Bioreduction of metal ore integrated with biomass pyrolysis

Abstract

It provides an environmentally friendly process for converting metal ore into metal. [Solution] A process for reducing metal ore is provided, comprising: providing a biomass raw material; thermally decomposing the raw material to produce a bioreagent containing carbon and a thermal decomposition off-gas containing hydrogen or carbon monoxide; obtaining a metal ore containing metal oxides; combining the carbon with the metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter; optionally pelletizing the carbon-metal ore particulate matter; and chemically reducing the metal oxides to elemental metals such as iron using the thermal decomposition off-gas.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] (Cross - Reference to Related Applications) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 083,223, filed on September 25, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Incorporation by Reference All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference into this specification to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0003] This disclosure relates to processes, systems, and apparatuses for treating metal ores and producing metals using carbon - containing reagents.

Background Art

[0004] Biomass is a term used to describe biologically produced materials. The chemical energy contained in biomass is derived from solar energy using the natural process of photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants take in carbon dioxide and water from their surroundings and use the energy from sunlight to convert them into sugars, starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Among all renewable energy sources, biomass is unique in that it is effectively stored solar energy. Additionally, biomass is the only renewable carbon source.

[0005] Carbonaceous materials for industrial use are generally supplied from fossil resources such as natural gas, petroleum, coal, and peat, but lignocellulosic biomass and various carbon - rich wastes ​ There is a growing interest in renewable resources.

[0006] There are various conversion technologies for converting biomass raw materials into carbonaceous materials. Biomass The increasing use of carbonaceous materials in the biomass system raises technical and economic issues arising from raw material fluctuations, operational difficulties, and capital intensity.

[0007] Particularly, there has been less focus on improving the pyrolysis process to optimize the yield and quality of solids as high-carbon reagents. Historically, the slow pyrolysis of wood has been carried out in large piles in a simple batch process without emission control. Traditional charcoal-making technology is not only energy-inefficient but also highly polluting. Clearly, there are economic and practical challenges in scaling up such processes for the continuous commercial-scale production of high-quality carbon while managing the energy balance and controlling emissions.

[0008] Metal processing is a very important industry globally. For example, regarding steel (an alloy of iron), the global steel market size is expected to reach $1 trillion by 2025 according to Steel Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis 2018 - 2025, Grand View Research, Inc. (2017). The increasing trend among contractors for sustainable, low-cost, and durable building materials is driving the demand for steel in industrial infrastructure and housing projects. In pre-designed metal buildings with high structural integrity, steel plays an important role in stability, design flexibility, and aesthetic appeal. Green and energy-efficient buildings ​ Strict regulations promoting construction also contribute to the demand for steel, particularly in industrial structures.

[0009] Approximately 70% of all steel is acid-cooked in a blast furnace using coke or coal before being reduced in an oxygen converter. Made from pig iron produced by reducing iron ferrite. Non-renewable coal or coal The use of coke derived from carbon dioxide, in addition to depleting fossil resources, contributes to the production of non-renewable carbon dioxide. It releases into the atmosphere.

[0010] Oxidized iron ore is mined worldwide. Typically, iron ore goes through a beneficiation process. The iron fraction is extracted, crushed and concentrated, and then rolled into pellets (with a binder). Then, the pellets are heated in a hardening furnace where coal is burned for heating, solidified, and transported to a blast furnace. Here, coke is used to reduce the oxygenated ore to metallic iron. Hardening and caulking process Seth generates large amounts of CO2 and other pollutants.

[0011] Generally speaking, metal processing generates significant global net CO2 emissions every year. For example, One of the biggest drawbacks of conventional blast furnaces is that iron is reduced from iron oxide by carbon. And so, the unavoidable production of carbon dioxide. Steelmaking is the leading source of CO2 emissions in the world today. One of the major industrial contributions is making metal manufacturing processes more environmentally friendly. This is strongly desired.

[0012] Considering the aforementioned needs, improved processes and systems for converting metal ore into metal Stems are commercially desirable. [Overview of the project]

[0013] Carbon-based reagents can, in theory, be manufactured from virtually any material containing carbon. Yes, because the economic, environmental, and social costs associated with fossil fuels are rising. It is preferable to produce carbon-based reagents using renewable biomass.

[0014] Thermal decomposition occurs in the complete absence of an oxidizing agent (air or oxygen), or to an extent where oxidation can be detected. It is a process for converting solid materials into heat using a limited supply that does not occur in other applications. Depending on the process conditions and additives, the biomass pyrolysis is adjusted to produce a widely fluctuating amount of gas. Liquids and solids can be produced. At lower process temperatures and longer vapor retention times. The interval is advantageous for solid production. Higher temperatures and longer residence times are favorable for biomass synthesis gas. Increasing the conversion rate, along with a moderate temperature and short vapor residence time, is generally necessary for producing liquids. It is optimal. It converts biomass into a liquid that can be used as a precursor for high-quality synthesis gas or liquid fuel. Technological advancements in pyrolysis and related processes are needed to achieve this.

[0015] This disclosure addresses a deficiency in the art and provides a method for producing metals using carbon-containing reagents. This relates to processes, systems, and apparatus for processing metal ores.

[0016] This specification discloses a process for reducing metal ore. The process is, To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the thermal decomposition off-gas contains hydrogen or carbon monoxide. To accomplish, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, This is the chemical reduction of metal oxides, achieved using pyrolysis off-gases. It can include reducing and

[0017] In some embodiments, the process pelletizes the carbon metal ore particulate matter, and This includes producing carbon metal ore pellets. In some embodiments, metal oxidation The substance is contained within the carbon metal ore pellets.

[0018] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban It is the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0019] In some embodiments, the bioreagent is at least about 50% by weight and at least about 75% by weight. Contains a total of %, or at least about 90% by weight of total carbon. Bioreagents contain about, at least about, or At most, approximately 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or It may contain 99% by weight of total carbon. Total carbon is the fixed carbon present in the volatile substance and It is the sum with non-fixed carbon.

[0020] In some embodiments, the bioreagent is at least about 50% by weight and at least about 75% by weight. It contains fixed carbon by weight %, or at least about 90% by weight. In some embodiments, it is used in biological samples. The medicine is approximately, at least approximately, or at most approximately 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, It contains 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% by weight of fixed carbon.

[0021] Carbon (in the bioreagent) is, for example, at least about 50% by weight, at least about 75%, or It can be at least about 90% by weight of fixed carbon, with the remainder being volatile carbon. In the application form, carbon is approximately, at least approximately, or at most approximately 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 , 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% by weight solids It contains a constant amount of carbon.

[0022] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is a stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In this embodiment, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is hematite These include magnetite, limonite, taconite, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore. In some embodiments, gold The group of ores exists in particulate form, and the particulate form is in powder form. Several implementation forms In this state, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder. In some embodiments, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore chunks.

[0023] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is small It contains at least about 1% by weight of carbon, and at most about 10% by weight. It is used in connection with typical blast furnaces. In some embodiments, such as those described above, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about three times It contains carbon by weight, or at most about 6% by weight.

[0024] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives. In this context, additives include binders. Exemplary binders include inorganic bentonite clay and stone. Examples include limestone, starch, cellulose, lignin, and acrylamide.

[0025] In some embodiments, the additive is selected from acids, bases, or salts or derivatives thereof. Selected. In some embodiments, the additive is a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, or a metal. These are halides, or combinations or derivatives thereof. For example, additives include hydroxyl Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate Um, potassium permanganate, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chlorocrystalline Molybdenum, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, halogen Iron oxide, iron chloride, iron bromide, dolomite, dolomite lime, fluorite, fluorite, bentonite, acid Calcium carbonate, lime, or combinations or derivatives thereof can be selected. .

[0026] Additives may be added before, during, or after any one or more steps of the process. This includes adding it to the raw material itself at any given time.

[0027] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0028] In some embodiments, chemical reduction directly utilizes the pyrolysis off-gas. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed by first partially acidifying the pyrolysis off-gas. It is converted, thereby generating a reducing gas, and then the reducing gas is used to process carbon metal ore particulate matter. By chemically reducing metal oxides within the material, the pyrolysis off-gas is used indirectly. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed first to partially decompose the gas off. It oxidizes, thereby generating a reducing gas, which is then used to make carbon metal ore pellets. By chemically reducing the metal oxides inside the container, the pyrolysis off-gas is used indirectly. .

[0029] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed to gasify a bioreagent or a part thereof. The reducing gas obtained from partial oxidation or steam reforming is used simultaneously.

[0030] In some embodiments, the process further includes obtaining heavy hydrocarbons during thermal decomposition. In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains a heavy hydrocarbon, which is converted into a reducing gas. It will be replaced.

[0031] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed, along with gasification and partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. Alternatively, reducing gas obtained from steam reforming can be used simultaneously.

[0032] In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains light hydrocarbons. In this state, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, The decomposition off-gas contains at least 1 mol% carbon monoxide. In some embodiments, heat The decomposition off-gas contains at least 10 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0033] In some embodiments, the chemical reduction is carried out in a metal ore furnace. In that embodiment, chemical reduction is carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace. In the embodiment, chemical reduction is performed on the carbon produced by combustion or partial oxidation. Partial heat is utilized. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed by combustion or partial It utilizes external heat that is produced separately through partial oxidation.

[0034] In some embodiments, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore mine. In this implementation, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore processing plant. Several embodiments Therefore, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction occur in the same location.

[0035] This specification discloses a process for reducing metal ore. Such a process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the pyrolysis off-gas produced contains hydrocarbons. and, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Partially oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, thereby generating a reducing gas and heat, This involves the chemical reduction of metal oxides, specifically the partial oxidation of the pyrolysis off-gas. This can include reduction, which is achieved using the reducing gas produced from, Pyrolysis is achieved using the heat generated from partially oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas. It can be done.

[0036] In some embodiments, the process pelletizes the carbon metal ore particulate matter, and This further includes producing carbon metal ore pellets. In some embodiments, metal Oxides are contained within carbon metal ore pellets.

[0037] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban It is the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0038] In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bio The reagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is , containing at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is small It contains at least 90% fixed carbon by weight.

[0039] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is a stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In this embodiment, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is hematite These include magnetite, limonite, taconite, or combinations thereof. In this embodiment, the metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore.

[0040] In some embodiments, the granular form of the metal ore is the powder form of the metal ore. In some embodiments, the particulate material of carbon metal ore is carbon metal ore fine powder. Morphologically, carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore chunks.

[0041] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is small It contains at least about 1% by weight of carbon, and at most about 10% by weight of carbon.

[0042] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives. In this context, the additives include binders.

[0043] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0044] In some embodiments, the process further includes obtaining heavy hydrocarbons during thermal decomposition. Bioreagents contain heavy hydrocarbons.

[0045] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed, along with gasification and partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. Alternatively, reducing gas obtained from steam reforming can be used simultaneously.

[0046] In some embodiments, the process further includes obtaining light hydrocarbons during pyrolysis. The pyrolysis off-gas contains light hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas is , containing at least 1 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas is small It contains at least 10 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas is at least It also contains 1 mol% carbon monoxide. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas is at least It also contains 10 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0047] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is carried out in a metal ore furnace. In that embodiment, the chemical reduction is carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace.

[0048] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is achieved by combustion or partial oxidation of carbon. The internal heat produced is utilized. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed on carbon. It utilizes external heat, which is separately produced by combustion or partial oxidation.

[0049] In some embodiments, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore mine. In this implementation, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore processing plant. Several embodiments Therefore, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction occur in the same location.

[0050] Further processes for reducing metal ore are disclosed herein. Rothes, To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, The process involves generating reducing gases from the gasification, partial oxidation, or steam reforming of bioreagents, This includes chemically reducing metal oxides using a reducing gas.

[0051] In some embodiments, the process pelletizes the carbon metal ore particulate matter, and This further includes producing carbon metal ore pellets. In some embodiments, metal Oxides are contained within carbon metal ore pellets.

[0052] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban It is the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0053] In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bio The reagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is , containing at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is small It contains at least 90% fixed carbon by weight.

[0054] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is a stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In this embodiment, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is hematite These include magnetite, limonite, taconite, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is beneficiated metal ore. In some embodiments, grain Metal ore in the form of granular material is metal ore in the form of powder.

[0055] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder. In that embodiment, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk.

[0056] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is small It contains at least about 1% by weight of carbon, and at most about 10% by weight of carbon.

[0057] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives. In this context, the additives include binders.

[0058] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0059] In some embodiments, the bioreagent includes heavy hydrocarbons obtained during thermal decomposition. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is the gasification, partial oxidation, or The second reducing gas obtained from steam reforming is used simultaneously. In some embodiments, light Hydrocarbons are obtained during thermal decomposition.

[0060] In some embodiments, the reducing gas contains at least 20 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the reducing gas contains at least 40 mol% hydrogen. The reducing gas then contains at least 20 mol% carbon monoxide. In some embodiments, The reducing gas contains at least 40 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0061] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is carried out in a metal ore furnace. In that embodiment, the chemical reduction is carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace.

[0062] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is achieved by combustion or partial oxidation of carbon. The internal heat produced is utilized. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed on carbon. It utilizes external heat, which is separately produced by combustion or partial oxidation.

[0063] In some embodiments, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore mine. In this implementation, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore processing plant. Several embodiments Therefore, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction occur in the same location.

[0064] This specification discloses processes for processing metal ores. These processes , To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the thermal decomposition off-gas contains hydrogen or carbon monoxide. To accomplish, The objective is to obtain metal ore, which is in particulate form, and contains metal oxides and metal sulfurs. Metal hydrides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal phosphides, or the same This includes obtaining and combining Combining carbon and metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal hydrides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, gold Chemical production of elemental metals from phosphides or combinations thereof, This can be achieved using decomposition off-gas, and may include manufacturing.

[0065] In some embodiments, the process pelletizes the carbon metal ore particulate matter, and Therefore, this further includes producing carbon metal ore pellets.

[0066] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban It is the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0067] In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bio The reagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is , containing at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is small It contains at least 90% fixed carbon by weight.

[0068] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is a stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In this embodiment, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is hematite These include magnetite, limonite, taconite, or combinations thereof. In this embodiment, the metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore.

[0069] In some embodiments, the particulate metal ore is a powdered metal ore. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder. In this embodiment, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk.

[0070] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is small It contains at least about 1% by weight of carbon, and at most about 10% by weight of carbon.

[0071] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives. In this context, the additives include binders.

[0072] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0073] In some embodiments, chemical production directly utilizes pyrolysis off-gases. In some embodiments, the chemical production involves first pyrolysis off the gas, which is then partially acidic. It is converted, thereby generating a reducing gas, and then the reducing gas is used to convert metal oxides and metal sulfides. substances, metal hydrides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal phosphides, or the same By chemically producing elemental metals from combinations of these elements, the pyrolysis off-gas is indirectly produced. Use it.

[0074] In some embodiments, chemical production involves gasification, partial oxidation, and This process simultaneously utilizes reducing gas obtained from steam reforming.

[0075] In some embodiments, the bioreagent includes heavy hydrocarbons obtained during thermal decomposition. Hydrocarbons are converted into at least some of the reducing gas.

[0076] In some embodiments, the chemical production involves gasification and partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. Alternatively, reducing gas obtained from steam reforming can be used simultaneously.

[0077] In some embodiments, light hydrocarbons are obtained during pyrolysis as part of the pyrolysis off-gas. It is possible.

[0078] In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% carbon monoxide. In this embodiment, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0079] In some embodiments, the chemical production is carried out in a metal ore furnace. In that embodiment, the chemical production is carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace.

[0080] In some embodiments, the chemical production is carried out by combustion or partial oxidation of carbon. The internal heat produced during manufacturing is utilized. In some embodiments, the chemical production is carried out by carbon It utilizes external heat, which is separately produced by combustion or partial oxidation.

[0081] In some embodiments, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore mine. In this implementation, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore processing plant. Several embodiments Therefore, thermal decomposition and chemical production are carried out in the same location.

[0082] This specification discloses methods for optimizing the reduction of metal oxides. These methods are The process involves thermally decomposing biomass to produce carbon and thermal decomposition off-gases, The off-gas of thermal decomposition is oxidized with an amount of oxygen intentionally less than the stoichiometric amount of oxygen used for combustion, and thereafter... This generates heat and carbon monoxide, The reduction of metal oxides, which is achieved using heat and carbon monoxide. It can include and

[0083] In some embodiments, oxidation of the pyrolysis off-gas produces hydrogen, which then undergoes metal oxidation. It is also used to reduce substances. In some embodiments, carbon reduces metal oxides. It is used directly for this purpose. In some embodiments, carbon is used to add carbon monoxide. By converting to and then reacting additional carbon monoxide with the metal oxide, the metal oxide It is used indirectly to reduce [something].

[0084] This specification discloses further methods for optimizing the reduction of metal oxides. The law is, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass to produce carbon and thermal decomposition off-gases, The off-gas of thermal decomposition is oxidized with an amount of oxygen intentionally less than the stoichiometric amount of oxygen used for combustion, and thereafter... To generate heat and hydrogen, Reduction of metal oxides, which is achieved using heat and hydrogen. And it can include that.

[0085] In some embodiments, the oxidation of the pyrolysis off-gas produces carbon monoxide, and carbon monoxide It is also used to reduce metal oxides. In some embodiments, carbon is used to reduce gold It is used directly to reduce group oxides. In some embodiments, carbon is used to remove carbon By converting the additional carbon monoxide to carbon monoxide and then reacting the additional carbon monoxide with a metal oxide... It is used indirectly to reduce metal oxides.

[0086] This specification discloses a process for producing carbon metal ore pellets. The process disclosed in the book is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. It can include, The bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon. Carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 0.1% to at most about 50% total carbon by weight. Includes.

[0087] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban The system is selected from the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0088] In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 60% by weight of total carbon. In one embodiment, the bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of total carbon. Several embodiments In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of total carbon. The bioreagent contains at least 55% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bio The reagent contains at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is , containing at least 90% by weight of fixed carbon.

[0089] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is selected from stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is Choose from hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or a combination thereof. It will be done.

[0090] In some embodiments, the metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore.

[0091] In some embodiments, the particulate metal ore is a powdered metal ore.

[0092] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder.

[0093] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk.

[0094] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is present in at least about 0.5% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 25% by weight of total carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is It contains at least about 1% by weight and at most about 10% by weight of total carbon.

[0095] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives.

[0096] In some embodiments, the additive includes a binder.

[0097] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0098] This specification discloses a process for manufacturing metal nuggets. The process is as follows: To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the thermal decomposition off-gas contains hydrogen or carbon monoxide. To accomplish, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. That thing, This involves chemically reducing metal oxides to produce metal nuggets. Scientific reduction is achieved using pyrolysis off-gas, and the resulting product is produced. The process involves recovering the metal nugget, where the metal nugget contains metal, and the metal is a metal acid. This may include the recovery of the reduced form of the compound.

[0099] In some embodiments, the metal nugget is essentially made of metal and carbon.

[0100] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban The system is selected from the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0101] In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bio The reagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is , containing at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is small It contains at least 90% fixed carbon by weight.

[0102] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is selected from stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is Choose from hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore.

[0103] In some embodiments, the particulate metal ore is a powdered metal ore. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder.

[0104] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk.

[0105] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is small It contains at least about 1% by weight of carbon, and at most about 10% by weight of carbon.

[0106] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives. In this context, the additives include binders.

[0107] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0108] In some embodiments, chemical reduction directly utilizes the pyrolysis off-gas. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed by first partially acidifying the pyrolysis off-gas. It is converted, thereby generating a reducing gas, and then the reducing gas is used within the carbon metal ore or coal By chemically reducing the metal oxides in the elementary metal ore pellets, the pyrolysis off-gas is produced. It is used indirectly. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed on the gas of a bioreagent. Simultaneous use of reducing gas obtained from chemical, partial oxidation, or steam reforming. Several implementations In this state, chemical reduction is achieved by utilizing reducing gases, and the bioreagents are obtained during thermal decomposition. It contains heavy hydrocarbons, which are converted into reducing gases. In some embodiments, Chemical reduction can be obtained from the gasification, partial oxidation, or steam reforming of light hydrocarbons. The reducing gas is used simultaneously. In some embodiments, the light hydrocarbons are pyrolysis-off. It is obtained as part of the gas during thermal decomposition.

[0109] In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% hydrogen. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% carbon monoxide. In this embodiment, the pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0110] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is carried out in a metal ore furnace. In that embodiment, the chemical reduction is carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace.

[0111] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is achieved by combustion or partial oxidation of carbon. The internal heat produced is utilized. In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed on carbon. It utilizes external heat, which is separately produced by combustion or partial oxidation.

[0112] In some embodiments, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore mine. In this implementation, the process is jointly installed in a metal ore processing plant. Several embodiments Therefore, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction occur in the same location.

[0113] This specification discloses a process for producing metals from metal ores. The process to be disclosed is: To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. That thing, Introducing carbon metal ore pellets into a chemical reduction furnace, Air or oxygen is introduced into the chemical reduction furnace, thereby reducing the carbon metal ore particulate matter. The oxidation of carbon, thereby generating heat and carbon monoxide, Metal oxides within carbon-metal ore pellets are chemically reduced, thereby generating metals. Therefore, chemical reduction is achieved using carbon monoxide in a chemical reduction furnace. To generate, This may include recovering metals.

[0114] In some embodiments, the bioreagent is supplied directly to the chemical reduction furnace.

[0115] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban The system is selected from the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0116] In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the bio The reagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is , containing at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the bioreagent is small It contains at least 90% fixed carbon by weight.

[0117] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is selected from stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the iron ore is Choose from hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore.

[0118] In some embodiments, the particulate metal ore is a powdered metal ore. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder.

[0119] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk.

[0120] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight to a large amount. Both contain approximately 50% by weight of carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is small It contains at least about 1% by weight of carbon, and at most about 10% by weight of carbon.

[0121] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets include additives. In this context, the additives include binders.

[0122] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially made from carbon and metal ore. ru.

[0123] In some embodiments, the metal is iron, copper, nickel, magnesium, manganese, aluminum Aluminum, tin, zinc, cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, or combinations thereof. Selected from the combinations.

[0124] This specification discloses compositions for reducing metal ores. The composition may include carbon metal ore particulate matter, and the carbon metal ore particulate matter may be anhydrous and Based on the ash-free standard, it contains at least approximately 0.1% to at most approximately 50% fixed carbon, and fixed carbon The element is carbon 14 C / 12At least about 50% renewable carbon determined from the measurement of the C isotope ratio. It is carbon.

[0125] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon 14 C / 12 The measurement of the C isotope ratio utilizes ASTM D 6866.

[0126] In some embodiments, the metal ore is selected from iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore. In some embodiments, the metal ore is [[ID=2 4]]a combination of copper ore and nickel ore.

[0127] In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of an object selected from fines, lumps, pellets, nuggets, or combinations thereof.

[0128] In some embodiments, the carbonaceous metal ore particulate contains at least about 0.5 wt% to at most about 25 wt% fixed carbon on an anhydrous and ash-free basis. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous metal ore particulate contains at least about 1 wt% to at most about 15 wt% fixed carbon on an anhydrous and ash-free basis. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous metal ore particulate contains at least about 2 wt% to at most about 10 wt% fixed carbon on an anhydrous and ash-free basis. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous metal ore particulate contains at least about 3 wt% to at most about 6 wt% fixed carbon on an anhydrous and ash-free basis.

[0129] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is the C 14 C / 12 Determined from the measurement of the C isotope ratio is at least about 90% renewable carbon. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is 14 C / 12 at least about 99% renewable carbon determined from the measurement of the C isotope ratio. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is carbon. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is about 100% renewable carbon determined from the measurement of the 14 C / 12 C isotope ratio.

[0130] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets contain an additive. In some embodiments contain a binder. <>

[0131] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets consist essentially of carbon and metal ore.

[0132] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is characterized by a BET surface area of at least 400 m 2 / g. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is characterized by a BET surface area of at least 800 m / g. 2 / g.

[0133] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is characterized by a mesopore volume of at least 0.5 cm 3 / g. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is characterized by a mesopore volume of at least 1 cm / g. 3 / g.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0134] [Figure 1] It is a simplified block flow diagram of a process for converting metal ore into metal products using a high-carbon bioreagent in some embodiments. ​​​

[0135] [Figure 2] A simplified block flow diagram of a process for converting metal ore into a metal product using a high-carbon bioreagent in some embodiments.

[0136] [Figure 3] A simplified block flow diagram of a process for converting metal ore into a metal product using a high-carbon bioreagent in some embodiments.

[0137] [Figure 4] A simplified block flow diagram of a process for manufacturing carbon metal ore pellets using a high-carbon bioreagent in some embodiments.

[0138] [Figure 5] A simplified block flow diagram of a process for manufacturing metal nuggets using a high-carbon bioreagent in some embodiments.

[0139] ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​This disclosure does not rely on any of these to be true in practice. No explanation, hypothesis, theory, speculation, or assumption shall in any way limit the scope of this disclosure. It should not be treated badly.

[0142] The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not represent the scope of the claimed embodiments. Or, it does not interpret the meaning.

[0143] definition As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "that" are used. "(the)" can refer to multiple objects unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, at any location where the product is manufactured, the process produces "carbon metal ore particulate matter". When manufactured, two or more can be produced so that "multiple carbon metal ore particulate matter" can be manufactured. It is possible to control the production of the above product. This also includes a single-component composition. This also applies to materials. For example, if a composition contains carbon metal ore particulate matter, the composition may contain multiple materials. It may contain carbon metal ore particulate matter.

[0144] As used herein, the term “about” means “the extent shown” unless otherwise indicated. This means ±20% of the range, value, or structure.

[0145] As used herein, any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range, or integer range is defined as follows: Unless otherwise specified, any integer value within the listed range, and, where appropriate, its fraction. It should be understood that this includes (one-tenth and one-hundredth of an integer, etc.). Any range of numbers listed in the details, unless otherwise indicated, refers to any number within the listed range. It should be understood that this includes integers.

[0146] As used herein, “living organism” refers to a timescale of several months, several years, or several decades. Materials containing renewable elements such as carbon (either raw materials, products, or intermediates) Non-biological materials may not be renewable, or they may last for centuries, thousands, millions of years, or It may be possible to regenerate on even longer geological timescales. For example, coal Furthermore, conventional fuel sources such as petroleum are non-renewable and non-living.

[0147] The three natural isotopes of carbon, 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C exists. 12 C and 13 C It is stable and exists in a natural ratio of approximately 93:1. 14 C is derived from cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. They are produced by thermal neutrons, transported to Earth, and absorbed by living biological materials. Isotope-wise, 14 C constitutes a negligible part. However, this is 5,700 years. Because it is radioactive due to its half-life, it can be detected radiometrically. Dead tissue is 14 absorb C Since we don't collect them, 14 The amount of C is one of the methods used for radiometric measurements of biological materials. be.

[0148] Plants fix atmospheric carbon through photosynthesis. 14 Import C. Next, When animals consume plants, or when they consume other animals that consume plants, 14 C It takes it into its body. Therefore, living plants and animals take in the same CO2 as in the atmosphere. 1 4 C vs 12It has a C ratio. When an organism dies, it stops exchanging carbon with the atmosphere, and therefore And, any newer 14 It does not take in C. Next, radioactive decay occurs in living organisms. 14 C It is depleted gradually. This effect is the basis of radiocarbon dating.

[0149] Fossil fuels such as coal are primarily made from plant material that accumulated millions of years ago. The period is, 14 It is equivalent to thousands of half-lives of C, so essentially all of the fossil fuels 14 C It is collapsing. Also, fossil fuels were originally formed from living organisms. against 13 Carbon is being depleted. Therefore, carbon from fossil fuels is being used as biocarbon. In comparison, 13 C and 14 Both C components are depleted.

[0150] Carbon isotopes from organic matter that has recently decreased, such as from renewable resources, and carbon isotopes from coal and other materials. This difference between carbon isotopes of fossil fuels and other materials allows for the determination of the carbon source in the composition. This includes whether the carbon in the composition is derived from renewable resources or fossil fuels. In other words, whether renewable resources or fossil fuels were used in the manufacture of the composition, That is the case.

[0151] As used herein, “combustion stoichiometric amounts of oxygen” refers to air, pure oxygen, or oxygen-rich oxygen. Regardless of whether it is present in the air or not, it is not a stoichiometric excess, but rather contains carbon or hydrogen. This is the amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize each component to CO2 or H2O. (Pyrolysis off-gas) If oxygen is intentionally oxidized to less than the stoichiometric amount required for combustion, the percentage of the combustion stoichiometric amount of oxygen The amount of oxygen used is at least about 10% to at most about 99%, and at least about 25%. %~It could be at most about 90%, or at least about 40%~at most about 80%. Various In the embodiment, this percentage is approximately, at least approximately, or at most approximately 15%, 20%, 25%. %, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75 These percentages are %, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. These percentages indicate that oxygen is in the O2 form. This is the molar basis.

[0152] As used herein, "including" and "containing" are used. Alternatively, "comprising," which is synonymous with "characterized by," means inclusion. It is either targeted or open-ended, and excludes additional unlisted elements or method steps. i. "Comprising" indicates that the specified claim element is essential. Although it is a technical term used in this context, other claim elements can be added, and this remains true. Components within the scope of the disclosure can be formed.

[0153] As used herein, "consists of" means any element, step not specified. or exclude the component. The phrase "consisting of" is not immediately after the preamble, but rather the claim. When appearing in a section of the text, the phrase limits itself to the elements described in that section, and does not include other elements. and are not excluded from the claims as a whole. When used herein, "becomes essentially from The phrase "in addition to the specified elements or method steps, the claims" means that the claims This is limited to those that do not substantially affect the foundation of the subject being addressed.

[0154] As used herein, “derivative” is derived from another substance by a chemical reaction. It is a compound, molecule, or ion. The substance from which a derivative is derived is an additive. It is an additive.

[0155] As used herein, "high carbon," as in "high carbon bioreagent," means a bioreagent. The drug has a high carbon content compared to the raw materials used to manufacture high-carbon bioreagents. This indicates that high-carbon bioreagents can contain at least about half of their weight as carbon. For example, high-carbon bioreagents must have at least 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 8 5, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% by weight of carbon It can include.

[0156] As used herein, “high-carbon bioreagent” refers to the disclosed processes and systems. This describes the materials that can be manufactured by [method]. Regarding carbon content or any other concentration. The limitation is not attributable to the term itself, but rather to a specific embodiment. It shall be attributed only to the disclosed process. For example, raw materials containing low carbon content are disclosed in the process. When subjected to this process, the product is highly concentrated in carbon relative to the starting material (high yield carbon). However, it contains less than 50% by weight of carbon, and is relatively low in carbon (low purity). It is a high-carbon bioreagent (containing carbon).

[0157] As used herein, the terms “include,” “have,” and “ "Comprise" is used synonymously, and these terms and their variations are non-restrictive. It is intended to be interpreted as such.

[0158] As used herein, "metal ore" means that the desired metal is not in a pure elemental form. Rather, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, and metal phosphides It is a metal-containing material that exists as a metal or in another form.

[0159] The use of the word "or" in relation to a list of two or more items implies the entirety of the following interpretations of that word. Includes: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and the items in the list This covers any combination of the following: Furthermore, "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." The phrase is intended to mean that a person skilled in the art would understand the convention (for example, The phrase "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" is not limited to A only. , B only, C only, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and (This would include a system that has B and C together, etc.) If a clause similar to "at least one of the above" is used, generally speaking, such a configuration is This is intended to ensure that the business understands the terms and conditions (for example, "A, B, or C A system having at least one of the following is not limited to A only, B only, C only, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together, This would include systems that have such features.

[0160] As used herein, "pellets" are synonymous with "briquettes". You can refer to briquettes, pellets / briquettes, or similar terms, all of which are, This refers to a condensed substance, not loose powder. For convenience, the term "pellet" is used. Commonly used. The shape of the pellets is not limited to spherical or nearly spherical. Pellet shape These include spherical (circular or ball-shaped), cubic (square), octagonal, hexagonal, and honeycomb / bee shapes. Nest shape, elliptical, egg shape, cylindrical, rod shape, bread shape, pillow shape, random, or similar This could be a combination.

[0161] As used herein, “thermal decomposition” refers to the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials. In thermal decomposition, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.1% of the oxygen (based on O2 moles) required for complete combustion. The presence of less oxygen than required for the complete combustion of the material, such as %, or less than 0.01%. In some embodiments, the thermal decomposition is carried out in the absence of oxygen.

[0162] As used herein, “reagent” refers to a material in its broadest sense. For example, Reagents can be fuels, chemicals, materials, compounds, additives, blend components, or solvents. The reagent does not necessarily have to be a chemical reagent that causes or participates in a chemical reaction. No. However, a reagent can be a chemical reactant that can be consumed in a reaction. A reagent is , it can be a chemical catalyst for a specific reaction. The reagent is a mechanical, It can cause or be involved in modifying physical or hydrodynamic properties. Example For example, reagents can be introduced into a metal to impart specific strength properties to the metal. The reagents are, Sufficient purity for use in chemical analysis or physical testing (in the current context, typically carbon purity) It could be a substance of degree (degree).

[0163] As used herein, "total carbon" refers to both fixed and unfixed carbon present in volatile substances. It is the sum with carbon. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the components is an absolute standard, This is assumed unless otherwise specified. In other embodiments, the weight percentages of the components are given for anhydrous and unanhydrous components. It is based on ash.

[0164] As used herein, “zone” refers to a single physical unit, physically separated It is a region of space within a unit, or any combination thereof, in relation to a continuous reactor. The zone boundaries are due to the presence of flights within the reactor or to provide heat to separate zones. This may relate to the structure of individual heating elements, etc. Alternatively or additionally, the zones in a continuous reactor The boundary is defined by factors such as temperature, fluid flow pattern, solid flow pattern, or degree of reaction. This may be related to function. In a single-batch reactor, the "zone" is an operational interval in time, not space. It is a zone. There is not necessarily a sudden transition from one zone to another. For example, The boundary between the heat zone and the pyrolysis zone can be somewhat arbitrary. The solution may occur in part of the preheating zone, and some amount of "preheating" may occur in the thermal decomposition zone. This can continue to occur. The temperature profile in the reactor, including the zone boundaries within the reactor, , typically continuous.

[0165] process The principles of this disclosure are particularly applicable to the joint installation of pyrolysis processes in metal mining or ore processing facilities. It is suitable. The technology described herein addresses the need for fossil fuels in curing and caulking, and Reduces the need for intermediate transport of pellets to the blast furnace. The integrated process is not limited, but Current processes used to convert iron ore into iron, including conite treatment, are economically viable. It has both practical and environmental advantages.

[0166] The processes disclosed herein are environmentally friendly technologies that reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Yes. If the starting material is biomass containing living organisms or renewable carbon, it can be converted from thermal decomposition. The carbon produced is biological. This is, for example, using ASTM D6866, carbon of 14 C / 12 This can be demonstrated by measuring the 1C isotope ratio.

[0167] In some embodiments, all of the processed carbon is renewable. In other embodiments, Since the starting metal oxide can contain carbon, less carbon than the total amount of carbon can be recycled. It is possible. For example, taconite contains iron-containing carbonates that contain non-biological carbon. When used, the ore dressing process can remove non-biological carbon from the metal ore.

[0168] Any biological carbon that is oxidized to carbon dioxide creates biological CO2. This also generates The carbon in the CO2 14 C / 12 This can also be shown by measuring the 1C isotope ratio. This bio-CO2 derived from omass is reabsorbed by the growing biomass through photosynthesis. It is returned to the environment to be absorbed. In this way, net CO2 emissions are significantly reduced. Furthermore, the hydrogen content of the starting biomass substantially reduces the net CO2 emissions of the process. This is because the hydrogen in the biomass becomes H2 or a partially oxidized form thereof in the pyrolysis off-gas. H2 causes the chemical reduction of metal oxides in much the same way as CO does. It can be caused, but H2 oxidation does not produce CO2, but rather H2O. This is not considered a problematic greenhouse gas.

[0169] Another reason why the disclosed process is more environmentally friendly than conventional technologies is that it is energy-efficient. Regarding Lance. The reduction of metal oxides is essentially an endothermic chemical reaction. It requires energy. It decomposes metal oxides into metals and oxygen, thereby achieving any Even known approaches to electrochemical conversion that avoid direct CO2 production require large amounts of electricity. And this is usually produced from non-renewable sources. Conventional metal ore processing involves large amounts of coal By utilizing this, the necessary heat is generated (from coal combustion), and carbon is used for the reduction chemical reaction. It provides. In contrast, some embodiments provide carbon and water in an energy-efficient manner. In an integrated bioreduction process that utilizes elements, the necessary heat is obtained from the pyrolysis off-gas. This will provide a solution that avoids pollution from coal combustion.

[0170] The integrated bioreduction of metal ores is environmentally friendly compared to the conventional use of fossil fuels such as coal. This significantly reduces the impact on the environment. Conventional approaches generate per ton of ore processed. It is associated with "carbon intensity," which is the net amount of carbon dioxide that is converted. "Carbon strength" is the net carbon dioxide equivalent produced per ton of ore processed. It can also be defined as follows: "Equivalent of carbon dioxide" or "CO2e" is equivalent to the amount of global warming This represents the amount of CO2 that has an effect. For example, in the case of metal mining processing, the average is 11.9kJ. It is g CO2 / ton (Tost et al., "Metal Mining's Environmental Pressures:A Review and Update ated Estimates on CO2Emissions,Water Us e,and Land Requirements”,Sustainability 2018,10,2881 (This is incorporated by reference). In various embodiments, this The processes disclosed in the specification are approximately 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% more efficient than the prior art. Characterized by a reduction in carbon intensity or CO2 equivalent carbon intensity of %, 90%, 95%, or 99%. It is possible. In various embodiments, the processes disclosed herein are approximately 10, 9, 8 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, or 0.1 kg C This specification may be characterized by a carbon intensity of O2 / ton or less, or a CO2 equivalent carbon intensity. In the processes and methods disclosed herein, most or all of the CO2 produced is absorbed by living organisms. It is carbon oxide, and as a result, the effective carbon strength is very low, zero, or like carbon steel. It can even be negative if a net carbon blockage exists in the final product.

[0171] Surprisingly, the inventors have found that by intentionally limiting oxygen during the combustion of pyrolysis off-gas... This allows for more (in contrast to CO2 in complete combustion) This can generate CO, which can then be used as a reducing agent. It was found that the production of CO from partial oxidation provides some heat, but the conversion to CO2 is It provides less heat compared to conventional complete oxidation. Various embodiments use the heat generated to produce gold Taking advantage of the knowledge that it may be sufficient to carry out the endothermic reduction of group oxides, the reduction is performed by partially acid The CO produced from chemical processes is used chemically.

[0172] Based on the above, some modified forms are methods for optimizing the reduction of metal oxides. The thermal decomposition of biomass to obtain carbon and thermal decomposition off-gases, and the combustion stoichiometry of oxygen By intentionally using less oxygen to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, thereby generating heat, carbon monoxide, And it generates carbon dioxide and reduces metal oxides using heat and carbon monoxide. The present invention provides a method that includes the following: Typically, the oxidation of the pyrolysis off-gas involves hydrogen and water Further generation is possible. Hydrogen can also be used to reduce metal oxides.

[0173] In some embodiments, carbon can be used directly to reduce metal oxides, for example For example, a metal oxide is reacted with carbon to produce a metal (or a form of metal with a lower degree of reduction) and carbon monoxide. It can produce carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide. Alternatively or additionally, carbon can be added as an additional carbon monoxide. By converting to carbon and then reacting additional carbon monoxide with the metal oxide, the carbon is converted It can be used indirectly to reduce metal oxides.

[0174] Some embodiments involve thermally decomposing wood into biocarbon, and after beneficiation into pellets, the return Biocarbon as a base material is mixed with powdered iron ore (or other metal ore), and hydrogen and CO The process involves using off-gases from pyrolysis, which is abundant in the pellets, to reduce them back to elemental iron. High temperature and moderate retention for the thermal decomposition of biomass (as described herein) Time yields highly fixed carbon products suitable for blending with pellets, and large amounts of CO This results in a gas flow containing H2. Some embodiments generate heat for thermal decomposition. By diverting the gas from the burner, more methane and other hydrocarbons are used for the reduction reaction. Converts to a gas containing CO and H2.

[0175] Some embodiments describe the production of pellets / briquettes containing metal oxides and biocarbons. The premise is that these pellets / briquettes are in or upstream of a metal ore furnace. Metal oxides can be treated in a pyrolysis off-gas environment to remove oxygen.

[0176] This specification discloses a process for reducing metal ore. Figure 1 shows such a process. An illustrative diagram of the process is provided. The process is: To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the thermal decomposition off-gas contains hydrogen or carbon monoxide. To accomplish, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, This is the chemical reduction of metal oxides, achieved using pyrolysis off-gases. It can include reducing and

[0177] Figure 1 shows a process 100 for reducing metal ore 108 using bioreagent 104. The biomass raw material 101 is supplied to the pyrolysis reactor 103. 1 is thermally decomposed in the presence of heat 102 under the conditions further detailed herein. The thermal decomposition of the biomass raw material 101 produces the bioreagent 104 and the thermal decomposition off-gas 106. The carbon-containing bioreagent 104 and metal ore 108 are mixed in the carbon-metal ore mixed unit 10. It is supplied to 7 to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter 112. Additive 109 is added to carbon metal ore By adding it to the mixing unit 107, the biological reagent 104 and the metal ore 108 can be combined. When pellets are used, the product of the carbon metal ore mixture unit 107 is carbon metal. It can be introduced into the ore pelletizing unit 110, thereby allowing the carbon metal ore to be pelletized. To generate lett. Additive 111 is added to the carbon metal ore pelletizing unit 110. It can be incorporated into carbon metal ore pellets. It can be in pellet form, Carbon metal ore particles produced by Lett using the carbon metal ore pelletizing unit 110 The material 112 and the pyrolysis off-gas 106 from the pyrolysis reactor 103 are used in the chemical reduction reactor 1 It is introduced in 13. In the chemical reduction reactor 113, the metal ore of carbon metal ore particulate matter 112 The metal oxide present in 108 is reduced. The bioreagent 104 is as the injected carbon 105. O2 or air 114 can also be introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 113. It can be introduced into 113. The chemical reduction reaction in the chemical reduction reactor 113 is a metal reduction reaction. Product 116 and reducing off-gas 115 are manufactured.

[0178] Further processes for reducing metal ore are disclosed herein. Figure 2 shows the process. This provides an illustrative diagram of such a process. The process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the pyrolysis off-gas produced contains hydrocarbons. and, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Partially oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, thereby generating a reducing gas and heat, This involves the chemical reduction of metal oxides, specifically the partial oxidation of the pyrolysis off-gas. This can include reduction, which is achieved using a reducing gas produced from, Pyrolysis is achieved using the heat generated from partially oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas. It can be done.

[0179] Figure 2 shows the process 200 for reducing metal ore 208 using bioreagent 204. The biomass raw material 201 is supplied to the pyrolysis reactor 203. 1 is thermally decomposed in the presence of heat 202 under the conditions further detailed herein. The thermal decomposition of biomass raw material 201 produces bioreagent 204 and thermal decomposition off-gas 206. The carbon-containing bioreagent 204 and metal ore 208 are used in the carbon-metal ore mixed unit 20. It is supplied to 7 to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter 212. Additive 209 is added to carbon metal ore By adding it to the mixing unit 207, the biological reagent 204 and the metal ore 208 can be combined. When pellets are used, the product of the carbon metal ore mixture unit 207 is carbon metal. It can be introduced into the ore pelletizing unit 210, thereby into the chemical reduction reactor The carbon metal ore particulate matter 212 introduced into 213 is in the form of pellets, Agglomerate ore pellets are produced. Additive 211 is added to the carbon-metal pelletizing unit 210. It can then be incorporated into carbon metal ore pellets. The carbon metal ore particulate matter 212 is It is introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 213. The pyrolysis off-gas 206 from the pyrolysis reactor 203 is Partial oxidation 217 occurs, during which O2 or air 218 is introduced. Off-gas partial oxidation The heat 220 from the source is introduced for pyrolysis in the pyrolysis reactor 203. Off-gas section The product of the partial oxidation 217, reduced gas 219, is introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 213. O2 Alternatively, air 214 can also be introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 213. The biological reagent 204 is Bypass the carbon-metal mixing unit 207 and use the injected carbon 205 as the chemical reduction reactor 213 It can be introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 213. O2 or air 214 can also be introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 213. This can be done. Chemical reduction in chemical reduction reactor 213 produces metal product 216 and reduction off-ga We manufacture the Su215.

[0180] Chemical reduction is a method of obtaining reductions from gasification, steam reforming, or partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. The source gas can be used simultaneously. Chemical reduction occurs in the chemical reduction reactor 213, and in the blast furnace. This can be carried out in a metal ore furnace such as a direct reducing metal furnace, an open-hearth furnace, or another type of furnace. Alternatively or additionally, chemical reduction can be carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace. In this embodiment, chemical reduction is achieved by combustion or partial oxidation of the injected carbon 205 217. The internal heat generated is utilized. In such embodiments, chemical reduction is performed on the injected carbon 20 External heat is utilized, which is separately produced by the combustion or partial oxidation of 217.

[0181] The process is carried out in a metal ore mine, a metal ore processing plant, or a metal ore processing plant itself. It can be jointly installed in metal mines that are jointly located in the same area.

[0182] Further processes for reducing metal ore are disclosed herein. Figure 3 shows the process. This provides an illustrative diagram of such a process. The process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, The process involves generating reducing gases from the gasification, partial oxidation, or steam reforming of bioreagents, Chemical reduction of metal oxides, achieved using a reducing gas. It can include and

[0183] Figure 3 shows the process 300 for reducing metal ore 308 using bioreagent 304. The explanation is provided. Biomass raw material 301 is introduced into the pyrolysis reactor 303, and pyrolysis is carried out. Pyrolysis off-gas 306 and bioreagent 304 are produced together with optional external heat 302. The carbon-containing bioreagent 304 and the metal ore 308 are mixed in the carbon-metal ore mixing unit 307. The carbon metal ore particulate matter 312 is produced by supplying the additive 309 to the carbon metal ore mixture. It can be added to unit 307 and incorporated with the bioreagent 304 and the metal ore 308. If pellets are used, carbon metal ore particulate matter is introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 313. As 312 is in the form of pellets, the product of the carbon metal ore mixed unit 307 is carbon Additive 311 can be introduced into the metal ore pelletizing unit 310. It can also be introduced into a stone pelletizing unit and incorporated into the pellet product. Carbon metal ore Stone particulate matter 312 and reducing gas 319 are supplied to the chemical reduction reactor 313, from which gold A related product 316 and a reducing off-gas 315 are produced. O2 or air 314 is also chemically reduced. It can be introduced into reactor 313.

[0184] Chemical reduction in chemical reduction reactor 313 occurs during thermal decomposition in thermal decomposition reactor 303. Gasification of light hydrocarbons such as light hydrocarbons present in the obtained bioreagent 304, and water vaporization. The second reducing gas obtained from reforming or partial oxidation 317 can be used simultaneously. The bioreagent 304 from the decomposition reactor 303 is partially oxidized with carbon, accompanied by the introduction of O2 or air 318. It is involved in chemical reaction 317. The reducing gas 319 is introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 313. Bioreagent 304 bypasses the carbon-metal ore mixing unit 307 and is chemically returned as injected carbon 305. It can be introduced into the original reactor 313.

[0185] Chemical reduction occurs in the chemical reduction reactor 213, and in a blast furnace, direct reduction metal furnace, open-hearth furnace, or another This can be done in a metal ore furnace, such as a type of furnace. Alternatively or additionally, chemically return This can be done upstream of the metal ore furnace.

[0186] The process is carried out in a metal ore mine, a metal ore processing plant, or a metal ore processing plant itself. It can be jointly installed in metal mines that are jointly located in the same area.

[0187] This specification discloses a process for processing metal ore. The process is as follows: To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the pyrolysis off-gas contains hydrogen or carbon monoxide, To do, The objective is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore is in particulate form, and the metal ore is a metal acid Metallic compounds, metal crudes, metal hydrides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal phosphates Obtaining things, or combinations thereof, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal hydrides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, gold Chemical production of elemental metals from phosphides or combinations thereof, This can be achieved using decomposition off-gas, and may include manufacturing.

[0188] The process involves pelletizing carbon metal ore particulate matter, thereby transforming carbon metal ore pellets into This can further include generating a T.

[0189] Chemical reduction can directly utilize the off-gas produced by thermal decomposition. Chemical reduction first involves thermal decomposition. The off-gas is partially oxidized, thereby generating a reducing gas, and then the reducing gas is used Metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal hydrides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metals By chemically producing elemental metals from phosphides or combinations thereof, heat The off-gas can be used indirectly.

[0190] When metal-containing species other than metal oxides are converted to metals or other metal-containing species, temperature, pressure The process conditions, including reaction time and reactant composition, are designed to achieve the desired chemical reaction. It is necessary to do so. For example, in the case of metal hydrides, carbon dioxide and water are added in addition to the corresponding metal. or conversion to methane can be achieved. Typically, any metal ore is less Both have metal oxides, and process conditions aimed at reducing metal oxides are other forms of metal It may be effective in converting. Alternatively or additionally, metal ore may be a significant amount of other forms If the reaction includes a metal in its natural state (e.g., a metal sulfide), additional reaction steps may be used. Those skilled in the art can use routine experiments to estimate reaction conditions using the teachings of this disclosure. It should be possible.

[0191] In some embodiments, chemical reduction involves gasification, partial oxidation, or This method simultaneously utilizes reducing gas obtained from steam reforming. For example, heavy coal obtained during pyrolysis. Hydrogen ion can be converted into at least a portion of the reducing gas.

[0192] Chemical reduction is a process that yields light hydrocarbons and other light substances as part of the pyrolysis off-gas during pyrolysis. Simultaneous use of reducing gases obtained from hydrocarbon gasification, partial oxidation, or steam reforming. It is possible.

[0193] Chemical reduction occurs in metal ore furnaces such as blast furnaces, direct reduction metal furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, or other types of furnaces. It is possible. Alternatively or additionally, chemical reduction can be carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace. can.

[0194] The process is carried out in a metal ore mine, a metal ore processing plant, or a metal ore processing plant itself. It can be jointly installed in metal mines that are jointly located in the same area.

[0195] This specification discloses a process for producing carbon metal ore pellets. Figure 4 shows The diagram provides an example of such a process. To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. It can include things like that.

[0196] Figure 4 shows the process for producing carbon metal ore pellets 420 using the bioreagent 404. This provides a description of the 400. The biomass raw material 401 is introduced into the pyrolysis reactor 403. The thermal decomposition by external heat 402 produces the thermal decomposition off-gas 406 and the biological reagent 404. The carbon-containing bioreagent 404 and the metal ore 408 are supplied to the carbon-metal ore mixing unit 407. The carbon metal ore is supplied to produce particulate carbon metal ore. Additive 409 is added to the carbon metal ore mixing unit. It can be added to 407 and incorporated with the bioreagent 404 and the metal ore 408. (Carbon Gold) The carbon metal ore particulate matter produced by the ore mixing unit 407 is carbon metal ore p It is introduced into the retting unit 410. From the carbon metal ore pelletizing unit 410, carbon Metallic ore pellets 420 are produced. Additive 411 is a carbon metal ore pelletization unit. It can also be introduced into a kit and incorporated into carbon metal ore pellets 420.

[0197] Further processes for producing carbon metal ore pellets are disclosed herein. The process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. It can include, The bioreagent contains at least approximately 50% by weight of fixed carbon. Carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 0.1% to at most about 50% total carbon by weight. Includes.

[0198] This specification discloses a process for manufacturing metal nuggets. Figure 5 shows the process. An illustrative diagram of the process is provided. The process is: To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the thermal decomposition off-gas contains hydrogen or carbon monoxide. To accomplish, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. That thing, This involves chemically reducing metal oxides to produce metal nuggets. Scientific reduction is achieved using pyrolysis off-gas, and the resulting product is produced. The process involves recovering metal nuggets, which are the reduced form of metal oxides. Includes metal, and the metal nuggets are essentially composed of metal and carbon, and include recovery. It is possible.

[0199] Figure 5 shows process 50 for producing a metal nugget 521 using the bioreagent 504. It indicates 0. The biomass raw material 501 is supplied to the pyrolysis reactor 503. Biomass raw material 501 is thermally decomposed in the presence of heat 502 under conditions further detailed herein. The thermal decomposition of biomass raw material 501 produces bioreagent 504 and thermal decomposition off-gas 506. The carbon-containing bioreagent 504 and metal ore 508 are produced in a carbon-metal ore mixed unit. It is supplied to 507 to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter. Additive 509 is mixed with carbon metal ore. It can be added to the mixing unit 507 to combine the biological reagent 504 and the metal ore 508. The carbon metal ore particulate matter produced by the carbon metal ore mixing unit 507 is carbon It is introduced into the metal ore pelletizing unit 510, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets 51 2 is produced. Additive 511 is added to the carbon metal ore pelletizing unit 510, It can be incorporated into the carbon metal ore pellets 512. Carbon metal from the pyrolysis reactor 503 The ore pellets 512 and the pyrolysis off-gas 506 are introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 513. In the chemical reduction reactor 513, the metal ore 508 present in the carbon metal ore pellet 512 The metal oxide is reduced. The bioreagent 504 is used as the injected carbon 505 in the chemical reduction reactor 5 It can be introduced into 13. O2 or air 514 is also introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 513. This is possible. The chemical reduction reaction in the chemical reduction reactor 513 involves the metal nugget 521 and We manufacture the reducing off-gas 515.

[0200] This specification discloses a process for producing metal from metal ore. Figure 6 illustrates this process. This provides an illustrative diagram of the process. The process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents, and the bioreagents However, it contains carbon, and it is produced, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. That thing, Introducing carbon metal ore pellets into a chemical reduction furnace, The carbon contained in the carbon metal ore particulate matter is oxidized, thereby generating heat and carbon monoxide. Oxidation is the process of reducing an oven by introducing air or oxygen into a chemical reduction furnace. To be generated, In a chemical reduction furnace, the metal oxides contained in the carbon metal ore pellets are chemically reduced, This process involves generating metals through chemical reduction using carbon monoxide. The process of generating, is achieved by This may include recovering metals.

[0201] Figure 6 shows a method for producing metal 625 from metal ore 608 using bioreagent 604. This shows the process 600. The biomass raw material 601 is supplied to the pyrolysis reactor 603. The omas raw material 601 is subjected to the conditions described below in further detail in this specification, in the presence of heat 602. It is thermally decomposed below. The thermal decomposition of biomass raw material 501 is carried out by the bioreagent 604 and thermal decomposition off-gas. S606 is produced. The bioreagent 604 containing carbon and the metal ore 608 are carbon metal ore mixtures. It is supplied to the compounding unit 607 to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter. Additive 609 is carbon Add to the metal ore mixing unit 607 to combine the bioreagent 604 and the metal ore 608. This is possible. Carbon metal ore particulate matter produced by carbon metal ore mixing unit 607. The material is introduced into the carbon metal ore briquetting unit 622, thereby the carbon metal ore Briquet 624 is produced. Additive 623 is added to the carbon metal ore briquetting unit 62 It can be added to 2 and incorporated into the carbon metal ore briquette 624. Rickett 624 is introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 613. Heat from the pyrolysis reactor 603 The decontamination off-gas 606 can be introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 613. In 13, the metal oxide present in the metal ore 608 of the carbon metal ore briquette 624. It is reduced. The biological reagent 604 is introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 613 as injected carbon 605. O2 or air 614 can also be introduced into the chemical reduction reactor 613. The chemical reduction reaction in chemical reduction reactor 613 involves metal 625, slag 626, and reduction We manufacture off-gas 615.

[0202] In some embodiments, some of the bioreagents are supplied directly to the chemical reduction furnace.

[0203] In some embodiments, the pyrolysis off-gas is added to the carbon metal ore particulate matter, or raw In addition to being a reagent, it can be introduced into a chemical reduction furnace. For example, when it is used with pellets. This is an embodiment that is supplied simultaneously.

[0204] This specification discloses further processes for producing metals from metal ores. Seth, To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the pyrolysis off-gas contains carbon monoxide or hydrogen, To do, The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Introducing carbon metal ore particulate matter into a chemical reduction furnace, The process of oxidizing carbon, thereby producing heat and carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Oxidation is achieved by introducing air or oxygen into a chemical reduction furnace, producing and, In a chemical reduction furnace, the metal oxides contained in the carbon metal ore pellets are chemically reduced, This process involves generating metals through chemical reduction using carbon monoxide. The process of generating, is achieved by This may include recovering metals.

[0205] In some embodiments, after generating carbon metal ore particulate matter, the process is carried out. Further, the process involves pelletizing ore particulate matter to produce carbon metal ore pellets. In such embodiments, the carbon metal ore pellets are introduced into a chemical reduction furnace.

[0206] In some embodiments, the process involves introducing a bioreagent or a portion thereof into a chemical reduction furnace. This further includes the following.

[0207] The carbon oxidized in a chemical reduction furnace may be contained within the carbon-metal-ore particulate matter, or Carbon oxidized in a chemical reduction furnace can be present in biological reagents.

[0208] In some embodiments, the process leads the pyrolysis off-gas or a portion thereof into a chemical reduction furnace. This further includes entering.

[0209] Carbon monoxide, used to achieve the chemical reduction of metal oxides, is used in the oxidation of bioreagents. Is it possible that it is a finished product, or is it possible that it is a product of the oxidation of carbon contained in particulate carbon metal ore? or may be contained in the pyrolysis off-gas.

[0210] This specification discloses further processes for producing metals from metal ores. Seth, To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing biomass raw materials to produce bioreagents and thermal decomposition off-gases. The bioreagent contains carbon, and the pyrolysis off-gas contains hydrogen. The purpose is to obtain a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains metal oxides, and the metal ore is particulate matter. In form, to obtain, Combining carbon with metal ore to produce carbon-metal ore particulate matter, Introducing carbon metal ore pellets into a chemical reduction furnace, The process of oxidizing carbon, thereby producing heat and carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Oxidation is achieved by introducing air or oxygen into a chemical reduction furnace, producing and, In a chemical reduction furnace, the metal oxides contained in the carbon metal ore pellets are chemically reduced, This process involves generating metals through chemical reduction using carbon monoxide. To produce, or achieved using hydrogen, This may include recovering metals.

[0211] In some embodiments, after generating carbon metal ore particulate matter, the process is carried out. Further, the process involves pelletizing ore particulate matter to produce carbon metal ore pellets. In such embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets can be introduced into a chemical reduction furnace. Cut.

[0212] In some embodiments, the process involves introducing a bioreagent or a portion thereof into a chemical reduction furnace. This further includes the following.

[0213] The carbon oxidized in a chemical reduction furnace may be contained within the carbon-metal-ore particulate matter, or Carbon oxidized in a chemical reduction furnace can be present in biological reagents.

[0214] In some embodiments, the process leads the pyrolysis off-gas or a portion thereof into a chemical reduction furnace. This further includes entering.

[0215] Carbon monoxide, which can be used to achieve the chemical reduction of metal oxides, is a bioreagent. It may be a product of oxidation of carbon contained in carbon metal ore particulate matter, or a product of oxidation of carbon. It may also be a finished product. Hydrogen that can be used to achieve the chemical reduction of metal oxides is a thermal component. It can be contained within the off-gas.

[0216] Process parameters The process parameters provided in this section apply to the processes described herein, for example, Processes for reducing metal ore, processes for processing metal ore, carbon metal ore Process for manufacturing pellets, process for manufacturing metal nuggets, and metal This applies to the process of manufacturing metals from ore.

[0217] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed to gasify a bioreagent or a part thereof. The reducing gas obtained from partial oxidation or steam reforming is used simultaneously. The reducing gas is CO and It can contain at least one of H2, and is typically both CO and H2. Includes synthesis gas. Even if other components such as CH4, CO2, and H2O are present in the reducing gas. good.

[0218] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed, along with gasification and partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. Alternatively, reducing gas obtained from steam reforming can be used simultaneously.

[0219] Chemical reduction is the process of reducing metal in blast furnaces, direct reducing metal furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, or other types of furnaces. This can be done in a metal ore furnace. Alternatively or additionally, chemical reduction can be performed on the metal. This can be done upstream of the ore furnace.

[0220] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is achieved by combustion or partial oxidation of carbon. The internal heat generated during production is utilized. In these or other embodiments, chemical reduction is performed. External heat, separately produced by the combustion or partial oxidation of carbon, can be utilized.

[0221] The process is carried out in a metal ore mine, a metal ore processing plant, or a metal ore processing plant itself. It can be jointly installed in metal mines that are jointly located in the same area.

[0222] In some embodiments, the process pelletizes the carbon metal ore particulate matter, and This includes producing carbon metal ore pellets. In some embodiments, metal oxidation The substance is contained within the carbon metal ore pellets.

[0223] In some embodiments, the biomass raw material is softwood chips, hardwood chips, and timber harvesting residues. Tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat Wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy Sugarcane, sugar beet, sugar beet pulp, sunflower, sorghum, cabbage Nora, algae, pampas grass, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shells, fruit stems, Fruit peels, fruit seeds, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable peels, vegetable seeds, grape juice Tonsil husks, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste Grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings Lignin, food packaging, construction or demolition waste, animal manure, municipal solid waste, urban It is the city's sewage system, or a combination of both.

[0224] The bioreagents produced by the pyrolysis step described herein contain at least about 50% by weight. It may contain at least approximately 75% by weight, or at least approximately 90% by weight, total carbon. In various embodiments, the bioreagent is approximately, at least approximately, or at most approximately 50, 55, 60. Contains 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99% by weight of total carbon. The element is the sum of fixed and unfixed carbon present in a volatile substance. Several embodiments Therefore, the weight percentages of the components are absolute standards and are assumed unless otherwise specified. In this embodiment, the weight percentage of the components is based on anhydrous and ash-free materials.

[0225] The bioreagent produced by the pyrolysis step contains at least about 50% by weight, at least It may contain approximately 75% by weight, or at least approximately 90% by weight, total carbon. Various implementations In this state, the biological reagents are approximately 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 , or containing 99% by weight of total carbon, within an intervening range (e.g., approximately 70-99% by weight of total carbon) Includes.

[0226] The bioreagents produced by thermal decomposition consist of at least about 50% by weight and at least about 75% by weight. It may contain fixed carbon by a certain amount, or at least about 90% by weight. In various embodiments, The bioreagents are approximately, at least approximately, or at most approximately 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 , containing 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99% by weight of fixed carbon, including the intervening range ( For example, it contains approximately 70-99% by weight of fixed carbon.

[0227] The carbon contained in the bioreagent is, for example, at least about 50% by weight and at least about 75% by weight. It may be fixed carbon by weight %, or at least about 90% by weight, with the remainder being volatile carbon. In various embodiments, carbon is approximately, at least approximately, or at most approximately 50, 55, 60. Fixed carbon at 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100% by weight It contains and includes an intervening range (e.g., approximately 70-99% by weight of fixed carbon).

[0228] The conditions for thermal decomposition include the desired composition of the bioreagent and thermal decomposition off-gas, the starting materials, and the metal oxide. The thermal decomposition temperature may vary depending on the type, reactor configuration, and other factors described herein. The degree is an important parameter and should be controlled. Generally speaking, higher heat content A decomposition temperature, for example, around 600°C to 850°C, produces more hydrogen in the off-gas during pyrolysis. This leaves less hydrogen in the bioreagent. This is due to the reduction of metal oxides (in other words, acid In embodiments where hydrogen in the off-gas is used for the removal of lower A thermal decomposition temperature, for example, around 400°C to 600°C, leaves more hydrogen in the bioreagent. Therefore, there is less hydrogen in the off-gas. This is due to the reduction of metal oxides in the bio Features such as utilizing hydrogen in reagents, self-reducing pellets, or injecting biocarbon into metal reduction furnaces. In certain embodiments, this may be advantageous. In any scenario, hydrogen is used to return metal oxides to the metal oxide. It can be used for the original purpose, which avoids direct CO2 generation, and therefore This is desirable because it improves the environmental footprint by reducing carbon intensity.

[0229] In some embodiments, the metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore. Ore, manganese ore, aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore It is a stone, tungsten ore, molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. In terms of application, metal ore is iron ore, for example, hematite, magnetite, limonite, etc. It is an iron ore selected from conite or a combination thereof.

[0230] Metal ore is processed in one or more ore-dressing units. It could be a metallic ore.

[0231] In some embodiments, the particulate material is in the form of a powdered metal ore.

[0232] Carbon metal ore particulate matter includes carbon metal ore fine powder (e.g., powder), carbon metal ore chunks, or It could be another type of particulate matter. If pellets are produced, there can be a wide variety of pellet shapes. It is possible to manufacture these. The shape of the pellets is not limited to spherical or nearly spherical. Shapes include spherical (circular or ball-shaped), cubic (square), octagonal, hexagonal, and honeycomb. / Honeycomb shape, oval, egg shape, cylindrical, rod shape, bread shape, pillow shape, random, or It could be a combination of those.

[0233] Carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 0.1% by weight to at most about 50% by weight of carbon. For example, it can contain at least about 1% by weight and at most about 10% by weight of carbon. In certain embodiments, such as those used in connection with blast furnaces, carbon metal ore particulate matter is It contains at least approximately 3% by weight and at most approximately 6% by weight of carbon.

[0234] In certain embodiments, carbon-metal ore pellets essentially consist of carbon and metal ore.

[0235] Carbon metal ore pellets may contain additives such as binders. Binders are inorganic Contains celandite clay, limestone, starch, cellulose, lignin, or acrylamide. It is possible. When lignin is used as a binder (or as a general additive), Lignin can be obtained from the same biomass raw materials used in the pyrolysis process. Yes, it is possible. For example, the starting biomass raw material can be subjected to a lignin extraction step and used as a binder. A certain amount of lignin can be removed for use. Then, the remaining solid is thermally decomposed. It can be supplied to the process.

[0236] The additives may include inorganic chlorides, inorganic fluorides, or fluxes such as lime.

[0237] In some embodiments, the additive is an acid, a base, or a salt or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the additive is a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, or a metal halogen. It is a compound, or a combination or derivative thereof. The additive is sodium hydroxide, water Potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, permanganese Potassium phosphate, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, boron Element, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron halides, iron chloride, Iron bromide, dolomite, dolomite lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide It may be cium, lime, or a combination or derivative thereof.

[0238] Additives may be added before, during, or after any one or more steps of the process. This can be done, and this includes adding it to the raw material itself at any point before or after harvesting. When additives are incorporated into the process depends on the desired product. For example, derivatives are , or it may be a thermal decomposition product of the additive and the raw material, in which case the additive is either before thermal decomposition or It is added in between. In such embodiments, the derivative is an additive. The additive is thermally decomposed. There are embodiments in which the raw materials do not react substantially.

[0239] In chemical reduction, pyrolysis off-gas is used to chemically reduce metal oxides. "Utilizing" means that CO, H2, or both CO and H2 are metal oxides (for example, Fe3O4) to the corresponding metal (e.g., Fe) or a less reduced metal oxide (e.g., For example, in a chemical reaction that reduces FeO to Fe2O3 (which is less reduced than Fe2O3), gold This demonstrates chemical reaction with group oxides. It also shows how to chemically react with metal oxides using thermal decomposition off-gas. Reducing to utilize at least a portion of the sensible heat contained in the pyrolysis off-gas, Whether mechanically, kinetically, or both, to cause or enable an endothermic reaction. It can also be referred to as [another term]. Pyrolysis off-gas is useful in endothermic reactions that require heat. (Theory) Although not bound by this, high-temperature off-gas should be mixed with another flow before being injected into the furnace or reactor. Heat exchange is possible, in which case CO or H2 is chemically utilized, but the heat of reaction is heat. It can be obtained from a source different from the decomposition off-gas. In some embodiments, pyrolysis Even if the off-gas is hot, it will be at a lower temperature than the reaction zone of the reactor into which it is injected. It is a degree. In such embodiments, the off-gas does not provide heat, but actually does not provide heat. It can be considered that the furnace itself is being heated, and the contents of the furnace are relatively compared to conventional methods. Endothermic chemical reactions remain favorable with low overall energy consumption, The cooling is not as effective as what happens when injecting syrup.

[0240] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed on at least a portion of the pyrolysis off-gas. Direct use is employed. Alternatively or additionally, chemical reduction is performed first by thermal decomposition off-gas. The carbon is partially oxidized, thereby generating a reducing gas, and then the reducing gas is used to remove carbon Chemical reduction of metal oxides that may be contained in metal ore particulate matter or carbon metal ore pellets. By doing so, the pyrolysis off-gas can be used indirectly.

[0241] In some embodiments, the thermal decomposition off-gas undergoes partial oxidation rather than complete oxidation (combustion) of the heat. This generates CO or H2O, rather than combustion gases that mainly consist of CO2 and H2O. A reducing gas containing 2 is produced. Heat is used to raise the temperature of thermal decomposition, or other processes. It can be used for ceterature applications. Partial oxidation requires less heat than complete oxidation. It is produced, but more reducing gas is produced, which is useful for chemical reduction. ru.

[0242] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed to gasify a bioreagent or a part thereof. The reducing gas obtained from partial oxidation or steam reforming is used simultaneously. The reducing gas is CO and It can contain at least one of H2, and is typically both CO and H2. Includes synthesis gas. Even if other components such as CH4, CO2, and H2O are present in the reducing gas. good.

[0243] In some embodiments, the bioreagent or a portion thereof is a heavy hydrocarbon obtained during thermal decomposition. Heavy hydrocarbons, including heavy hydrocarbons, are converted into at least some of the reducing gas. It may originate from decomposition off-gases or volatile carbons remaining in bioreagents. Heavy hydrocarbons are present in small amounts. This includes hydrocarbons having at least five carbon atoms (for example, n-hexane or toluene). It is possible.

[0244] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is performed, along with gasification and partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. Alternatively, reducing gas obtained from steam reforming is used simultaneously. Light hydrocarbons are pyrolysis off-gases. It can be derived from, in other words, it can be obtained during thermal decomposition. Alternatively or additionally, light Light hydrocarbons can be diverted from the feed to the combustion chamber that heats the pyrolysis reactor. Hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., methane or n-butane). It can include...

[0245] The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% hydrogen, for example, at least 10 mol% hydrogen. It can contain. The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% carbon monoxide, for example, less Both can contain 10 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0246] The reducing gas contains at least 10 mol% hydrogen, for example, at least 15 mol%, 20 mol% 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, or 50 mol% water It may contain elements. The reducing gas is at least 10 mol% carbon monoxide, for example, at least All are 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, and 45 It may contain 1% or 50 mol% carbon monoxide.

[0247] Chemical reduction is the process of reducing metal in blast furnaces, direct reducing metal furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, or other types of furnaces. This can be done in a metal ore furnace. Alternatively or additionally, chemical reduction can be performed on the metal. This can be done upstream of the ore furnace.

[0248] In some embodiments, chemical reduction is achieved by combustion or partial oxidation of carbon. The internal heat generated during production is utilized. In these or other embodiments, chemical reduction is performed. External heat, separately produced by the combustion or partial oxidation of carbon, can be utilized.

[0249] The process is carried out in a metal ore mine, a metal ore processing plant, or a metal ore processing plant itself. It can be jointly installed in metal mines that are jointly located in the same area.

[0250] In some embodiments, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction are carried out in the same location. In other embodiments, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction are carried out at different locations.

[0251] Embodiments utilizing a metal ore furnace or a chemical reduction furnace Metal ore furnaces or chemical reduction furnaces include blast furnaces, top gas recirculation blast furnaces, shaft furnaces, and reverberatory furnaces. Also known as an air furnace, crucible furnace, silenced furnace, retort furnace, flash furnace, Tecnore D-type furnace, Oosmelt furnace, ISASMELT furnace, paddling furnace, bogie hearth furnace, continuous chain Iron furnace, pusher furnace, rotary hearth furnace, walking beam furnace, electric arc furnace, induction furnace, base This could be a oxidative oxygen furnace, a paddling furnace, a Bessemer furnace, a direct reduction furnace, or a combination thereof. ru.

[0252] Metal ore furnaces or chemical reduction furnaces can be arranged horizontally, vertically, or at an angle. The flow of solids or fluids (or liquids or gases) may be parallel or countercurrent. It may be a fixed bed or a fluidized bed. Metal ore furnaces or chemical reduction furnaces have temperature, pressure, and retention. It can be operated under various process conditions over time.

[0253] Some embodiments utilize a blast furnace. A blast furnace is used to produce industrial metals such as iron or copper. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting iron ore for commercial purposes. It is also used in the production of pig iron, an intermediate material used in the manufacture of steel. Blast furnaces are also For example, it is used in combination with a sintering plant in the smelting of base metals.

[0254] In the context of a "blast furnace," the term "blast" refers to the forced or supplied combustion air exceeding atmospheric pressure. This refers to the process of burning metal ore, carbon (e.g., bioreagents), and usually flat metal. While lumber (for example, limestone) is continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, hot air ( (This may involve oxygen enrichment) which is blown into the lower part of the furnace through a series of pipes called tuyeres. The chemical reduction reaction occurs throughout the furnace as the materials fall downwards. The final product is usually , the molten metal and slag phase removed from the bottom, and the waste gas (reducing gas) coming out from the top of the furnace This is a metal along a flux that is in countercurrent contact with the rising flow of high-temperature CO-rich gas. The downward flow of ore enables efficient chemical reactions that reduce metallic ore back into metal.

[0255] Air furnaces (such as reverberatory furnaces) are typically naturally drawn in by the convection of high-temperature gases in the chimney flue. According to this broad definition, a block iron furnace for iron, a blowhouse for tin, and A smelter for lead is classified as a blast furnace.

[0256] Blast furnaces remain an important part of modern iron production. Modern furnaces are highly efficient, A Cowper stove preheats the blast air that enters with waste heat from the flue gas, and It includes a recovery system that extracts heat from the high-temperature gases leaving the furnace. Blast furnaces are typically refractory. Constructed in the form of a tall structure lined with ga, the supply material is heated as it descends. The outer shape is such that it expands and then shrinks in size as melting begins. ru.

[0257] In some embodiments relating to iron production, renewable carbon, iron ore (iron oxide), and stone are used. A bioreagent containing lime flux is charged into the top of the blast furnace. The blast furnace contains carbon monoxide It can be configured to allow high-temperature, contaminated gas to be released from the furnace throat, while B The leader valve can protect the top of the furnace from sudden gas pressure surges. The coarse particles can settle and be disposed of, while the gas can be removed by a venturi scrubber or The purified gas can flow through an electrostatic precipitator or gas cooler to lower its temperature. The casting chamber at the bottom of the furnace houses the equipment for casting liquid iron and slag. The taphole is fireproofed so that the slag flows down the trough through the opening, separating the iron from the slag. A hole can be drilled in the plug. When pig iron and slag are tapped out, the tapping hole is made of refractory clay. It can be blocked. Nozzles called tuyeres supply hot air to increase the efficiency of the blast furnace. It is used for the purpose of directing hot air into the furnace through cooled tuyeres near the base. The hot air temperature is, for example, at least about 900°C to at most about 1300°C (air temperature). It is possible. The temperature inside the blast furnace can be at least about 2000°C. Other carbonaceous materials or oxygen It is injected into the furnace at the tuyeres level, and combined with carbon (from bioreagents) to generate additional energy. It is also possible to release and increase the percentage of existing reducing gases, which increases productivity. .

[0258] Blast furnaces have a stronger affinity for oxygen in metal ore (e.g., iron ore) than for the corresponding metal. It operates on the principle of chemical reduction, where carbon monoxide, which contains carbon monoxide, reduces metals to their elemental forms. Unlike bloc furnaces and reverberatory furnaces, in a blast furnace, flue gas directly mixes with the ore and metal. Contact occurs, diffusing carbon monoxide into the ore and reducing the metal oxide to an elemental metal mixed with carbon. To cause this to happen. Blast furnaces typically operate as a continuous countercurrent exchange process.

[0259] Silica is usually removed from pig iron. Silica reacts with calcium oxide to form silicates. It forms, which then floats on the surface of the molten pig iron as slag. Metal ore, flux, carbon The downward-moving column for the reaction products must be sufficiently porous for the flue gas to pass through. No. This requires that the particles be large enough for the bioreagent carbon to be permeable. Therefore, the weight of the material on which the bioreagent (which may include additives) is used is important. It must be strong enough not to be crushed by carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and ash. In addition to having fewer of them, they are also physically strong.

[0260] Chemical reactions in blast furnaces Many chemical reactions occur in blast furnaces. Chemical reactions involve using hematite (F) as the starting metal oxide. This can be understood by referring to e2O3. This form of iron oxide, in the initial raw materials, It is common in iron ore processing, either in its as-manufactured state within the blast furnace or in its other form. Iron ore in various forms (e.g., taconite) contains iron oxide (Fe3O4, F) at different concentrations. It contains e2O3, FeO, etc.

[0261] The typical chemical reactions used to produce molten iron in a blast furnace are the following endothermic reactions. Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

[0262] This reaction occurs over many steps, the first step being the preheating of the furnace by blowing in The blasted air reacts with carbon (for example, from a bioreagent) to produce carbon monoxide and heat. That is what it is. 2C + O2 → 2CO High-temperature carbon monoxide is a reducing agent for iron ore, reacting with iron oxide to form molten iron and carbon dioxide. It manufactures iron. Depending on the temperature of different parts of the furnace (typically the bottom being the highest), the iron will be... It is reduced in a few steps. At the top, where the temperature is typically in the range of 200-700°C, oxidation occurs. Iron is partially reduced to iron(II,III) oxide, Fe3O4. 3Fe2O3 + CO → 2Fe3O4 + CO2 At a temperature of approximately 850°C, further down in the furnace, iron(II,III) is converted into iron(II) oxide (FeO2). It is further reduced to :. Fe3O4 + CO → 3FeO + CO2 High-temperature carbon dioxide, unreacted carbon monoxide, and nitrogen from the air are reacted to the fresh supply material. As the material moves downward into the response zone, it passes through the furnace upwards. Then, the counterflow gas preheats the supply charge and also burns limestone (if used) to calcium oxide. It decomposes into calcium and carbon dioxide. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 The calcium oxide formed by the decomposition combines with various acidic impurities in the iron (especially silica). The reaction forms a slag that is mainly calcium silicate (CaSiO3). SiO2 + CaO → CaSiO3 As FeO moves to higher temperature ranges up to 1200°C, FeO changes. The metal is further reduced to iron, and carbon monoxide is again used as a reactant. FeO + CO → Fe + CO2 The carbon dioxide formed in this process reacts with bioreagents via the reverse Boudois reaction. By doing so, it can be converted back to carbon monoxide. C + CO2 → 2CO

[0263] In the chemical reaction shown above, carbon monoxide is an in situ product of carbon oxidation. It should be noted that, instead of being a separate system, it can be directly introduced into the blast furnace as an alternative or additional measure. According to this disclosure, CO may be a pyrolysis off-gas introduced into the furnace. It can also contain CO2, which can produce more CO through the reverse Boudois reaction.

[0264] Conventional blast furnaces lack the hydrogen available to cause the reduction of metal oxides. Alternatively or additionally, a pyrolysis off-gas containing hydrogen can be injected into the blast furnace. Specifically, hydrogen contains volatile carbons associated with hydrogen in bioreagents (e.g., heavy tar components). In that case, it may be available in the bioreagents supplied to the blast furnace. Hydrogen is the same as above. However, it can trigger an additional reduction reaction in which CO is replaced by H2. 3Fe2O3 + H2 → 2Fe3O4 + H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 → 3Fe + 4H2O

[0265] These reactions occur in parallel with the reduction reaction by CO. Hydrogen also undergoes a reverse water gas shift. In the reaction, it can react with carbon dioxide to produce more CO.

[0266] Pig iron produced by blast furnaces typically has a relatively high carbon content of about 3-6% by weight. It is abundant. Pig iron can be used to make cast iron. It is produced by a blast furnace. The pig iron is typically processed to reduce its carbon and sulfur content, and then processed into various grades for commercial use. Further processing is performed to manufacture the steel. This further process is called basic oxygen steelmaking. At the TEPP stage, carbon is oxidized by blowing oxygen onto liquid pig iron to form crude steel. do.

[0267] Desulfurization traditionally involves the reaction of iron sulfide contained in pig iron to form calcium sulfide. This is done by adding citric acid during the transport of liquid iron to the steel mill. In the application method, desulfurization also involves reacting metal sulfides with CO (from the off-gas of thermal decomposition) to produce gold This can occur inside or downstream of the furnace by forming genus and carbonyl sulfide (CSO) compounds. ru.

[0268] Other types of furnaces can use other chemical reactions. Carbon or carbon-containing materials can be used in the transformation. In the chemical conversion of metal oxides to metals using gases (such as CO), the carbon is renewable. It will be understood that it can be carbon. This disclosure relates to the thermal decomposition of biomass. Provides renewable carbon for the bioreagents being manufactured. In certain embodiments, it is utilized in a furnace. Some of the carbon used is not renewable carbon. In various embodiments, it is consumed in metal ore furnaces. Of the total carbon, the percentage of renewable carbon is at least about 20%, 30%, and 40%. It could be 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%.

[0269] In some embodiments, a Tecnored furnace or a variation thereof is used. The ored process originally originated in Brazil's Tecnored Desenvolvimen Developed by Tecnologico SA, cold-bonded carbon It is based on a low-pressure moving-bed reduction furnace that reduces contained, self-solubilizing, and self-reducing pellets. The process is carried out at a typical reduction temperature in a low-profile shaft furnace. The process efficiently removes molten iron (typical It manufactures (in terms of liquid iron).

[0270] Tecnored technology was developed to be a cokeless steelmaking process, and therefore In addition to significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the production of molten iron, harmful carbon dioxide is also used. Investment in and operation of blast furnaces were avoided. The Tecnored process uses high-temperature blasting and low-temperature blasting. It is used in combination with last and does not require additional oxygen. It is a coke plant. This eliminates the need for a sintering plant and a tonnage oxygen plant. Therefore, this process It has much lower operating and investment costs than traditional steelmaking routes. .

[0271] In this disclosure, the Tecnored process is used with bioreagents in various ways. It can be adapted for use with iron ore powder or iron-containing residue. Some embodiments use iron ore powder or iron-containing residue. Cold-bonded self-reducing aggregates (e.g., pellets) are produced from a mixture containing bioreagents. The material (pack or briquette) is provided. These materials, mixed with a flux and a binder, are cohesive. It is then thermally cured and has sufficient strength to meet the physical and metallurgical requirements of the Tecnored process. Briquets / pellets with a certain degree are produced. Then, the produced aggregates are processed into Tecnor It is smelted in an ED furnace. The fuel for the Tecnored furnace is itself a high-carbon bioreactant. It is possible.

[0272] By combining particulate iron oxide with a reducing agent within a briquette, contact with the reducing agent occurs. The surface area of ​​the oxide, and therefore the reaction rate, increases dramatically. The self-reducing briquettes contain The design should contain a reducing agent sufficient to completely reduce the iron-containing raw materials. Yes, it is possible. In some embodiments, a flux is used to provide the desired slag chemical reaction. The self-reducing briquettes are cured at low temperatures before being supplied to the furnace. The heat required to drive the reaction is supplied by a bed of solid fuel, which may also be in the form of briquettes. It is supplied, and then self-reducing briquettes are supplied into the furnace on top of it.

[0273] The Tecnored heating furnace has three zones: (i) upper shaft zone, (ii) melting zone. (iii) The upper shaft zone has a solid fuel The reagent (bioreagent) is loaded. In this zone, the Boudoit reaction (C + CO2 → 2CO) takes place. This prevents and saves energy. Post-combustion in this zone of the furnace burns CO. This provides energy for preheating and reducing the charge. Inside the pellet, The reaction below occurs at a very rapid rate. Fe x O y +yCO → xFe + yCO2 yCO2 + yC = 2yCO (In the equation, x is typically between 1 and 5, and y is typically between 1 and 7).

[0274] In the melting zone, re-oxidation is prevented by the reducing atmosphere in the charge. This occurs under a reducing atmosphere. In the lower shaft zone, solid fuel is charged. Solid fuel This may contain or essentially consist of high-carbon bioreagents. Further reduction of residual iron oxide, as well as the slag formation reaction of gangue material and fuel ash, occur in a liquid state. Furthermore, overheating of the metal and slag droplets occurs. These overheated metal and slag liquids The drops, due to gravity, sink to the hearth of the furnace and accumulate there.

[0275] This modified Tecnored process uses two different inputs for the carbon unit. In other words, a reducing agent and a solid fuel are used. Conventionally, the reducing agent is fine coal powder, but in this disclosure The reducing agent is a bioreagent in the form of carbon fine powder, or contains it. The bioreagent is self-reducing. It is added to the mixture in which the original aggregates (pellets or briquettes) are produced. The amount of carbon fine powder is determined by the C / F (carbon to ore fine powder) ratio, which is the complete amount of metal oxide. You can choose to achieve a full reduction.

[0276] Solid fuels (bioreagents) do not need to be in the form of fine powder. For example, solid fuels can be used in Tec To address the physical and thermal needs required from solid fuels in the Nored process. Therefore, it can be in the form of lumps, such as those with a size of approximately 40-80 mm. Solid fuel is (upper shaft (To avoid the endothermic reaction in the t) it is supplied through a side supply device. It provides most of the energy required by Seth. This energy is primary brass Formed by (C + O2 → CO2) and secondary blasting, and gasification of solid fuel in the hearth. The upstream CO generated by this process is burned (2CO + O2 → 2CO2).

[0277] In a particular exemplary embodiment, the modified Tecnored process is 140 mesh Iron ore fine powder with a size of less than 200 mesh, bioreactive material with a size of less than 200 mesh Fluxes such as fine powder and slaked lime with a size of less than 140 mesh are used as a binder in cement. This includes pelletizing using a marker. The pellets are then cured and dried at 200°C. It is then supplied to the top of the Tecnored heating furnace. The total residence time of the charge in the furnace is approximately 30 minutes. It takes 40 minutes. The bioreagent in the form of solid fuel with a size in the range of 40mm to 80mm is rhino. It is supplied into the furnace below the high-temperature pellet area using a pellet feeder. Last air is blown in through tuyeres located on the side of the furnace, providing combustion air for biocarbon. It provides a small amount of furnace gas, which is used for drying and preheating the solid fuel, via a side supply. It flows through the space. To promote post-combustion of CO in the upper shaft, a cold bra Stirring air is blown in at a higher point. The molten iron produced is poured into a ladle on a ladle trolley, The ladle cart allows the ladle to be tilted for slag removal. Liquid iron is desulfurized in the ladle. The slag can be scraped into a slag pot. Molten iron is typically It contains approximately 3-5% by weight of carbon.

[0278] Traditionally, external CO or H2 was used in self-reduction processes using a Tecnored heating furnace. It does not play a significant role in this. However, in the context of this disclosure, external CO or H 2 (for example, from pyrolysis off-gas) is the above reaction (Fe x O y +yCO→xFe+yC In O2), or in the reaction with hydrogen as a reactant (Fe x O y +yH2→xFe+yH In step 2O), the overall chemical reaction is supported by increasing the rate or conversion of iron oxide. It is possible. The reducing chemical reaction occurs at least on the surface of the pellet or briquette. In some cases, it can be added within the bulk phase of pellets or briquettes, but this is high This is because the mass transfer of carbon monoxide at warm temperatures is rapid. Completely self-reducing pellets or briquettes are preferred. In some embodiments, there is no introduction of external CO, H2, or synthesis gas. Several embodiments combine the characteristics of a blast furnace with those of a Tecnored furnace, thereby In addition to the use of pyrolysis off-gases in the furnace, self-reducing pellets or briquettes are used. .

[0279] As mentioned above, there are numerous possible furnace configurations for processing metal ore. This specification describes While this disclosure does not describe in detail all possible conditions and chemical reactions that may occur in all possible reactors, the original The principle is that any furnace that uses carbon somewhere in the process of making metal from metal ore is essentially a furnace. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that this may be applied to the process.

[0280] Some processes utilize solid carbon, while others utilize gaseous carbon monoxide. Some processes utilize both solid carbon and gaseous carbon monoxide. This will also be observed. As described herein, the pyrolysis process provided herein Seth is a pyrolysis off-gas containing both solid carbon (bioreagent) and at least carbon monoxide. The method is manufactured. In some embodiments, only solid bioreagents are used in the metal ore conversion process. It is used in the following embodiment. In other embodiments, only the pyrolysis off-gas is used in the metal ore conversion process. It is used in a further embodiment, in which both the solid bioreagent and the pyrolysis off-gas are gold Used in the ore conversion process. These utilize both renewable carbon sources. In this embodiment, the percentage of total carbon used in the conversion of metal ore from solid bioreagents is approximately , at least about, or at most about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% It may be %, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. Other carbon usage This may be from pyrolysis off-gases. Alternatively, some or all of the other carbon usage may come from coal granular carbon. This could be due to conventional carbon inputs such as powders.

[0281] Compositions of processes, systems, and methods Compositions produced according to the processes disclosed herein are also disclosed herein. For example, a process for reducing metal ore, a process for processing metal ore, carbon gold Processes for manufacturing ore pellets, processes for manufacturing metal nuggets, and The process of producing metal from metal ore.

[0282] This specification provides for compositions for reducing metal ore, wherein the composition comprises carbon metal ore particles. It contains particulate matter, and carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 0.1% by weight on an anhydrous and ashless basis. ~Contains at most about 50% by weight of fixed carbon, and the fixed carbon is carbon 14 C / 12 C isotope ratio A composition is disclosed in which at least 50% is renewable carbon, as determined by measurement.

[0283] This specification provides for additional compositions for reducing metal ore, wherein the composition comprises carbon metal It contains ore particulate matter, with carbon metal ore particulate matter being at least about 0.1 on an anhydrous and ashless basis. It contains total carbon by weight %, or at most about 50% by weight, and the total carbon is carbon 14 C / 12 C isotope A composition is disclosed in which at least 50% is renewable carbon, as determined by ratio measurement. .

[0284] In some embodiments, fixed carbon 14 C / 12 The measurement of 14C isotope ratios is performed by ASTM D Use 6866.

[0285] Metal ores include iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore, manganese ore, and aluminum ore. Aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore, tungsten ore, mo You can choose from ribden ore or a combination thereof. For example, metal ore is Iron ore, for example, hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or those It may be selected from a combination. In certain embodiments, the metal ore is copper ore and It is a combination with nickel ore.

[0286] The composition can be selected from, for example, fine powder, lumps, pellets, nuggets, or a combination thereof. It can take the form of the object being subjected to it.

[0287] In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about anhydrous and ashless. It contains 0.5% to at most about 25% by weight of fixed carbon. In some embodiments, carbon Metal ore particulate matter: at least about 1% by weight to at most about 15% by weight on an anhydrous and ashless basis. It contains fixed carbon. In some embodiments, the carbon metal ore particulate matter is anhydrous and ashless. It contains at least about 2% by weight and at most about 10% by weight of fixed carbon. Several implementations In this state, carbon metal ore particulate matter is at least about 3% by weight on an anhydrous and ashless basis, and at most It contains approximately 6% by weight of fixed carbon.

[0288] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is carbon 14 C / 12 Determined by measuring the C isotope ratio. At least 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and It is 100% renewable carbon.

[0289] In some embodiments, carbon metal ore pellets are essentially composed of fixed carbon and metal ore. In some embodiments, carbon-metal ore pellets are essentially derived from carbon and metal ore. The target is carbon, and carbon can include fixed carbon, and carbon can also include volatile carbon.

[0290] Carbon metal ore pellets may contain additives such as binders. Binders are inorganic Nantite clay, limestone, starch, lignin, cellulose, acrylamide, or similar These can include combinations of these.

[0291] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is at least about 400 m 2 / g, for example, at least Approximately 800m 2 It is characterized by a BET surface area of ​​ / g.

[0292] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon is at least about 0.5 cm 3 / g, for example, less Each is approximately 1 cm 3 It is characterized by a mesopore volume of / g.

[0293] Pyrolysis process and system A suitable process and system for producing bioreagents containing carbon by thermal decomposition of biomass raw materials. The stem will be explained in more detail here. The process and system are used for metal ore mining or metal While it can be jointly installed at ore processing sites, this disclosure is not limited to such joint installations. I can't.

[0294] Examples of changes that may occur during thermal decomposition include: (i) heat transfer from the heat source to the interior of the raw material. (ii) the temperature of increases; (ii) the initiation of the primary thermal decomposition reaction at this higher temperature, which causes volatile substances (iii) The flow of high-temperature volatile matter toward lower-temperature solids (iv) the heat transfer between the high-temperature volatile matter and the lower-temperature unheated raw material; (iv) the raw material The condensation of some volatile substances in the low-temperature region, followed by a secondary reaction, can produce tar. (v) The autocatalytic secondary pyrolysis reaction proceeds while the primary pyrolysis reaction is occurring in competition and simultaneously. (vi) further thermal decomposition, modification, water-gas shift reaction, free radical recombination, Or dehydration may also occur, and these include residence time, temperature, and This is a function of the pressure profile.

[0295] Pyrolysis is a process that at least partially decomposes the starting material (e.g., lignocellulosic biomass). It can be dehydrated. In various embodiments, thermal decomposition removes about 50% of the water from the starting material. Remove 5%, 90%, 95%, and 99% or more.

[0296] In some embodiments, the multiple reactor zones offer flexibility to adapt to raw material fluctuations and product requirements. To optimize carbon yield and product quality from pyrolysis while maintaining properties and controllability. It is designed and operated in this way.

[0297] In some non-limiting embodiments, the temperature and residence time are preferably relatively slow. Selected to achieve decomposition chemical reactions. The advantage is that cells contained within the biomass structure This could be a substantial preservation of the wall, which means that the final product is the shape of the starting biomass and This means that some, most, or all of the strength can be retained. To maximize benefits, avoid mechanically destroying the cell wall or reduce the biomass particles to tiny microscopic particles. It is preferable to use equipment that does not convert to powder. A specific reactor configuration is used in the following process. Let's consider this according to the explanation.

[0298] Furthermore, if the raw material is a crushed or sized raw material such as wood chips or pellets... It may be desirable to carefully grind or size the raw materials. Careful initial processing is necessary. It tends to preserve the strength and cell wall integrity present in natural raw material sources (e.g., wood). Furthermore, the final product retains some, most, or all of the shape and strength of the starting biomass. It can be important when it should be.

[0299] In some embodiments, the first zone of the pyrolysis reactor "impacts" the biomass. It is configured to supply biomass (or other carbon-containing raw materials) in a manner that does not allow for impact, This ruptures the cell wall and initiates the rapid decomposition of the solid phase into vapor and gas. This first zone This can be considered a mild form of thermal decomposition.

[0300] In some embodiments, the second zone of the pyrolysis reactor is configured as the primary reaction zone. The preheated biomass undergoes a thermal decomposition chemical reaction to release gas and condensable steam. This process leaves behind a considerable amount of solid material, which is a high-carbon reaction intermediate. Biomass components (mainly cells) Rose, hemicellulose, and lignin decompose to create vapor, which then escapes into the pores. They escape by penetrating the pores or by creating new nanopores. The latter effect is porosity. It contributes to the creation of properties and surface area.

[0301] In some embodiments, a third zone of the pyrolysis reactor receives the high-carbon reaction intermediate. It is configured to cool the solid to a certain extent. Typically, the third zone is located in the second zone. The temperature is lower than that. In the third zone, chemical reactions and mass transfers are surprisingly complex. It is possible. Without being limited by a specific theory or proposed mechanism, a second-order reaction may occur as a third reaction. It is thought that this can occur in the zone. Basically, carbon-containing components in the gas phase decompose and are added. It can form fixed carbon or become adsorbed onto carbon. Therefore, several In that embodiment, the final carbonaceous material is the solid residue from which volatile matter has been removed in the processing step. However, the final carbonaceous material is formed by the decomposition of organic vapors (e.g., tar) that form carbon. There are other embodiments that further include additional carbon deposited from the gas phase.

[0302] In certain embodiments, the cooled carbon is carbon-containing in order to increase the carbon content of the final product. By including separate units that are exposed to an environment containing species, the concept of additional carbon formation is realized. Expand. If the temperature of this unit is below the thermal decomposition temperature, additional carbon will be added. It is expected to exist not as carbon itself, but as an adsorbed carbonaceous species.

[0303] Intermediate inputs and outputs of one or more phases present in any specific zone (purge or blow) (B) Flow, various mass and energy recirculation schemes, can be introduced somewhere in the process. The process includes various additives, and both reaction and separation conditions to adjust the product distribution. There are numerous options regarding the adjustability of the conditions, etc. Zone-specific input and output currents. This involves good process monitoring and dynamic process adjustment through FTIR sampling and other means. It enables control.

[0304] Some embodiments do not use fast pyrolysis, and some embodiments use slow pyrolysis. Do not use. Surprisingly, high quality compositions containing a very high percentage of fixed carbon. Carbon materials can be obtained from the disclosed processes and systems.

[0305] In some embodiments, the thermal decomposition process for producing high-carbon bioreagents is To provide carbon-containing raw materials including biomass, In the presence of a substantially inert gas phase, at least 10 minutes at at least about 250°C to more At a temperature of approximately 700°C, the raw materials are thermally decomposed, thereby producing high-temperature thermal decomposition solids and condensed solids. To generate condensable steam and non-condensable gas, The separation of condensable vapor and non-condensable gas from high-temperature pyrolysis solids, Cooling a high-temperature pyrolysis solid, thereby producing a cooled pyrolysis solid, The recovery of a high-carbon bioreagent containing at least a portion of the cooled, pyrolyzed solid, and nothing.

[0306] The process involves drying the raw materials before thermal decomposition, thereby removing the moisture contained within them. The process may further include removing the raw materials. The process involves degassing the raw materials before thermal decomposition, and then... Therefore, the process may further include removing interstitial oxygen contained in the raw material.

[0307] Examples of biomass include plants and plant-derived materials, vegetation, agricultural waste, and forestry waste. Wood waste, paper waste, animal waste, poultry waste, and municipal solid waste are among the types of waste that can be found. In various embodiments of biomass utilization, the biomass raw material is timber harvest residue. Softwood chips, hardwood chips, tree branches, tree roots, knots, leaves, bark, sawdust, off-grade paper pulp Cellulose, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat straw, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, Switchgrass, pampas grass, animal manure, municipal waste, municipal sewage, commercial waste, grape press Grains, tonsil shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets Contains one or more materials selected from bat, cardboard, paper, carbohydrates, plastic, or cloth. It is possible. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that the selection of raw materials is virtually unlimited. Ro.

[0308] The processes described herein use carbon-containing raw materials other than biomass, for example, fossil fuels (e.g., Coal or petroleum coke), or any mixture of biomass and fossil fuels (for example, It can also be used in Iomas / coal blends. Any method described herein The apparatus or system can be used with any carbonaceous raw material. Fossil fuels are Although not "biomass," it is possible to utilize non-biomass or non-biological raw materials in the process. Yes, it is possible. However, the use of non-biomass or non-biological raw materials does not produce the desired biological products. Do not spill. Raw materials include waste tires, recycled plastic, recycled paper, construction waste, and demolition waste. Examples include waste and other waste or recycled materials. Carbon-containing raw materials include trucks, Trains, ships, barges, tractor trailers, or any other vehicles or means of transport It may be transportable by any known means.

[0309] The selection of specific raw materials can be carried out in a manner that is advantageous to the economic process. In terms of type, regardless of the raw material selected, (in some embodiments) undesirable substances Screening may exist to eliminate it.

[0310] The raw materials used can be provided or processed into a wide variety of particle sizes or shapes. For example, The supply material may be a fine powder or a mixture of fine and coarse particles. The supply material is wood Large material pieces such as wood chips or other forms of wood (e.g., round, cylindrical, square, etc.) It can take the form of. In some embodiments, the supply material is pressed together, or Otherwise, it may contain pellets or other aggregated particles bound together with a binder or similar substance.

[0311] Size reduction can be a costly and energy-intensive process. The material can be sized with significantly less energy input, that is, the raw material It may be preferable to reduce the particle size of the product rather than the process being finer. Since no additional materials are required and there is not necessarily any significant reduction in particle size during processing, this disclosure applies to This is an option. The ability to process very large raw material pieces is a key economic advantage of this disclosure. It is worth noting that some commercial applications of high-carbon products involve large sizes (e.g.) For example, it requires (on the order of centimeters), and therefore in some embodiments, it is large The pieces are supplied, manufactured, and sold.

[0312] It is desirable to produce final carbonaceous bioreagents with structural integrity, such as a cylindrical shape. In this case, the material produced from the process is recovered and then further mechanically processed into the desired form. For example, the product can be pressed or pelletized together with a binder. Alternatively or additionally, a supply generally having the desired size or shape for the final product. The material can be used, and the processing steps do not destroy the basic structure of the supplied material. This can be done. In some embodiments, the feed and product are spherical, cylindrical, or cubic. They all have similar geometric shapes.

[0313] The ability to maintain the approximate size of the supplied material throughout the entire process is crucial for product strength. This is beneficial in the following cases. Furthermore, this is due to the difficulty of pelletizing high-fixed-carbon materials and Avoid strikes.

[0314] The starting feed material can be supplied at a range of moisture levels, as understood. In this embodiment, the supply material may already be sufficiently dry, so further decomposition may occur before thermal decomposition. Drying is not necessary. Typically, commercially available sources of biomass that normally contain moisture are used. It is desirable to use a drying step to supply the biomass before introducing it into the pyrolysis reactor. However, in some embodiments, dried raw materials can be used.

[0315] In a pyrolysis reactor, approximately, or at most, about 10 mol%, 5 mol%, 4 mol%, and 3 mol%. %, 2 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 1 mol%, 0.5 mol%, 0.2 mol%, 0.1 mol%, Low oxygen rings such as O2 in the gas phase at concentrations of 0.05 mol%, 0.02 mol%, or 0.01 mol% It is desirable to provide a boundary. Firstly, uncontrolled combustion, for safety reasons, leads to thermal decomposition. This should be avoided in the reactor. Some total carbon oxidation to CO2 may occur. The heat released from exothermic oxidation can assist endothermic pyrolysis chemical reactions. For example, in synthesis gas. Large amounts of carbon oxidation, including partial oxidation, reduce the carbon yield to the solid.

[0316] In reality, achieving a strictly oxygen-free environment in a reactor can be difficult. However, it is possible to approach this limit, and in some embodiments, the reactor allows molecules into the gas phase. It contains virtually no oxygen. It is confirmed that there is little to no oxygen in the pyrolysis reactor. To achieve this, interstitial air is removed from the feed material before it is introduced into the reactor. There are various methods for removing or reducing air in the raw materials.

[0317] In some embodiments, adsorbed oxygen is removed before and after drying, and penetrates into the pores of the raw material. A degassing unit in which raw materials are transported in the presence of another gas that can remove oxygen from the pores. Essentially, any gas having less than 21% by volume of O2 is used for various purposes. It can be used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, nitrogen is used. In this state, CO or CO2 is used. A mixture such as a mixture of nitrogen and a small amount of oxygen is used. This is possible. Water vapor may be present in the degassed gas, but a considerable amount of moisture is added to the feed. Returning it should be avoided. Outflow from the degassing unit should be (into the atmosphere or emissions). It can be purged (into a waste processing unit) or recycled.

[0318] In principle, the effluent (or a portion thereof) from the degassing unit is oxygen removed from the solid. Since it is highly diluted, it can be introduced into the pyrolysis reactor itself. In this embodiment, If the reactor is operated in a countercurrent configuration, the degassed effluent gas is introduced into the final zone of the reactor. This could be advantageous.

[0319] Various types of degassing units can be used. The drying process is then carried out. In such cases, washing away soluble oxygen from the present moisture may be inefficient, so drying is necessary. Then, it may be preferable to degass. In certain embodiments, the drying step and degassing may be preferable. The aeration step is combined into a single unit, or some amount of aeration is performed during drying. It is achieved, etc.

[0320] The dried and degassed feed material is then introduced into a pyrolysis reactor or a series or parallel multiple reactor. The material is fed in. The supplied material is any known, including, for example, a screw feeder or a lock hopper. It can be introduced using the means of. In some embodiments, the material supply system ...and incorporate an air knife.

[0321] When a single reactor is used, preferably there are multiple zones: two, three, or four. Multiple zones, such as one or more zones, are used to adjust the overall process performance. In addition, separate controls for temperature, solid residence time, gas residence time, gas composition, flow pattern, or pressure are used. It can make that possible.

[0322] The reference to "zone" refers to a single physical unit, a physically separated unit, or a single physical unit. It shall be interpreted broadly to include regions of space within any combination of these. Continuum Reverse Regarding the reactor, the zone boundaries are due to the presence of flights within the reactor or the provision of heat to separate zones. This may relate to the structure of a separate heating element or the like for this purpose. Alternatively or additionally, a continuous reactor Zone boundaries in this context are, for example, distinct temperature, fluid flow pattern, solid flow pattern. This can relate to functions such as the degree of reaction. In a single-batch reactor, a "zone" is a space. It is a time-based operation regime. Multiple batch reactors can also be used.

[0323] It will be understood that abrupt transitions from one zone to another are not always possible. For example, the boundary between the preheating zone and the pyrolysis zone can be somewhat arbitrary. That amount of thermal decomposition may occur in part of the preheating zone, and some amount of "preheating" is heat This can continue to occur in the decomposition zone. The temperature profile in the reactor is determined by the zone within the reactor. It is typically continuous, including the boundaries.

[0324] Some embodiments describe a first zone operated under preheating or mild thermal decomposition conditions. Use. The temperature of the first zone is approximately 150°C to approximately 500°C, for example, approximately 300°C to approximately 400°C. It can be selected from °C. The temperature in the first zone is used to shock the biomass material and make it finer. It is preferable that the temperature is not high enough to disrupt the cell walls and initiate rapid decomposition of the solid phase into vapor and gas. .

[0325] All references to zone temperatures in this specification refer to the presence of bulk solids, or gaseous phases, or Interpreted non-restrictively to include temperatures that can be applied to the reactor wall (process side). It should be done both axially and radially, as well as temporally (i.e., after starting or after (Due to the transient phenomenon), it will be understood that a temperature gradient exists in each zone. Therefore, references to zone temperatures may affect the actual kinetics, such as the average temperature or other factors. This may refer to the effective temperature. The temperature is measured directly by a thermocouple or other temperature probe. It can be determined, or it can be measured or estimated indirectly by other means.

[0326] The second zone, or generally the first pyrolysis zone, is operated under pyrolysis or carbonization conditions. The temperature in the second zone is approximately 250°C to approximately 700°C, for example, approximately, or at least approximately. Or at most about 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C You can choose between °C or 650°C. Within this zone, preheated biomass The substance undergoes a thermal decomposition chemical reaction, releasing gas and condensable vapor, and as a high-carbon reaction intermediate... A certain amount of solid material remains. Biomass components (mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and ri Gunin decomposes to create vapor, which then penetrates through the pores or into new It escapes by creating pores. The preferred temperature is when it resides in at least the second zone. The timeframe depends on the properties of the raw materials and the desired product characteristics.

[0327] The third zone, or cooling zone, is operated to cool the high-carbon reaction intermediate to varying degrees. At a minimum, the temperature of the third zone should be lower than the temperature of the second zone. The temperature in the third zone is approximately 100°C to 550°C, for example, approximately 150°C to 35°C. Temperatures can be selected from 0℃ upwards.

[0328] Chemical reactions can continue to occur in the cooling zone. This is not limited to a specific theory. However, it is thought that a secondary thermal decomposition reaction may be initiated in the third zone. Certain carbon-containing components can condense (due to the decrease in temperature in the third zone). However, Temperature is crucial for the reaction (secondary thermal decomposition) that can form additional fixed carbon from the condensed liquid. , or facilitate a reaction that can at least form a bond between the adsorbed species and the fixed carbon. It remains sufficiently high. One exemplary reaction that can occur is carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. And the Boudois reaction for converting to fixed carbon.

[0329] The residence time in the reactor zone can vary. A higher temperature is needed for the desired amount of thermal decomposition. This allows for shorter reaction times, and vice versa, in terms of time and temperature. There is an interaction. The residence time in a continuous reactor (zone) is the volume divided by the volumetric flow rate. Therefore, the residence time in the batch reactor is the batch reaction time after heating to the reaction temperature.

[0330] It should be recognized that multiple residence times exist in a multiphase reactor. In this context, each Within the zone, residence times (and residence time distributions) for both the solid phase and the vapor phase exist. For a given device using a number of zones, with a given throughput, the dwell time across zones The connections are generally made on the solid side, but multiple inlet and outlet ports are available in each zone. In this case, the residence time may not be combined on the vapor side. The residence times of the solid and vapor are They are not combined.

[0331] The solid residence time in the preheating zone is approximately 5 to 60 minutes, for example, approximately 10, 20, 30, 40 You can choose from 50 minutes or more. Depending on the temperature, the biomass will be preheated to the desired temperature. Sufficient time is desirable for the particles to reach their destination. This depends on the type and size of the particles, the physical apparatus, and the processing. The heat transfer rate, which depends on the thermal parameters, is the minimum required to bring a solid to the desired preheating temperature. A short residence time is defined. The additional time allows some amount of gentle thermal decomposition to occur in the preheating zone. Unless intentional, this is likely undesirable as it contributes to a higher cost of capital. .

[0332] The solid residence time in the pyrolysis zone is approximately 10 to 120 minutes, for example, approximately 20, 30, or 40 minutes. You can choose from 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 minutes in this zone. Depending on the thermal decomposition temperature, it takes ten steps to initiate the carbonization chemical reaction following the necessary heat transfer. There should be a sufficient amount of time. Less than approximately 10 minutes is insufficient to remove a large amount of non-carbon elements. Furthermore, the temperature needs to be very high, such as over 700°C. This temperature is necessary for rapid thermal decomposition and carbonization. It promotes the generation of vapors and gases derived from the element itself, but this is because the intended product is solid. Body carbon should be avoided.

[0333] In static systems, there will be equilibrium transformations that can be substantially reached at a given time. As in a given embodiment, the vapor continuously moves over the solid with continuous removal of volatile substances. If the reaction is flowing in this manner, the equilibrium constraint is to continue thermal decomposition and defoliation until the reaction rate approaches zero. It can be removed in this way. A longer time will substantially change the remaining persistent solid. It's not suitable.

[0334] The solid residence time in the cooling zone is approximately 5 to 60 minutes, for example, approximately 10, 20, 30, 40 minutes. , or 50 minutes can be selected. Depending on the cooling temperature in this zone, carbon solid There should be sufficient time to cool the body to the desired temperature. The cooling rate and temperature should be: This defines the minimum residence time required to cool the carbon. Some amount of secondary thermal decomposition is desired. Unless necessary, additional time is likely undesirable.

[0335] As mentioned above, the residence time of the vapor phase can be selected and controlled separately. The vapor residence time for the steam ranges from approximately 0.1 minutes to approximately 15 minutes, for example, approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 minutes. You can choose from 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 minutes. The vapor residence time in the pyrolysis zone is... Approximately 0.1 minutes to approximately 20 minutes, for example, approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 You can choose from 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 minutes. (Vapor buildup in the cooling zone) The dwell time is approximately 0.1 to 15 minutes, for example, approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. You can choose between 9 or 10 minutes. Shorter vapor residence times reduce volatility from the system. This promotes the rapid sweeping of matter, while longer vapor residence times allow for the interaction between components in the vapor phase and the solid phase. To accelerate the reaction.

[0336] The operating mode of the reactor and the entire system may be continuous, semi-continuous, batch, or a combination of these. Any combination or variation is possible. In some embodiments, the reactor is made of solid and It is a continuous counterflow reactor in which steam flows in substantially opposite directions. The reactor is operated in batches. This can also be done, for example, by periodically introducing and removing the gas phase from a batch container. It can be operated with simulated counterflow of steam.

[0337] Various flow patterns may be desired or observed in multiple reactor zones. In phase-dependent chemical reactions and simultaneous separations, fluid dynamics can become extremely complex. Typically, Solid flow can approach plug flow (well mixed in the radial dimension). On the other hand, the steam flow is a fully mixed flow (high-speed steam in both the radial and axial dimensions). It can be brought closer to the (supply). Multiple inlet and outlet ports for steam allow for overall mixing. It can contribute.

[0338] The pressure in each zone can be selected and controlled separately. The pressure in each zone is approximately 1 kPa to approximately 3000 kPa, for example, independently selectable from approximately 101.3 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure). This is possible. Independent zone control of pressure is desired when zone pressures below atmospheric pressure are required. Sometimes multiple gas inlets and outlets are used, including vacuum ports for extracting gas. It is possible.

[0339] The process can be conveniently operated at atmospheric pressure in some embodiments. Pressure-based operation offers many advantages, ranging from mechanical simplicity to improved safety. Specific implementation In terms of morphology, the pyrolysis zones are approximately 90kPa, 95kPa, 100kPa, and 101kPa. It operates at a pressure of 102 kPa, 105 kPa, or 110 kPa (absolute pressure).

[0340] Vacuum operation (e.g., 10-100 kPa) is a rapid removal of volatile substances from the system. This promotes the process. When off-gas is supplied to high-pressure operations, higher pressures (e.g., 100-1) are required. High pressure (000kPa) may be useful. High pressure also promotes heat transfer, chemical reactions, or separation. It may be useful for that purpose.

[0341] At least a portion of the condensable vapor and at least a portion of the non-condensable gas are converted from a high-temperature pyrolysis solid. The separation step is carried out either in the reactor itself or using a separate separation unit. It is possible to introduce a substantially inert sweeping gas into one or more zones. Next, condensable vapors and non-condensable gases are carried away from the zone in the sweep gas and into the reactor. It comes out.

[0342] Sweep gases include, for example, N2, Ar, CO, CO2, H2, H2O, CH4, and other light coals. It may be hydrogen dioxide or a combination thereof. The sweeping gas should be preheated before introduction. It can be heated, or if obtained from a heat source, it can be cooled.

[0343] The sweeping gas removes volatile components from the system before they can condense or react further. By removing it, volatile components are removed more completely. The sweeping gas is at a given process temperature. This makes it possible to remove volatiles at a higher rate than simply obtaining them from volatilization. Or, sweep The use of gas extraction involves using milder temperatures to remove a specific amount of volatile substances. This makes it possible. The reason why sweeping gas improves the removal of volatile substances is the separation mechanism. This is not simply relative volatility, but rather a separation of the liquid / vapor phase assisted by a sweeping gas. Therefore, sweeping gas continuously depletes a given volatile species, thereby increasing the amount of volatile substances. By evaporating the species and achieving thermodynamic equilibrium, the limitations on mass transfer due to volatilization are reduced. Furthermore, thermodynamic limitations can be reduced.

[0344] Some embodiments describe a subsequent processing step to produce a product having high fixed carbon. Remove the gas full of volatile organic carbon from the floor. If not removed, the volatile carbon will heat It may be adsorbed or absorbed onto the decomposed solid, thereby allowing the desired carbon to be released. Achieving a purer form requires additional energy (cost). Steam is rapidly... It is also hypothesized that removing this material can increase the porosity of the pyrolysis solid. Higher porosity is desirable for some products.

[0345] In certain embodiments, the sweeping gas, in combination with a relatively low process pressure such as atmospheric pressure, It provides high-speed vapor removal without requiring a large amount of inert gas.

[0346] In some embodiments, the sweep gas flows countercurrently with respect to the flow direction of the raw material. In the application configuration, the sweep gas flows parallel to the flow direction of the raw material. In some embodiments The solid flow pattern approaches the plug flow, but the sweeping gas and gas phase flow patterns are generally Then, in one or more zones, the flow approaches a completely mixed state.

[0347] Sweeping can be performed in one or more reactor zones. Several implementations In this configuration, the sweeping gas is introduced into the cooling zone and released from the cooling or pyrolysis zone (the generated gases). (Along with the catalytic substances) it is extracted. In some embodiments, the sweep gas is used in the pyrolysis zone. It is introduced and extracted from the pyrolysis or preheating zone. In some embodiments, the sweep gas is It is introduced into the preheating zone and extracted from the pyrolysis zone. In these or other embodiments, The sweep gas can be introduced into the preheating zone, the pyrolysis zone, and the cooling zone, respectively. It is also possible to extract data from each of the zones.

[0348] In some embodiments, one or more zones where separation is carried out are physically separated from the reactor. These are units that are separated. The separation units or zones can be separated from the reactor zone if desired. It can be placed between the units. For example, between the pyrolysis unit and the cooling unit. A knit can be installed.

[0349] The sweeping gas can be introduced continuously, especially when the solid flow is continuous. If the decomposition reaction is operated as a batch process, a sweeping gas is used to remove volatile substances. It can be introduced after a specific amount of time, or periodically. The pyrolysis reaction is operated continuously. Even in such cases, the sweep gas may, if desired, be semi-continuous or controlled using suitable valves and controls. It can be introduced periodically.

[0350] The volatile substance-containing sweep gas can exit from one or more reactor zones, and multiple zones If obtained from n, it can be combined. Then, obtained containing various steams The generated gas flow can be supplied to a thermal oxidation device for controlling air release. A thermal oxidation unit can be used. In some embodiments, a natural gas can be used in the thermal oxidation apparatus. Supply air and heat sufficient to substantially destroy the volatile substances contained therein. To reach the desired destination.

[0351] The effluent from the thermal oxidation plant is a high-temperature gas stream containing water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The flow can be purged directly to the air discharge if desired. Preferably, a thermal oxidation apparatus. The energy content of the effluent is recovered, for example, in a waste heat recovery unit. The content can also be recovered by heat exchange with another flow (such as sweep gas). Ghee content is directly affected by units in other parts of the process, such as dryers or reactors. It can be used by heating indirectly or by assisting the heating process. In several embodiments, essentially all thermal oxidation effluent is indirectly heated by the dryer (utility It is used on the rarity side. The thermal oxidation device can use fuels other than natural gas.

[0352] The yield of carbonaceous materials varies depending on the aforementioned factors, including the type of raw material and process conditions. Obtain. In some embodiments, the net yield of the solid is obtained as a percentage of the starting material on a dry basis. The percentages are at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% or more. The remainder are Condensible vapors such as terpenes, tars, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, or ketones, and monoacids It is separated into non-condensable gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane. The relative amount of condensable vapor compared to condensable gas also depends on the process conditions, including the presence of water.

[0353] Regarding carbon balance, in some embodiments, it is expressed as the percentage of starting carbon in the raw materials. The net carbon yield should be at least 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%. The percentages are %, 75%, and 80% or more. For example, in some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is a starting material. It contains approximately 40% to 70% of the carbon contained in the raw materials. The remaining carbon comes from methane, monocarbonate, etc. Carbon dioxide, light hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, tar, terpenes, alcohols, acids They form aldehydes or ketones to varying degrees.

[0354] In alternative embodiments, some portion of these compounds is the carbon and energy of the product. It is combined with a carbon-rich solid to enrich the ghee content. In these embodiments, A portion or all of the gas stream obtained from the reactor, which contains various vapors, is at least partially controlled. The thermal decomposition solids are then condensed, and then cooled from the cooling zone or separate cooling units. It can be passed over the body. These embodiments are described in more detail below.

[0355] Following the reaction and cooling in the cooling zone (if present), the carbonaceous solid is separated into a separate cooling unit. It can be introduced into the knit. In some embodiments, the solid is recovered and simply at a low speed It is cooled. If the carbonaceous solid is reactive or unstable in air, maintain an inert atmosphere. Alternatively, it is desirable to rapidly cool the solid to a temperature below 40°C, such as ambient temperature. This can happen. In some embodiments, a water quench is used for rapid cooling. In some embodiments, a fluidized bed cooler is used. The "cooling unit" is a container, a tank This should be interpreted broadly to include pipes, or parts thereof.

[0356] In some embodiments, the process involves operating a cooling unit to thermally decompose a solid. The process further includes cooling with steam to generate a cold pyrolysis solid and superheated steam. Drying is carried out, at least partially, using superheated steam derived from the cooling unit. Optional In the selection, the cooling unit first cools the warm, pyrolytic solid with steam in the first cooling unit. The system is operated to reach a certain temperature, and then cool it with air to reach the temperature of the second cooling unit. It is possible for the temperature of the second cooling unit to be lower than the temperature of the first cooling unit, and the air This is associated with reducing the risk of combustion of warm, pyrolytic solids in the presence of [the substance].

[0357] Following cooling to ambient conditions, the carbonaceous solid is recovered, stored, and transported to another field operation. They may then be transported to another site, or disposed of, traded, or sold in other ways. Solids can be supplied to the unit to reduce particle size. (Examples: crushers, shredders, grinders) Various sizes of milling machines including grinders, crushers, jet mills, pin mills, and ball mills. Knitting is a known technique in this field.

[0358] This may include several other means for screening or separation based on particle size. Grinding, if present, may occur upstream or downstream of the screened material. Some (for example, large chunks) can be returned to the grinding unit. Small particles and large The particles can be recovered for separate downstream use. In some embodiments, they are cooled. The resulting pyrolysis solid is then pulverized into a fine powder such as fine carbon or activated carbon product.

[0359] Various additives may be added to the process before, during, or after any of the steps disclosed herein. It can be introduced throughout. Additives are used to achieve the desired carbon purity. Process additives selected to improve process performance such as yield or pyrolysis time / temperature To improve one or more properties of the agent, and of high-carbon bioreagents or downstream products incorporating the reagent. They can be broadly classified as product additives selected for use. Certain additives are enhanced The process and product (bioreagent or product containing a bioreagent) characteristics are provided. can.

[0360] Additives may be added before, during, or after any one or more steps of the process. This may include adding it to the raw material itself at any point before or after harvesting. Additive processing is incorporated before, during, or after sizing, drying, or other preparation of the raw materials. It is possible. Additives can be used in raw material supply facilities, transport trucks, unloading equipment, storage bins, and conveyors. (Including open or closed conveyors), dryers, process heaters, or any other units It can be incorporated into or on top of. The additive is a suitable means for introducing the additive. It can be added anywhere in the pyrolysis process itself. If desired, carbon Additives can be added even after processing or grinding.

[0361] In some embodiments, the additive is a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, or the same It's a combination. For example, additives are not limited to magnesium, manganese, etc. Aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, ta ngsten, vanadium, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomite From lime, fluorite, fluorite, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, or combinations thereof You can choose.

[0362] In some embodiments, the additive is an acid, a base, or a salt thereof. For example, The agents are not limited to sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, Hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, or combination thereof You can choose from these options.

[0363] In some embodiments, the additive is a metal halide. It is a compound between a metal and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine). Halogens can form many compounds with metals. Metal halides are generally These are obtained by direct bonding of a basic metal salt with a hydrohalic acid, or more generally by neutralization. In some embodiments, the additive is iron chloride (FeCl2 or FeCl3). , iron bromide (FeBr2 or FeBr3), or their hydrates, and any of them It's a combination.

[0364] Additives result in a final product with a higher energy content (energy density). It is possible. An increase in energy content can result in an increase in total carbon, fixed carbon, volatile carbon, or further This can result from an increase in hydrogen. Alternatively or additionally, an increase in energy content can result in non-combustible materials. This can result from the removal of materials having an energy density lower than that of carbon or other materials. Several implementations In terms of form, the additive is configured to favor the formation of solids and gases, or to favor the formation of solids. To achieve this, the degree of liquid formation is reduced.

[0365] Without being limited to any particular hypothesis, the additive is derived from the starting biomass, or from pyrolysis. The previously treated biomass is chemically modified to improve the cell wall for greater strength / integrity. This can reduce the destruction of bio. In some embodiments, the additive is bio before thermal decomposition. This can increase the fixed carbon content of mass raw materials.

[0366] The additive improves mechanical properties, such as yield strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, and fatigue strength. This can result in a bioreagent having impact strength, elastic modulus, bulk modulus, or shear modulus. Additives contribute simply by being present (for example, the additive itself imparts strength to the mixture). or, due to some transformation occurring within the additive phase or the resulting mixture, the mechanical properties This can improve the process. For example, reactions such as vitrification are part of bioreagents that include additives. This can occur internally, thereby improving the final strength.

[0367] Chemical additives can be applied to wet or dry biomass raw materials. The additives are solid. It can be applied as a powder, spray, mist, liquid, or vapor. Several implementations In terms of form, the additive is delivered by spraying a liquid solution (such as an aqueous solution or in a solvent) or by tanking. It can be introduced by immersion in a bottle, bag, or other container.

[0368] In certain embodiments, immersion pretreatment is used, and the solid raw material is either batch-type or continuous-type. Either way, the solid supply material is immersed in a bath containing the additive for a sufficient amount of time to allow the additive to permeate. ru.

[0369] In some embodiments, the additive applied to the raw material does not require energy for thermal decomposition. The amount can be reduced, or the yield of carbonaceous products can be increased. These or other practical In application, the additives applied to the raw materials provide the desired functionality for the intended use of the carbonaceous product. They can provide sex.

[0370] Throughput or process capacity ranges from small laboratory-scale units to any pilot It can vary widely, from small-scale demonstrations to full-scale operations, including semi-commercial operations. In this state, the process capacity (for raw materials, products, or both) is at least approximately 1 kg / day. , 10 kg / day, 100 kg / day, 1 ton / day (all tons are metric tons), 1 0 tons / day, 100 tons / day, 500 tons / day, 1000 tons / day, 2000 tons / day or more It is above.

[0371] In some embodiments, a portion of the manufactured solid is placed at the front end of the process. In other words, it can be recycled to a drying or degassing unit, or directly to the reactor. Returning to the process and going through it again, the treated solid has a higher concentration of fixed carbon. This may occur. Solid, liquid, and gaseous flows manufactured or present within the process are independently recirculated. It can then be passed on to a subsequent step or removed / purged from the process at any point.

[0372] In some embodiments, the thermally decomposed material is recovered and then subjected to further thermal decomposition. Therefore, it is supplied to separate units to create products with higher carbon purity. In that embodiment, the secondary process involves passing a heated inert gas (such as heated N2) through This can be done in a simple container such as a steel drum. Other containers useful for this purpose are also available. Examples include process tanks, barrels, bins, totes, sacks, and roll-offs. This secondary sweep gas containing volatile substances can, for example, be sent to a thermal oxidation apparatus, or It can be returned to the main process reactor. To cool the final product, initially, for example, ambient air. The solid is cooled by passing another flow of inert gas, which is at a certain temperature, through it, and then preheated with inert gas. It can be returned to the stem.

[0373] Some variations of this disclosure are, A feeding device configured to introduce carbon-containing raw materials, A multi-zone reactor arranged in operable communication with a dryer, which is spatially separated It features a cooling zone and a pyrolysis zone operably connected to it, and is capable of handling condensable vapors and non-condensable vapors. A multi-zone reactor configured to have an outlet for removing condensing gas from the solid, , A solid cooler is positioned in operable communication with a multi-zone reactor, It comprises a solid cooler and a high-carbon bioreagent recovery unit arranged in operable communication with it. A high-carbon bioreagent generation system will be used.

[0374] In some embodiments, the system is arranged to be operably in communication with a supply device, and carbon The system further includes a dryer configured to remove moisture contained within the raw materials.

[0375] Some variant forms are, A feeding device configured to introduce carbon-containing raw materials, It is positioned in operable communication with the supply device and removes moisture contained in the carbon-containing raw material. A dryer of any choice configured as follows, It is positioned in operable communication with the dryer and configured to heat or gently thermally decompose the raw material. A preheater of any choice, A pyrolysis reaction configured to be operably connected to a preheater and to thermally decompose the raw materials. The vessel and It is positioned in operable communication with the pyrolysis reactor and configured to cool the pyrolyzed solid. The cooler, A high-carbon bioreagent recovery unit is provided, which is configured to be operationally connected to a cooler. A system for generating primordial bioreagents, The system has at least one for removing condensable vapors and non-condensable gases from a solid. A high-carbon bioreagent generation system equipped with a gas outlet is used.

[0376] The supply device is a screw feeder or an O for introducing the supply solid into the first reaction zone. By using mechanisms such as the ga-mechanism, it can be physically integrated with a multi-zone reactor.

[0377] In some embodiments, the system is positioned to be operably in communication with the pyrolysis zone. It also includes a preheating zone. A thermal decomposition zone, a cooling zone, and a preheating zone (which exists). Each of them may be located within a single unit or within separate units. It is possible.

[0378] Optionally, the dryer can be configured as a drying zone within a multi-zone reactor. Optionally, a solid cooler can be placed inside a multi-zone reactor (i.e., (Configured as an additional cooling zone, or integrated with the main cooling zone).

[0379] The system may include purging means to remove oxygen from the system. The purging means has one or more inlets for introducing a substantially inert gas, and substantially The system includes one or more outlets for removing inert gas and substituted oxygen from the system. It can be obtained. In some embodiments, the purging means is a dryer and a multizone reactor. It is a degassing device that is operably connected to the other.

[0380] A multizone reactor preferably comprises at least a first gas inlet and a first gas outlet. The system is configured such that the first gas inlet and the first gas outlet are in different zones or in the same zone. They can be arranged in a connected manner.

[0381] In some embodiments, the multizone reactor has a second gas inlet or a second gas outlet. It is configured to include a third gas inlet or It is configured to include a third gas outlet. In some embodiments, the multizone reactor is the It is configured to have four gas inlets or a fourth gas outlet. In some embodiments, multiple outlets are provided. Each zone within the reactor is comprised of a gas inlet and a gas outlet.

[0382] The gas inlet and outlet not only allow for the introduction and extraction of steam, but especially the gas outlet The (probe) includes all stages of the process, and potentially all stages of the process. This enables precise process monitoring and control across various stages of the process. If process monitoring can adjust process conditions using the operation history, it can also do so dynamically. It is expected to lead to improvements in yield and efficiency over a certain period of time.

[0383] In a preferred embodiment, the reaction gas probe is positioned to be operably connected to the pyrolysis zone. Such reaction gas probes can be used to determine the degree of reaction, thermal decomposition selectivity, or other processes. To determine monitoring, it may be useful to extract the gases and analyze them. Then, Based on the measurements, the process involves the supply rate, the rate of inert gas sweeping, (one or more zones) ) by adjusting temperature, pressure (in one or more zones), additives, etc. It can be controlled or adjusted using numerical methods.

[0384] As intended herein, “monitoring and control” via a reaction gas probe means that the reaction gas Includes any one or more sample extraction via probe, as deemed necessary or desirable. In such cases, the well-known principles of process control (feedback, feedforward, proportional-integral-differential) apply. Use a split logic (or similar) to optionally perform process or equipment adjustments based on measurements. Includes.

[0385] Reaction gas probes can be configured to extract gas samples in many ways. For example, the sampling line can have a pressure lower than the pyrolysis reactor pressure. As a result, when the sampling line is opened, a certain amount of gas can be easily removed from the pyrolysis zone. It can be extracted. The sampling line is used when the pyrolysis zone is close to atmospheric pressure, etc. , may be under vacuum. Typically, the reaction gas probe uses one gas output or a portion thereof. For example, it can be associated with a line branched off from a gas output line.

[0386] In some embodiments, both the gas input and gas output periodically supply inert gas to the zone. The sample is introduced and the inert gas is drawn from the gas output along with the process sample ("sample By "swiping," it is used as a reaction gas probe. Such a configuration is used in the process It can be used in zones without gas inlets / outlets for substantially inert gases. Alternatively, the reaction gas probe can have separate gas inlets / outlets in addition to the process inlet and outlet. It can be associated with the mouth. (In embodiments that utilize sample sweeping) Sampling The sampling inert gas, which is periodically introduced and removed for analysis, is used as needed. For accuracy reasons, or to introduce analytical tracers, process inactivation is performed. It may be different from gas.

[0387] For example, the concentration of acetic acid in the gas phase of the pyrolysis zone can be measured using a gas probe to extract the sample. The sample can be measured using a suitable technique (gas chromatography), and then the sample can be measured using a suitable technique (gas chromatography). (GC, mass spectrometry, MS, GC-MS, or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, etc.) It is used for analysis. The concentration of CO or CO2 in the gas phase is measured, for example, relative to gas / vapor. It can be used as an indicator of thermal decomposition selectivity. The terpene concentration in the gas phase can be measured, for example. Therefore, it can be used as an indicator of thermal decomposition selectivity for a liquid.

[0388] In some embodiments, the system includes a cooling zone or a drying zone (if any). Alternatively, at least one that is operably connected to the preheating zone (if any) It is equipped with additional gas probes.

[0389] Gas probes for the cooling zone detect, for example, any additional chemical reactions that occur within the cooling zone. It may be useful in determining the degree of cooling. A gas probe in the cooling zone (for example, cooling (In addition to thermocouples placed within the zone) it can also be useful for independent temperature measurement. An independent measurement of this may be a correlation between the cooling temperature and a measured quantity of a particular type. The correlation is separate. It can be deployed in any order, or established after a period of process operation.

[0390] Gas probes for dry zones can measure the degree of dryness, for example, by measuring the moisture content. It may be useful in making a decision. A gas probe in the preheating zone can detect, for example, any mild temperatures that may occur. This may be useful in determining the degree of thermal decomposition.

[0391] In certain embodiments, the cooling zone is configured to include a gas inlet, and the pyrolysis zone is configured to include a gas It is configured with an outlet that generates a substantially countercurrent flow of the gas phase relative to the solid phase. In addition, the preheating zone (if present) is configured with a gas outlet and is suitable for the solid phase. This can generate a substantially countercurrent flow of the gas phase. Alternatively or additionally, dry zo The system is configured with a gas outlet and can generate substantially countercurrent flow.

[0392] One or more pyrolysis reactors are any suitable reactor capable of carrying out the pyrolysis process. The reactor configuration can be selected from the available options. Examples of reactor configurations include fixed-bed reactors and flow reactors. Bed reactors, jet bed reactors, augers, ablation reactors, rotating cones, rotating drums Roaster, cauldron, roaster, moving bed reactor, transport bed reactor, ablation reactor, rotary Examples include, but are not limited to, cones or microwave-assisted pyrolysis reactors.

[0393] In some embodiments in which the auger is used, sand or another heat carrier is optionally used. It is possible. For example, raw materials and sand can be supplied at one end of the screw. The screw mixes the sand and raw materials and transports them through the reactor. It can provide good control over residence time, and the pyrolysis products can be carried by a carrier or fluidizing gas. Do not dilute. The sand can be reheated in separate containers.

[0394] In some embodiments in which the ablation process is used, the raw material is applied to the surface of the molten iron. It is then moved at high speed. Ablation of any char formed on the surface is high heat The transfer rate can be maintained. Such a device can prevent dilution of the product. Alternatively, the raw material particles are suspended in a carrier gas and passed through a cyclone with heated walls. It can be implemented quickly.

[0395] In some embodiments where a fluidized bed reactor is used, the raw materials are typically recycled products. It can be introduced into a bed of high-temperature sand that has been fluidized by a gas. The reference to "sand" implies similar substantially inert materials such as glass particles and recovered ash particles. Includes material. The high heat transfer rate from fluidized sand can lead to rapid heating of the raw material. Sand Some ablation may occur due to friction with the particles. Heat is usually generated by high-temperature combustion gases. It is provided by flowing heat exchanger tubes.

[0396] A circulating fluidized bed reactor in which gas, sand, and raw materials move together can be used. (Example) Examples of transport gases include recirculated generated gases and combustion gases. High heat transfer coefficient from sand. This ensures rapid heating of the raw materials, and ablation is expected to be stronger than in a normal fluidized bed. The product gas can be separated from the sand and char particles using a separator. The mixture can be reheated in a fluid burner container and recycled back into the reactor.

[0397] In some embodiments, the multi-zone reactor has a raw material inlet and a temperature within each of the reaction zones. Multiple spatially separated reaction zones configured to control the degree and mixing separately, A continuous reactor having a carbonaceous solid outlet, and one of the reaction zones is substantially non- It is configured with a first gas inlet for introducing an active gas into the reactor, and the reaction zone One of them is configured to include a first gas outlet.

[0398] In various embodiments, the reactor includes at least two, three, or four or more reaction zones. Each reaction zone involves electrical heat transfer, steam heat transfer, hot oil heat transfer, phase change heat transfer, and waste heat transfer. In communication with a separately adjustable heating means, which can be independently selected from or a combination thereof. They are arranged in such a way. In some embodiments, at least one reactor zone is located in the present location. In addition, it is heated by the effluent from the thermal oxidation device.

[0399] The reactor has at least two reaction zones up to all reaction zones present in the reactor. The system can be configured to allow separate adjustment of the gas phase composition and gas phase residence time.

[0400] The reactor may be equipped with a second gas inlet or a second gas outlet. In the application configuration, the reactor is configured with a gas inlet in each reaction zone. These or other applications In this configuration, the reactor is configured with gas outlets in each reaction zone. The reactor is parallel flow or It can be a countercurrent reactor.

[0401] In some embodiments, the raw material inlet is equipped with a screw or auger feeding mechanism. In one embodiment, the carbonaceous solid outlet is equipped with a screw or auger output mechanism.

[0402] Certain embodiments utilize a rotary or oven equipped with a screw feeder. These implementations Morphologically, the reactor is rotatable in the axial direction; that is, the reactor rotates around its central axis. It rotates. The rotation speed affects the solid flow pattern, as well as heat and mass transport. Each of the response zones is configured with flights positioned on the inner wall to provide solid agitation. It is possible. Flight can be adjusted separately in each reaction zone.

[0403] Use an auger, screw, or other means of stirring the solid, such as a paddle conveyor. This is possible. In some embodiments, the reactor is arranged throughout each of the reaction zones. It includes a single continuous auger. In other embodiments, the reactor comprises each of the reaction zones It includes twin screws arranged across the surface.

[0404] Some systems, in particular, allow for the approximate size of the supply material throughout the entire process. The ability to maintain, that is, to process biomass raw materials without destroying or severely damaging their structure. Designed with processing capabilities. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis zone is pyrolysis Augers, screws, or rakes tend to significantly reduce the size of the supplied material. They will not be admitted.

[0405] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the system removes condensable vapors and non-condensable gases. The thermal oxidizer further includes a thermal oxidizer operably connected to an outlet. The thermal oxidizer is preferably This involves using separate fuels (such as natural gas) and oxidizers (such as air) to produce less fuel and condensable vapor. It is configured to receive at least a portion of the CO into a combustion chamber that is adapted for combustion. Certain non-condensable gases, such as CH4, can also be oxidized to CO2.

[0406] When a thermal oxidation device is used, the system is placed between the thermal oxidation device and the dryer, and combustion It may include a heat exchanger configured to utilize at least a portion of the heat from the baking process for the drying process. This embodiment can significantly contribute to the overall energy efficiency of the process. .

[0407] In some embodiments, the system is arranged to be operably in communication with a solid cooler, Carbon configured to combine condensable vapor in a partially condensed form with a solid. It is further equipped with a reinforcement unit. The carbon enhancement unit is a high-carbon bio-energy obtained from the recovery unit. The carbon content of the reagent can be increased.

[0408] The system further thermally decomposes high-carbon bioreagents to further increase their carbon content. It may further include separate pyrolysis units that are adapted. Relatively simple containers such as bottles, barrels, bins, drums, totes, sacks, or roll-offs. It may be a unit or a device.

[0409] The entire system may be in a fixed location or it may be distributed across several locations. The system has modules that can be easily duplicated for actual scaling up. It can be built using this system. The system is also well known in process industries. This can be constructed using the principle of economic scale.

[0410] Next, we will further describe some variations of carbon reinforcement in solids. In this state, the process for producing high-carbon bioreagents is: (a) To provide carbon-containing raw materials including biomass, (b) Optionally, dry the raw materials to remove at least some of the moisture contained therein. To leave, (c) Optionally, degas the raw material and, if present, reduce the amount of interstitial oxygen contained in the raw material. At least remove a part of it, (d) In the pyrolysis zone, in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes And the raw material is thermally decomposed at a thermal decomposition temperature selected from approximately 250°C to approximately 700°C, and high-temperature heat components are produced. To produce solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, (e) At least a portion of condensable vapor and at least one portion of non-condensable gas from a high-temperature pyrolysis solid To separate the parts, (f) In the cooling zone, in the presence of a substantially inert gas, for at least 5 minutes and By cooling a high-temperature pyrolysis solid at a cooling temperature below its pyrolysis temperature, a warm pyrolysis solid is produced. That thing, (g) Optionally, cool the warm pyrolysis solid to produce a cold pyrolysis solid. , (h) Then, at least a portion of the condensable vapor or non-condensable gas from step (e) At least a portion of it is passed through a warm pyrolysis solid or a cold pyrolysis solid, and the carbon content is To form an increased strengthened pyrolysis solid, (i) To recover high-carbon bioreagents containing at least a portion of the improved pyrolysis solid, Includes.

[0411] In some embodiments, step (h) is performed to reduce the amount of condensable vapor from step (e) At least a portion of it is passed through to a warm, pyrolyzed solid in the form of vapor or condensate, increasing the carbon content. The process includes producing a reinforced pyrolysis solid. In some embodiments, step (h) is , pass at least a portion of the noncondensable gas from step (e) through to a warm pyrolysis solid This includes producing a reinforced pyrolysis solid with increased carbon content.

[0412] Alternatively or additionally, vapor or gas can be brought into contact with a cold, pyrolytic solid. In some embodiments, step (h) is performed with less condensable vapor from step (e). In both cases, a portion is passed through a low-temperature pyrolysis solid in the form of vapor or condensate, increasing the carbon content. The process includes producing a reinforced pyrolysis solid. In some embodiments, step (h) is performed At least a portion of the non-condensable gas from step(e) is passed through a cold pyrolysis solid, This includes producing a reinforced pyrolysis solid with increased carbon content.

[0413] In certain embodiments, step (h) is substantially the same as step (e) of the condensable vapor from step (e). All of it is passed through to low-temperature pyrolysis solids in vapor or condensate form, resulting in a strengthened material with increased carbon content. This includes producing a pyrolysis solid. In certain embodiments, step (h) is step ( e) Substantially all of the non-condensable gas is passed through a cold pyrolysis solid to obtain the carbon content This includes producing enhanced pyrolysis solids with increased properties.

[0414] The process involves treating the steam or gas before using it for carbon strengthening. This may include various methods for separation. For example, the condensable steam obtained from step (e) The intermediate supply stream, consisting of at least a portion of the gas and at least a portion of the non-condensable gas, is at least It can also be supplied to a separation unit configured to generate first and second output flows. In certain embodiments, the intermediate feed stream contains all of the condensable vapor, all of the non-condensable gas, or It includes both.

[0415] Separation technologies include distillation columns, flash vessels, centrifuges, cyclones, membranes, and filters. It may include or use a packed bed, capillary column, etc. Separation is mainly, For example, it can be based on distillation, absorption, adsorption, or diffusion, and may involve vapor pressure, activity, molecular weight, and density. , viscosity, polarity, chemical functionality, affinity to the stationary phase, and any combination thereof We can take advantage of the differences.

[0416] In some embodiments, the first and second output flows are intermediate feed flows based on relative volatility. It is separated from. For example, the separation unit is a distillation column, a flash tank, or a condenser. It is possible.

[0417] Therefore, in some embodiments, the first output flow contains condensable vapor, and the second output The power flow contains non-condensable gases. Condensable vapors include terpenes, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, Alternatively, it may include at least one carbon-containing compound selected from ketones. The vapors from it contain aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. This may include heavier aromatic compounds such as persistent tars that may be present in the vapor. The non-condensable gas is at least one selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. It can contain carbon-containing molecules.

[0418] In some embodiments, the first and second output flows are separated based on their relative polarity. This is an intermediate supply flow. For example, the separation unit consists of a stripping column, a packed bed, and a chromatograph. It may be a tography column or a membrane.

[0419] Therefore, in some embodiments, the first output flow contains a polar compound, and the second output The flow contains nonpolar compounds. The polar compounds are methanol, furfural, and acetic acid. It may contain at least one carbon-containing molecule of selection. Nonpolar compounds may contain carbon monoxide. At least one selected from carbon, carbon dioxide, methane, terpenes, and terpene derivatives It can contain carbon-containing molecules.

[0420] Step (h) is the same process as step (h), except that it does not include step (h). The total carbon content of carbon bioreagents can be increased. The degree of increase in carbon content varies. In various embodiments, for example, about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, or even more. It could be more than that.

[0421] In some embodiments, step (h) increases the fixed carbon content of the high-carbon bioreagent. To cause. In these or other embodiments, step (h) is to cause the volatile carbon of the high-carbon bioreagent Increase the content. Volatile carbon content is the carbon that results from volatile substances in the reagent. Volatile substances include aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., terpenes); alcohols, aldehydes. , or oxygenated substances containing ketones; and hydrocarbons containing various tars, but these may be Not limited to. Volatile carbon typically remains bound to or adsorbed on solids under ambient conditions. However, when heated, the fixed carbon is oxidized, gasified, or released as vapor before it is released. It is released.

[0422] Depending on the conditions related to step (h), some amount of volatile carbon becomes fixed carbon. This is possible (for example, via Boudois carbon formation from CO). Typically, volatile The volatile substances enter the micropores of fixed carbon and exist as condensed / adsorbed species, but remain relatively volatile. It even goes that far. This residual volatility is compared to product applications that require high surface area and porosity. It may be more advantageous for fuel applications.

[0423] Step (h) is the energy content (i.e., energy density) of the high-carbon bioreagent. This can increase the total carbon, fixed carbon, and volatile carbon content. , or may result from an increase in hydrogen. The degree of increase in energy content varies depending on the embodiment. For example, about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, or even higher. obtain.

[0424] Further separation is used to obtain one or more non-condensables for use in the process or further processing. A condensable gas or condensable vapor can be recovered. For example, purified carbon monoxide or hydrogen. Further processing may be included to manufacture it.

[0425] As another example, acetic acid can be separated and then reduced to ethanol. The reduction of acetic acid uses, at least in part, hydrogen derived from the produced non-condensable gas. It can be achieved.

[0426] Condensible vapors are used in processes (thermal oxidation) to increase the carbon content of high-carbon bioreagents. It can be used for energy in either (by means of) or carbon enrichment. Certain non-condensable gases such as CO or CH4 are used for energy in processes, It can be used as part of the substantially inert gas for the pyrolysis step. Any of the combinations described above is also possible.

[0427] A potential advantage of including step (h) is that the gas flow is cleaned and the resulting gas flow is C It is rich in O and CO2. The resulting gas flow can be used for energy recovery. It can be recycled for carbon enrichment of solids, or in an inert gas in the reactor. It can be used as such. Similarly, by separating non-condensable gas from condensable vapor... CO / CO2 flow is, for example, an inert gas in a reactor system or cooling system. Prepared for use as such.

[0428] Other variations involve the principle of the carbon enhancement step, where carbon is added to any material where it is desired. This is based on the understanding that it may be applicable to the fee.

[0429] In some embodiments, a batch or continuous process for producing high-carbon bioreagents is used , (a) To provide a solid flow containing a carbon-containing material, (b) Condensable carbon-containing vapor, non-condensable carbon-containing gas, or condensable carbon-containing vapor and non-condensable To provide a gas stream containing a mixture with a carbon-containing gas, (c) Passing the gas flow through the solid flow under suitable conditions increases the carbon content of the carbon-containing material. This includes forming a carbon-containing product having an element content.

[0430] In some embodiments, the starting carbon-containing material is pyrolysis biomass or roasting biomass. The gas flow can be obtained during the integration process that provides the carbon-containing material. The gaseous flow can be obtained from separate treatments of carbon-containing materials. The gaseous flow or a portion thereof is It can be obtained from an external source (e.g., a sawmill oven). Gas from various sources Mixtures of S-type materials and mixtures of carbon-containing materials are possible.

[0431] In some embodiments, the process is repeated to obtain the carbon of the carbon-containing product. or further includes increasing the energy content, recirculating or reusing the gas flow. In some embodiments, the process is carried out to produce a carbon-containing material that is different from the carbon-containing material. Increasing the carbon or energy content of another raw material, or recirculating or reusing gas flows. It also includes.

[0432] In some embodiments, the process generates at least first and second output flows. The further includes introducing a gas flow into a separation unit configured such that the gas flow contains condensable carbon It contains a mixture of contained vapor and non-condensable carbon-containing gas. The first and second output flows are relative volatilization They can be separated based on degree, relative polarity, or any other property. The gas stream contains carbon. It can be obtained from separate processes of the material.

[0433] In some embodiments, the process is repeated to obtain the carbon of the carbon-containing product. Further increasing the content, including recirculating or reusing the gas flow. In this application, the process increases the carbon content of another raw material by carrying out the process. This further includes recirculating or reusing the flow.

[0434] Carbon-containing products have an increased total carbon content and higher fixation compared to the starting carbon-containing material. Carbon content, higher volatile carbon content, higher energy content, or any of the above. It can have a combination of these.

[0435] In related variant forms, the high-carbon bioreagent generation system is (a) A feeder configured to introduce carbon-containing raw materials, (b) Arranged to be operably connected to the supply device, to remove moisture contained in the carbon-containing raw material. An optional dryer configured to do the following, (c) A multi-zone reactor arranged in operable communication with a dryer, which is spatially divided It includes a separate cooling zone and at least one thermal decomposition zone that is operably connected to it. It is configured to have an outlet for removing condensable vapors and non-condensable gases from the solid. A multi-zone reactor was constructed, (d) A solid cooler arranged in operable communication with a multi-zone reactor, (e) A solid cooler that is operably connected to a solid cooler and which provides solid condensable vapors or non-condensable gases. Material concentration unit configured to pass through to form a reinforced solid with increased carbon content And, (f) A high-carbon bioreagent recovery unit that is operably connected to the material concentration unit. It is equipped with the following.

[0436] The system further includes a preheating zone that is operably connected to the pyrolysis zone. This is possible. In some embodiments, the dryer is the drying zone within the multi-zone reactor. It is composed of such a system. Each zone may be located within a single unit or within separate units. This is possible. Furthermore, the solid cooler can be placed inside a multi-zone reactor.

[0437] In some embodiments, the cooling zone is configured to include a gas inlet, and the pyrolysis zone is It is configured with a gas outlet to generate a substantially countercurrent flow of the gas phase relative to the solid phase. In these or other embodiments, the preheating zone or drying zone (or dryer) is located at the gas outlet. It is configured to generate a substantially countercurrent flow of the gas phase relative to the solid phase.

[0438] In certain embodiments, the system incorporates a material concentration unit, and the material concentration unit is , (i) A housing having an upper part and a lower part, (ii) Located at the bottom of the lower part of the housing, An inlet and a configuration for transporting condensable vapors and non-condensable gases, (iii) Located at the top of the upper part of the housing, An outlet and configured to carry a concentrated gas stream derived from condensable vapor and non-condensable gas, (iv) A defined path between the upper and lower parts of the housing, (v) A transport system that follows a route, A transport system configured to transport solids, and a housing comprising the solids Molded to adsorb at least a portion of condensable vapor or at least a portion of non-condensable gas It is being done.

[0439] This disclosure provides various compositions useful as high-carbon bioreagents, and methods for incorporating such reagents. Products can be manufactured. In some modified forms, high-carbon bioreagents are used according to this specification. Any process disclosed to, for example, (a) A step of providing a carbon-containing raw material including biomass, (b) Optionally, dry the raw materials to remove at least some of the moisture contained therein. Steps to leave, (c) Optionally, degas the raw material and, if present, reduce the amount of interstitial oxygen contained in the raw material. The step of removing at least a part of it, (d) In the pyrolysis zone, in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes And the raw material is thermally decomposed at a thermal decomposition temperature selected from approximately 250°C to approximately 700°C, and high-temperature heat components are produced. A step of generating a deconstituted solid, a condensable vapor, and a non-condensable gas, (e) At least a portion of condensable vapor and at least one portion of non-condensable gas from a high-temperature pyrolysis solid The steps of separating the parts and (f) In the cooling zone, in the presence of a substantially inert gas, for at least 5 minutes and By cooling a high-temperature pyrolysis solid at a cooling temperature below its pyrolysis temperature, a warm pyrolysis solid is produced. Steps and (g) A step of cooling a warm pyrolysis solid to produce a cold pyrolysis solid, (h) A step of recovering a high-carbon bioreagent containing at least a portion of a cold pyrolysis solid. It is manufactured by a process that includes ,

[0440] In some embodiments, the reagent is at least about 70% by weight on a dry basis, and at least 8 It contains 0% by weight, at least 90% by weight, or at least 95% by weight of total carbon. It contains at least fixed carbon and may further contain carbon from volatile substances. In this embodiment, carbon from volatile substances is less of the total carbon present in the high-carbon bioreagent. Each is approximately 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, or at least 50%. Fixed carbon can be measured using ASTM D3172, while volatile carbon can be measured using ASTM D3172. Measurements can be taken using ASTM D3175.

[0441] High-carbon bioreagents contain approximately 10% by weight or less of hydrogen on a dry basis, for example, approximately 5% by weight or less. This is possible. The bioreagent contains approximately 1% by weight or less of nitrogen on a dry basis, for example, approximately 0.5% by weight or less. It may contain elements. The bioreagent may contain approximately 0.5% by weight or less on a dry basis, for example, approximately 0.2% by weight. It may contain phosphorus in amounts of % or less. For bioreagents, it may contain approximately 0.2% by weight or less on a dry basis, for example It can contain approximately 0.1% or less of sulfur by weight.

[0442] Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are analyzed, for example, using ASTM D5373 for elemental analysis. It can be measured. Oxygen can be measured, for example, using ASTM D3176. This can be done. Sulfur can be measured using, for example, ASTM D3177.

[0443] Certain embodiments contain hydrogen (excluding any water that may be present), nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. The reagent is almost entirely or essentially free of carbon, and substantially consists of any ash and any moisture present. Therefore, some embodiments provide 100% on a dry / ash-free (DAF) basis. The following bioreagents containing carbon atoms are provided.

[0444] The biomass raw material is non-volatile, containing silica and various metals that are not easily released during thermal decomposition. Includes pyrolytic species. Of course, it is also possible to use ashless raw materials, in which case pyrolysis solids are produced. There should be no substantial amount of ash inside. Ash is, for example, defined using ASTM D3174. It can be measured in this way.

[0445] Various amounts of non-combustible materials, such as ash, may be present. High-carbon bioreagents weigh approximately 10 times their dry weight. It may contain non-combustible substances in amounts of % or less, for example, about 5% by weight, about 2% by weight, or about 1% by weight or less. In certain embodiments, the reagent contains little to no ash, or ash or other impurities. It contains virtually no flammable material. Therefore, some embodiments have a dry weight of 1 It provides essentially pure carbon containing 00% carbon.

[0446] Various amounts of water may be present. On a total mass basis, high-carbon bioreagents should be at least 1% by weight. , 2% by weight, 5% by weight, 10% by weight, 15% by weight, 25% by weight, 35% by weight, 50% by weight May contain the above amount of moisture. Where intended herein, “moisture” means absorbed moisture, adsorbed moisture. Any form present in bioreagents, including water molecules, chemical hydrates, and physical hydrates. It should be interpreted as including water in its state. Equilibrium water content is less than or equal to relative humidity. This can also vary depending on the local environment. Furthermore, moisture content can fluctuate during transportation, preparation for use, and other logistics. It is possible. Moisture content can be measured using, for example, ASTM D3173.

[0447] High-carbon bioreagents are used for this purpose because they have a higher heat output associated with the total combustion of oven-dry reagents. It can have various energy contents, which means an energy density. For example High-carbon bioreagents have a concentration of at least 11,000 Btu / lb and at least 12,000 Btu / lb, at least 13,000 Btu / lb, at least 14,000 Btu / It can have an energy content of lb, or at least 15,000 Btu / lb. In certain embodiments, the energy content is approximately 14,000-15,000 Btu / It is lb. The energy content can be measured using, for example, ASTM D5865. It is possible.

[0448] High-carbon bioreagents can be formed into powders such as coarse powder or fine powder. For example, In the embodiment, the drug is approximately 200 mesh, approximately 100 mesh, approximately 50 mesh, and approximately 10 mesh. It has an average mesh size of approximately 6 mesh, approximately 4 mesh, or approximately 2 mesh. It can be formed into a powder.

[0449] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is compressed, bound, or aggregated. It is formed into a structure containing particles. The starting material for forming these objects is a particle size reduction. The reagent may be in powder form, such as an intermediate obtained by the process. The object may be mechanically pressed or otherwise Formed by the force of a binder or other means that aggregate particles together, at the discretion of the user. It is possible.

[0450] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent has a structure whose structure is substantially derived from the raw material. It is manufactured in a physical form. For example, raw material chips are used to manufacture product chips for high-carbon bioreagents. It is possible. Alternatively, the raw material cylinder can be used to manufacture high-carbon bioreagent cylinders. This can be made somewhat smaller, but otherwise the basic structure of the starting material and It can maintain its geometric shape.

[0451] The high-carbon bioreagents described herein are at least about 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. Manufactured as an object with a minimum dimension of m, 6cm, 7cm, 8cm, 9cm, or 10cm or more. It can be made possible, or can be formed on such an object. In various embodiments, the minimum dimensions or the minimum The large dimension can be length, width, or diameter.

[0452] Other variations of this disclosure include combinations of additives to the process, to the product, or both. Regarding the inclusion of the material, in some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents are incorporated during the process. It includes at least one process additive. In these or other embodiments, the reagent is a process additive. It includes at least one product additive that is introduced into the reagent after the initial reaction.

[0453] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is measured on a dry basis. At least about 70% by weight of total carbon, At most about 5% by weight of hydrogen, At most about 1% by weight of nitrogen, At most about 0.5% by weight of phosphorus, At most about 0.2% by weight of sulfur, Select from metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal halides, or combinations thereof. Includes selected additives.

[0454] The additives are by no means limited, but may include magnesium, manganese, aluminum, and nickel. chromium, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, Iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomite lime, fluorite, fluorosperm - You can choose from bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, or a combination thereof. can.

[0455] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is measured on a dry basis. At least about 70% by weight of total carbon, At most about 5% by weight of hydrogen, At most about 1% by weight of nitrogen, At most about 0.5% by weight of phosphorus, At most about 0.2% by weight of sulfur, It includes an additive selected from acids, bases, or salts thereof.

[0456] The additives are by no means limited, but include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and magnesium oxide. Um, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, or combinations thereof You can choose from the combinations.

[0457] In certain embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is measured on a dry basis. At most about 70% by weight of total carbon, At most about 5% by weight of hydrogen, At most about 1% by weight of nitrogen, At most about 0.5% by weight of phosphorus, At most about 0.2% by weight of sulfur, Select from metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal halides, or combinations thereof. The first additive to be selected, A second additive selected from acids, bases, or salts thereof, The first additive is different from the second additive.

[0458] The first additive is magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon Boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron chloride, iron bromide, Magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomite lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite The second addition can be selected from calcium oxide, lime, or a combination thereof. The agents are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, and Select independently from sodium yate, potassium permanganate, or a combination thereof. It is possible.

[0459] Certain high-carbon bioreagents, on a dry basis, contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and non-flammable substances. and magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, boron, celery Um, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide Dolomite, dolomite lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide It essentially consists of additives selected from um, lime, or a combination thereof.

[0460] Certain high-carbon bioreagents, on a dry basis, contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and non-flammable substances. and sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, silica Essentially, it consists of additives selected from sodium phosphate or a combination thereof.

[0461] The amount of additives (or total additives) is approximately 0.1% by weight, approximately 1% by weight, approximately 5% by weight, and approximately 10% by weight. It can vary widely, including amounts of %, or about 20% by weight, ranging from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight. Therefore, if a relatively large amount of additives, such as more than approximately 1% by weight, is incorporated, the entire test It is understood that the energy content, calculated based on the weight of the drug (including additives), will decrease. Furthermore, in various embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent having additives is approximately 1 1,000 Btu / lb, at least 12,000 Btu / lb, at least 13,000 0 Btu / lb, at least 14,000 Btu / lb, or at least 15,000 B It can have an energy content of tu / lb.

[0462] The above considerations regarding product form also apply to embodiments that incorporate additives. In fact, A typical embodiment involves binders, fluxes, etc., to improve the final properties for a specific application. Additives are incorporated as agents or other modifiers.

[0463] In a preferred embodiment, the majority of the carbon contained in the high-carbon bioreagent is renewable carbon. It is classified as an element. In some embodiments, substantially all carbon is renewable carbon. It is classified as such. Its value is attributed to the renewable carbon content within high-carbon bioreagents in certain markets. A mechanism (e.g., a recyclability identification number, tax credits, etc.) may exist.

[0464] In certain embodiments, fixed carbon is classified as non-renewable carbon (e.g., coal-derived). On the other hand, volatile carbon, which can be added separately, has an energy content. Furthermore, it can be converted into renewable carbon in order to increase the renewable carbon value.

[0465] The high-carbon bioreagents manufactured as described herein are used to produce a wide variety of carbonaceous products. Useful. High-carbon bioreagents can themselves be desirable market products. Provided herein The high-carbon bioreagents used have lower levels of impurities and reduced ions compared to the latest technologies. Process emissions and related to improved sustainability (including higher renewable carbon content) They can be linked together.

[0466] In the modified form, the product can be obtained by the disclosed process or as described above. Any or any part thereof of the high-carbon bioreagents described in the compositions shown in the details. This includes combinations or derivatives.

[0467] Generally speaking, high-carbon bioreagents are burned to produce energy (including electricity and heat). It can be produced by partially oxidizing, gasifying, or steaming to produce synthesis gas. They are modified in gaseous form and used for their adsorption or absorption properties, and for metal refining (as per the present disclosure). It is used for the reduction of metal oxides such as metal oxides, or for the reaction properties of those metal oxides in other industrial processes. Alternatively, they are used for their material properties in carbon steel and various other metal alloys. Essentially, high-carbon bioreagents are carbon-based products or advanced materials, including those used in specialized applications that are being developed. It can be used for various market applications.

[0468] Prior to any product application or actual use, the disclosed high-carbon bioreagents are subject to the following criteria: It can be analyzed, measured, and optionally modified (by additives, etc.) using various methods. Besides chemical composition and energy content, some potentially important properties include: These properties include density, particle size, surface area, microporosity, absorption, adsorption, binding capacity, and reaction. Responsiveness, desulfurization activity, and basicity are among its properties.

[0469] Products or materials that can incorporate these high-carbon bioreagents include carbon-based blast furnaces. Addition products, carbon-based taconite pellet addition products, ladle-added carbon-based products, metcoke Carbon-based products, coal substitute products, carbon-based coking products, carbon breeze products, fluids Bed carbon raw materials, carbon furnace addition products, injectionable carbon products, fine carbon products, stoker Examples include, but are not limited to, Kerr carbon-based products, carbon electrodes, or activated carbon products. I can't.

[0470] The use of disclosed high-carbon bioreagents in metal production reduces slag and improves overall efficiency. It can increase and reduce life cycle environmental impacts. Therefore, the implementation of this disclosure The form is particularly suitable for metal processing and manufacturing.

[0471] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as carbon-based blast furnace addition products. Blast furnaces are used for smelting (but are not limited to) the production of industrial metals such as iron. It is a type of metallurgical furnace. Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy, and its main use is to extract from the ore. Smelting is the process of manufacturing metals. Smelting uses heat and chemical reducing agents to break down ore. Carbon or carbon monoxide derived from carbon removes oxygen from the ore, leaving behind the elemental metal.

[0472] The reducing agent consists of or may contain a high-carbon bioreagent. In a blast furnace, high carbon Biological reagents, ores, and typically limestone, are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace. On the other hand, air (optionally oxygen-enriched) is blown into the bottom of the chamber, and the result As a result, the chemical reaction occurs throughout the furnace as the materials move downwards. The final product is Typically, this includes the molten metal and slag phase removed from the bottom, and the flue gas that exits from the top of the furnace. Therefore, the downward flow of ore coming into contact with the rising flow of high-temperature carbon monoxide-rich gas is a countercurrent process. That is the case.

[0473] The quality of carbon in a blast furnace is measured by its resistance to degradation. The role of carbon as a permeable medium. The ratio is important for economical blast furnace operation. Carbon decomposition varies depending on the position in the blast furnace. and reactions with CO2, H2O, or O2, and with carbon particles themselves and other components of the input. This is accompanied by wear of carbon particles. The decomposed carbon particles cause clogging and performance degradation. It may cause this.

[0474] The coke reactivity test is a highly regarded measure of the performance of carbon in a blast furnace. It has two elements: the coke reactivity index (CRI) and the post-reaction coke strength (CSR). Carbon-based materials with low CRI values ​​(high reactivity) and high CSR values ​​offer better performance. It is preferable for reactor performance. The CRI is determined according to any preferred method known in the art. For example, according to the ASTM method DS341, the decision is made based on the information received. can.

[0475] In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents have properties that make them suitable for direct introduction into a blast furnace. It provides carbon products.

[0476] The strength of high-carbon bioreagents can be determined by any suitable method known in the art, for example, This can be determined by a drop crushing test or a CSR test. In some embodiments, High-carbon bioreagents, when blended with another carbon source of their choice, contain at least approximately 50% carbon. The final carbon product has 60% or 70% CSR. The combined product is Furthermore, it is possible to provide a final coke product that has a reactivity suitable for combustion in a blast furnace. In some embodiments, the product is a high-carbon bioreagent such as methocol, methocoke, or powder. Suitable for use as an additive or substitute for coke, foundry coke, or injectable coal. It has a CRI such as this.

[0477] Some embodiments have a CRI or CSR that is insufficient for use as a blast furnace product. When added to another carbon source (e.g., coke), it provides enough carbon for use in a blast furnace. A sufficient amount to provide a high-carbon bioreagent that provides a composite product having RI or CSR One or more additives are used. In some embodiments, one or more additives make up about 40%. It is present in an amount sufficient to provide a high-carbon bioreagent having a CRI of 30% or less, or 20% or less. do.

[0478] In some embodiments, alkaline earth metals, or their oxides or carbonates, are selected. One or more additives are introduced during or after the process of manufacturing high-carbon bioreagents. For example, calcium, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, or carbonate Magnesium can be introduced as an additive. These can be added before, during, or after thermal decomposition. By adding this compound, the reactivity of high-carbon bioreagents in a blast furnace can be increased. These compounds result in stronger materials, i.e., higher CSR, and thereby It can improve blast furnace efficiency. In addition, alkaline earth metals, or their oxides, Additives such as those selected from carbonates have lower emissions (e.g., SO2). It can be done.

[0479] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is, as described above, not only high fixed carbon content. Instead, it also contains a fairly high proportion of volatile carbon. Volatile substances are converted into metallic acids at lower temperatures. Since it is expected to have better material transport to the oxide, it is desirable for metal oxide reduction. It can become so. Compared to fossil fuel-based products such as coke, high-carbon bioreagents are sufficient. It can have higher strength and more fixed volatile carbon, which leads to greater reactivity. It brings about.

[0480] In some embodiments, the blast furnace substitute product contains at least about 55% by weight of carbon, about 0. 5% by weight or less of sulfur, approximately 8% by weight or less of non-combustible material, and at least approximately 11,000 Bt The present disclosure is a high-carbon bioreagent containing a heat generation of u / pound. In some embodiments, The blast furnace alternative products contain approximately 0.035% or less phosphorus, and approximately 0.5% to 50% by weight. The volatile substance and optionally one or more additives further comprises, The blast furnace substitute product is approximately 2% to 15% by weight of dolomite, approximately 2% to 15% by weight dolomite lime, approximately 2% to 15% by weight bentonite, or approximately 2% to 15% by weight It contains, by weight, % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the blast furnace substitute product is substantially They have dimensions ranging from approximately 1 cm to approximately 10 cm.

[0481] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure are used as casting coke substitute products. It is useful as such. Foundry coke generally has a carbon content of at least about 85% by weight. Sulfur content of approximately 0.6% by weight, volatile substances of approximately 1.5% by weight or less, and ash of approximately 13% by weight or less. Moisture content of approximately 8% by weight or less, phosphorus of approximately 0.035% by weight, a CRI value of approximately 30, and approximately 5 cm It is characterized by having dimensions in the range of approximately 25 cm.

[0482] Some variations of this disclosure involve the addition of carbon-based taconite pellets to high-carbon bioreagents. To use as a material. The ore used in the production of iron and steel is iron oxide. Main iron oxide ore These include hematite, limonite (also called brown ore), taconite, and ma Examples include gnetite and black ore. Taconite is a low-grade but important ore. It contains both magnetite and hematite. The iron content of taconite is generally 2 It is 5% to 30% by weight. Blast furnaces typically require at least Requires 50% by weight iron-containing ore. The iron ore is crushed, screened, and tumbled. The ore can undergo beneficiation including flotation and magnetic separation. The refined ore has a purity of over 60%. It is often concentrated into iron and formed into pellets before transport.

[0483] For example, taconite is ground into a fine powder and mixed with a binder such as bentonite clay and limestone. It can be combined. For example, a piece containing about 65% by weight of iron, with a diameter of about 1 cm. It can form pellets. The pellets are calcined and the magnetite is acidified into hematite. The pellets are durable and the blast furnace charges allow heated gases to pass through them. Ensure that it remains sufficiently porous to react with the tarnished ore.

[0484] Taconite pellets are used in the production of iron, as mentioned above with respect to blast furnace addition products. It can be supplied to the blast furnace. In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents are introduced into the blast furnace. In these or other embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is incorporated into the taconite pellet itself. For example, the taconite ore powder after beneficiation is mixed with a high-carbon bioreagent and a binder. These can then be rolled into small objects and then fired until hardened. In such embodiments This allows for the production of taconite-carbon pellets with the appropriate composition, without the need for separate carbon sources, and with high carbon content. It can be conveniently installed in the furnace.

[0485] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as ladle-added carbon-based products. A ladle is a container used to transport and pour out molten metal. Cast ladles are made of molten metal. It is used to manufacture castings by pouring molten metal into a mold. The transfer ladle is used for large quantities of molten metal. It is used to transfer materials from one process to another. The processing ladle is used to transfer materials to the ladle. Several forms of molten metal, such as the conversion of cast iron to ductile iron by the addition of various elements, It is used for processes that occur in the ladle to cause changes.

[0486] High-carbon bioreagents can be introduced into any type of ladle, but typically, carbon The carbon is added to the processing ladle in a suitable amount based on the target carbon content. It can be in the form of a fine powder for good material transport of carbon to the final composition. In embodiments, when the high-carbon bioreagent according to this disclosure is used as a ladle addition product, It has a minimum dimension of approximately 0.5 cm, for example, approximately 0.75 cm, approximately 1 cm, or approximately 1.5 cm or more. .

[0487] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure are, for example, obtained by adding carbon to a ladle. Basic oxygen furnaces or electric arc furnaces used (for example, added to ladle carbon during steelmaking) It is useful as a ladle-added carbon additive in facilities.

[0488] In some embodiments, the ladle-added carbon additive is up to about 5% by weight of manganese, up to about It further contains 5% by weight of calcium oxide, or up to approximately 5% by weight of dolomite lime.

[0489] Directly reduced iron (DRI), also known as sponge iron, is a type of iron that was conventionally produced from natural gas or coal. It is produced by the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fine powder) using raw gas. The gas is typically synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide that acts as a reducing agent. Yes. The high-carbon bioreagents provided herein are converted into a gaseous stream containing CO and used as a reducing agent. It can act as a compound to directly produce reduced iron.

[0490] Iron nuggets are a high-quality steelmaking and iron casting supply material. Iron nuggets are essentially all It consists of iron and carbon, with very little gangue (slag), and metal residues are at low levels. These are high-grade pig iron products with excellent transport and handling characteristics. (Iron nuggets) Or the carbon contained in any part thereof may be a high-carbon bioreagent provided herein. Iron nuggets use high-carbon bioreagents as reducing agents and energy sources in a rotary hearth. It can be produced by reducing iron ore in a furnace.

[0491] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as metallurgical coke carbon products. Metallurgical coke, also known as "meth" coke, is typically a blend of various types of bituminous coal. It is a carbon material produced by the decomposition distillation of carbon. The final solid is called metallurgical coke. It is non-molten carbon. As a result of the loss of volatile gases and partial melting, metcoke is open It has a porous structure. Metcoke has very low volatile content. However, The ash component, which was part of the raw material for bituminous coal, remains sealed within the resulting coke. Tocoke raw materials are available in a wide range of sizes, from fine powder to basketball-sized chunks. Yes, it is possible. Typical purity ranges from 86 to 92% by weight of fixed carbon.

[0492] Metallurgical coke is used when high-quality, tough, and resilient wear carbon is required. Applications include conductive flooring, friction materials (e.g., carbon lining), and casting coatings. Carbon risers for casting, corrosive materials, drilling applications, reducing agents, heat treatment agents, ceramic fillers Examples include, but are not limited to, the body, electrolytic processes, and oxygen removal.

[0493] Metcoke has a calorific value of approximately 10,000-14,000 Btu / pound and is approximately 10 times heavier. It can be characterized as having an ash content of % or more. Therefore, several actual In the application method, the metcoke substitute product is at least about 80% by weight, 85% by weight, or 9% by weight. 0% by weight carbon, approximately 0.8% by weight or less sulfur, approximately 3% by weight or less volatile substances, approximately 15% by weight This disclosure includes less than % ash, less than approximately 13% by weight moisture, and less than approximately 0.035% by weight phosphorus. This disclosure includes high-carbon bioreagents. The high-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure are metcoke substitute products. When used as such, for example, it can have a size range of approximately 2 cm to approximately 15 cm. ru.

[0494] In some embodiments, the metcoke substitute product is chromium, nickel, manganese, Magnesium oxide, silicon, aluminum, dolomite, fluorite, calcium oxide, lime, It further contains additives such as dolomite lime, bentonite, or a combination thereof.

[0495] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as coal substitute products. Any process or system that uses carbon should, in principle, use high-carbon bioreagents. It can be adapted to suit the purpose.

[0496] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is combined with one or more coal-based products. Therefore, it has a higher rank than coal-based products, or when burned, it produces pure coal-based products. It forms a complex product with lower emissions than [this product].

[0497] For example, low-grade charcoal such as sub-bituminous charcoal can be used to reduce the amount of high-carbon bioreagent selected according to this disclosure. By combining it with graded coal products, high-grade coal products such as bituminous coal, which are normally required, can be produced. It can be used in the following applications. In other embodiments, mixed coal products (for example, different The rank of a combination of multiple coals of a certain rank is determined by the amount of high-carbon bioreagents added to the mixed coal. This can be improved by combining it with high-carbon biomass mixed with coal products. The amount of reagent depends on the rank of the coal product, the properties of the high-carbon bioreagent (e.g., carbon content, heat range), etc. (and) and may vary depending on the desired rank of the final combination product.

[0498] For example, anthracite generally contains at least about 80% by weight of carbon and about 0.6% by weight of sulfur. Approximately 5% by weight of volatile substances, up to approximately 15% by weight of ash, up to approximately 10% by weight of moisture, and approximately 12 It is characterized as having a heat output of 494 Btu / lb. Several embodiments Therefore, anthracite substitute products should contain at least approximately 80% by weight of carbon and less than approximately 0.6% by weight of sulfur. , ash of approximately 15% by weight or less, and high heat content including at least approximately 12,000 Btu / lb It is a carbon-based bioreagent.

[0499] In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents are useful as thermal coal substitute products. Coal products generally have high sulfur levels, high phosphorus levels, high ash levels, and up to approximately 15,0 It is characterized by having a calorific value of 00 Btu / lb. In some embodiments, it is a hot coal. The alternative product is sulfur at a rate of about 0.5% by weight or less, ash at a rate of about 4% by weight or less, and at least about 12 It is a high-carbon bioreagent containing a heat generation of 0,000 Btu / lb.

[0500] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as carbon-based coking products. Any coking process or system uses high-carbon bioagents to convert coke It can be manufactured or adapted for use as a coke raw material.

[0501] In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents are available as a substitute product for hot coal or coke. For example, a thermal coal or coke substitute product contains at least about 50% by weight of carbon. Ash at approximately 8% by weight or less, sulfur at approximately 0.5% by weight or less, and at least approximately 11,000 Btu It may consist of a high-carbon bioreagent containing a calorific value of / lb. In other embodiments, it can be used as a substitute for hot coke. The product further contains approximately 0.5% to 50% by weight of volatile substances. (e.g., hot coal or coke) The alternative product may contain approximately 0.4% to 15% by weight of water.

[0502] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is petroleum (PET) coke or calcined PET. It is useful as a coke substitute product. Calcined PET coke is generally at least about 6 6% by weight carbon, up to 4.6% by weight sulfur, up to approximately 5.5% by weight volatile substances, up to approximately 1 It is characterized by having 9.5% by weight ash and a maximum of approximately 2% by weight moisture, and is typically about 3 The size is smaller than a mesh. In some embodiments, it is a calcined PET coke alternative product. It contains at least approximately 66% by weight of carbon, less than approximately 4.6% by weight of sulfur, and less than approximately 19.5% by weight of sulfur. Ash, a high-carbon bioreagent containing approximately 2% by weight or less of moisture, and with a mesh size of approximately 3 mesh or less. be.

[0503] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is coking carbon-substituted carbon (e.g., coking carbon). It is useful as (coal fired together with metallurgical coal in a King furnace). In one embodiment, The carbon substitute product contains at least about 55% by weight of carbon, about 0.5% by weight or less of sulfur, and about Contains 8% or less of non-combustible material and a calorific value of at least approximately 11,000 Btu / pound. It is a high-carbon bioreagent. In some embodiments, the coking carbon substitute product is about 0 Contains 0.5% to approximately 50% by weight of volatile substances, or one or more additives.

[0504] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as carbon breeze products, Carbon breeze products are typically very small, such as 6mm, 3mm, 2mm, or less than 1mm. It has a fine particle size. In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent according to this disclosure is a powder. It is useful as a coke substitute product. Powdered coke generally has a maximum size of about 6 mm or less. At the very least, it contains approximately 80% by weight of carbon, 0.6-0.8% by weight of sulfur, and 1-20% by weight of It is characterized by containing volatile substances, up to approximately 13% by weight of ash, and up to approximately 13% by weight of moisture. In some embodiments, the coke substitute product contains at least about 80% by weight of carbon. Particles, sulfur (approximately 0.8% by weight or less), volatile substances (approximately 20% by weight or less), and ash (approximately 13% by weight or less). High-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure, including a water content of approximately 13% by weight or less and a maximum dimension of approximately 6 mm. That is the case.

[0505] In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents are used, for example, during the production of taconite pellets or It is useful as a carbon breeze substitute product in the steelmaking process.

[0506] Several variations can be used as raw materials for various fluidized beds, or as substitutes for carbon-based raw materials in fluidized beds. High-carbon bioreagents are used as products. Carbon is obtained through total combustion, partial oxidation, gasification, and steam modification. It can be used in a fluidized bed for quality and other reasons. Carbon is mainly used for energy (e.g., heat and (A combination of electricity and fuel) or liquid fuel (e.g., methanol or Fischer-Tropsch) It can be converted into synthesis gas for various downstream applications, including the production of diesel fuel. .

[0507] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure are, for example, made from coal (for example, Fluidized bed coal alternatives in fluidized bed furnaces used for process heat or energy production. It is useful as a finished product.

[0508] Some variant forms utilize high-carbon bioreagents as carbon-based furnace addition products. Addition products from carbon furnaces generally have high sulfur levels, high phosphorus levels, and high ash content. These are characterized as contributing to the degradation of metal products and causing air pollution. In some embodiments, the carbon furnace addition alternative product containing a high-carbon bioreagent is approximately 0.5 by weight. Less than % sulfur, less than approximately 4% by weight ash, less than approximately 0.03% by weight phosphorus, and about 7.5 cm Including maximum dimensions. In some embodiments, the carbon furnace addition alternative product is about 0.5% by weight. It contains approximately 50% by weight of volatile substances and approximately 0.4% to 15% by weight of water.

[0509] In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents are used, for example, when furnace-added carbon is used. It is useful as a furnace carbon additive in basic oxygen furnaces or electric arc furnace facilities at any time. Yes, for example, furnace-added carbon is added to scrap steel during steelmaking in electric arc furnace facilities. This is possible. In electric arc furnace applications, impurities are returned to the process after early removal. To avoid this, high-purity carbon is desirable.

[0510] In some embodiments, the furnace carbon additive contains at least about 80% by weight of carbon, about 0 0.5% by weight or less of sulfur, approximately 8% by weight or less of non-combustible material, and at least approximately 11,000 B It is a high-carbon bioreagent containing a calorific value of tu / pound. In some embodiments, furnace addition coal The additives include up to approximately 5% by weight of manganese, up to approximately 5% by weight of fluorite, and approximately 5% to 10% by weight of [unclear]. A certain percentage of dolomite, approximately 5% to 10% by weight of dolomite lime, or approximately 5% to 1% by weight It further contains 0% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0511] Some variant forms utilize high-carbon bioreagents as carbon-based products from a Stoker furnace. In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure may use, for example, coal. For example, a stoker in a stoker furnace facility (for process heat or energy production) It is useful as a coal substitute product.

[0512] Some variant forms are used as high-carbon bioreagents, such as injectable (e.g., fine powder) carbon-based materials. In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is injected or calcined. It is useful as a coke substitute product. Injection-grade calcined PET coke is generally less At least 66% by weight of carbon, about 0.55 to about 3% by weight of sulfur, and up to about 5.5% by weight of gas. It is characterized by having a flammable substance, up to approximately 10% by weight of ash, and up to approximately 2% by weight of moisture, and approximately 6 The size is smaller than a mesh. In some embodiments, it is a calcined PET coke alternative product. It consists of at least about 66% by weight of carbon, less than about 3% by weight of sulfur, less than about 10% by weight of ash, and about It is a high-carbon bioreagent containing 2% by weight or less of water, and has a mesh size of approximately 6 mesh or less.

[0513] In some embodiments, high-carbon bioreagents use injectable carbon (for example, In any application (injected into slag or ladle during steelmaking), for example, in a basic oxygen furnace or It is useful as an injectable carbon substitute product in electric arc furnace facilities.

[0514] In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagent is, for example, pulverized coal (e.g., process heat). Whenever it is used (or for energy production), it may be used as a substitute product for fine carbon. It is used. In some embodiments, the fine carbon substitute product is acid up to about 10 percent. Contains calcium carbonate.

[0515] Some variant forms utilize high-carbon bioreagents as carbon addition products for metal formation. In some embodiments, the high-carbon bioreagents according to this disclosure include carbon steel or carbon. It is useful as a carbon addition product for the production of other metal alloys. Late-stage carbon addition in coal-based systems. The resulting product generally has high sulfur levels, high phosphorus levels, and high ash content, as well as low metallic quality. This disclosure is characterized by having high mercury levels that contribute to air pollution. In some embodiments, the carbon addition product is about 0.5% by weight or less of sulfur, about 4% by weight The following ashes contain approximately 0.03% or less phosphorus by weight, with a minimum dimension of approximately 1-5 mm, and approximately 8-12 mm. Includes the maximum dimensions.

[0516] Some modified forms utilize high-carbon bioreagents within carbon electrodes. Several embodiments So, high-carbon bioreagents are suitable electrodes for use in, for example, aluminum production (e.g., It is useful as an anode material.

[0517] Other applications of high-carbon bioreagents in carbon electrodes include batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, Other applications include those in energy storage or energy delivery devices. In lithium-ion batteries, high-carbon bioreagents intercalate lithium. It can be used on the anode side. In these applications, carbon purity and low ash content are very important. This could be important.

[0518] Some variations of this disclosure utilize high-carbon bioreagents as catalyst supports. Carbon is Mixture from synthesis gas using a cobalt-molybdenum sulfide metal catalyst supported on a carbon phase. For alkal synthesis, or for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of higher hydrocarbons from synthesis gas. It is a known catalyst support in a wide range of catalytic chemical reactions, such as iron-based catalysts supported on carbon. .

[0519] Some variations utilize high-carbon bioreagents as activated carbon products. Activated carbon is water A wide variety of liquids, including those used in processing, air purification, solvent vapor recovery, food and beverage processing, and pharmaceuticals. Used in phase and gas phase applications. For activated carbon, the porosity and surface area of ​​the material are generally... This is important. The high-carbon bioreagents provided herein are, in various embodiments, (i) fermentation (ii) Larger surface area than fossil fuel-based activated carbon; (ii) Carbon renewable potential; (iii) Use in combination with additives The vascular properties of the biomass raw material improve the penetration / distribution of additives that enhance pollutant control. (iv) that less inert material (ash) results in greater reactivity By dripping, it is possible to provide excellent activated carbon products.

[0520] In the above description of market applications for high-carbon bioreagents, the described applications are not exclusive and are networked. It should be recognized that this is not necessarily true. Therefore, it is preferable to one type of carbon product. High-carbon bioreagents described as suitable may, in various embodiments, be used in any other application described. It may be suitable for various applications. These uses are merely examples, and there are other applications for high-carbon bioreagents.

[0521] In addition, in some embodiments, the same physical material is used in an integrated or sequential manner. It can be used in multiple market processes. For example, charcoal High-carbon bioreagents used as elementary electrodes or activated carbon have a limited effective lifespan as performance materials. In conclusion, combustion processes for energy value or metal production (e.g., reduction of metal ore) It can be implemented into processes, etc.

[0522] In some embodiments, bioreagents are used for their reactivity / adsorption properties and as fuel. It can also be used. For example, a bioreagent injected into the discharge stream removes contaminants. Next, bioreagent particles and, if applicable, contaminants are burned to produce energy. It may be suitable for thermally destroying or chemically oxidizing pollutants.

[0523] Compared to conventional fossil fuel-based products, high-carbon bioreagents have significantly greater environmental and product usage risks. It may offer practical advantages. High-carbon bioreagents are not only environmentally friendly, but also, for example, Due to its high purity, it may be functionally superior from a processing standpoint.

[0524] Regarding some embodiments of metal manufacturing, the production of bioreagents by the disclosed process is Coking coal-based products necessary to prepare them for use in metal manufacturing Compared to G, CO, CO2, NO x Significantly lower emissions of SO2 and hazardous air pollutants. This could lead to...

[0525] Using high-carbon bioreagents instead of coal or coke also reduces SO2, harmful Environmental emissions of air pollutants and mercury will be significantly reduced.

[0526] Furthermore, due to the purity (including low ash) of these high-carbon bioreagents, the disclosed bioreagents This has the potential to reduce slag and increase production capacity in batch metal manufacturing processes. do.

[0527] This detailed description outlines several embodiments of the Disclosure and how the Disclosure may be understood and implemented. Non-limiting examples of what may be possible are referenced. Without utilizing other embodiments that do not provide all of the features and advantages described herein, This disclosure allows for routine experimentation of the methods and systems described herein and Optimization is incorporated. Such modifications and variations are defined by the claims. It is considered to be within the indicated range.

[0528] All publications, patents, and patent applications referenced herein are subject to the terms of each publication, patent, or patent application. The entire application is described by reference as if it were specifically and individually described herein. This specification is incorporated herein.

[0529] This disclosure is published in the following publications: U.S. Patent No. 10,174,267, U.S. Patent No. 9,845 ,440, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019-0169518, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 15-0144831, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015-0126362, U.S. Patent Patent Application Publication No. 2015-0196896, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016-0280554 , and incorporated herein by reference to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016-0114308 .

[0530] If the above methods and steps describe specific events occurring in a specific order, a person skilled in the art can identify them. The order of these matters may be changed, and such changes may be in accordance with the modified forms of this disclosure. They will understand. Furthermore, some of the steps will be executed simultaneously in parallel processes if possible. They may be done one way or the other one to be done sequentially.

[0531] Therefore, whether it falls within the scope of the intent of this disclosure or is found in the attached claims To the extent that variations of this disclosure that are equivalents of this disclosure exist, this patent also applies to those variations. This disclosure is intended to include. This disclosure is limited only to the claims. ru. [Examples]

[0532] Example 1: Reduction of iron ore using off-gas from biomass pyrolysis. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the form of wood chips is available as a biomass raw material. The average size of wood chips is approximately 25 millimeters in length and 25 millimeters in width. It is approximately 5 millimeters thick.

[0533] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a rock. Taconite is mainly found in the Mesabi Iron Range in Minnesota, USA. It is mined in the Marquette Iron Range in Michigan, USA.

[0534] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 600°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 30 minutes, resulting in continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas that is essentially made up of N2. It is at atmospheric pressure. There is solid output and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product is It is a bioreagent containing carbon, which is recovered in the hopper. The vapor output is hydrogen and carbon monoxide. It is a pyrolysis off-gas containing [unclear], and the pyrolysis off-gas is stored at high pressure, such as approximately 5-10 bar. It can be directed into a cylindrical container for that purpose, or compressed and supplied directly to a reduction reactor. It is possible.

[0535] Granular iron ore and bioreagents produce carbon iron ore particulate matter as a mixture of lumps and fine powders. Therefore, they are combined in a continuous grinding unit. Then, the mixture of lumps and fine powder is continuously The process involves using a pelletizing unit to produce carbon iron ore pellets.

[0536] Next, the carbon-iron ore pellets are supplied to the continuous reduction reactor using the solid inlet port. The pyrolysis off-gas containing H2 and CO is released into a cylindrical container using a vapor inlet port. It is metered and supplied to the reduction reactor. The steam flows in both solid and parallel flows. The reduction reactor is approximately 9 The process is carried out at a reduction temperature of 0°C and a reduction residence time of approximately 1 hour. The reduction pressure is approximately 5 bar. (via pressurized pyrolysis off-gas). In the reduction reactor, Fe3O4 is converted to H2 and C It is reduced to a mixture of FeO and Fe through reaction with O and solid carbon (FeO is F (This is a lower oxidation state than e3O4). The vapor output from the reducing reactor is the reaction from chemical reduction. It contains water and carbon dioxide as by-products. The solid product from the reduction reactor is FeO and It contains a mixture with Fe, and possibly some unreacted carbon. Optionally, The solid product is recycled and passes through the reduction reactor again to remove additional reducing gas or residual carbon. The content can be used to reduce FeO to Fe.

[0537] Example 2: Reduction of iron ore using biomass pyrolysis reduction gas. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the form of wood chips is available as a biomass raw material. The average size of wood chips is approximately 25 millimeters in length and 25 millimeters in width. It is approximately 5 millimeters thick.

[0538] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a stone.

[0539] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 500°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 40 minutes, with continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas consisting essentially of N2. It is at atmospheric pressure. There is solid output and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product is It is a bioreagent containing carbon, which is recovered in the hopper. The vapor output is thermal energy containing hydrocarbons. It is a decomposition off-gas and is directed to a container for storing pyrolysis off-gas. These include light alkanes such as methane, light alcohols such as methanol, and light organic compounds such as acetic acid. It contains acids and terpenes.

[0540] Granular iron ore and bioreagents produce carbon iron ore particulate matter as a mixture of lumps and fine powders. Therefore, they are combined in a continuous grinding unit. Then, the mixture of lumps and fine powder is continuously The process involves using a pelletizing unit to produce carbon iron ore pellets.

[0541] The pyrolysis off-gas is partially oxidized in a continuous partial oxidation reactor to contain hydrogen and carbon monoxide. It produces a reducing gas. Partial oxidation reactors can utilize catalysts. It is exothermic, releasing some heat, which is then thermally integrated with the pyrolysis reactor, and its absorption It provides thermal requirements. The reducing gas is stored under high pressure, such as approximately 5-10 bar. It can be directed into a cylindrical container, or compressed and directly supplied to a reduction reactor. It is possible.

[0542] Next, the carbon-iron ore pellets are supplied to the continuous reduction reactor using the solid inlet port. The reducing gas containing H2 and CO is released from the cylindrical container using the vapor inlet port. It is metered and supplied to the reduction reactor. The steam flows in both solid and parallel flows. The reduction reactor is approximately 900 The process is carried out at a reduction temperature of °C and a reduction residence time of approximately 1 hour. The reduction pressure is approximately 5 bar (pressurized). (via reducing gas). In the reducing reactor, Fe3O4 is mixed with H2 and CO and solid It is reduced to a mixture of FeO and Fe through a reaction with carbon. (Steam from the reduction reactor) The output contains water and carbon dioxide as reaction byproducts from the chemical reduction. The solid product is a mixture of FeO and Fe, and possibly some unreacted carbon. It contains. Optionally, this solid product is recycled and passes through the reduction reactor again for further processing. FeO can be reduced to Fe using the additional reducing gas or residual carbon content.

[0543] Example 3: Reduction of iron ore using biomass pyrolysis reduction gas. We offer corn (Zea mays) stalks and leaves from Iowa, USA, as biomass raw material. Corn stalks and leaves include leaves, stems, and coblets, with an average particle length of about 25 millimeters. do.

[0544] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a stone.

[0545] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 500°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 30 minutes, resulting in continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas consisting essentially of Ar. It is at atmospheric pressure. There is solid output and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product is It is a bioreagent containing carbon, which is recovered in the hopper. The steam output is used for energy production. It is a pyrolysis off-gas that is burned.

[0546] The first part of the granular iron ore and bioreagent is a mixture of lumps and fine powders, in the form of carbon iron ore granules. To produce the material, it is combined in a continuous grinding unit. Then, the lumps and fine powder are mixed. The mixture is pelletized in a continuous pelletizing unit to produce carbon iron ore pellets.

[0547] The second part of the bioreagent is gasified in a gasification device and contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide. It generates a reducing gas. The gasification device uses air as the oxidation medium at approximately 1200°C. This is operated continuously, resulting in the production of residual (unreacted) solids containing reducing gas and ash. The reducing gas is directed to a cylindrical container for storing the reducing gas at a high pressure of approximately 5-10 bar. It can be attached, or compressed and directly supplied to the reduction reactor.

[0548] Next, the carbon-iron ore pellets are supplied to the continuous reduction reactor using the solid inlet port. The reducing gas containing H2 and CO is released from the cylindrical container using the vapor inlet port. It is metered and supplied to the reduction reactor. The steam flows in both solid and parallel flows. The reduction reactor is approximately 100 The process is carried out at a reduction temperature of 0°C and a reduction residence time of approximately 1 hour. The reduction pressure is approximately 10 bar. (via pressurized reducing gas). In the reducing reactor, Fe3O4 is mixed with H2 and CO. It is reduced to Fe by reaction with solid carbon. The vapor output from the reduction reactor is due to chemical reduction. It contains water and carbon dioxide as reaction byproducts. The solid product from the reduction reactor is It contains Fe that has been completely reduced from the starting Fe3O4 in taconite.

[0549] Example 4: Production of carbon iron ore pellets. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the form of wood chips is available as a biomass raw material. The average size of wood chips is approximately 25 millimeters in length and 25 millimeters in width. It is approximately 5 millimeters thick.

[0550] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a stone.

[0551] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 650°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 30 minutes, with continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas consisting essentially of N2. It is at atmospheric pressure. There is solid output and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product is It is a bioreagent containing at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon, which is collected in the hopper. The output is pyrolysis off-gas, which is stored and burned for energy generation, and This can be used elsewhere in the process.

[0552] Granular iron ore and bioreagents are processed in a continuous grinding unit to produce carbon iron ore fine powder. They are then combined. Next, the fine powder is pelletized in a continuous pelletizing unit, and carbonite is produced. Stone pellets are produced. A binder (e.g., bentonite clay, limestone, or starch) is used. It may be used to improve bonding efficiency. Carbon-iron ore pellets contain approximately 40% total carbon by weight. Contains.

[0553] Example 5: Production of iron nuggets from iron ore and biomass. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the form of wood chips is available as a biomass raw material. The average size of wood chips is approximately 25 millimeters in length and 25 millimeters in width. It is approximately 5 millimeters thick.

[0554] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a stone.

[0555] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 500°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 1 hour, resulting in continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 2 lb under an inert gas consisting essentially of N2. It is a pyrolysis reactor. It has both solid and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product contains carbon. It is a biological reagent and is collected in a hopper. The vapor output contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This is a decomposition off-gas, and is a cylinder for storing pyrolysis off-gas at high pressures such as approximately 5-10 bar. It can be directed into a container or compressed and supplied directly to a reduction reactor.

[0556] Granular iron ore and bioreagents produce carbon iron ore particulate matter as a mixture of lumps and fine powders. Therefore, they are combined in a continuous grinding unit. Then, the mixture of lumps and fine powder is continuously The process involves using a pelletizing unit to produce carbon iron ore pellets.

[0557] Next, the carbon-iron ore pellets are used as a continuous reduction reactor with a solid inlet port. It is supplied to the rotary hearth furnace. The pyrolysis off-gas containing H2 and CO is supplied to the steam inlet port. It is metered and supplied from a cylindrical container to the reduction reactor using this method. The steam flows countercurrently with the solid flow. The reduction reactor is operated at a reduction temperature of approximately 700°C and a reduction residence time of approximately 50 minutes. The initial pressure is approximately 10 bar (via pressurized pyrolysis off-gas). In the reduction reactor, Fe3O4 is reduced to Fe by reaction with H2 and CO. The reduction reaction is carried out by solid carbon All of these are optimized so as not to react with iron oxide. The steam output from the reducing reactor is used for chemical reduction. It contains water and carbon dioxide as by-products of the reaction. The solid product from the reducing reactor is It contains Fe. The solid product is essentially in the form of iron nuggets composed of iron and carbon. Iron nuggets are a high-quality steelmaking and iron casting supply material. Iron nuggets have excellent transport and It is a high-grade pig iron product with excellent handling characteristics.

[0558] Example 6: Production of iron from iron ore and biomass. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the form of wood chips is available as a biomass raw material. The average size of wood chips is approximately 25 millimeters in length and 25 millimeters in width. It is approximately 5 millimeters thick.

[0559] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a stone.

[0560] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 700°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 20 minutes, resulting in continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas consisting essentially of N2. It is a pyrolysis reactor. It has both solid and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product contains carbon. It is a biological reagent and is collected in a hopper. The vapor output is a pyrolysis off-gas.

[0561] At least a portion of the granular iron ore and bioreagents are combined in a continuous grinding unit to form carbonite. Generates a stone block.

[0562] Next, the carbon-iron ore mass is fed into the continuous chemical reduction furnace using the solid inlet port. The chemical reduction furnace has a reduction temperature of approximately 1100°C, a reduction residence time of approximately 1 hour, and a pressure of approximately 3 bar. It is operated by force. Air is supplied to the chemical reduction furnace to oxidize the carbon contained in the carbon iron ore mass. This generates heat and carbon monoxide. Fe3O4 reacts with this CO and residual C. It is reduced to Fe by response. Optionally, some of the bioreagents produced from thermal decomposition are ( It is supplied directly to the chemical reduction furnace (not as carbon iron ore ingots). Solid products from the chemical reduction furnace The by-product contains Fe, or iron products.

[0563] Example 7: Composition for reducing iron ore. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the form of wood chips is available as a biomass raw material. The average size of wood chips is approximately 25 millimeters in length and 25 millimeters in width. It is approximately 5 millimeters thick.

[0564] Granular iron ore is offered as a metallic ore. The iron ore is in the form of taconite. It is a low-grade silicate iron ore containing 20-30% by weight of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is a stone.

[0565] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 650°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 30 minutes, with continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas consisting essentially of N2. It is at atmospheric pressure. There is solid output and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product is It is a bioreagent containing approximately 70% by weight of fixed carbon, which is recovered in the hopper. (Steam output) It is a pyrolysis off-gas, which is stored, burned for energy generation, or used for fertilization. It may be used elsewhere in Rothes.

[0566] Granular iron ore and bioreagents are processed in a continuous grinding unit to produce carbon iron ore fine powder. They are then combined. Next, the fine powder is pelletized in a continuous pelletizing unit, and carbonite is produced. Stone pellets are produced. Limestone is used to increase bonding efficiency. Limestone is carbonate It contains calcite and aragonite, which are different crystalline forms of calcium (CaCO3).

[0567] The final composition comprises carbon iron ore pellets, which are anhydrous and ash-free. It contains approximately 30% by weight of fixed carbon. Fixed carbon is carbon 14 C / 12 Is it a measurement of C isotope ratios? It is slightly less than 100% renewable carbon, which is determined by the amount of non-renewable carbon. The possible carbons arise from the carbon contained in the CaCO3 binder.

[0568] Example 8: Composition for reducing copper-nickel ore. Nordic birch (Betula pendula) in the form of wood chips is used as a biomass raw material. Provided. The average size of the wood chips is approximately 50 mm in length and 50 mm in width. It is approximately 10 millimeters thick.

[0569] A granular metal ore containing a mixture of copper ore and nickel ore is provided.

[0570] Biomass raw materials undergo thermal decomposition at a thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 650°C and a thermal decomposition residence time of approximately 30 minutes, with continuous thermal components It is thermally decomposed in the decomposition reactor. The thermal decomposition pressure is approximately 1 bar under an inert gas consisting essentially of N2. It is at atmospheric pressure. There is solid output and steam output from the pyrolysis reactor. The solid product is It is a bioreagent containing approximately 75% by weight of fixed carbon, which is recovered in the hopper. (Steam output) It is a pyrolysis off-gas, which is stored, burned for energy generation, or used for fertilization. It may be used elsewhere in Rothes.

[0571] The granulated metal ore and bioreagents are used to produce carbon metal ore fine powder, and continuous metal It is then combined in a pulverizer. Next, the fine powder is pelletized in a continuous pelletizing unit. This process produces carbon metal ore pellets. Corn starch is used to increase the binding efficiency. The carbon in cornstarch is renewable and of bio origin.

[0572] The final composition comprises carbon metal ore pellets, which are anhydrous and ashless. It contains approximately 35% by weight of fixed carbon. Fixed carbon is carbon 14 C / 12 Measurement of C isotope ratio It is 100% renewable carbon, determined from the standards.

Claims

1. A process for producing carbon metal ore pellets, wherein the process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing the biomass raw material to produce a bioreagent, The bioreagent contains carbon, and it is produced. The means of obtaining a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains a metal oxide, To obtain something in the form of particulate matter, The carbon is combined with the metal ore to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter. and, The carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. This includes doing, The aforementioned biological reagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon, The carbon metal ore particulate matter constitutes at least about 0.1% by weight to at most about 50% by weight of the total carbon A process that includes its elements.

2. The aforementioned biomass raw materials include softwood chips, hardwood chips, timber harvesting residues, tree branches, and tree stumps. Leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat, wheat straw, rice, Rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy sugarcane, sa Light beets, sugar beet pulp, sunflowers, sorghum, canola, algae, pampas grass alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shell, fruit stem, fruit peel, fruit seeds Vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable skins, vegetable seeds, grape pomace, tonsil shells, peas Can shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste, grass pellets, hay Pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimming, food packaging, construction Waste, demolition waste, lignin, animal manure, municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, or the same The process according to claim 1, selected from a combination.

3. The bioreagent contains at least 60% by weight of total carbon, according to claim 1 or 2. Seth.

4. The bioreagent comprises at least 75% by weight of total carbon, according to any one of claims 1 to 3. The process described above.

5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of total carbon.

6. The bioreagent contains at least 55% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 1 to 5. The process described in the section.

7. The bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 1 to 6. The process described in the section.

8. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 1 to 7 The process described in the section.

9. The aforementioned metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore, manganese ore, Aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore, tungsten ore A molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof, selected from any one of claims 1 to 8 The process described in the section.

10. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the metal ore is iron ore.

11. The iron ore is hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or a combination thereof. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, selected from combinations.

12. The metal ore is a beneficiated metal ore, as described in any one of claims 1 to 11. process.

13. Claims 1 to 1, wherein the particulate metal ore is the powdered metal ore. The process described in any one of item 2.

14. The carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder, any one of claims 1 to 13. The process described in the section.

15. The carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk, according to any one of claims 1 to 14. The process described above.

16. The carbon metal ore particulate matter constitutes at least about 0.5% by weight and at most about 25% by weight of the total A process according to any one of claims 1 to 15, comprising carbon.

17. The carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 1% by weight to at most about 10% by weight of total carbon. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 16, including the process described in any one of claims 1 to 16.

18. The carbon metal ore pellets include additives, as described in any one of claims 1 to 17. process.

19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the additive comprises a binder.

20. Claim 1, wherein the carbon metal ore pellet essentially consists of the carbon and the metal ore. The process described in any one of the following 19 items.

21. A process for manufacturing metal nuggets, wherein the process is To provide biomass raw materials, The aforementioned biomass raw material is thermally decomposed to obtain a bioreagent containing carbon, and hydrogen or one This involves generating a pyrolysis off-gas containing carbon oxide, The means of obtaining a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains a metal oxide, To obtain something in the form of particulate matter, The carbon is combined with the metal ore to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter. and, The carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. To do, The process involves chemically reducing the aforementioned metal oxide to produce a metal nugget. The aforementioned chemical reduction is achieved using the thermal decomposition off-gas, which generates Toto, The process involves recovering the metal nugget, wherein the metal nugget is recovered from the metal oxide. A process that includes the recovery of the original form, which is metal.

22. The metal nugget is essentially made of the metal and the carbon, according to claim 21. Rothes.

23. The aforementioned biomass raw materials include softwood chips, hardwood chips, timber harvesting residues, tree branches, and tree stumps. Leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat, wheat straw, rice, Rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy sugarcane, sa Light beets, sugar beet pulp, sunflowers, sorghum, canola, algae, pampas grass alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shell, fruit stem, fruit peel, fruit seeds Vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable skins, vegetable seeds, grape pomace, tonsil shells, peas Can shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste, grass pellets, hay Pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimming, food packaging, construction Waste, demolition waste, lignin, animal manure, municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, or the same A process according to claim 21 or 22, selected from a combination.

24. The bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon, any one of claims 21 to 23. The process described in the section.

25. The bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon, any one of claims 21 to 24. The process described in the section.

26. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon, any one of claims 21 to 25. The process described in the section.

27. The bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 21 to 26 The process described in item 1.

28. The bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 21 to 27 The process described in item 1.

29. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 21 to 28. The process described in item 1.

30. The aforementioned metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore, manganese ore, Aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore, tungsten ore Any of claims 21 to 29, selected from molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. The process described in item 1.

31. The process according to any one of claims 21 to 30, wherein the metal ore is iron ore.

32. The iron ore is hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or a combination thereof. A process according to any one of claims 21 to 31, selected from combinations.

33. The metal ore is beneficiated iron ore, as described in any one of claims 21 to 31. process.

34. Claims 21 to 21, wherein the particulate metal ore is in powder form. The process described in any one of paragraphs 33.

35. Any one of claims 21 to 33, wherein the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder. The process described in item 1.

36. The carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk, according to any one of claims 21 to 33. The process described in the section.

37. The carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 0.1% by weight to at most about 50% by weight of carbon A process according to any one of claims 21 to 36, comprising an element.

38. The carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 1% by weight to at most about 10% by weight of carbon The process according to any one of claims 21 to 37, including.

39. The carbon metal ore pellets include additives, as described in any one of claims 21 to 38. The process.

40. The process according to claim 39, wherein the additive comprises a binder.

41. Claim 2, wherein the carbon metal ore pellet essentially consists of the carbon and the metal ore. The process described in any one of items 1 to 38.

42. Claims 21-41, wherein the chemical reduction described above directly utilizes the pyrolysis off-gas. The process described in any one of the following items.

43. The aforementioned chemical reduction includes indirectly utilizing the thermal decomposition off-gas. Therefore, the indirect use involves first partially oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, This generates a reducing gas, and then the reducing gas is used to process the carbon metal ore particulate matter. By chemically reducing the metal oxide within the material or within the carbon metal ore pellets The process according to any one of claims 21 to 41 is achieved.

44. The aforementioned chemical reduction is performed from the gasification, partial oxidation, or steam reforming of the bioreagent. The process according to any one of claims 21 to 43, wherein the resulting reducing gas is used simultaneously.

45. The aforementioned chemical reduction includes the simultaneous use of a reducing gas, The bioreagent contains heavy hydrocarbons obtained during the thermal decomposition, and the heavy hydrocarbons are used in the recycling The process according to any one of claims 21 to 44, wherein the gas is converted back into the original gas.

46. The aforementioned chemical reduction is performed from the gasification, partial oxidation, or steam reforming of light hydrocarbons. The process according to any one of claims 21 to 45, wherein the resulting reducing gas is used simultaneously.

47. The light hydrocarbon is obtained during the pyrolysis as part of the pyrolysis off-gas, claim The process described in item 46.

48. The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% hydrogen, any one of claims 21 to 47 The process described in item 1.

49. The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% hydrogen, according to claim 47. Seth.

50. The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 1 mol% carbon monoxide, according to claims 21 to 49. The process described in any one of the items.

51. The pyrolysis off-gas contains at least 10 mol% carbon monoxide, as described in claim 50. The process.

52. Any of claims 21 to 51, wherein the chemical reduction is carried out in a metal ore furnace. The process described in item 1.

53. The chemical reduction is carried out upstream of the metal ore furnace, according to any of claims 21 to 51. The process described in any one of the items.

54. The aforementioned chemical reduction is the internal heat produced by the combustion or partial oxidation of the carbon. A process according to any one of claims 21 to 53, utilizing the process described in any one of claims 21 to 53.

55. The aforementioned chemical reduction is produced separately by the combustion or partial oxidation of the carbon. A process according to any one of claims 21 to 54, which utilizes external heat.

56. The process described in any one of claims 21 to 55 is carried out jointly with a metal ore mine. The loading process.

57. Any of claims 21 to 55, wherein the process is carried out in conjunction with a metal ore processing plant. The process described in item 1.

58. Claims 21-57, wherein the thermal decomposition and the chemical reduction are carried out in the same location. The process described in any one of the following items.

59. A process for producing a metal from a metal ore, wherein the process is To provide biomass raw materials, The process involves thermally decomposing the biomass raw material to produce a bioreagent, The bioreagent contains carbon, and it is produced. The means of obtaining a metal ore, wherein the metal ore contains a metal oxide, To obtain something in the form of particulate matter, The carbon is combined with the metal ore to produce carbon metal ore particulate matter. and, The carbon metal ore particulate matter is pelletized, thereby producing carbon metal ore pellets. To do, Introducing the aforementioned carbon metal ore pellets into a chemical reduction furnace, Air or oxygen is introduced into the chemical reduction furnace, thereby into the carbon metal ore particulate matter The carbon contained therein is oxidized, thereby generating heat and carbon monoxide, The metal oxides in the carbon metal ore pellets are chemically reduced, thereby producing the metal The process involves generating, and the chemical reduction is carried out by the carbon monoxide in the chemical reduction furnace. The generation and production are achieved using basic elements. A process including recovering the aforementioned metal.

60. The process according to claim 59, wherein the bioreagent is directly supplied to the chemical reduction furnace.

61. The aforementioned biomass raw materials include softwood chips, hardwood chips, timber harvesting residues, tree branches, and tree stumps. Leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stalks and leaves, wheat, wheat straw, rice, Rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy sugarcane, sa Light beets, sugar beet pulp, sunflowers, sorghum, canola, algae, pampas grass alfalfa, switchgrass, fruit, fruit shell, fruit stem, fruit peel, fruit seeds Vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stems, vegetable skins, vegetable seeds, grape pomace, tonsil shells, peas Can shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste, grass pellets, hay Pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimming, food packaging, construction Waste, demolition waste, lignin, animal manure, municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, or the same A process according to claim 59 or 60, selected from a combination.

62. The bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of carbon, as per any one of claims 59 to 61. The process described in the section.

63. The bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of carbon, as per any one of claims 59 to 62. The process described in the section.

64. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of carbon, any one of claims 59 to 63. The process described in the section.

65. The bioreagent contains at least 50% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 59 to 64 The process described in item 1.

66. The bioreagent contains at least 75% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 59 to 65 The process described in item 1.

67. The bioreagent contains at least 90% by weight of fixed carbon, any one of claims 59 to 66 The process described in item 1.

68. The aforementioned metal ore is iron ore, copper ore, nickel ore, magnesium ore, manganese ore, Aluminum ore, tin ore, zinc ore, cobalt ore, chromium ore, tungsten ore Any of claims 59 to 67, selected from molybdenum ore, or a combination thereof. The process described in item 1.

69. The process according to any one of claims 59 to 68, wherein the metal ore is iron ore.

70. The iron ore is hematite, magnetite, limonite, taconite, or a combination thereof. The process according to claim 69, selected from combinations.

71. The metal ore is beneficiated iron ore, as described in any one of claims 59 to 70. process.

72. Claims 59 to 59: The particulate metal ore is the powdered metal ore. The process described in any one of paragraphs 71.

73. Any of claims 59 to 71, wherein the carbon metal ore particulate matter is carbon metal ore fine powder. The process described in item 1.

74. The carbon metal ore particulate matter is a carbon metal ore chunk, as per any one of claims 59 to 71. The process described in the section.

75. The carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 0.1% by weight to at most about 50% by weight of carbon A process according to any one of claims 59 to 74, comprising an element.

76. The carbon metal ore particulate matter contains at least about 1% by weight to at most about 10% by weight of carbon The process described in claim 75, including.

77. The carbon metal ore pellets include additives, as described in any one of claims 59 to 76. The process.

78. The process according to claim 77, wherein the additive comprises a binder.

79. Claim 5, wherein the carbon metal ore pellet essentially consists of the carbon and the metal ore. The process described in any one of items 9 to 76.

80. The aforementioned metals are iron, copper, nickel, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, tin, and zinc. Selected from cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. The process according to any one of claims 59 to 79.

Images