an individual 305, a sensor, a sensor array, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, base 309 is configured to move into opening 310 in shield 301, such that a portion of base unit 306 that holds an individual 305, an array, or a combination thereof is moved into and out of the interior volume of shield 301. In some embodiments, the interior volume of shield 301 comprises a structure 311, such as a track, or channel, or rod, or protrusion, configured to receive a portion of base unit 306 (such as a portion associated with an individual 305, a sensor, or both) as it is moved into and out of the interior volume of shield 301.

[0074] As shown in FIG. 4 , an exemplary apparatus or system 400 as described herein comprises a base unit 412 (e.g., a movable base unit 412) and one or more sensors, which in some embodiments comprise an array 401 of sensors (e.g., optically pumped magnetometers).

[0075] In some embodiments, device 400 comprises a structure 402 , such as a handle, beam, or rod, or protrusion, configured to allow a user to adjust the position of array 401 .

[0076] In some embodiments, device 400 includes one or more pivots (such as 403 or 408). In some embodiments, the pivots adjust the position of base unit 412 or a subcomponent thereof, the position of array 401, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pivots (403 or 408) are adjusted manually, automatically, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pivots (403 or 408) are adjusted by a user, by a controller, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pivots (403 or 408) are configured to provide movement in one or more degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, the pivots (403 or 408) provide bending movement. In some embodiments, the pivots (403 or 408) provide extension movement. In some embodiments, the pivots (403 or 408) provide rotational movement.

[0077] In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises one or more compartments (such as 410 or 411). In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises a single compartment. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises two compartments. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises multiple compartments. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises three compartments. In some embodiments, the first compartment and the second compartment are different. In some embodiments, the first compartment and the second compartment are the same. In some embodiments, the first compartment is larger in size than the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is disposed adjacent to the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is disposed above the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is disposed within the second compartment. In some embodiments, the compartments are configured to accommodate one or more components. For example, the compartments are configured to accommodate a power source so that the base unit 412 is not restricted to staying in close proximity to a wall outlet or external power source. In some embodiments, the compartment is configured to house a computer comprising an operating system, a database, a monitor, a graphical user interface, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compartment is configured to house one or more sensors or housings for sensors.

[0078] In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises one or more compartments (such as 409 or 410). In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises one compartment. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises two compartments. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises multiple compartments. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises three compartments. In some embodiments, the first compartment and the second compartment are different. In some embodiments, the first compartment and the second compartment are the same. In some embodiments, the first compartment is larger in size than the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is disposed adjacent to the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is disposed above the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is disposed within the second compartment. In some embodiments, the compartments are configured to accommodate one or more components. For example, the compartments are configured to accommodate a power source so that the base unit 412 is not restricted to staying in close proximity to a wall outlet or external power source. In some embodiments, the compartment is configured to house a computer comprising an operating system, a database, a monitor, a graphical user interface, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compartment is configured to house one or more sensors or housings for sensors.

[0079] In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises a surface 409, such as a flat surface. The surface 409 is configured to hold a computer or other components of the system. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises one or more rolling elements (such as 414a or 414b). In some embodiments, the rolling elements comprise wheels 414a, 414b, rollers, conveyor belts, or any combination thereof, configured to provide movement for the base unit 412. The base unit 412, in some embodiments, comprises an arm 413. In some embodiments, one end of the arm 413 is configured to associate with the array of sensors 401. In some embodiments, a second end of the arm 413 is configured to associate with the base unit 412, for example, at compartments 410 or 411, or surface 409. In some embodiments, the arm 413 is adjustable. For example, the arm 413 is extendable in length, such that the first portion 405 of the arm 413 extends from the second portion 407 of the arm 413. In some embodiments, the first portion 405 or the second portion 407 of the arm 413 includes a locking element (such as a handle, a protrusion, or a pin in a groove) to ensure that the arm 413, or the first portion 405 or the second portion 407 of the arm 413, is in an extended, bent, or folded position.

[0080] In some embodiments, the pivot 408 is disposed at the first end 405 of the arm 413, the second end 407 of the arm 413 (shown in FIG. 4 ), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pivot 403 is disposed at the end of the arm 413 adjacent to the array 401. In some embodiments, the pivot 408 is disposed at the end of the arm 413 adjacent to the compartment 410 or 411, or the surface 409. In some embodiments, the base unit 412 comprises wiring 404, such as one or more wires. The wiring 404 is configured to associate with one or more sensors of the array 401, one or more power sources of the base unit 412, one or more computers of the base unit 412, or any combination thereof. The base unit 412, in some embodiments, comprises a wire securing element 406 (such as a tie, latch, or hook) for securing one or more wires to the base unit 412. In some embodiments, the wire securing element 406 is disposed on the arm 413 of the base unit 412. In some embodiments, wire securing element 406 is located in a compartment of base unit 412. In some embodiments, wire securing element 406 is located proximal to array 401, proximal to the extension point of arm 413, proximal to pivot 403 or 408, or any combination thereof.

[0081] In some embodiments, the device 400 is coupled with a shield (not shown), such as, for example, a disposable shield or a modular shield. In some embodiments, the shield is separate from the base unit 412. In some embodiments, the shield is associated with the base unit 412 such that the shield is coupled to the base unit 412 at a location proximal to the array 401.

[0082] In some embodiments, the shield is integrated into the device 400. In some embodiments, the shield, the array 401, the arm 413, or any combination thereof, is operably connected (wired or wirelessly) to a controller or computer system.

[0083] As shown in Figure 5, in some embodiments of the devices and systems described herein, the arm 500 of the movable cart device comprises an articulation mechanism and / or extension mechanism 501. As shown in Figure 5, in some embodiments, the extension mechanism 501 comprises a telescoping housing into which a portion of the arm 500 telescopes. In some embodiments, the articulation mechanism 501 comprises a joint.

[0084] The arm 500, in some embodiments, comprises one or more holders 502, such as a holder for securing a wired connection component 503 at a location on the arm 500. In some embodiments, the holder 502 is located at any position along the length of the arm 500. In some embodiments, the position of the holder 502 along the length of the arm 500 is adjustable. In some embodiments, a housing or tubing 504 is configured to house the one or more wired connection components 503. In some embodiments, the wired connection component 503 operably connects the sensor array to one or more components, such as a computer or a power source. The arm 500, in some embodiments, comprises a first end and a second end. In some embodiments, the first end of the arm 500 is configured to connect to the sensor array 509. The first end is connected to the sensor array by a pivot 505. In some embodiments, the pivot 505 provides one or more degrees of freedom of movement to the sensor array 509. In some embodiments, the position of the sensor array is adjusted through the use of an actuator, such as a power button 506. The actuator, in some embodiments, adjusts the linear movement of the sensor array toward or away from the surface of the individual. In some embodiments, the actuator has a separate power button 507. In some embodiments, the power button 506 and the power button are the same. In some embodiments, the actuator comprises a bar or handle 508. The bar is configured for manual adjustment of the arm 500 position, the sensor array position, or a combination thereof.

[0085] In some embodiments, the portable cart device is configured to transition from an extended configuration, as shown in FIG. 7, to a collapsed configuration, as shown in FIG. 6. In some embodiments, the portable cart device is configured to transition between the two configurations one or more times. In some embodiments, the portable cart device is configured for a user to manually transition the device between the two configurations. In some embodiments, the portable cart device is configured for automatic transition between the two configurations, as automated by a motor system operatively coupled to a controller.

[0086] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary mobile cart device 600 in a collapsed configuration. As shown in FIG. 6, the mobile cart device 600 includes a sensor array 604, such as an optically pumped magnetometer. The sensor array 604 is coupled to a first end of an arm 608. In some embodiments, a second end of the arm 608 is coupled to the top end of the vertical beam 602 or frame at location 607. The coupling, in some embodiments, includes a pivot. In some embodiments, the pivot coupling is configured to transition the device 600 from the extended configuration to the collapsed configuration. In some embodiments, the cross beam 601 is coupled to the arm 608 at location 609, anywhere between the first and second ends. In some embodiments, the cross beam 601 is coupled to the arm 608 at a midpoint between the first and second ends of the arm 608. In some embodiments, the cross beam 601 includes a pivot, such as a pivot located at a midpoint along the cross beam 601. In some embodiments, the cross beam pivots are configured to transition device 600 from an extended configuration to a collapsed configuration. In some embodiments, cross beam 601 is configured to bend or pivot such that a first end coupled to sensor array 604 is moved toward the lower end of vertical beam 602. One or more pivots of device 600 are locked into a configuration, such as an extended configuration or a collapsed configuration, such as by a locking component at location 607 or 601, or both.

[0087] In some embodiments, the portable cart device 600 includes a handle 610, such as a handle coupled to the arm 608. The handle 610, in some embodiments, facilitates actuation of the arm 608 to transition the device 600 between an extended configuration and a collapsed configuration. In some embodiments, the portable cart device 600 includes one or more rotating elements (such as wheels 605 and 606) configured to rotate for movement of the portable cart device 600. In some embodiments, the portable cart device 600 includes one or more anchoring elements (such as rubber feet 612 and 613) configured to securely secure the portable cart device 600 in a desired position. In some embodiments, the portable cart device 600 includes a handle 611. In some embodiments, the handle 611 is configured to actuate one or more elements of the device 600. For example, the handle 611 is configured to actuate the arm 608 of the device 600 relative to the frame. In some embodiments, the handle 611 is configured to actuate the sensor array 604 relative to the arm 608. In some embodiments, the handle 611 moves the sensor array 604 toward or away from the arm 608 in a linear motion. In some embodiments, the handle 611 is configured to rotate. In some embodiments, the handle 611 is operably coupled to the drive screw 603 to translate the rotational movement of the handle 611 into linear movement of the sensor array 604.

[0088] FIG. 7 is similar to FIG. 6 and shows an exemplary movable cart device 700 in an extended configuration. Device 700 includes a sensor array 701 that includes one or more optically pumped magnetometers. Sensor array 701 is operably coupled to a first end of an arm 706 of device 700 by one or more shafts (such as linear motion shaft 702). In some embodiments, a second end of arm 706 is coupled to one or more vertical beams (such as beam 709 and beam 710) at location 707. The coupling at location 707, in some embodiments, comprises a pivot. The coupling is configured to move arm 706 between an extended configuration and a collapsed configuration. In some embodiments, the coupling is configured to move sensor array 701 toward or away from the vertical beams.

[0089] Arm 706, in some embodiments, comprises a handle 704, a handle 703, or both configured to actuate portions of device 700. For example, handle 704 is configured to move arm 706 relative to the frame. Handle 703 is configured to move sensor array 701 relative to arm 706. Device 700, in some embodiments, comprises a cross beam 713. In some embodiments, a first end 705 of cross beam 713 is coupled to arm 706 at a position between the first and second ends of arm 706, such as at a midpoint. In some embodiments, a second end 711 of cross beam 713 is coupled to the frame, for example, to a vertical beam or to a cross beam 713 disposed between two vertical beams. Cross beam 713, in some embodiments, comprises a pivot 708. In some embodiments, the pivot is located at the midpoint of cross beam 713. In some embodiments, pivot 708 is configured to bend. In some embodiments, pivot 708 is configured to transition the device between a collapsed configuration and an extended configuration. In some embodiments, pivot 708 is reversibly lockable. In some embodiments, device 700 includes one or more rolling elements, such as wheels 712, configured to move the device between positions.

[0090] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary computer system 801 programmed or otherwise configured to direct the operation of a device or system as described herein, including operation of a base unit, operation of a shield, operation of a mobile cart, operation of a sensor array, acquisition of measurements, comparison of measurements to reference measurements, or any combination thereof. The computer system 801 provides various aspects of (a) operation of one or more device or system components, (b) operation of one or more sensors, (c) adjustment of one or more parameters of a sensor, (d) computational evaluation of one or more measurements of the device or system, (e) display of various parameters, including input parameters, results of measurements, or any combination of any of these. In some embodiments, the computer system 801 is a user's electronic device (e.g., smartphone, laptop), or in some embodiments, it is located remotely relative to the electronic device. The electronic device, in some embodiments, is a mobile electronic device.

[0091] Computer system 801 includes a central processing unit (CPU, also referred to herein as a "processor" and a "computer processor") 805, which in some embodiments is a single-core or multi-core processor, or multiple processors for parallel processing. Computer system 801 also includes memory or storage locations 810 (e.g., random access memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage device 815 (e.g., a hard disk), a communication interface 820 (e.g., a network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 825, such as cache, other memory, data storage devices, and / or electronic display adapters. Memory 810, storage device 815, interface 820, and peripheral devices 825 communicate with CPU 805 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. Storage device 815 is configured as a data storage device (or data repository) for saving data. Computer system 801 is operably coupled to a computer network ("network") 830 with the aid of communication interface 820. Network 830 is the Internet, an Internet and / or an extranet, or an intranet and / or an extranet that communicates with the Internet. In some embodiments, network 830 is a telecommunications and / or data network. Network 830 contains one or more computer servers that enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing. Network 830, in some embodiments, implements a peer-to-peer network with the help of computer system 801, which allows devices coupled to computer system 801 to act as clients or servers.

[0092] The CPU 805 is configured to execute a series of machine-readable instructions, embodied in a program or software. The instructions are stored in a storage location, such as the memory 810. The instructions are directed to the CPU 805, which subsequently programs or otherwise configures the CPU 805 to implement the methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the CPU 805 include fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.

[0093] The CPU 805 is part of a circuit, such as an integrated circuit. One or more other components in the system 801 are contained in the circuit. In some cases, the circuit is an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

[0094] Storage device 815 stores files such as drivers, libraries, and saved programs. Storage device 815 stores user data, such as user preferences and user programs. Computer system 801, in some embodiments, includes one or more additional data storage devices external to computer system 801, such as those located on remote servers in communication with computer system 801 through an intranet or the Internet.

[0095] Computer system 801 communicates with one or more remote computer systems via network 830. For example, computer system 801 communicates with a remote computer system of a user (e.g., a second computer system, a server, a smartphone, an iPad®, or any combination thereof). Examples of remote computer systems include a personal computer (e.g., a portable PC), a slate or tablet PC (e.g., an Apple® iPad®, a Samsung® Galaxy Tab), a telephone, a smartphone (e.g., an Apple® iPhone®, an Android-enabled device, a Blackberry®), or a personal digital assistant. A user accesses computer system 801 via network 830.

[0096] Methods as described herein are performed by machine (e.g., a computer processor) executable code stored in electronic storage locations of computer system 801, such as, for example, on memory 810 or electronic storage 815. The machine-executable or machine-readable code is provided in the form of software. During use, the code is executed by processor 805. In some embodiments, the code is retrieved from storage 815 and stored on memory 810 for ready access by processing unit 805. In some situations, electronic storage 815 is eliminated and machine-executable instructions are stored on memory 810.

[0097] Machine-readable media, such as computer-executable code, take many forms, including, but not limited to, tangible storage media, carrier wave media, or physical transmission media. Non-volatile storage media include, but are not limited to, optical or magnetic disks, such as any storage device in any computer, such as one that may be used to execute the databases shown in the figures. Volatile storage media comprise dynamic memory, such as the main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire, and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier wave transmission media take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Thus, common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, floppy disks, flexible disks, hard disks, magnetic tape, any other magnetic media, CD-ROMs, DVDs, or DVD-ROMs, other optical media, punch cards, paper tape, other physical storage media with patterns of holes, RAM, ROM, PROMs, and EPROMs, FLASH-EPROMs, any other memory chips or cartridges, carrier waves carrying data or instructions, cables or links carrying such carrier waves, or any medium from which a computer reads programming code and / or data. Many of these forms of computer-readable media are involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

[0098] In some embodiments, the computer system 801 includes or is in communication with an electronic display 835 that includes a user interface (UI) 840 to provide, for example, a graphical display of one or more measured signals, one or more reference signals, one or more parameters input or adjusted by a user, by a controller, or any combination thereof. Examples of UIs include, but are not limited to, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and web-based user interfaces.

[0099] In some embodiments, the methods and systems of the present disclosure are implemented by one or more algorithms, which in some embodiments are implemented by software running on the central processing unit 805. The algorithm may, for example, compare the signal to a reference signal.

[0100] 9A and 9B show examples of a shield. In some embodiments, the shield has a first end and a second end. The first end of the shield, in some embodiments, comprises a closed tapered end 901a or 901b. In some embodiments, the second end of the shield comprises a substantially cylindrical open end 904. In some embodiments, the opening in the second end is configured to receive at least a portion of an individual, a sensor array, a base unit, or any combination thereof, into the shield. In some embodiments, the shield is a single piece. In some embodiments, the shield is formed from one or more segments, such as a first segment 901a or 901b, a second segment 902a or 902b, and a third segment 903. In some embodiments, the shield includes one layer. In some embodiments, the shield includes more than one layer. In some embodiments, the shield includes an inner layer 905. In some embodiments, the shield includes a space 906 between the two layers.

[0101] FIG. 10A-B shows an example engineering drawing of the shield shown in FIG. 9A-B. As shown in FIG. 10A, a cross-section of the shield shows an example of suitable geometric dimensions for the shield. While the attachments and supports may be made from any non-ferrous material known in the art, the shield is shown as a cylindrical section in the image, with the following support comprising nylon. FIG. 10B shows a longitudinal view of the same sample shield. In some embodiments, the shield has an overall length of about 2000 mm to about 2500 mm, or about 2200 mm to about 2300 mm (e.g., about 2272.5 mm), an inner length of about 1500 mm to about 2000 mm, or about 1700 mm to about 1800 mm (e.g., about 1750.0 mm), an inner layer having a diameter of about 500 mm to about 1000 mm, or about 700 mm to about 900 mm (e.g., about 800.0 mm), a central layer having a diameter of about 600 mm to about 1100 mm, or about 800 mm to about 950 mm (e.g., about 883.0 mm), and an outer layer having a diameter of about 700 mm to about 1200 mm, or about 900 mm to about 1050 mm (e.g., about 986.0 mm), as shown by AB in FIG.

[0102] The shield, in some embodiments, comprises more than one layer, with a spacing between any two given layers. In some embodiments, the shield has a non-uniform spacing between any two layers. The various sets of layers, in some embodiments, have a non-uniform spacing relative to each other.

[0103] The layer of the shield, or portion thereof, in some embodiments has a thickness of about 0.1 to about 10 millimeters. In some embodiments, the layer of the shield has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 millimeters. In some embodiments, the layer of the shield has a thickness of about 0.1 to about 2 millimeters. In some embodiments, the layer of the shield has a thickness of about 0.8 to about 5 millimeters. The thickness is substantially the same along the length or circumference of the shield. In some embodiments, the thickness of the layer of the shield varies along the length or circumference of the shield.

[0104] In some embodiments, the shield comprises a plurality of layers. In some embodiments, a gap exists between at least two of the plurality of layers. In some embodiments, a gap exists between each layer of the plurality of layers. In some embodiments, a gap exists between a subset of the plurality of layers. In some embodiments, a first layer of the shield is configured to be adjacent to a second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be attached or coupled to the second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 0.1 inches to about 5 inches from the second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 1 inch to about 3 inches from the second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 1 inch to about 20 inches from the second layer of the shield. In some embodiments, the first layer of the shield is configured to be positioned about 1 inch to about 10 inches from the second layer of the shield.

[0105] In some embodiments, the length of the shield, such as the inner length or outer length, is about 2 times the inner diameter of the shield. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is about 0.5 times to about 3 times the inner diameter of the shield. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is about 1 times to about 3 times the inner diameter of the shield. In some embodiments, the length of the shield is about 1.5 times to about 3 times the inner diameter of the shield.

[0106] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 11A-11L, the layers of the shield are spaced apart using spacers of varying width, height, and length depending on the intended application. In some embodiments, the spacers used to space the layers of the shield are in the form of arcs. In some embodiments, the spacers are used to cover a portion or the entire periphery of two consecutive layers. In some embodiments, the spacers cover only a portion of the periphery of two consecutive layers.

[0107] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 12A-B, the shield support is assembled from one or more parts and configured to be operably connected (joined) by bolts, fasteners, screws, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the shield support is operably connected (e.g., attached) to the shield by one or more fasteners, bolts, screws, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the support is also attached using adhesive fasteners. In some embodiments, as seen in FIG. 12A, the shield spacer is positioned anywhere along the perimeter of two continuous layers. In some embodiments, one or more hook systems are operably connected (e.g., attached) to any surface of any layer of the shield by adhesive, fasteners, screws, bolts, or any combination thereof. The layer comprises a protective layer. In some embodiments, the inner layer, middle layer, outer layer, or any combination thereof comprises a protective membrane. In some embodiments, a portion of the layer comprises a protective layer. In some embodiments, the protective layer comprises a non-ferrous material. In some embodiments, the protective layer comprises polyvinyl chloride plastic. In some embodiments, the protective layer covers the entire inner surface of the shield. In some embodiments, the protective layer covers a portion of the inner surface of the shield.

[0108] FIG. 13 illustrates exemplary hooks 1300 configured to span a portion or the entire volume of a shield. In some embodiments, one or more hooks 1300 are operably connected to (e.g., hold) wires and are designed to transmit analog electrical signals, digital electrical signals, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more hooks 1300 are disposed along a single plane of the shield. In some embodiments, hooks 1300 are disposed along more than one side of the shield. Hooks are disposed along multiple sides. In some embodiments, hooks 1300 are disposed on an inner surface of the shield. In some embodiments, hooks 1300 are disposed circumferentially with respect to the shield in a cross-section. In some embodiments, hooks 1300 are disposed circumferentially with respect to the shield and are continuous along the length of the shield. In some embodiments, hooks 1300 are configured to hold an electrical coil system, such as an electrical coil system designed to remove built-up magnetic fields. In some embodiments, hooks 1300 are configured to hold an electrical coil system, such as an electrical coil system designed to create a homogeneous magnetic environment inside the shield. In some embodiments, the electrical coil system is configured to use variable gauge wire. An exemplary wire gauge suitable for use with the devices and systems described herein is 28 AWG, as shown in FIG.

[0109] As shown in Figures 14A-14B, the mobile cart device, in some embodiments, is operable in a magnetically unshielded environment. In some embodiments, the computer, electronic device, or a combination thereof is housed on the mobile cart device itself. In some embodiments, the electronic control module is housed in a compartment (such as a cabinet) of the mobile cart device. In some embodiments, the mobile cart is configured to be powered by a battery (such as a mobile battery). In some embodiments, the arm of the device is configured for motorized movement in one or more degrees of freedom.

[0110] One example of a mobile cart device 1400 is shown in FIGS. 14A-14B. This example is similar to the example shown in FIG. 4. The devices or systems described herein, in some embodiments, include a base unit (e.g., a mobile base unit) and an array of sensors (e.g., optically pumped magnetometers). In some embodiments, the array of sensors is housed in a housing 1404. In some embodiments, the housing 1404 is replaceable. In some embodiments, the housing 1404 is universally configured to accommodate more than one sensor array configuration. In some embodiments, the housing 1404 is removable and configured to be replaced with a different housing. In some embodiments, the housing 1404 includes a motor feature 1403 such that adjustment of the sensor array position is adjusted by pressing the motor feature 1403 on the housing 1404. In some embodiments, the adjustment is automatic. In some embodiments, the adjustment is manually performed by a user by pressing the motor feature 1403. The base unit, in some embodiments, includes a structure such as an arm, beam, rod, or protrusion configured to allow a user to adjust the position of the array. In some embodiments, the arm is configured to associate with the sensor array or housing 1404, such as to associate with bracket 1402. In some embodiments, the arm is extendable. In some embodiments, the arm is movable in one or more degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, the position of the arm, such as the extended arm position, is fixed by a locking component 1401. In some embodiments, the locking component 1401, such as a locking solenoid, is disposed on the arm. In some embodiments, the locking component 1401 is operably integrated with motor function 1403. The base unit, in some embodiments, comprises a single compartment 1405. The base unit, in some embodiments, comprises two compartments. The base unit, in some embodiments, comprises multiple compartments. In some embodiments, the compartment 1405 is configured to house one or more components.For example, compartment 1405 is configured to house a power source so that the base unit is not restricted to remaining in proximity to a wall outlet or external power source. In some embodiments, compartment 1405 is configured to house a computer including an operating system, a database, a monitor, a graphical user interface, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, compartment 1405 is configured to house one or more sensors or housings for sensors. In some embodiments, compartment 1405 is configured to house a power source, a computer, one or more sensors, housings for sensors, wiring, or any combination thereof. The base unit, in some embodiments, comprises a surface such as a flat surface. In some embodiments, the surface is configured to hold a computer or other components of the system. The base unit, in some embodiments, comprises one or more rotating elements. In some embodiments, the rotating elements comprise wheels, rollers, conveyor belts, or any combination thereof configured to provide movement for the base unit. The base unit, in some embodiments, comprises an arm. One end of the arm is configured to be associated with the array of sensors. In some embodiments, the second end of the arm is configured to associate with the base unit, for example, in compartment 1405 or on a surface. In some embodiments, the arm is adjustable. For example, the arm is extendable in length, such that the first position of the arm extends from the second position. The base unit, in some embodiments, includes wiring, such as one or more wires. The wiring is configured to associate with one or more sensors of the array, one or more power sources of the base unit, one or more computers of the base unit, or any combination thereof. The base unit, in some embodiments, includes a shield, such as a disposable shield or a modular shield. In some embodiments, the shield is separate from the base unit. In some embodiments, the shield is associated with the base unit such that it is attached to the base unit at a location near the array.In some embodiments, the shield is integral with the base unit. In some embodiments, the shield, the array, the arm, or any combination thereof, is operably connected (e.g., wired or wirelessly) to a controller or computer system.

[0111] 15A is a close-up view of one example of a sensor array 1500a. In some embodiments, the sensor array 1500a comprises one or more sensor plates. For example, in some embodiments, the sensor array 1500a comprises a bottom sensor plate 1501. In some embodiments, the bottom sensor plate 1501 is secured to other sensor components by one or more mounting bolts, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 mounting bolts. In some embodiments, the sensor array 1500a comprises a top sensor plate 1502. In some embodiments, the top sensor plate 1502 is secured to other sensor components by one or more mounting bolts, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 mounting bolts. The sensor array 1500a, in some embodiments, includes one or more sensor plate standoffs 1503. For example, the sensor array 1500a, in some embodiments, includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 sensor plate standoffs.

[0112] The sensor array 1500a, in some embodiments, comprises one or more sensors 1506. In some embodiments, the sensors comprise magnetometer sensors. In some embodiments, the sensors comprise optically pumped vector magnetometers or zero-field magnetometers. In some embodiments, the sensors comprise superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), inductive pickup coils, vibrating sample magnetometers (VSMs), pulsed field extraction magnetometers, torque magnetometers, Faraday force magnetometers, optical magnetometers, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sensors comprise small-scale microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based magnetic field sensors.

[0113] In some embodiments, the sensors do not include housings. In some embodiments, one or more sensors 1506 of sensor array 1500a include one or more sensor housings 1504a or 1504b. In some embodiments, for example, sensor array 1500a includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 sensor housings. In some embodiments, sensor array 1500a includes a sensor housing for each sensor in the array. In some embodiments, sensor array 1500a includes a sensor housing for at least each of two sensors in the array. In some embodiments, the sensor housings are not adjustable. In some embodiments, the sensor housings are movable within the sensor array unit to accommodate more than one sensor array configuration. In some embodiments, the sensor housings are secured in one position by one or more mounting bolts. In some embodiments, the sensor array 1500 a is secured in one position by a sensor housing cap 1505 .

[0114] In some embodiments, the sensor array 1500a comprises a handle 1510. In some embodiments, actuation of the handle 1510, such as rotational movement, causes movement (e.g., linear movement) of the sensor array 1500a (i) away from or toward an individual, (ii) away from or toward the arm of a movable cart device, or (iii) a combination thereof. The handle 1510 is manually operated. In some embodiments, actuation of the handle 1510 is automated. In some embodiments, when the handle 1510 is actuated, a screw 1509, such as a lead screw, rotates. Rotation of the screw 1509, in some embodiments, allows one or more shafts on the sensor array to move.

[0115] The sensor, in some embodiments, comprises an element 1512 for coupling two or more shafts 1508a or 1508b (shaft 1508a (e.g., a linear motion shaft) and shaft 1511 (e.g., a square motion shaft)) and for transmitting motion (e.g., linear motion of the sensor away from or towards the individual). In some embodiments, the shafts also comprise a stop element, such as a dog clutch. In some embodiments, component 1512 is operatively coupled to handle 1510, screw 1509, one or more shafts, such as shaft 1508a and shaft 1511, or any combination thereof.

[0116] Sensor array 1500a, in some embodiments, includes a bracket 1507, such as a support bracket. In some embodiments, the bracket provides spatial orientation for one or more shafts and one or more screws of the sensor array relative to one another. In some embodiments, the bracket is operably coupled to shaft 1508a, shaft 1511, screw 1509, component 1512, or any combination thereof.

[0117] Sensor array 1500a, in some embodiments, includes a stopper 1513, such as a solid stopper. In some embodiments, stopper 1513 is configured to be placed on the surface of the individual. In some embodiments, stopper 1513 is configured to be placed a specific distance away from the surface of the individual. In some embodiments, stopper 1513 is configured to prevent the sensor array from advancing beyond a specific position, e.g., beyond the surface of the individual. In some embodiments, stopper 1513 is placed on the surface of the sensor array that will be placed closest to the subject during operation.

[0118] One example of a movable cart device 1500b is shown in FIG. 15B. This example is similar to the examples shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. The movable cart device 1500b, in some embodiments, comprises an arm 1514. The arm 1514, in some embodiments, comprises a first end and a second end. In some embodiments, the sensor array is coupled to the first end of the arm 1514. In some embodiments, the opposite end of the arm 1514 is coupled to a frame having a first support beam 1517a and a second support beam 1517b. In some embodiments, the opposite end of the arm 1514 is coupled to a frame at an upper bracket 1518 of the frame. In some embodiments, the movable cart device 1500b comprises a second arm. In some embodiments, the second arm comprises a top support arm 1515 and a bottom support arm 1516. In some embodiments, the first end of the second arm is coupled to the arm 1514 at a position between the first end and the second end of the arm 1514. In some embodiments, the second end of the second arm is coupled to the frame, such as by being coupled to the frame at a bracket 1519 (such as a rocker bracket) of the frame. In some embodiments, the movable cart device 1500b includes one or more rotating elements, such as wheels 1522. In some embodiments, the rotating elements are operably coupled to one or more axels 1521 (such as two rotating elements operably coupled to a single axel), one or more bearings 1523, or a combination thereof, e.g., the rotation of the two rotating elements occurs in unison. In some embodiments, the movable cart device 1500b includes two rotating elements. In some embodiments, the movable cart device 1500b includes one rotating element. In some embodiments, the rotating element is configured to move the movable cart device 1500b from one position to a different position. The movable cart device 1500b, in some embodiments, includes securing elements 1524, such as rubber feet, to secure the movable cart device 1500b in a desired position or to prevent further movement of the rotating elements.The movable cart device 1500b, in some embodiments, includes one fixed element. The movable cart device 1500b, in some embodiments, includes one or more fixed elements, such as two or three fixed elements. One or more rotation elements, axels, fixed elements, or any combination thereof, are operably coupled to the movable cart device 1500b by one or more mounts 1520.

[0119] In some embodiments, the portable cart device 1500b switches between configurations from an extended configuration (FIG. 15B) to a closed configuration (FIG. 15C). In embodiments including the extended configuration, the arms 1514 fold adjacent to the frame so that the portable cart device can be stored or easily moved to different positions.

[0120] In some embodiments, magnetometer performance improves with balancing. In these embodiments, a gradient of 1 nT / m is achieved within the shield. Balancing, in some embodiments, includes the process of demagnetization.

[0121] In some embodiments, a shield configured for use in a balancing process comprises an arrangement of coils. Typically, the coils are arranged in one or more layers. In some embodiments, the shield comprises an inner coil layer and one or more outer coil layers (an inner coil for the innermost layer and an outer coil for each of the outer layers).

[0122] In some embodiments, the internal coils are distributed at 45 degrees to effectively form 8 coils (for a 90 cm diameter cylinder). Mechanical attachment accuracy is approximately + / - 2 cm per wire. Generally, a variety of different configurations are acceptable for the external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises one external coil. In some embodiments, the shield comprises two external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises three external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises four external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises five external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises six external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises seven external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises eight external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises nine external coils. In some embodiments, the shield comprises ten external coils.

[0123] In some embodiments, at least the middle layer must be electrically insulating. In some embodiments, ESD PVC is used instead of regular plastic simply to avoid charge-up effects, which can disrupt the magnetic field meter.

[0124] Figure 22 shows an exemplary layout of one internal coil 2200 disposed on an embodiment of the shield. Figure 23 shows an exemplary layout of an external coil 2300 disposed on an embodiment of the shield.

[0125] In some embodiments, the connection to the amplifier (or transformer) is open during measurements with the magnetic field probe, hi some embodiments, this is achieved using a mechanical relay.

[0126] The wire area is typically at least 2.5 mm 2 However, 4mm 2is desirable. For the test setup, the inventors suggest three turns in each eighth of the coil, resulting in 24 turns. The inventors are unable to evaluate the permeability, but this should be comparable to Krupp Magnifer material (with which the inventors are more familiar). Thus, 24 turns is approximately 1 ohm, with a saturation current of 10 A. This gives 10 V.

[0127] In some embodiments, the balancing sequence is a 30-second sequence with a linearly decreasing envelope, starting from saturation of the inner layer. This sequence is required every time any large fluctuations in the magnetic field are applied. During normal operation, the inventors estimate that 1-3 times per day is reasonable. Using the same amplifier, the outer shield only needs to be balanced once when the shield is installed or the external field changes direction by 90 degrees or so (thus, to use the same equipment, there should be a similar amount of turns on the coil).

[0128] In some embodiments, the balancing coils are individual wires with gold-plated contacts. Due to magnetization issues, Ni substrates or coatings cannot be used for the connector interior. In some embodiments, given the level of precision required, the balancing coils for the inner shield can be placed randomly without special precautions, whereas the inner coils require six-fold symmetry in the current distribution to obtain a reasonably shaped residual field for a 60 cm diameter, and eight-fold symmetry for a 1 m diameter. For the demonstration project, we chose gold-plated brass connectors without a nickel interlayer (which is rare!) to avoid excessive magnetization. All connectors must be placed outside the inner shield layer. Their magnetization (at this level) is irrelevant to the internal residual field.

[0129] The balancing process used in some embodiments of the shield described herein is one that results in the magnetized material being in equilibrium with the surrounding magnetic field. In some embodiments, this is done by applying a sinusoidal current around the magnetized material. The oscillations are very well centered around zero and are large enough to saturate the material in both directions. By reducing the amplitude to zero, a very low magnetic field strength outside the magnetized material (inside the cylinder) is obtained. For initial testing, a linearly decreasing envelope is useful as it is a very reliable function. This model is programmed into the balancing unit. An exponentially decreasing function may be advantageous in the future. A preset function (which can be changed by the user on a PC) is shown below:

[0130] Figure 24 shows a typical balancing function. Initially, the maximum current was maintained for 10 cycles, then decreased until it reached zero amplitude. Note that at the final performance level, many options are available for variation and refinement.

[0131] In some embodiments, the balanced coil is connected to the electrical installation using twisted pair cable. No RF shielding or other precautions are required, as higher frequencies are attenuated by the inductance of the shielding material and coil geometry (mH range).

[0132] In some embodiments, the computing device programs a sine function with an envelope function, which is converted to a voltage signal by an NI 6281 data acquisition device. The voltage is fed to a voltage divider, which then drives a power amplifier. The function is user-settable and programmable. The timing resolution of the curve is 10 kHz.

[0133] In some embodiments, inside the control box are boxes with potentiometers. These potentiometers can be manually adjusted to set the ratio of DAC voltage to current from the amplifier. This minimizes any bit-size effects due to residual magnetic fields (20V represented by 16 bits, so 0.3mV resolution). Experience has shown that this optimization is adequate for residual magnetic fields of <0.5nT. There are two potentiometers for adjusting the various currents, which can be selected via software. In noisy environments, the voltage divider box is a useful place to add additional frequency filtering with capacitors. In some embodiments, the bandpass filtering of the amplifier is sufficient for most applications.

[0134] In some embodiments, the power amplifier can operate with large inductive loads and is equipped with a fourth-quadrant amplifier, inherently fail-safe against faulty operation, e.g., short-circuits, numerous inductive spikes, etc. For magnetic balance, the amplifier should be used in current control mode, but any setting can also be used. Due to extreme noise requirements, it is desirable to change the coil (cross section and number of turns) around the magnetized material to match the amplifier's maximum output. To achieve extremely low-noise operation, the output is selected to be very small. A bandpass filter can be manually set on the front side to attenuate noise effects. A sub-D connector on the back allows full remote control of the amplifier. A unique feature of this amplifier is the possibility to adjust the baseline in 1% increments via an analog + / - 10V input, independent of the signal input. In some embodiments, for DC measurements, the noise and drift of the magnetic field probe are relevant. In some embodiments, a 2 / 3-channel Bartington Fluxgate type Mag03-IEL-70 is used, with a noise amplitude (peak-to-peak) of <6 pT. Two electronic units each supply three sensors, each with a flying lead sensor with a 5m cable length. In some embodiments, to provide sufficient resolution of the fluxgate analog signal (+ / -10V), for example, one or more fluxgate readouts are made using an NI 62811 8-bit analog input device. No voltage divider is required to match the range. The USB controller is only for data transfer to the PC, and the NI units are independently grounded and powered. In some embodiments, the readout speed is set to up to 625,000 samples per second. [Example]

[0135] Non-limiting examples of embodiments and elements of the devices and systems described herein are as follows: · Magnetically shielded environmenthas minimum dimensions of about 7 feet high by about 7 feet deep by about 7 feet wide. The magnetically shielded environment, in some embodiments, comprises a DC shielding factor of at least about 500 with a minimum shielding factor of about 56 decibels (dB) over a bandwidth of about 0.1 Hz to about 500 Hz at all points at least about 1 foot from each surface of the magnetically shielded environment. · Cart with computer are located outside the magnetically shielded environment. The sensor's electronic control modules are connected to a computer, which is part of the supplied device. In some embodiments, each module provides power and control commands to one sensor in the array located on the device arm. As shown in Figure 16, setup 1600 is an exemplary embodiment. As shown in FIG. 16 , an individual is positioned supine on a base unit (e.g., a bed) 1607. The sensor array 1606 is positioned adjacent to a location on the subject, such as at the chest, by adjusting the arms 1605 of a movable cart device. The shield 1603 is positioned between (i) the subject and the sensor array 1606, and (ii) one or more additional devices 1601, such as electronics, a power source, a computer, or any combination thereof. One or more subcomponents 1602 (e.g., wiring) necessary to operably connect the one or more additional devices and the sensor array 1606 are housed in tubing or a covering. An opening 1604 in the shield 1603 is configured to receive the one or more subcomponents 1602 passing therethrough. 17, in some embodiments, shield 1700 comprises one or more layers, such as first layer 1701 and second layer 1702. In some embodiments, first layer 1701 and second layer 1702 are adjacent to one another. In some embodiments, first layer 1701 and second layer 1702 are separated by a gap. · Base UnitIn some embodiments, a patient bed (e.g., a patient bed) is placed within a magnetically shielded environment where the individual is positioned (e.g., supine) prior to use of the device. The bed is constructed from non-ferromagnetic materials (e.g., constructed entirely from non-ferromagnetic materials) and non-permanent magnets to minimize the amount of interference that the device may read.

[0136] Setup: To set up the device for use, one or more of the following exemplary steps are performed: Ensure the device frame and sensor housing are located inside a magnetically shielded room. Fold the device arms and keep the device in storage mode. Ensure that the control device is connected to the sensor housing and device frame through one or more entrances to a magnetically shielded room. · Power on the computer interface and launch the software application (e.g., Maxwell). · Power on the electronic control module. 17, position the individual on the base unit 1704 (i.e., bed) so that the individual's head is aligned with one side of the base unit 1704 and the individual's feet are aligned toward a second side of the base unit 1704. The magnetically shielded room has sufficient clearance to position a magnetocardiograph along at least one side of the base unit 1704. The individual is placed on a base unit 1704 configured to allow at least a portion of the base unit 1704 to slide into and out of the shield opening. The base unit 1704 is configured to slide on a track 1705 or may slide on one or more rollers or wheels. At least a portion of the subcomponents 1703, such as wiring, are configured to encase at least a portion of the shield 1700 so as to operably connect the sensor array to one or more other devices, and the subcomponents 1703 associate with hook, latch, or track structures in the shield 1700. Extend the frame's arms so that the handles make an approximately 90-degree angle from the frame's vertical position (e.g., curved handles). Move the device towards the subject by pulling the handle on the frame. Position the device so that the sensor housing is over the desired area on the subject (e.g., the chest area). Make small adjustments to optimally position the square platform. On the left side of the individual, adjust the housing so that the rightmost edge of the sensor array platform is directly above or very close to and parallel to the centerline of the individual. A lift mechanism on the end of the frame's arm is used to adjust the height of the sensor housing. The sensor housing is lowered to a position where it rests directly above or adjacent to the area of ​​interest (e.g., chest) on the individual. The handle is rotated in a first direction to lower the sensor housing. The handle is rotated in a second direction to raise the sensor housing.

[0137] Startup: After the frame is properly positioned, one or more sensors are powered up to prepare for recording signals such as cardiac magnetic activity. To begin power-up, the user logs into the software application (e.g., Maxwell) and selects the data acquisition module. If there is trouble with any of the steps below, the application will be closed and an attempt will be made to restart. If the problem persists, the computer interface will be restarted. To power up the device for use, perform one or more of the following steps: · Ensure that there is connectivity to all sensors (e.g., 8 sensors) by checking the sensor status in the data collection software user interface. Initiate the auto-start procedure through the software application by pressing "Auto Start" in the data collection software user interface. This process calibrates one or more sensors for use. Before continuing, ensure that the readiness indicator found in the software UI turns green and the status reads "Ready."

[0138] Recording: After startup is complete, the device is ready to capture signals, such as cardiac magnetic field data. To begin, one or more of the following is performed: Select the "Collect" button in the software application. Selecting this option will plot the magnetic field collected from the sensor in the View window found on the Acquisition software UI. Verify that the collected magnetic fields have the characteristics of signals such as electrical activity in the heart. Select the "Record" option to save the data to a file. Select settings for the length of time for data collection, the file name, and the file save location. Select "Save" to begin saving to a file. The application, in some embodiments, automatically stops saving after the selected length of time has elapsed. Files are named according to institutional policy for protecting subject-identifying information.

[0139] Power Down and Save: After device use is complete, the system will be powered down according to one or more of the following: Close applications on your computer. · Power down the electronic control module by turning the toggle switch to the "off" position. Turn off your computer.

[0140] Within the magnetically shielded enclosure, the handle of the device is rotated in a first direction to raise the sensor platform. The device is repositioned by pulling the handle (e.g., a curved handle) so that the arm does not intersect with the subject or the base unit (e.g., a bed). The extension arm is moved downward toward the ground to return the device to storage mode. The subject is assisted in rising from the base unit. The user, the subject, or a combination thereof, has a magnetically shielded enclosure.

[0141] <Example 2> Setup: To set up the device for use, one or more of the following exemplary steps are performed: Check that the device frame and sensor housing are not missing or damaged. Power on the computer interface and start the software application. · Power on the electronic control module. Pull the base unit (e.g., bed) out of the magnetically shielded chamber until the bed is completely outside the magnetically shielded chamber. Ensure that the locking mechanisms on the sensor array and arm (such as the extension arm) are unlocked. Move the sensor array away from the base unit so that the sensor array or any part of it is not above the base unit. Help the individual onto the surface of the base unit. Place the individual on the base unit with its head aligned towards the opening of the hole and its feet aligned towards the other side, as shown in Figure 17. Moving the sensor array over the area of ​​interest on the individual (e.g., the individual's chest). · Adjust the sensor array platform for proper placement: On the left side of the individual, the housing is aligned so that the rightmost edge of the sensor array platform is above and parallel to the centerline of the individual. The sensor array platform is lowered to adjust the height of the sensor housing. The housing is lowered to a point where it can rest directly above or adjacent to the desired location on the subject (e.g., chest). Locking pivots or joints or extension points of the sensor array to limit movement of the array. · Slide the base unit into the recessed opening in the shield until the device's exterior light appears (either illuminates or changes color, such as turning green).

[0142] Start-up: After the frame is properly positioned, one or more sensors are started up to prepare for recording signals such as cardiac magnetic activity. To begin start-up, log into the software application and select the data acquisition module. If there is trouble with any of the steps below, the application will close and attempt to re-launch. If the problem persists, the computer interface will be re-launched. To start up the device for use, do one or more of the following: · Ensure that there is connectivity to all sensors (e.g., 8 sensors) by checking the sensor status in the data collection software user interface. Initiate the auto-start procedure through the software application by pressing "Auto Start" in the data collection software user interface. This process calibrates one or more sensors for use. Before continuing, ensure that the readiness indicator found in the software UI turns green and the status reads "Ready."

[0143] Recording: After startup is complete, the device is ready to capture signals, such as cardiac magnetic field data. To begin, one or more of the following steps are performed: Select the "Collect" button in the software application. Selecting this option will plot the magnetic field collected from the sensor in the View window found on the Acquisition software UI. Verify that one or more collected magnetic fields have the characteristics of a signal, such as electrical activity of the heart. Select the "Record" option to save the data to a file. Select settings for the length of data collection, file name, and file save location. Select "Save" to begin saving to a file. The application will automatically stop saving after the selected length of time has elapsed. Files are named according to institutional policy to protect from subject-identifying information.

[0144] Power Down and Save: After device use is complete, the system will be powered down according to one or more of the following: Close applications on your computer. · Power down the electronic control module by turning the toggle switch to the "off" position. Turn off your computer.

[0145] The base unit (e.g., a bed) is removed from the magnetically shielded chamber. One or more joints, pivots, extensions, or combinations thereof of the sensor array or arm are unlocked and moved away from the base unit so that their path of motion is outside the individual's path of motion. The subject is assisted away from the base unit. One or more of the sensor array, sensor housing, inner surface of the shield, surface of the base unit, or any combination thereof, are cleaned or disinfected between use with the first and second subjects.

[0146] Example 3 Setup: To set up the device for use, one or more of the following exemplary steps are performed. Power on the computer interface and start the software application. · Power on the electronic control module. Place the individual on the base unit (e.g., a standard hospital bed) so that the individual's head is aligned with one side of the base unit and the individual's feet are aligned toward a second side of the base unit, as shown in Figure 17. The operating room has sufficient clearance to position a sensor array (e.g., a magnetocardiograph) along at least one side of the base unit. Extend the arm of the device so that the sensor array is positioned above the individual, and increase the height of the device either by pulling up on the arm or by using the "raise / lower" button on the sensor array so that the sensor array is positioned above the individual. Move the device towards the individual by pushing the mobile cart. Position the device so that the sensor housing is above the subject (e.g., on the subject's chest). Use the lift mechanism at the end of the housing arm to adjust the height of the sensor housing. The sensor housing is lowered to a position where it rests directly above or close to the point of normal subject inhalation (e.g., the individual's chest). Adjust the sensor array platform for proper placement: The housing is aligned on the individual's left side so that the rightmost side of the sensor array platform is above and parallel to the subject's centerline.

[0147] Startup: After the frame is properly positioned, one or more sensors are powered up to prepare for recording signals such as cardiac magnetic activity. To begin power-up, the user logs into the software application and selects the data acquisition module. If there is trouble with any of the steps below, the application will close and attempt to restart. If the problem persists, the computer interface will be restarted. To power up the device for use, do one or more of the following: Verify that there is a connection to one or more sensors (e.g., eight sensors) by checking the sensor status in the data collection software user interface. Initiate the auto-start procedure through the software application by pressing "Auto Start" in the data collection software user interface. This process calibrates one or more sensors for use. Before continuing, ensure that the readiness indicator found in the software UI turns green and the status reads "Ready."

[0148] Recording: After startup is complete, the device is ready to capture signals, such as cardiac magnetic field data. To begin, one or more of the following is performed: Select the "Collect" button in the software application. Selecting this option will plot the magnetic field collected from the sensor in the View window found on the Acquisition software UI. Verify that one or more collected magnetic fields have the characteristics of a signal, such as electrical activity of the heart. Select the "Record" option to save the data to a file. Select settings for the length of data collection, file name, and file save location. Select "Save" to begin saving to a file. The application will automatically stop saving after the selected length of time has elapsed. Files are named according to institutional policy to protect from subject-identifying information.

[0149] Power Down and Save: After device use is complete, the system will be powered down according to one or more of the following: Close applications on your computer. · Power down the electronic control module by turning the toggle switch to the "off" position. Turn off your computer.

[0150] The arm of the device is raised by pushing up on the arm or by using the "raise / lower" button on the sensor array so that the sensor array is above chest level of the subject. The subject is assisted in rising from the base unit.

[0151] Example 4 Figure 18 shows an example embodiment of a shield comprising three layers of mu metal (the three innermost layers) and one layer of aluminum alloy (the outer layer). The left is a cut end, and the right is an open end. One end of the shield cylinder is completely open, but if the sensor assembly is located far enough from this open end, EM noise entering the shield hole through the open end is attenuated to a low enough level so as not to affect the accuracy of any magnetic field measurements taken from an individual placed within the shield.

[0152] Figure 19 shows a plot of magnetic field measurements along the centerline of a shield such as that shown in Figure 18. Field levels of less than 50 nT are acceptable for system operation. Environmental noise attenuation has been measured and is shown in Figure 19. Since the patient's head is roughly positioned at the point where the cylindrical section begins to taper, the location of an organ of interest, such as an individual's heart, within the EM shield can be easily expected to lie within the level of background noise (50 nT) deemed acceptable for reliable device performance.

[0153] <Example 5> Figure 20 shows an example of a sensor array (sensors shown in black, cables omitted for clarity). For precise positioning of this sensor array over the patient's heart, the housing is raised, lowered, and moved laterally (shoulder to shoulder) by a manually operated gear mechanism.

[0154] Figure 21 shows an example of a 3D rendering of a sensor head cage mounted on the bed of a shield such as the one in Figure 18 (with the patient's head on the left side and chest directly under the arch within the shield).

[0155] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous modifications, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It is understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be utilized in practicing the invention. The following claims define the scope of the invention, and it is intended that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

1. A device for detecting a magnetic field associated with an individual, a. a movable base unit; b. an arm having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end coupled to the movable base unit by a first joint, the first joint configured to allow the arm to move relative to the movable base unit in at least one degree of freedom; c. an array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers coupled to a distal end of the arm, the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers configured to sense a magnetic field associated with the individual; and d. below i. receiving a magnetic field; and ii. Determining the magnetic field-related conditions A non-transitory computer-readable medium encoded with a computer program including instructions executable by a processor, the instructions being configured to cause a processor to An apparatus comprising:

2. The device of claim 1 , comprising a shield configured to shield the device from one or more environmental magnetic fields.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the shield is configured to at least partially surround a portion of the individual's body that is associated with a magnetic field.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the portion of the individual's body associated with the magnetic field is at least a portion of the individual's chest.

5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the shield comprises two or more layers.

6. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein each of the two or more layers has a thickness of 0.1 to 10 millimeters.

7. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the shield comprises permalloy or mu-metal.

8. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the arm includes a proximal segment and a distal segment, and a second joint is disposed between the proximal segment and the distal segment, the second joint being configured to articulate with respect to the proximal segment.

9. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers is movably coupled to a distal end of the arm such that the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers moves with at least one degree of freedom relative to the arm.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers comprises at least three optically pumped magnetometers.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers is positioned to conform to the general contour of a body portion of the individual.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the computer program is configured to cause the processor to filter a magnetic field.

13. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a gradiometer, and wherein the computer program causes the processor to filter the magnetic field by canceling out the magnetic field sensed by the gradiometer.

14. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the computer program causes the processor to filter the magnetic field by subtracting a frequency-based measurement from the magnetic field.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the computer program causes the processor to generate a visual representation of a magnetic field including a waveform.

16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the condition comprises a diagnosis of the individual.

17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the condition comprises a prognosis for the individual.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the condition relates to the individual's circulatory system.

19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the condition relates to the individual's nervous system.

20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the condition involves two or more organs of the individual.

21. 1. A method for sensing a magnetic field associated with an individual, comprising: a. placing a movable electromagnetic detector in proximity to the individual; b. placing the movable electromagnetic detector arm coupled to the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers in proximity to a portion of the individual's body associated with a magnetic field; c. Sensing a magnetic field; and d. Using a computing device to determine conditions associated with a magnetic field A method comprising:

22. 22. The method of claim 21, comprising shielding at least a portion of the individual from one or more environmental magnetic fields.

23. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the shield is configured to at least partially surround a portion of the individual's body associated with a magnetic field.

24. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the portion of the individual's body associated with the magnetic field is at least a portion of the individual's chest.

25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the shield comprises two or more layers.

26. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein each of the two or more layers has a thickness of 0.1 to 10 millimeters.

27. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the shield comprises permalloy or mu-metal.

28. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the arm includes a proximal segment and a distal segment, a second joint disposed between the proximal segment and the distal segment, the distal segment configured to articulate relative to the proximal segment.

29. 22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers is movably coupled to a distal end of the arm such that the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers moves with at least one degree of freedom relative to the arm.

30. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers comprises at least three optically pumped magnetometers.

31. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers is positioned to conform to the general contour of a body portion of the individual.

32. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the computer program is configured to cause the processor to filter the magnetic field.

33. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the filtering step comprises canceling out magnetic fields sensed by the gradiometer.

34. 33. The method of claim 32, comprising using the computing device to filter the magnetic field by subtracting frequency-based measurements from the magnetic field data.

35. 33. The method of claim 32, comprising using the computing device to generate a visual representation of a magnetic field including a waveform.

36. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the condition comprises a diagnosis of the individual.

37. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the condition comprises a prognosis for the individual.

38. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the condition is related to the individual's circulatory system.

39. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the condition involves the nervous system of the individual.

40. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the condition involves two or more organs of the individual.

41. 1. A method for sensing a magnetic field associated with the circulatory system of an individual, comprising: a. placing a movable electromagnetic detector in proximity to the individual's chest; b. placing the movable electromagnetic detector arm coupled to the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers proximate to the individual's chest; c. Sensing a magnetic field; and d. Using a computing device to determine conditions associated with a magnetic field A method comprising:

42. 1. A method for detecting a magnetic field associated with an individual's nervous system, comprising: a. placing a movable electromagnetic detector in proximity to the individual; b) positioning the movable electromagnetic detector arm coupled to the array of one or more optically pumped magnetometers in proximity to the individual; c. Sensing a magnetic field; and d. Using a computing device to determine conditions associated with a magnetic field A method comprising:

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