Method and apparatus for producing porous structure

Abstract

To provide a method capable of easily manufacturing a three dimensional resin structure having a porous structure by a resin structure shaping method such as a fused deposition modeling method.SOLUTION: A method for producing a porous structure, comprising a shaping step of shaping a resin structure using a composite resin filament including a continuous phase composed of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase composed of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin, and a solvent treatment step of eluting at least a part of the amorphous resin in the resin structure with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin to obtain a porous structure.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a porous structure. [Background technology]

[0002] In recent years, the use of 3D printers to create various three-dimensional structures has come into practical use. For example, fused deposition modeling, a method for creating three-dimensional structures using a 3D printer, allows for the creation of three-dimensional resin structures by layering resin filaments into a predetermined shape.

[0003] Furthermore, by laminating polymer alloy fibers having a sea-island structure as described in JP 2008-63716 A (patent document), a three-dimensional resin structure with an internal structure of a sea-island structure can be formed. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-63716 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] However, in the polymer alloy fiber described in Patent Document 1, the island component is made of a hardly soluble polymer and the sea component is made of a readily soluble polymer. Therefore, it has been difficult to use such a polymer alloy fiber as a resin filament to form a three-dimensional resin structure having a porous structure by a forming method such as fused deposition modeling.

[0006] The present invention has been made in consideration of the problems associated with the above-described conventional technology, and aims to provide a method and apparatus that can easily manufacture a three-dimensional resin structure having a porous structure by a resin structure molding method such as fused deposition modeling. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] As a result of extensive research to achieve the above-mentioned object, the inventors discovered that it is possible to easily manufacture a three-dimensional resin structure having a porous structure by forming a resin structure using a composite resin filament containing a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin in a specific mass ratio, and having a continuous phase (sea phase) made of a crystalline resin and a dispersed phase (island phase) made of an amorphous resin, and treating the obtained resin structure with a specific solvent, thereby completing the present invention.

[0008] That is, the present invention provides the following aspects. [1] A molding process of molding a resin structure using a composite resin filament having a continuous phase made of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase made of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin; a solvent treatment step of eluting at least a portion of the amorphous resin in the resin structure with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin to obtain a porous structure; A method for producing a porous structure, comprising: [2] The average area of ​​the island phase in a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the composite resin filament is 0.1 μm 2 The method for producing a porous structure according to [1] above. [3] The solvent that can dissolve only the amorphous resin has the energy due to the dispersion force between molecules in the Hansen solubility parameter (δ d ) is 16 MPa 1 / 2 and the energy due to the intermolecular dipole interaction (δ p ) is 5 MPa 1 / 2 and the energy due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds (δ h ) is 6 MPa 1 / 2 The method for producing a porous structure according to [1] or [2], which is as follows: [4] The method for producing a porous structure according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein in the shaping step, the resin structure is shaped by fused deposition modeling. [5] A molding means for molding a resin structure using a composite resin filament having a continuous phase made of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase made of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin; a solvent treatment means for contacting the resin structure with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin to elute at least a portion of the amorphous resin, thereby obtaining a porous structure; An apparatus for manufacturing a porous structure, comprising: [6] The porous structure manufacturing apparatus described in [1], wherein the molding means is a fused deposition modeling 3D printer. [Effects of the Invention]

[0009] According to the present invention, a three-dimensional resin structure having a porous structure can be easily produced by a method for molding a resin structure such as fused deposition modeling. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] 1 is a scanning electron microscope photograph showing a cross section of the composite resin filament obtained in Example 1. [Figure 2] 1 is a scanning electron microscope photograph showing a cross section of the composite resin filament obtained in Example 2. [Figure 3] 1 is a scanning electron microscope photograph showing a cross section of the composite resin filament obtained in Comparative Example 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention will be described in detail below based on preferred embodiments thereof.

[0012] The method for producing a porous structure of the present invention includes a molding step of molding a resin structure using a composite resin filament having a continuous phase made of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase made of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin, and a solvent treatment step of obtaining a porous structure by dissolving at least a portion of the amorphous resin in the resin structure using a solvent that can dissolve only the amorphous resin.

[0013] The porous structure manufacturing apparatus of the present invention also includes a molding means for molding a resin structure using a composite resin filament having a continuous phase consisting of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase consisting of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin, and a solvent treatment means for contacting the resin structure with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin to elute at least a portion of the amorphous resin, thereby obtaining a porous structure.

[0014] (composite resin filament) The composite resin filament used in the present invention contains a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin, and has a continuous phase (sea phase) made of the crystalline resin and a dispersed phase (island phase) made of the amorphous resin. Note that this sea-island structure can be confirmed by observing the cross section of the composite resin filament using a scanning electron microscope.

[0015] In the present invention, the crystalline resin is a resin whose crystalline melting heat (endothermic heat) required for crystalline melting is 10 J / g or more per 1 g of resin in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Examples of such crystalline resins include polyolefin resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene; polyamide resins such as polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyamide 610, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 6T, polyamide 9T, and polymetaxylene adipamide; polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polyethylene naphthalate; and polyphenylene sulfide.

[0016] In the present invention, the amorphous resin is a resin that requires less than 10 J / g of heat (endothermic amount) for crystalline melting in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (including the case where no endothermic peak is present) per gram of resin. Examples of such amorphous resins include polystyrene-based resins, poly(meth)acrylate-based resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, and polycarbonates.

[0017] In the composite resin filament, the content of the crystalline resin is 20 to 80 parts by mass, and the content of the amorphous resin is 80 to 20 parts by mass, relative to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin. If the content of the crystalline resin is less than the lower limit (if the content of the amorphous resin exceeds the upper limit), the density of the structure after solvent treatment becomes extremely low, and the strength of the structure is significantly impaired or it becomes impossible to maintain the structure. On the other hand, if the content of the crystalline resin exceeds the upper limit (if the content of the amorphous resin is less than the lower limit), the proportion of island phases in the composite resin filament and the shaped resin structure decreases, and the proportion of pores in the resulting porous structure decreases, resulting in a low porosity and an insufficient reduction in compressive modulus. From this viewpoint, it is preferable that the content of the crystalline resin is 25 to 75 parts by mass and the content of the amorphous resin is 75 to 25 parts by mass, and it is more preferable that the content of the crystalline resin is 30 to 70 parts by mass and the content of the amorphous resin is 70 to 30 parts by mass.

[0018] In addition, in the composite resin filament, the average area of ​​the island phase in a cross section perpendicular to the length direction is 0.1 μm 2 It is preferable that the thickness is 0.3 μm or more. 2 More preferably, it is 0.5 μm or more. 2 If the average area of ​​the island phases is less than the lower limit, it is difficult to form pores of sufficient size in the resulting porous structure, so that the porosity becomes small and the compressive modulus tends to be difficult to reduce. There is no particular upper limit to the average area of ​​the island phases, but it is preferably 1 × 10 3 μm 2 Preferably, it is 5 x 10 or less. 2 μm 2 More preferably, it is 1×10 or less. 2 μm 2 If the average area of ​​the island phases exceeds the upper limit, the surface roughness of the composite resin filament tends to deteriorate, making the molding process unstable.

[0019] Furthermore, in the composite resin filament, as long as a sea-island structure comprising a sea phase made of the crystalline resin and an island phase made of the amorphous resin is formed in a cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction of the filament, the cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction may have a sea-island structure, or the sea phase made of the crystalline resin and the island phase made of the amorphous resin may both form a continuous phase. That is, the sea-island structure may be a three-dimensional sea-island structure, or a two-dimensional sea-island structure in which only the cross section of the filament has the sea-island structure.

[0020] The diameter of the composite resin filament is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of use in a 3D printer, for example, it is preferably 1.0 to 3.0 mm, and more preferably 1.5 to 2.7 mm.

[0021] There are no particular limitations on the method for producing such composite resin filaments. For example, the filaments can be obtained by melt-kneading the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin in a predetermined mass ratio, and then molding the resulting melt-kneaded mixture into a filament shape.

[0022] (Modeling process and modeling means) The molding process and molding means in the present invention are a process and means for molding a resin structure using the composite resin filament, specifically, a process and means for stacking the composite resin filament in a predetermined shape to mold a resin structure having a three-dimensional shape.

[0023] The method for molding a resin structure is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include fused deposition modeling, powder sintering, injection molding, extrusion molding, press molding, and press compression molding. Among these molding methods, fused deposition modeling is preferred because it allows resin structures to be easily molded using simple equipment. Furthermore, the means for molding a resin structure is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include fused deposition modeling 3D printers, injection molding, and press molding. Among these molding methods, fused deposition modeling 3D printers are preferred because the equipment is simple.

[0024] (Solvent treatment step and solvent treatment means) The solvent treatment step and solvent treatment means in the present invention are a step and a means for contacting the resin structure obtained in the shaping step and the shaping means with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin, thereby dissolving at least a portion of the amorphous resin in the resin structure with the solvent, thereby obtaining a resin structure having a porous structure (porous structure).

[0025] The solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin is one that has the energy due to the dispersion force between molecules in the Hansen solubility parameter (δ d ) is 16 MPa 1 / 2 or more (more preferably 16.5MPa 1 / 2 More preferably, 17 MPa 1 / 2 or more), and the energy due to intermolecular dipole interactions (δ p ) is 5 MPa 1 / 2 or less (more preferably 4MPa 1 / 2 or less, more preferably 3 MPa 1 / 2 (or less), and the energy due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds (δ h ) is 6 MPa 1 / 2 or less (more preferably 5.5 MPa 1 / 2 or less, more preferably 5 MPa 1 / 2 Preferred are solvents which are (below).

[0026] Examples of solvents that can dissolve only such amorphous resins include limonene, toluene, chloroform, hexane, and tetrahydrofuran.

[0027] The method and means for bringing the resin structure into contact with the solvent are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an immersion method in which the resin structure is immersed in the solvent placed in a bath, a spraying method in which the solvent is sprayed onto the resin structure using a spray, etc. In the immersion method, it is preferable to use ultrasonic treatment in combination, from the viewpoint of facilitating elution of the amorphous resin.

[0028] The time for contacting the resin structure with the solvent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 72 hours, more preferably 2 to 60 hours, and even more preferably 3 to 48 hours. Furthermore, the longer the contact time between the resin structure and the solvent, the greater the amount of elution of the amorphous resin. In the resulting porous structure, pores of sufficient size are more likely to be formed, the porosity is increased, and the compressive modulus is more likely to be reduced. On the other hand, if the contact time between the resin structure and the solvent is less than the lower limit, the amorphous resin may not be sufficiently eluted, making it difficult to form pores of sufficient size in the resulting porous structure. This tends to result in a small porosity and a small reduction in the compressive modulus. On the other hand, if the contact time between the resin structure and the solvent exceeds the upper limit, the solubility tends to decrease due to solvent evaporation, resulting in a small porosity.

[0029] Furthermore, in the solvent treatment step and solvent treatment means, the solvent adhering to the resin structure after at least a portion of the amorphous resin has been eluted in this manner is removed, thereby obtaining a resin structure having a porous structure (porous structure).

[0030] The method and means for removing the solvent are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include drying using a vacuum dryer, a blower dryer, natural drying, and the like. [Example]

[0031] The present invention will be described in more detail below based on examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[0032] Example 1 Polypropylene (PP, Japan Polypropylene Corporation's "Novatec MA1B", endotherm: 84.6 J / g, melting peak temperature: 163.4°C) and polystyrene (PSt, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., product code: 198-12805, no endothermic peak, no melting peak) were fed into a small twin-screw extruder (Technovel Corporation's "KZW15-60MG") with a cylinder temperature set to 200°C in a mass ratio of 70:30 and melt-kneaded.The resulting molten resin composition was extruded from the extruder and wound up at a constant speed using a filament winding device to produce a composite resin filament with an average diameter of 1.75 mm.

[0033] The obtained composite resin filament was used to create a cubic resin structure with a side length of 8 mm using a fused deposition modeling 3D printer (FLASHFORGE's "CreatorPro2").

[0034] The resulting resin structure was treated with limonene ("D limonene" manufactured by Lacuna Oil & Fat Co., Ltd., δ d =17.2MPa 1 / 2 , δ p =1.8MPa 1 / 2 , δ h =4.3MPa 1 / 2 The sample was immersed in 100 ml of limonene, shaken for 3 hours using an ultrasonic cleaner, and then left to stand for half a day. After that, excess limonene was wiped off, and the sample was vacuum dried at 80°C for 12 hours using a vacuum dryer.

[0035] <Average area of ​​islands> The phase structure of the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the obtained composite resin filament was observed using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, "SU3500") at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. The results are shown in Figure 1. In the SEM image of the cross section of the obtained composite resin filament (Figure 1), the areas of 10 island phases were calculated using image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, USA), and these were averaged to determine the average area of ​​the island phases. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0036] <Porosity> The mass of the resin structure was measured before and after the solvent treatment (after vacuum drying), and the mass was calculated using the following formula: Porosity = (mass before solvent treatment - mass after solvent treatment) / mass before solvent treatment × 100 The porosity of the resin structure after solvent treatment was determined by the method described above. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0037] <Compression modulus> The resin structures before and after the solvent treatment (vacuum drying) were subjected to a compression test at a displacement rate of 2 mm / min using a universal testing machine (Instron, product number: 5566) to measure the compressive modulus of elasticity. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0038] Example 2 A composite resin filament was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the mass ratio of polypropylene to polystyrene was changed to 50:50. Furthermore, a resin structure was shaped and the resin structure was subjected to a solvent treatment.

[0039] The phase structure of the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the obtained composite resin filament was observed in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Figure 2. In addition, the average area of ​​the island phases in the cross section of the obtained composite resin filament was determined in the same manner as in Example 1.

[0040] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0041] Example 3 Composite resin filaments were produced and then molded into resin structures in the same manner as in Example 2. The resulting resin structures were immersed in 100 ml of limonene and shaken for 3 hours using an ultrasonic cleaner. Immediately afterwards, excess limonene was wiped off, and the structures were further vacuum-dried at 80°C for 12 hours using a vacuum dryer.

[0042] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0043] Example 4 Composite resin filaments were produced and then molded into resin structures in the same manner as in Example 2. The resin structures were subjected to solvent treatment in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the shaking time in the ultrasonic cleaner was changed to 9 hours.

[0044] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0045] Example 5 Composite resin filaments were produced in the same manner as in Example 2, and resin structures were then shaped. Toluene (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., δ d =18.0MPa 1 / 2 , δ p =1.4MPa 1 / 2 , δ h =2.0MPa 1 / 2 The resin structure was subjected to a solvent treatment in the same manner as in Example 2, except that ) was used.

[0046] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0047] Example 6 A composite resin filament was produced in the same manner as in Example 2, except that polyamide 6 ("Amilan CM1017" manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., endothermic heat: 58.0 J / g, melting peak temperature: 221.9°C) was used instead of polypropylene and the cylinder set temperature was changed to 250°C. Furthermore, a resin structure was shaped and the resin structure was subjected to solvent treatment.

[0048] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0049] (Comparative Example 1) Resin filaments were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only polypropylene was used, and then a resin structure was shaped and subjected to a solvent treatment.

[0050] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0051] (Comparative Example 2) A composite resin filament was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the mass ratio of polypropylene to polystyrene was changed to 90:10. Furthermore, a resin structure was shaped and the resin structure was subjected to a solvent treatment.

[0052] The phase structure of the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the obtained composite resin filament was observed in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Figure 3. In addition, the average area of ​​the island phases in the cross section of the obtained composite resin filament was determined in the same manner as in Example 1.

[0053] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0054] (Comparative Example 3) A composite resin filament was produced and then a resin structure was shaped in the same manner as in Example 2. Acetone (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., special grade reagent, δ d =15.5MPa 1 / 2 , δ p =10.4MPa 1 / 2 , δ h =7.0MPa 1 / 2 The resin structure was subjected to a solvent treatment in the same manner as in Example 2, except that ) was used.

[0055] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0056] Comparative Example 4 Composite resin filaments were produced in the same manner as in Example 2, and resin structures were then shaped. Methanol (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., special grade reagent, δ d =15.1MPa 1 / 2 , δ p =12.3MPa 1 / 2 , δ h =22.3MPa 1 / 2 The resin structure was subjected to a solvent treatment in the same manner as in Example 2, except that ) was used.

[0057] The porosity of the resin structure after the solvent treatment and the compressive modulus of elasticity of the resin structure before and after the solvent treatment were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0058] [Table 1]

[0059] As shown in Figures 1 to 3, the composite resin filaments obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 2 have a sea-island structure comprising a continuous phase (sea phase) and an island phase. Since the melt viscosity of polypropylene is lower than that of polystyrene, it was confirmed that the sea phase was made of polypropylene and the island phase was made of polystyrene.

[0060] Furthermore, as shown in Table 1, in the resin structures obtained in Examples 1 to 6 after solvent treatment, the porosity was 17.2 to 46.0%, and the reduction rate of the compressive modulus was 18.0 to 89.9%, indicating that a porous structure was formed.

[0061] Therefore, it was confirmed that by contacting a resin structure formed using composite resin filaments having a sea-island structure, which contains a crystalline resin such as polypropylene or polyamide and an amorphous resin such as polystyrene in a predetermined mass ratio, with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin, such as limonene or toluene, at least a portion of the amorphous resin is dissolved out, resulting in a structure having a porous structure.

[0062] On the other hand, in the resin structures after solvent treatment obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the porosity was 2.4% or less and the reduction rate of the compressive modulus was 9.3% or less, indicating that a porous structure was not formed.

[0063] Therefore, it was found that even if a resin structure (Comparative Examples 1-2) formed using a resin filament containing 90% by mass or more of a crystalline resin such as polypropylene is brought into contact with a solvent capable of dissolving only an amorphous resin such as limonene, the amorphous resin does not dissolve and a porous structure is not formed.

[0064] Furthermore, it was found that even when a resin structure formed using a composite resin filament having a sea-island structure containing a crystalline resin such as polypropylene or polyamide and an amorphous resin such as polystyrene in a predetermined mass ratio is brought into contact with acetone or methanol, the amorphous resin does not dissolve and a porous structure is not formed.

[0065] Furthermore, as shown in Examples 1 to 2 and 6, it was found that the porosity and compressive modulus of the resin structure (porous structure) after solvent treatment can be controlled by adjusting the type and composition of the resin that constitutes the composite resin filament.

[0066] Furthermore, as shown in Examples 2 to 4, it was found that the porosity and compressive modulus of the resin structure (porous structure) after solvent treatment could be controlled by adjusting the solvent treatment conditions. [Industrial Applicability]

[0067] As described above, according to the present invention, a three-dimensional resin structure having a porous structure can be easily manufactured by a method for molding a resin structure such as fused deposition modeling.

[0068] Therefore, the method for producing a porous structure of the present invention is useful as a method for producing shock absorbers, buffer materials, sound absorbing materials, heat insulating materials, etc.

Claims

1. a molding process for molding a resin structure using a composite resin filament having a continuous phase made of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase made of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin; a solvent treatment step of eluting at least a portion of the amorphous resin in the resin structure with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin to obtain a porous structure; A method for producing a porous structure, comprising:

2. The average area of ​​the island phases in a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the composite resin filament is 0.1 μm ２ 2. The method for producing a porous structure according to claim 1, wherein the method is as described above.

3. The solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin has the energy due to the dispersion force between molecules in the Hansen solubility parameter (δ ｄ ) is 16 MPa １／２ or more, and the energy due to the intermolecular dipole interaction (δ ｐ ) is 5 MPa １／２ and the energy due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds (δ ｈ ) is 6 MPa １／２ 2. The method for producing a porous structure according to claim 1, wherein the following is true:

4. 2. The method for producing a porous structure according to claim 1, wherein the resin structure is formed by a fused deposition modeling process in the forming step.

5. a molding means for molding a resin structure using a composite resin filament having a continuous phase made of 20 to 80 parts by mass of a crystalline resin and an island phase made of 80 to 20 parts by mass of an amorphous resin; a solvent treatment means for contacting the resin structure with a solvent capable of dissolving only the amorphous resin to elute at least a portion of the amorphous resin, thereby obtaining a porous structure; An apparatus for manufacturing a porous structure, comprising:

6. The porous structure manufacturing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the molding means is a fused deposition modeling 3D printer.

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