Narrowband fluorescence polymer dots

Abstract

To provide fluorescent polymer dots having narrowband emission. [Solution] The present invention provides polymers, monomers, chromophore polymer dots, and related methods. It provides highly fluorescent chromophore polymer dots having narrowband emission. It also provides methods for synthesizing chromophore polymers, methods for preparing chromophore polymer dots, and biological applications that utilize the unique properties of narrowband emission. The emission wavelength of the polymer dots can vary from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission band is less than 70 nm. Narrowband-emitting polymer dots may also contain narrowband-emitting units covalently bonded to the chromophore polymer, which result in narrowband emission.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-references to related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 582,181, filed December 30, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 607,455, filed March 6, 2012. Each of these U.S. Provisional Patent Applications in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] Statement regarding rights to inventions made under government-supported research and development. This invention was made with government support under authorization number CA147831, granted by the National Institutes of Health, United States. The government has certain rights in this invention. [Background technology]

[0003] (background) In recent years, the development of fluorescence detection in conjunction with bioconjugation technology has led to the rapid expansion of advanced fluorescence-based technologies in chemistry and life sciences, such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, multi-purpose biological assays, and biosensors. In these fluorescence technologies, organic dye molecules are widely used as probes. However, due to the inherent limitations of conventional dyes, such as low absorption rates and low photostability, further development of high-sensitivity imaging technologies and high-speed large-scale processing assays has become difficult. Several strategies have been pursued to develop fluorescent probes with higher brightness. For example, luminescent nanoparticles such as inorganic semiconductor quantum dots (Qdots) have been actively developed and are currently commercially available from Life Technologies (Invitrogen). (Bruchez, M.; Moronne, M.; Gin, P.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A.P, Science 1998, 281, 2013 - 2016. Michalet, X.; Pinaud, F. F.; Bentolila, L. A.; Tsay, J. M.; Doose, S.; Li, J. J.; Sundaresan, G.; Wu, A. M.; Gambhir, S. S.; Weiss, S. Science 2005, 307, 538 - 544). Alternative fluorescent nanoparticles are dye-doped latex spheres, which have improved brightness and photostability compared to single fluorescent molecules because multiple dye molecules are present per particle and protective latex matrix. (Wang, L.; Wang, K. M.; Santra, S.; Zhao, X. J.; Hilliard; L. R.; Smith, J. E.; Wu, J. R.; Tan, W. H. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 646 - 654).

[0004] The limitations of current luminescent particles have led to a need to explore alternative strategies for designing more fluorescent nanoparticles. Recently, fluorescent semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) have become of interest due to their fluorescence brightness and photostability compared to Qdots and latex beads loaded with dyes. Using fluorescent polymer dots as fluorescent probes can also confer other useful aspects. In recent years, surface functionalization has been achieved by a co - condensation scheme in which amphiphilic polymer molecules bearing functional groups are blended with semiconductor polymers to form Pdots with surface reactive groups. Bioconjugation has been demonstrated by reacting functional groups with biomolecules, and Pdot bioconjugates can specifically and effectively label biomolecules for cell imaging, bio - orthogonal labeling, and in - vivo tumor targeting. However, current Pdots may have drawbacks when used as fluorescent probes in practical applications. Many biological applications may involve simultaneously detecting multiple targets, and thus probes with narrow - band emission peaks for spectral multiplexing are needed. However, currently available Pdots may exhibit very broad emission spectra, thereby limiting their usefulness in practical applications. The spectral width of a fluorescent probe can be characterized by the full width at half - maximum (FWHM) of its emission peak. Generally, currently available Pdots exhibit broad - band emission spectra with large FWHMs. Such broad - band emission spectra are a drawback for detecting multiple targets in biology. Therefore, there is a need to design and develop a new type of Pdot with narrow - band emission.

Prior Art Documents

Non - Patent Documents

[0005]

Non - Patent Document 1

Non - Patent Document 2

[0006] Brief summary of the invention The present invention provides chromophore polymers capable of forming chromophore polymer dots that exhibit, for example, narrowband emission and high fluorescence. The invention also provides design considerations for the synthesis of these chromophore polymers, preparation methods for forming the associated polymer dots, and biological applications utilizing the unique properties of narrowband emission. The unique properties of highly fluorescent nanoparticle bioconjugates, as demonstrated by chromophore polymer dots with narrowband emission, are utilized in a wide range of fluorescence-based applications.

[0007] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a chromophore polymer dot having narrowband emission. The emission wavelength of the polymer dot can vary from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission band is less than 70 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 65 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 60 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 55 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 45 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 35 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 30 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 25 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 20 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 10 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM of the polymer dots described herein may be in the range of about 5 nm to about 70 nm, about 10 nm to about 60 nm, about 20 nm to about 50 nm, or about 30 nm to about 45 nm.

[0008] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent Pdot comprises at least one chromophroic polymer. The narrowband luminescent Pdot also comprises a chromophroic polymer. The Pdot may include covalently bonded narrowband luminescence units, which provide narrowband emission. The narrowband luminescence units can be incorporated into the polymer backbone. The narrowband luminescence units can also be covalently bonded to the side chains or terminal units of the polymer. The narrowband luminescence Pdot may also include chromophore polymer dots doped with an inorganic material that provides narrowband emission. The narrowband luminescence Pdot may contain only chromophore polymers that provide narrowband emission. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0009] In some embodiments, narrowband luminescent Pdots include chromophore polymer dots that are chemically crosslinked with other narrowband species, such as dyes (e.g., polymers or small molecule dyes). Narrowband luminescent Pdots may contain only chromophore polymers that produce narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdots is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0010] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer dots comprise at least one narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer. The narrowband luminescent polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdots is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0011] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdots may contain narrowband monomers. Narrowband luminescent polymer dots may also contain any other monomers. The narrowband monomers may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdots can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdots is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0012] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises monomers and derivatives based on boron-dipyromethene (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene, BODIPY) as narrowband monomers. BODIPY monomers and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, BODIPY extensions, and BODIPY analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The BODIPY-based monomers may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0013] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises squaline and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Squaline derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. These derivatives may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband emission. Narrowband-emitting chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband emission in good solvents. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband emission. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0014] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises metal complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. These metal complexes and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The metal may be any metal such as Na, Li, Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, In, Si, Ga, Al, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, and Au. The metal complex may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0015] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The metal in the metal porphyrin may be any metal such as Na, Li, Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, In, Si, Ga, Al, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, and Au. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. Porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent; however, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0016] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises phthalocyanine and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Phthalocyanine derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The metal of the phthalocyanine derivative may be any metal such as Na, Li, Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, In, Si, Ga, Al, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, and Au. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The phthalocyanine derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0017] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises lanthanide complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Lanthanide complexes and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. Lanthanide complexes and their derivatives may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0018] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises perylene and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Perylene derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The perylene derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0019] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises cyanine and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Cyanine derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The cyanine derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0020] In some embodiments, the narrow-band light-emitting polymer for fabricating Pdot includes rhodamine and its derivatives as narrow-band monomers. Rhodamine derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The narrow-band light-emitting polymer can also include any other monomer. The rhodamine derivative can be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrow-band light emission. The narrow-band light-emitting chromophore polymer may exhibit broad-band light emission or narrow-band light emission in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrow-band light emission. The emission FWHM of the previous Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0021] In some embodiments, the narrow-band light-emitting polymer for fabricating Pdot includes coumarin and its derivatives as narrow-band monomers. Coumarin derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The narrow-band light-emitting polymer can also include any other monomer. The coumarin derivative can be an energy acceptor so that the final P

[0022] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises xanthenes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Xanthene derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The xanthene derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0023] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a functionalized chromophore polymer dot. The functionalized Pdot comprises a narrowband luminescent Pdot and a functional group physically or chemically bonded to the Pdot.

[0024] In yet another aspect, the present invention discloses bioconjugates of polymer dots having narrowband emission. The bioconjugates are formed by conjugating biomolecules to one or more functional groups of narrowband emission chromophore polymer dots. The conjugation may be direct or indirect.

[0025] In yet another embodiment, a method for preparing narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer dots is disclosed. In some embodiments, these chromophore polymer dots can be formed using nanoparticle precipitation. Nanoparticle precipitation involves introducing a solution of the polymer in a good solvent into a poor solvent, where the polymer disintegrates into nanoparticle form due to its solubility. In certain embodiments, chromophore polymers having narrowband luminescence can be prepared using a miniemulsion method. The present invention provides, for example, the following: (Item 1) A condensed chromophore polymer containing narrow-bandwidth monomers A polymer dot containing the condensed chromophore polymer, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has an emission spectrum with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than about 70 nm. (Item 2) The polymer dot according to Item 1, wherein the chromophore polymer is a homopolymer or a heteropolymer. (Item 3) The polymer dot according to Item 1, wherein the chromophore polymer further contains a first general monomer, a second general monomer, or a combination thereof, and the first and second general monomers have an emission spectrum with a full width at half maximum of more than 70 nm. (Item 4) The polymer dot according to Item 1, wherein the narrow-bandwidth monomer, the first general monomer, the second general monomer, or a combination thereof is incorporated into the backbone of the chromophore polymer. (Item 5) The polymer dot according to Item 1, wherein the narrow-bandwidth monomer is a BODIPY derivative. (Item 6) The BODIPY derivative has the following formula [Chemical formula] wherein each of R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A and R 4B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, and alkoxy-aryl, and the BODIPY derivative is incorporated into the chromophore polymer by binding to R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , or a combination thereof. The polymer dot according to Item 5. (Item 7) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrowband monomer is a squaline derivative. (Item 8) The squaline derivative is as follows: [ka] It has X 1 and X 2 Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, R 1A and R 1B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, and heterocycloalkylenes, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of halides, hydroxyls, and aminos, and the squaline derivative is R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B Polymer dots as described in item 7, which are incorporated into the chromophore polymer by bonding with a combination thereof. (Item 9) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrow-band monomer is a metal complex derivative. (Item 10) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrow-band monomer is a porphyrin derivative. (Item 11) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrow-band monomer is a metal porphyrin derivative. (Item 12) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrowband monomer is a lanthanide complex derivative. (Item 13) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrow-band monomer is a perylene derivative. (Item 14) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrowband monomer is a cyanine derivative. (Item 15) The polymer dot according to item 3, wherein the first general monomer and the second general monomer are each independently selected from the group consisting of fluorene, fluorene derivatives, phenylene vinylene, phenylene vinylene derivatives, phenylene, phenylene derivatives, benzothiadiazole, benzothiadiazole derivatives, thiophene, thiophene derivatives, carbazole fluorene, and carbazole fluorene derivatives. (Item 16) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer further comprises a functional group that makes the surface of the condensed chromophore polymer available for conjugation or bioconjugation. (Item 17) The polymer dot according to item 16, wherein the functional group is a hydrophobic functional group. (Item 18) The polymer dot according to item 17, wherein the hydrophobic functional group is selected from the group consisting of alkynes, strained alkynes, azides, dienes, alkenes, cyclooctynes, and phosphines. (Item 19) The polymer dot according to item 16, wherein the functional group is a hydrophilic functional group. (Item 20) The polymer dot according to item 19, wherein the hydrophilic functional group is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids or their salts, aminos, mercaptos, azides, aldehydes, esters, hydroxyls, carbonyls, sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, cyanates, and succinimidyl esters. (Item 21) The polymer dot according to item 16, wherein the functional group is conjugated to a biomolecule. (Item 22) The polymer according to item 21, wherein the biomolecule is selected from the group consisting of proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, amino acids, metabolites, drugs, toxins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, lipids, and fatty acids. (Item 23) The polymer dot according to item 1, further comprising a semiconductor polymer that is physically blended with or chemically crosslinked with the chromophore polymer. (Item 24) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the FWHM is less than approximately 60 nm, less than approximately 50 nm, less than approximately 40 nm, less than approximately 30 nm, or less than approximately 20 nm. (Item 25) The polymer dot described in item 1 contains a quantum yield of over 10%, over 20%, over 30%, over 40%, over 50%, over 70%, or over 90% of the condensed chromophore polymer. to. (Item 26) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the FWHM of less than approximately 70 nm corresponds to a main emission peak having maximum intensity, and the condensed chromophore polymer is structurally configured to emit a second emission peak having maximum intensity which is less than approximately 30%, less than approximately 20%, less than approximately 10%, less than approximately 5%, or less than approximately 1% of the maximum intensity of the main emission peak. (Item 27) A polymer dot as described in item 1, having an emission spectrum consisting of two emission peaks. (Item 28) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer is stable for a period of more than about one month, more than about three months, more than about six months, or more than about one year. (Item 29) Polymer dots as described in item 1, which do not contain secondary structures including a beta-phase secondary structure. (Item 30) Polymer dots containing a condensed chromophore polymer, The condensed chromophore polymer includes narrowband units bonded to the polymer's backbone or side chains. A polymer dot in which the narrowband unit includes an emission spectrum having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than approximately 70 nm, and the skeleton includes a first general monomer, a second general monomer, or a combination thereof. (Item 31) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the narrowband unit is covalently bonded to the backbone or the side chain. (Item 32) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the narrowband unit includes fluorescent nanoparticles embedded within or bound to the polymer dot. (Item 33) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the fluorescent nanoparticles are quantum dots. (Item 34) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the aforementioned narrowband unit contains a fluorescent molecule. (Item 35) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the fluorescent molecule is a polymer or a dye molecule. (Item 36) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the narrowband unit comprises a narrowband monomer. (Item 37) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a BODIPY derivative. (Item 38) The BODIPY derivative is given by the following formula [ka] It has, in the formula, R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A and R 4B Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, and alkoxy-aryl, and the BODIPY derivative is R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B Polymer dots as described in item 37, which are incorporated into the chromophore polymer by bonding with a combination thereof. (Item 39) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a squaline derivative. (Item 40) The squaline derivative is as follows: [ka] It has X 1 and X 2 Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, R 1A and R 1B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, and heterocycloalkylenes, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of halides, hydroxyls, and aminos, and the squaline derivative is R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B Polymer dots as described in item 39, which are incorporated into the chromophore polymer by bonding with a combination thereof. (Item 41) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a metal complex derivative. (Item 42) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a porphyrin derivative. (Item 43) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrow-band monomer is a metal porphyrin derivative. (Item 44) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a lanthanide complex derivative. (Item 45) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a perylene derivative. (Item 46) The polymer dot according to item 36, wherein the narrowband monomer is a cyanine derivative. (Item 47) The first general monomer and the second general monomer are fluorene, fluorene derivatives, phenylene vinylene, phenylene vinylene derivatives, phenylene, phenylene derivatives Polymer dots according to item 30, each independently selected from the group consisting of a conductor, benzothiadiazole, benzothiadiazole derivatives, thiophene, thiophene derivatives, carbazolefluorene, and carbazolefluorene derivatives. (Item 48) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the FWHM is less than approximately 60 nm, less than approximately 50 nm, less than approximately 40 nm, less than approximately 30 nm, or less than approximately 20 nm. (Item 49) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has a quantum yield of more than 10%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 70%, or more than 90%. (Item 50) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the FWHM of less than approximately 70 nm corresponds to a main emission peak having maximum intensity, and the condensed chromophore polymer is structurally configured to emit a second emission peak having maximum intensity which is less than approximately 30%, less than approximately 20%, less than approximately 10%, less than approximately 5%, or less than approximately 1% of the maximum intensity of the main emission peak. (Item 51) A polymer dot according to item 30, having an emission spectrum consisting of two emission peaks. (Item 52) The polymer dot according to item 30, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer is stable for a period of more than about one month, more than about three months, more than about six months, or more than about one year. (Item 53) Polymer dots as described in item 30, which do not contain a secondary structure including a beta-phase secondary structure. (Item 54) A step of providing a solvent solution containing a chromophore polymer, wherein the chromophore polymer is in the form of an elongated coil, contains a narrowband monomer, and has an emission spectrum having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) greater than approximately 70 nm. A step of mixing the solvent solution containing the chromophore polymer with a miscible solvent to form a condensed chromophore polymer, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has an emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than about 70 nm. A method for producing polymer dots, including [a specific component]. (Item 55) The method according to item 54, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer comprises a certain ratio of narrowband monomers and general monomers in order to produce the emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than approximately 70 nm. (Item 56) The method according to item 55, wherein the ratio of the narrowband monomer to the general monomer is less than about 1:1, less than about 0.8:1, less than about 0.6:1, less than about 0.5:1, less than about 0.4:1, less than about 0.3:1, less than about 0.2:1, less than about 0.1:1, less than about 0.08:1, less than about 0.06:1, less than about 0.04:1, or less than about 0.02:1. (Item 57) A step of providing a solvent solution containing a chromophore polymer, wherein the chromophore polymer is in the form of an elongated coil, contains a narrowband monomer, and has an emission spectrum having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than about 70 nm. A step of mixing the solvent solution containing the chromophore polymer with a miscible solvent to form a condensed chromophore polymer, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has an emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than about 70 nm. A method for producing polymer dots, including [a specific component]. (Item 58) To generate the emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than approximately 70 nm, the chromophore The method according to item 57, wherein the polymer comprises a certain ratio of narrowband monomers and general monomers. (Item 59) The method according to item 57, wherein the ratio of the narrowband monomer to the general monomer is less than about 1:1, less than about 0.8:1, less than about 0.6:1, less than about 0.5:1, less than about 0.4:1, less than about 0.3:1, less than about 0.2:1, less than about 0.1:1, less than about 0.08:1, less than about 0.06:1, less than about 0.04:1, or less than about 0.02:1. (Item 60) The methods according to items 54 and 57, wherein the chromophore polymer is physically blended, chemically crosslinked, or both with a polymer containing a general monomer that acts as an energy donor to the narrowband monomer which is an energy acceptor. (Item 61) The method according to items 54 and 57, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has a quantum yield of more than 10%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 70%, or more than 90%. (Item 62) The method according to items 54 and 57, wherein the mixing step includes nanoparticle precipitation. (Item 63) The method according to items 54 and 57, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer is formed by an emulsion method. (Item 64) The methods according to items 54 and 57, wherein the emulsion method is a miniemulsion method. (Item 65) The method according to items 54 and 57, wherein the solvent solution comprises tetrahydrofuran. (Item 66) The method according to items 54 and 57, wherein the miscible solvent includes water. (Item 67) A method for multiple detection in polymer dots, the method comprising the step of detecting the polymer dots using a detector system that includes a filter configured to allow light with a spectrum having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than about 70 nm to pass through, A method wherein the polymer dots comprise a condensed chromophore polymer containing a narrowband monomer, and the condensed chromophore polymer has an emission spectrum that substantially passes through the filter. (Item 68) The method according to item 67, wherein the FWHM is less than approximately 60 nm, less than approximately 50 nm, less than approximately 40 nm, less than approximately 30 nm, or less than approximately 20 nm. (Item 69) The method according to item 67, wherein the step of detecting the polymer dots includes using flow cytometry. (Item 70) A step of providing a solvent solution containing a chromophore polymer, wherein the chromophore polymer is in the form of an elongated coil and includes narrowband units bonded to the polymer's backbone or side chains, and the narrowband units include an emission spectrum having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) greater than approximately 70 nm. A step of mixing the solvent solution containing the chromophore polymer with a miscible solvent to form a condensed chromophore polymer, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has an emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than about 70 nm. A method for producing polymer dots, including [a specific component]. (Item 71) The method according to item 70, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer comprises a certain ratio of narrowband units and general monomers to produce the emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than approximately 70 nm. (Item 72) The method according to item 71, wherein the ratio of the narrowband unit to the general monomer is less than about 1:1, less than about 0.8:1, less than about 0.6:1, less than about 0.5:1, less than about 0.4:1, less than about 0.3:1, less than about 0.2:1, less than about 0.1:1, less than about 0.08:1, less than about 0.06:1, less than about 0.04:1, or less than about 0.02:1. (Item 73) A step of providing a solvent solution containing a chromophore polymer, wherein the chromophore polymer is in the form of an elongated coil and includes narrowband units bonded to the polymer's backbone or side chains, and the narrowband units include an emission spectrum having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than approximately 70 nm. A step of mixing the solvent solution containing the chromophore polymer with a miscible solvent to form a condensed chromophore polymer, wherein the condensed chromophore polymer has an emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than about 70 nm. A method for producing polymer dots, including [a specific component]. (Item 74) The method according to item 73, wherein the chromophore polymer comprises a certain ratio of narrowband units and general monomers to produce the emission spectrum having an FWHM of less than approximately 70 nm. (Item 75) The method according to item 74, wherein the ratio of the narrowband unit to the general monomer is less than about 1:1, less than about 0.8:1, less than about 0.6:1, less than about 0.5:1, less than about 0.4:1, less than about 0.3:1, less than about 0.2:1, less than about 0.1:1, less than about 0.08:1, less than about 0.06:1, less than about 0.04:1, or less than about 0.02:1. (Item 76) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the chromophore polymer is a conjugated polymer. (Item 77) The polymer dot according to item 76, wherein the conjugated polymer is a semiconductor polymer. (Item 78) The polymer dots according to items 12 and 44, wherein the lanthanide complex derivative comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Sm(II), Eu(III), Eu(II), Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), Yb(III), and Yb(II). (Item 79) The polymer dot according to item 59, wherein the lanthanide complex comprises an anionic ligand and / or a neutral ligand that chelates to the metal. (Item 80) The polymer dot according to item 1, wherein the narrow-band monomer is selected from rhodamine, rhodamine derivatives, coumarin, coumarin derivatives, xanthenes, and xanthene derivatives. (Item 81) The polymer dot according to item 1, further comprising a conjugated polymer that is physically blended with or chemically crosslinked with the chromophore polymer. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0026] [Figure 1-1] Figure 1 shows exemplary schematic structures of narrowband luminescent polymers. Figure 1A shows the structure of a homopolymer containing only one narrowband monomer. Figure 1B shows the structure of a two-unit copolymer containing one narrowband monomer and one general monomer. The narrowband monomer may be an energy acceptor, and the general monomer may be an energy donor. Narrowband luminescence can be produced by energy transfer within the Pdot. Figure 1C shows the structure of a three-unit copolymer containing one narrowband monomer and two general monomers, for example, general monomer 1 (D1) and general monomer 2 (D2). The narrowband monomer may be an energy acceptor, general monomer 1 may be an energy donor, and general monomer 2 may also be a donor to the narrowband monomer. In some embodiments, general monomer 2 may be both an energy acceptor from monomer 1 and an energy donor to the narrowband monomer. Narrowband luminescence can be produced by multi-step energy transfer within the Pdot. Figure 1D shows the structure of a two-unit copolymer containing narrowband units crosslinked by side chains. The copolymer skeleton may be an energy donor, and the narrowband units may be energy acceptors. Narrowband emission can be produced by energy transfer within the Pdot. Figure 1E shows the structure of a homopolymer containing narrowband units crosslinked by side chains. The homopolymer skeleton may be an energy donor, and the narrowband units may be energy acceptors. Narrowband emission can be produced by energy transfer within the Pdot. Figure 1F shows the structure of a polymer containing narrowband units bonded to the ends of the polymer. The polymer skeleton may be an energy donor, and the narrowband units may be energy acceptors. Narrowband emission can be produced by energy transfer within the Pdot. [Figure 1-2] Figure 1 shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer. Figures 1G-1L show exemplary schematic structures of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general monomer, a narrowband monomer, and a functional monomer (or functional group). The functional monomer can provide a reactive chemical group for chemical reactions or bioconjugation reactions, for example.

[0027] [Figure 2A] Figure 2A shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2B] Figure 2B shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2C]Figure 2C shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2D] Figure 2D shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2E] Figure 2E shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2F]Figure 2F shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2G] Figure 2G shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2H] Figure 2H shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2I]Figure 2I shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2J] Figure 2J shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2K] Figure 2K shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2L]Figure 2L shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2M] Figure 2M shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 2N] Figure 2N shows a non-limiting example of the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent copolymer. The copolymer may contain one common monomer as an energy donor and one narrowband monomer as an acceptor. Figure 2A shows a list of non-limiting examples of common monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing one common monomer selected from Figure 2A and different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. Figures 2M and 2N show some specific examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers based on the chemical structures of Figures 2B-2L. [Figure 3A]Figure 3A is a list of non-limiting examples of the chemical structures of common D1 and D2 type monomers used to synthesize narrowband luminescent polymers, as seen, for example, in Figures 1 and 31A. Figure 3A shows an exemplary D1 monomer. Figures 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E show exemplary D2 monomers and exemplary derivatives of D2 monomers. Derivatives of D2 monomers are shown as D2' monomers in the figures. Narrowband luminescent polymers can be obtained by copolymerizing a common D1 type monomer with, for example, a D2 type (or D2' type) and a narrowband monomer. Alternatively, a narrowband luminescent polymer like the one in Figure 1 can be obtained by copolymerizing, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer separately with a single narrowband monomer. Narrowband luminescent units can also be attached to the side chains or ends of polymers formed from, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer, rather than by copolymerization. [Figure 3B] Figure 3B is a list of non-limiting examples of the chemical structures of common D1 and D2 type monomers used to synthesize narrowband luminescent polymers, as seen, for example, in Figures 1 and 31A. Figure 3A is a diagram of an exemplary D1 monomer. Figures 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E are diagrams of exemplary D2 monomers and exemplary derivatives of D2 monomers. Derivatives of D2 monomers are denoted as D2' monomers in the figures. Narrowband luminescent polymers can be obtained by copolymerizing a common D1 type monomer with, for example, a D2 type (or D2' type) and a narrowband monomer. Alternatively, a narrowband luminescent polymer like the one in Figure 1 can be obtained by copolymerizing, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer separately with a single narrowband monomer. Narrowband luminescent units can also be attached to the side chains or ends of polymers formed from, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer, rather than by copolymerization. [Figure 3C]Figure 3C is a list of non-limiting examples of the chemical structures of common D1 and D2 type monomers used to synthesize narrowband luminescent polymers, as seen, for example, in Figures 1 and 31A. Figure 3A is a diagram of an exemplary D1 monomer. Figures 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E are diagrams of exemplary D2 monomers and exemplary derivatives of D2 monomers. Derivatives of D2 monomers are denoted as D2' monomers in the figures. Narrowband luminescent polymers can be obtained by copolymerizing a common D1 type monomer with, for example, a D2 type (or D2' type) and a narrowband monomer. Alternatively, a narrowband luminescent polymer like the one in Figure 1 can be obtained by copolymerizing, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer separately with a single narrowband monomer. Narrowband luminescent units can also be attached to the side chains or ends of polymers formed from, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer, rather than by copolymerization. [Figure 3D] Figure 3D is a list of non-limiting examples of the chemical structures of common D1 and D2 type monomers used to synthesize narrowband luminescent polymers, as seen, for example, in Figures 1 and 31A. Figure 3A is a diagram of an exemplary D1 monomer. Figures 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E are diagrams of exemplary D2 monomers and exemplary derivatives of D2 monomers. Derivatives of D2 monomers are denoted as D2' monomers in the figures. Narrowband luminescent polymers can be obtained by copolymerizing a common D1 type monomer with, for example, a D2 type (or D2' type) and a narrowband monomer. Alternatively, a narrowband luminescent polymer like the one in Figure 1 can be obtained by copolymerizing, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer separately with a single narrowband monomer. Narrowband luminescent units can also be attached to the side chains or ends of polymers formed from, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer, rather than by copolymerization. [Figure 3E]Figure 3E is a list of non-limiting examples of the chemical structures of common D1 and D2 type monomers used to synthesize narrowband luminescent polymers, as seen, for example, in Figures 1 and 31A. Figure 3A is a diagram of an exemplary D1 monomer. Figures 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E are diagrams of exemplary D2 monomers and exemplary derivatives of D2 monomers. Derivatives of D2 monomers are denoted as D2' monomers in the figures. Narrowband luminescent polymers can be obtained by copolymerizing a common D1 type monomer with, for example, a D2 type (or D2' type) and a narrowband monomer. Alternatively, a narrowband luminescent polymer like the one in Figure 1 can be obtained by copolymerizing, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer separately with a single narrowband monomer. Narrowband luminescent units can also be attached to the side chains or ends of polymers formed from, for example, a D1 type monomer, a D2 type monomer, or a D2' type monomer, rather than by copolymerization. [Figure 4A] Figure 4A shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 4B] Figure 4B shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any common polymer to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can also be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of a conventional semiconductor polymer to form a narrowband luminescent polymer. [Figure 4C] Figure 4C shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can also be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 4D] Figure 4D shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 4E] Figure 4E shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize a narrowband luminescent homopolymer. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize a narrowband luminescent copolymer. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of a conventional semiconductor polymer to form a narrowband luminescent polymer. [Figure 4F]Figure 4F shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize a narrowband luminescent homopolymer. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any common polymer to synthesize a narrowband luminescent copolymer. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of a conventional semiconductor polymer to form a narrowband luminescent polymer. [Figure 4G] Figure 4G shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 4H] Figure 4H shows a non-restrictive list of different BODIPY derivatives as narrowband monomers, with several specific examples. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the BODIPY derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the BODIPY derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 5]Figure 5 shows a non-limiting list of dipyrin-metal derivatives as narrowband monomers and some specific examples. Each of the dipyrin-metal derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the dipyrin-metal derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the dipyrin-metal derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 6A] Figure 6A shows a non-limiting list of squaline derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the squaline derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 6B] Figure 6B shows a non-limiting list of squaline derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the squaline derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 6C] Figure 6C shows a non-limiting list of squaline derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the squaline derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 6D] Figure 6D shows a list of non-limiting examples of squaline derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the squaline derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 6E] Figure 6E shows a non-limiting list of squaline derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the squaline derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the squaline derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 7A] Figure 7A shows a non-restrictive list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing metal complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. While various Pt complexes were used as narrowband monomers in the polymers listed, other metal complexes can also be used. Each of the metal complexes can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the metal complexes can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the metal complexes can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 7B]Figure 7B shows a non-restrictive list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing metal complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. While various Pt complexes were used as narrowband monomers in the polymers listed, other metal complexes can also be used. Each of the metal complexes can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the metal complexes can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the metal complexes can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 7C] Figure 7C shows a non-restrictive list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing metal complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. While various Pt complexes were used as narrowband monomers in the polymers listed, other metal complexes can also be used. Each of the metal complexes can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the metal complexes can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the metal complexes can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 8] Figure 8 shows a non-limiting list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Narrowband luminescent homopolymers can be synthesized using each of the porphyrin derivatives. Furthermore, narrowband luminescent copolymers can be synthesized by copolymerizing each of the porphyrin derivatives with any of the common polymers. Narrowband luminescent polymers can also be formed by crosslinking each of the porphyrin derivatives, used as narrowband luminescent units, with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers. [Figure 9]Figure 9 shows a non-restrictive list of phthalocyanines and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the phthalocyanine derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the phthalocyanine derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the phthalocyanine derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 10A]Figure 10A shows a non-limiting list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows an exemplary chemical structure of a general polymer as an energy donor that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows an exemplary chemical structure of an anionic ligand (L1) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in the ligands (L1 and L2) of the lanthanide complex. Figure 10F shows an exemplary chemical structure of a neutral ligand (L2) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10B]Figure 10B shows a non-restrictive list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows exemplary schematic structures of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes as narrowband luminescent units. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows exemplary chemical structures of general polymers as donors that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows exemplary chemical structures of anionic ligands (L1) that form lanthanide complexes. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in ligands (L1 and L2) of lanthanide complexes. Figure 10F shows exemplary chemical structures of neutral ligands (L2) that form lanthanide complexes. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10C]Figure 10C shows a non-limiting list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows an exemplary chemical structure of a general polymer as an energy donor that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows an exemplary chemical structure of an anionic ligand (L1) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in the ligands (L1 and L2) of the lanthanide complex. Figure 10F shows an exemplary chemical structure of a neutral ligand (L2) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10D]Figure 10D shows a non-limiting list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows an exemplary chemical structure of a general polymer as an energy donor that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows an exemplary chemical structure of an anionic ligand (L1) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in the ligands (L1 and L2) of the lanthanide complex. Figure 10F shows an exemplary chemical structure of a neutral ligand (L2) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10E]Figure 10E shows a non-restrictive list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows an exemplary chemical structure of a general polymer as a donor that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows an exemplary chemical structure of an anionic ligand (L1) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in the ligands (L1 and L2) of the lanthanide complex. Figure 10F shows an exemplary chemical structure of a neutral ligand (L2) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10F]Figure 10F shows a non-limiting list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows an exemplary chemical structure of a general polymer as an energy donor that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows an exemplary chemical structure of an anionic ligand (L1) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in the ligands (L1 and L2) of the lanthanide complex. Figure 10F shows an exemplary chemical structure of a neutral ligand (L2) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10G]Figure 10G shows a non-restrictive list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows an exemplary schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows an exemplary chemical structure of a general polymer as an energy donor that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows an exemplary chemical structure of an anionic ligand (L1) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in the ligands (L1 and L2) of the lanthanide complex. Figure 10F shows an exemplary chemical structure of a neutral ligand (L2) that forms a lanthanide complex. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 10H]Figure 10H shows a non-limiting list of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes and their derivatives, for example, as narrowband monomers. Figure 10A shows exemplary schematic structures of narrowband luminescent polymers containing lanthanide complexes as narrowband luminescent units. Figure 10B shows exemplary structures of europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb) complexes as narrowband monomers in the polymers in the list. D-type monomers can be energy donors that transfer energy to the lanthanide complex. Figure 10C shows exemplary chemical structures of common polymers as donors that can transfer energy to the lanthanide complex in narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10D shows exemplary chemical structures of anionic ligands (L1) that form lanthanide complexes. Figure 10E shows exemplary chemical structures of substituted groups in ligands (L1 and L2) of lanthanide complexes. Figure 10F shows exemplary chemical structures of neutral ligands (L2) that form lanthanide complexes. Figure 10G is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a general polymer as a donor and a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. Both the general polymer and the lanthanide complex contain amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. Figure 10H is a schematic diagram showing the formation of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing only a lanthanide complex as a narrowband luminescent unit. The lanthanide complex contains amino groups, and by covalently crosslinking these amino groups with, for example, an amine-reactive polymer, a polymer grafted with the lanthanide complex can be formed for the preparation of narrowband luminescent Pdot. [Figure 11A]Figure 11A shows a non-restrictive list of perylene and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the perylene derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the perylene derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the perylene derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 11B] Figure 11B shows a non-restrictive list of cyanine and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the cyanine derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the cyanine derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the cyanine derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 11C] Figure 11C shows a non-restrictive list of cyanine and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the cyanine derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the cyanine derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the cyanine derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 11D] Figure 11D shows a non-restrictive list of cyanine and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. Each of the cyanine derivatives can be used to synthesize narrowband luminescent homopolymers. Furthermore, each of the cyanine derivatives can be copolymerized with any of the common polymers to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers. Each of the cyanine derivatives can be used as a narrowband luminescent unit and crosslinked with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymers. [Figure 12A]Figure 12A shows the chemical structure of an example of a synthesized BODIPY monomer. [Figure 12B] Figure 12B shows their absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence quantum yields. [Figure 13A] Figure 13A shows a series of copolymers containing the common monomer fluorene and a narrowband monomer (BODIPY monomer 2a in Figure 12) in different molar ratios. As can be seen, the emission spectra of the polymers in THF show similar FWHMs for all polymers. However, Pdot shows a completely different FWHM due to the packing of the chromophore in the nanoparticles. Narrowband emission can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of BODIPY to the common fluorene monomer. [Figure 13B] Figure 13B shows the fluorescence spectra of polymers in tetrahydrofuran (THF), a good solvent. As can be seen, the emission spectra of polymers in THF show similar FWHMs for all polymers. However, Pdot shows a completely different FWHM due to the packing of chromophores in the nanoparticles. Narrowband emission can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of BODIPY to a common fluorene monomer. [Figure 13C] Figure 13C shows the fluorescence spectrum of Pdot in water. As can be seen, the emission spectra of polymers in THF show similar FWHMs for all polymers. However, Pdot shows a completely different FWHM due to the packing of chromophores in nanoparticles. Narrowband emission can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of BODIPY to a common fluorene monomer. [Figure 14A]Figure 14A shows the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer (polymer 510) synthesized using BODIPY monomer 1a from Figure 12 as a narrowband monomer and several common monomers. Figure 14B shows the absorption and emission spectra of Pdot of polymer 510 in water. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM of 41 nm when excited at 380 nm. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM of 25 nm when excited at 470 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield was measured to be 64%. [Figure 14B] Figure 14A shows the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer (polymer 510) synthesized using BODIPY monomer 1a from Figure 12 as a narrowband monomer and several common monomers. Figure 14B shows the absorption and emission spectra of Pdot of polymer 510 in water. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM of 41 nm when excited at 380 nm. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM of 25 nm when excited at 470 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield was measured to be 64%. [Figure 15A] Figure 15A shows the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer (polymer 590) synthesized using BODIPY monomer 2a from Figure 12 as a narrowband monomer and several common monomers. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM at 64 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.13. As shown by the spectrum, this polymer exhibits broadband emission in good solvents such as THF. However, Pdot exhibits narrowband emission. [Figure 15B] Figure 15B shows the absorption and emission spectra of polymer 590 in THF. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM at 64 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.13. As shown by the spectrum, this polymer exhibits broadband emission in good solvents such as THF. However, Pdot exhibits narrowband emission. [Figure 15C]Figure 15C shows the absorption and emission spectra of Pdot for polymer 590 in water. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM at 64 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.13. As shown by the spectrum, this polymer exhibits broadband emission in good solvents such as THF. However, Pdot exhibits narrowband emission. [Figure 16A] Figure 16A shows the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer (polymer 680) synthesized using BODIPY monomer 3a from Figure 12 as a narrowband monomer and several common monomers. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM at 55 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.19. As shown by the spectrum, this polymer exhibits broadband emission in good solvents such as THF. However, Pdot exhibits narrowband emission. [Figure 16B] Figure 16B shows the absorption and emission spectra of polymer 680 in THF. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM at 55 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.19. As shown by the spectrum, this polymer exhibits broadband emission in good solvents such as THF. However, Pdot exhibits narrowband emission. [Figure 16C] Figure 16C shows the absorption and emission spectra of Pdot for polymer 680 in water. The emission of Pdot shows an FWHM at 55 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.19. As shown by the spectrum, this polymer exhibits broadband emission in good solvents such as THF. However, Pdot exhibits narrowband emission. [Figure 17] Figure 17 shows the particle size distribution of Pdot for narrowband luminescent polymer 510, polymer 590, and polymer 680, respectively. The data were measured by dynamic light scattering. [Figure 18]Figures 18A and 18C show the flow cytometry results of MCF-7 cells labeled with Pdot of polymer 590 and Pdot of polymer 680, respectively. Figure 18A shows side scattering (SSC) versus forward scattering (FSC). Figure 18B shows the fluorescence intensity distribution of MCF-7 cells labeled with Pdot of polymer 590. The blue curve represents the negative control, and the orange curve represents positive labeling. Figure 18C shows the fluorescence intensity distribution of MCF-7 cells labeled with Pdot of polymer 680. The green curve represents the negative control, and the red curve represents positive labeling. [Figure 19A] Figure 19A shows fluorescence images of MCF-7 breast cancer cells labeled with polymer 590 and Pdot-streptavidin. Negative labeling, performed under the same conditions but in the absence of biotinylated primary antibody, does not show a fluorescence signal. The images show blue fluorescence from nuclear staining Hoechst 34580, orange fluorescence from Pdot, Nomarski (DIC) image, and combined fluorescence image. [Figure 19B] Figure 19B shows fluorescence images of MCF-7 breast cancer cells labeled with polymer 680 and Pdot-streptavidin. Negative labeling, performed under the same conditions but in the absence of biotinylated primary antibody, does not show a fluorescence signal. The images show blue fluorescence from nuclear staining Hoechst 34580, red fluorescence from Pdot, Nomarski (DIC) image, and combined fluorescence image. [Figure 20] Figure 20 shows a multi-step synthesis of a series of copolymers containing common monomers, fluorene and narrowband monomers (BODIPY monomer 2a in Figure 12), in different molar ratios. [Figure 21] Figure 21 shows the multi-step synthesis of the BODIPY monomer 1a and polymer 510, which is a narrow-band luminescent polymer, as shown in Figure 12. [Figure 22] Figure 22 shows the multi-step synthesis of the BODIPY monomer 2a and the narrowband luminescent polymer polymer 590 shown in Figure 12. [Figure 23]Figure 23 shows the multi-step synthesis of the BODIPY monomer 3a and the narrowband luminescent polymer polymer 680 shown in Figure 12. [Figure 24A] Figure 24A shows the multi-step synthesis of squaline derivative 1 and narrow-band luminescent polymer PFS (polymer 690), using a squaline derivative as a narrow-band monomer and fluorene as a general monomer. [Figure 24B] Figure 24B shows the multi-step synthesis of squaline derivative 5 and the narrow-band luminescent polymer PFS5.5, using squaline as a narrow-band monomer and fluorene as a common monomer. [Figure 24C] Figure 24C is a schematic diagram of squaline-based narrowband luminescent polymer dots and Pdot-bioconjugates for specific cell targeting. [Figure 25A] Figure 25A shows the photophysical data for narrowband luminescent fluorene-4% squalane copolymer and fluorene-19% squalane copolymer. [Figure 25B] Figure 25B shows the absorption spectral data for fluorene-4% squalane copolymer and fluorene-19% squalane copolymer. [Figure 25C] Figure 25C shows the emission spectra of fluorene-4% squalane copolymer and fluorene-19% squalane copolymer excited at 405 nm. The Pdot of fluorene-4% squalane copolymer shows an emission FWHM of 37 nm at 690 nm, with a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.23. [Figure 25D] Figure 25D shows the emission spectra of fluorene-4% squalane copolymer and fluorene-19% squalane copolymer excited at 675 nm. [Figure 25E] Figure 25E shows the photophysical data and particle size of Pdot for narrowband luminescent PFS and Pdot for PFS5.5 at various squaline ratios. [Figure 25F]Figure 25F shows the fluorescence emission spectra of Pdot of narrowband luminescent PFS and Pdot of PFS 5.5 at various squaline ratios. Pdot of PFS-1.5% squaline copolymer exhibits an emission FWHM of 37 nm at 690 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.30. [Figure 25G] Figure 25G shows the absorption and fluorescence spectra of Pdot for PFS and PFS5.5 with a squaline molar ratio of 1.5%. The upper left panel a shows the absorption and fluorescence spectra of Pdot for PFS with a squaline molar ratio of 1.5%. The upper right panel b shows the fluorescence spectra of Pdot for PFS with a squaline dye at a 1.5% molar ratio in THF and Pdot formed in water. The lower left panel c shows the absorption spectra of Pdot for PFS and PFS5.5 in water (squaline molar ratio of 1.5%). The lower right panel d shows the fluorescence spectra of Pdot for PFS and PFS5.5 in water (squaline molar ratio of 1.5%). [Figure 25H] Figure 25H shows the particle size distribution of Pdots (average size 19 nm) from PFS and PFS5.5. The lower panel shows TEM images of Pdot(c) from PFS and Pdot(d) from PFS5.5. [Figure 25I] Figure 25I shows single-particle brightness images for three samples: (a) Qdot705, (b) Pdot with 1.5% PFS, and (c) Pdot with 1.5% PFS5.5, when excited at 405 nm. The images in the upper panel were obtained under identical excitation and detection conditions. All scale bars represent 5 μm. The lower panel shows histograms of the brightness distribution. [Figure 25J] Figure 25J shows the flow cytometry intensity distribution of MCF-7 breast cancer cells labeled with Qdot705-streptavidin, Pdot-streptavidin for PFS, and Pdot-streptavidin for PFS5.5. Figure 25K shows confocal fluorescence images of MCF-7 cells labeled with probes for Pdot-streptavidin for PFS and Pdot-streptavidin for PFS5.5. [Figure 25K] Figure 25K shows confocal fluorescence images of MCF-7 cells labeled with Pdot-streptavidin probes for PFS and Pdot-streptavidin probes for PFS5.5. [Figure 26] Figure 26A shows the scheme for preparing Pdot-Qdot hybrid NPs. First, PFBT with an amino-terminated group was converted to a thiol to covalently bond to the surface of the QD. Next, the Pdot-Qdot mixture was thoroughly mixed with PS-PEG-COOH in THF after nanoparticle precipitation in water under very strong sonication to produce Pdot with embedded QDs. Figure 26B shows TEM images of the Pdot-Qdot nanocomposite material. The inset in the upper left corner shows a magnified view of a single Pdot-Qdot nanocomposite material. The blue and white scale bars represent 20 nm and 2 nm, respectively. Figure 26B shows DLS measurements of the hydrodynamic diameter of the Pdot-Qdot nanoparticles (NPs). [Figure 27] Figure 27A shows the UV-Visible spectrum of Pdot-Qdot nanoparticles (NPs) in water. Figure 27B shows the emission spectrum of a Pdot-Qdot nanocomposite (solid line). The dashed spectrum shows emission from QD655 (red), QD705 (purple), and QD800 (pink) in decane. Figure 27C shows the fluorescence image of a single Pdot particle in PFBT-DBT (top image) and the corresponding histogram of intensity distribution (bottom graph). Figure 27D shows the fluorescence image of a single Pdot particle in PFBT-QD655 (top image) and the corresponding histogram of intensity distribution (bottom graph). The scale bar is 4 μm. [Figure 28]Figures 28A–28C are two-color confocal microscope images of microtubules in HeLa cells labeled with Pdot-QD705-streptavidin. The blue fluorescence is from the nuclear counterstain Hoechst 34580 (A), the red fluorescence (B) is from Pdot-QD705-streptavidin, and (C) is an overlay of panels (A) and (B). Figures 28D–28F are images of control samples incubated with Pdot-QD705-streptavidin in the absence of biotinylated primary antibody. The scale bar is 20 μm. Figures 28G–28H show the flow cytometry results of MCF-7 cells labeled with Pdot-Qdot. The purple and pink lines show the fluorescence intensity distribution of cells labeled with Pdot-QD705-streptavidin and Pdot-QD800-streptavidin, respectively. The black line represents the results for the control sample (without biotin anti-human CD326 EpCAM primary antibody). [Figure 29A] Figure 29A shows the chemical structure of a narrowband luminescent fluorene-BODIPY copolymer synthesized using the conventional broadband luminescent semiconductor polymer PFBT and BODIPY monomer 2a from Figure 12 as narrowband monomers, with fluorene used as a general monomer. [Figure 29B] Figure 29B shows the emission spectrum of fluorene-BODIPY Pdot in water. As shown by the spectrum, these pure fluorene-BODIPY Pdot exhibit broadband emission. [Figure 29C] Figure 29C shows the emission spectra of blended Pdot prepared from PFBT and fluorene-BODIPY. The emission of blended Pdot shows an FWHM of 54 nm, which is narrower compared to pure Pdot. [Figure 29D] Figure 29D shows other copolymers for forming chromophore polymer dots, as well as blends of polymers and copolymers. [Figure 29E]Figures 29E-29H show the corresponding optical properties and fluorescence emission spectra of different chromophore polymer dots formed using the copolymers shown in Figure 29D, or blends of polymers and copolymers. Figure 29E shows the fluorescence spectrum of a chromophore polymer dot of polymer 2b (single polymer) (I in Figure 29D). [Figure 29F] Figures 29E-29H show the corresponding optical properties and fluorescence emission spectra of different chromophore polymer dots formed using the copolymer shown in Figure 29D, or blends of polymers and copolymers. Figure 29F shows the fluorescence spectrum of a blended chromophore polymer dot formed from II (10% mol of BODIPY polymer: PFBT = 1:10) in Figure 29D. [Figure 29G] Figures 29E-29H show the corresponding optical properties and fluorescence emission spectra of different chromophore polymer dots formed using the copolymers shown in Figure 29D, or blends of polymers and copolymers. Figure 29G shows the fluorescence spectrum of a chromophore polymer dot of polymer 3b (single polymer) (III in Figure 29D). Figure 29H shows the fluorescence spectrum of a blended chromophore polymer dot formed from IV in Figure 29D (10% mol of crimson BODIPY polymer: PFTBT:PFBT = 10:30:60). [Figure 29H] Figures 29E-29H show the corresponding optical properties and fluorescence emission spectra of different chromophore polymer dots formed using the copolymer shown in Figure 29D, or blends of polymers and copolymers. Figure 29H shows the fluorescence spectrum of a blended chromophore polymer dot formed from IV (10% mol of crimson BODIPY polymer: PFTBT: PFBT = 10:30:60) from Figure 29D. [Figure 30A] Figure 30A provides an exemplary scheme illustrating the synthesis procedure for synthesizing PFPPyBPh. [Figure 30B] Figure 30B shows the UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra of PFPPyBPh in THF. [Figure 30C] Figure 30C shows the UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra of PFPPyBPh chromophore polymer dots. [Figure 31A] Figure 31A shows a schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer chemically crosslinked with two or more broadband polymers. [Figure 31B] Figure 31B shows an example of the formation of a Pdot-bioconjugate for specific cell targeting, involving a broadband semiconductor polymer chemically crosslinked with a narrowband luminescent polymer. Two broadband fluorescent polymers containing benzothiadiazole (BT) and 4,7-dithiophenyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (TBT) are energy donors, while the narrowband luminescent polymer containing BODIPY is an energy acceptor. Three fluorescent polymers containing amine groups can react with amphiphilic polymers such as poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA). Following the crosslinking reaction and Pdot formation, narrowband luminescence is produced by multi-step energy transfer within the Pdot. [Figure 32] Figure 32 shows an exemplary multi-step synthesis by Yamamoto polymerization of a copolymer containing BODIPY monomer 4a from Figure 12, as well as the common monomer fluorene and BODIPY monomer 4a, and having an amine group (PF5%540BODIPY4NH2). [Figure 33] Figure 33 shows an exemplary synthesis of a PF10BT polymer having an amine group by Suzuki coupling polymerization (PF10BT4NH2). [Figure 34] Figure 34 shows an exemplary synthesis by Yamamoto polymerization of a copolymer containing the common monomer fluorene and the BODIPY monomer 2a from Figure 12, and having an amine group (PF5%540BODIPY4NH2). [Figure 35] Figure 35 shows an exemplary synthesis of a PFTBT copolymer having an amine group by Suzuki coupling polymerization (PF5TBT4NH2). [Figure 36]Figure 36 shows an exemplary synthesis by Yamamoto polymerization of a copolymer containing the common monomer fluorene and the BODIPY monomer 3a from Figure 12, and having an amine group (PF5%680BODIPY4NH2). [Figure 37] Figure 37 shows an exemplary multi-step synthesis by Yamamoto polymerization of a copolymer containing BODIPY monomer 5a from Figure 12, as well as the common monomer fluorene and BODIPY monomer 5a, and having an amine group (PF5%570BODIPY4NH2). [Figure 38] Figure 38 shows an exemplary multi-step synthesis by Yamamoto polymerization of a copolymer containing BODIPY monomer 8a from Figure 12, as well as the common monomer fluorene and BODIPY monomer 8a, and having an amine group (PF5%670BODIPY4NH2). [Figure 39] Figure 39 shows an exemplary multi-step synthesis by Yamamoto polymerization of a copolymer containing BODIPY monomer 6a from Figure 12, as well as the common monomer fluorene and BODIPY monomer 6a, and having an amine group (PF5%600BODIPY4NH2). [Figure 40] Figure 40 shows an exemplary synthesis by Suzuki polymerization of a copolymer containing 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole and the common monomer fluorene, and having an amine group (PF47BSeD3NH2). [Figure 41A] Figure 41A shows the absorption and emission spectra of an exemplary blended Pdot prepared from PF10BT4NH2 and 540BODIPY fluoropolymer (which has an amine group), and the amphiphilic polymer PS-PEG-COOH. The emission of the blended Pdot shows a 39 nm FWHM without fluorene emission when excited with a 405 nm laser, when the blend ratio of 540BODIPY copolymer to PF10BT4NH2 is greater than 30:70 and less than 70:30. [Figure 41B]Figure 41B shows the absorption and emission spectra of blended Pdot prepared from PF46BT4NH2 and 570BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has an amine group), and the amphiphilic polymer PS-PEG-COOH. The emission of blended Pdot shows an FWHM of 38 nm when the blend ratio of 570BODIPY copolymer to PF46BT4NH2 is 30:70. [Figure 41C] Figure 41C shows the absorption and emission spectra of blended Pdot prepared from PF46BT4NH2 and 590BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has an amine group), and the amphiphilic polymer PS-PEG-COOH. The emission of blended Pdot shows an FWHM of 55 nm when the blend ratio of 590BODIPY copolymer to PF10BT4NH2 is greater than 35:65. [Figure 41D] Figure 41D shows the absorption and emission spectra of blended Pdot prepared from PF47BSeD3NH2 and 600BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has an amine group), and the amphiphilic polymer PS-PEG-COOH. The emission of blended Pdot shows an FWHM of 38 nm when the blend ratio of 600BODIPY copolymer to PF47BSeD3NH2 is greater than 30:70. [Figure 41E] Figure 41E shows the absorption and emission spectra of blended Pdot prepared from PF46BT4NH2, PF5TBT4NH2, and 655BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has an amine group), and the amphiphilic polymer PS-PEG-COOH. The emission of blended Pdot shows an FWHM of 38 nm when the blend ratio of 600BODIPY copolymer and PF5TBT4NH2 to PF46BT4NH2 is 20:10:70. [Figure 41F]Figure 41F shows the absorption and emission spectra of blended Pdot prepared from PF46BT4NH2, PF5TBT4NH2, and 680BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has an amine group), and the amphiphilic polymer PS-PEG-COOH. The emission of the blended Pdot shows an FWHM of 44 nm when the blend ratio of 680BODIPY copolymer to PF5TBT4NH2 to PF46BT4NH2 is 35:20:45. [Figure 42A] Figure 42A shows the absorption and emission spectra of exemplary crosslinked 540Pdot;PF46BT4NH2 and 590BODIPY fluorene copolymers (which have amine groups), prepared from PF10BT4NH2 and 540BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has amine groups), and the reactive amphiphilic polymer PSMA, respectively, and crosslinked 590Pdot;PF46BT4NH2, PF5TBT4NH2 and 680BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has amine groups), and crosslinked 680Pdot, prepared from the reactive amphiphilic polymer PSMA, respectively. The emission of crosslinked 540, 590, and 680Pdot shows FWHM at 39 nm, 55 nm, and 44 nm, respectively. [Figure 42B] Figure 42B shows the absorption and emission spectra of crosslinked 570Pdot prepared from PF46BT4NH2 and 570BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has amine groups) and the reactive amphiphilic polymer PSMA. The emission of crosslinked Pdot shows an FWHM of 37 nm when the reactant ratio of 570BODIPY copolymer to PF46BT4NH2 is 35:65. [Figure 42C]Figure 42C shows the absorption and emission spectra of crosslinked 600Pdot prepared from PF47BSeD3NH2 and 600BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has amine groups), and the reactive amphiphilic polymer PSMA. The emission of crosslinked Pdot shows an FWHM of 38 nm when the reactant ratio of 600BODIPY copolymer to PF47BSeD3NH2 is 40:60. [Figure 42D] Figure 42D shows the absorption and emission spectra of crosslinked 655Pdot prepared from PF46BT4NH2, PF5TBT4NH2, and 655BODIPY fluorene copolymer (which has an amine group), and the reactive amphiphilic polymer PSMA. The emission of crosslinked Pdot shows an FWHM of 36 nm when the reactant ratio of 655BODIPY copolymer to PF5TBT4NH2 and PF46BT4NH2 is 20:10:70. [Figure 43] Figure 43 shows the synthesis of the narrowband BODIPY monomer, the common fluorene-vinyl-benzothiadiazole monomer FVBT, and the copolymer PFVBT-BODIPY. The absorption peak of the polymer is tuned to 492 nm to match the 488 nm laser commonly used in biological applications. [Figure 44A] Figure 44A shows the UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of Pdot of PFVBT-BODIPY functionalized with PS-PEG-COOH and Pdot of PFVBT-BODIPY functionalized with PSMA polymer. [Figure 44B] Figure 44B shows a comparison of the absorption profiles of PFBT and PFVBT. [Figure 44C] Figure 44C shows the optical performance of Pdots of PFVBT-BODIPY2 functionalized with PSPEG polymer and Pdots of PFVBT-BODIPY2 functionalized with PSMA polymer.

[0028] [Figure 45A1]Figure 45A shows a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent polymers based on BODIPY. Their absorption peaks can be tuned from the visible region to the near-infrared region. [Figure 45A2] Figure 45A shows a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent polymers based on BODIPY. Their absorption peaks can be tuned from the visible region to the near-infrared region. [Figure 45B1] Figure 45B shows a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent polymers based on BODIPY. Their absorption peaks can be tuned from the visible region to the near-infrared region. [Figure 45B2] Figure 45B shows a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent polymers based on BODIPY. Their absorption peaks can be tuned from the visible region to the near-infrared region. [Figure 45C1] Figure 45C shows a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent polymers based on BODIPY. Their absorption peaks can be tuned from the visible region to the near-infrared region. [Figure 45C2] Figure 45C shows a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent polymers based on BODIPY. Their absorption peaks can be tuned from the visible region to the near-infrared region. [Figure 46] Figure 46 shows the chemical structures of three common broadband polymers P1, P2, and P3, and one narrowband luminescent polymer P4. Blended polymer dots made from the four polymers exhibit narrowband emission in the near-infrared region. [Figure 47A] Figure 47A shows the synthesis procedures for the four types of polymers shown in Figure 46. [Figure 47B] Figure 47B shows the synthesis procedures for the four types of polymers shown in Figure 46. [Figure 47C] Figure 47C shows the synthesis procedures for the four types of polymers shown in Figure 46. [Figure 47D] Figure 47D shows the synthesis procedures for the four types of polymers shown in Figure 46. [Figure 48] The upper panel of Figure 48 shows TEM images and histograms of particle size distribution measured by DLS for four types of Pdot (4-NIR Pdot) made from P1, P2, P3, and P4 polymers. The lower panel shows TEM images and histograms of particle size distribution measured by DLS for three types of Pdot (3-NIR Pdot) made from P2, P3, and P4 polymers. [Figure 49] Figure 49 shows the absorption spectrum of Pdot at 4-NIR (solid line), the absorption spectrum of Pdot at 3-NIR (dashed line), and the fluorescence spectrum of Pdot at 4-NIR (dotted line, λ excitation = 380 nm) and 3-NIR (dashed-dotted line, λ excitation = 450 nm). [Figure 50] Figures 50A and 50B show single-particle fluorescence images of Qdot705(a) and 3-NIR Pdot(b) obtained under identical excitation and detection conditions. Figures 50C-D show histograms of the fluorescence intensity distribution of single particles for Qdot705 (average CCD count 1200) and 3-NIR Pdot (average CCD count 3900). [Figure 51] Figures 51A and B show flow cytometry measurements of the intensity distribution of MCF-7 cells labeled with 4-NIR Pdot-streptavidin (a, negatively labeled, dotted line; positively labeled, solid line) and 3-NIR Pdot-streptavidin (streptiavidin) (b, negatively labeled, dotted line; positively labeled, solid line). All negative and positive labeling was completed and measured under identical experimental conditions, except for the negative labeling, where biotinylated primary antibodies were not present. [Figure 52]Figures 52A and B show fluorescence images of MCF-7 cells labeled with a 3-NIR-SA probe. (a) Positive labeling was performed using a 3-NIR-Pdot-SA probe. (b) Negative labeling was performed under the same conditions as (a), except that biotinylated antibodies were not present on the surface of MCF-7 cells. From left to right: Blue fluorescence from nuclear stain Hoechst 34580; red fluorescence image from 3-NIR-SA probe; Nomarski (DIC) image; and combined fluorescence image. Scale bar: 20 μm. [Figure 53] Figure 53 shows the chemical structures of a common luminescent polymer PVK, europium complexes (Eu15F and EuDNM), a common non-luminescent polymer PS, and a functional polymer PS-PEG-COOH. [Figure 54] Figure 54 is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting example of forming a Pdot using a common luminescent PVK polymer and Eu complex. [Figure 55] Figure 55 shows the spectroscopic and TEM characterization of Pdots of Eu15F / polymer. (a) Absorption spectra of Pdots of Eu15F / PS nanoparticles, Eu15F / PVK, and pure PVK, as well as the emission spectrum of Pdots of PVK. (b) TEM image of Pdots of Eu15F / PVK. (c) Ratio of quantum yield to Eu15F for Pdots of Eu15F / PS and Eu15F / PVK. [Figure 56] Figure 56 shows the emission spectra of Pdot with Eu15F / PVK at various Eu15F ratios. [Figure 57] Figure 57 shows a comparison of luminescence intensity between Eu15F / PS nanoparticles and Eu15F / PVK Pdots at various Eu15F ratios. [Figure 58]Figures 58A-C show the spectroscopic and TEM characterization of Pdots of EuDNM / polymer. (a) Absorption spectra of Pdots of EuDNM / PS nanoparticles, EuDNM / PVK, and pure PVK, as well as the emission spectrum of Pdots of PVK. (b) TEM image of Pdots of EuDNM / PVK. (c) Ratio of quantum yield of Pdots of EuDNM / PS and Eu15F / PVK to EuDNM. [Figure 59] Figure 59 shows a comparison of luminescence intensity between EuDNM / PS nanoparticles and EuDNM / PVK Pdots at various EuDNM ratios. [Figure 60] Figure 60 shows the bioconjugation schemes and flow cytometry results for two types of Eu / PVK Pdot. [Figure 61] Figure 61 shows time-resolved and non-time-resolved fluorescence images of Eu15F / PVK Pdot (left panel) and commercially available R300 red fluorescence nanoparticles (right panel). [Figure 62] Figure 62 shows the distinction between Eu15F / PVK Pdot and commercially available R300 red fluorescence nanoparticles based on differences in fluorescence lifetime. A shows the emission spectra of Eu15F / PVK Pdot and commercially available R300 red fluorescence nanoparticles. The images show a non-time-resolved normal fluorescence image (bottom left; B) and a time-resolved fluorescence image (C) of a mixture of Eu15F / PVK Pdot and commercially available R300 red fluorescence nanoparticles deposited on a coverslip. [Figure 63] Figure 63 shows time-resolved fluorescence images of Pdot of Eu15F / PVK taken up by MCF-7 cells. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0029] Detailed description of the invention Embodiments of the present invention relate to a novel classification of fluorescent probes, called narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer dots and their biomolecular conjugates, for a wide range of applications, including flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated preparative assays, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical assays, fluorescence multiplexing, single-molecule imaging, single-particle tracking, protein folding, protein rotational dynamics, DNA and gene analysis, protein analysis, metabolite analysis, lipid analysis, FRET-based sensors, high-speed high-volume screening, cell detection, bacterial detection, viral detection, biomarker detection, cell imaging, in vivo imaging, bioorthogonal labeling, click reactions, fluorescence-based biological assays, such as immunoassays and enzyme-based assays, as well as a variety of fluorescence technologies in biological assays and measurements.

[0030] While not bound by any particular theory or concept, the present invention is at least to some extent based on the fact that fluorescent Pdots based on semiconductor polymers typically have a broadband emission spectrum with an FWHM greater than 70 nm. Such broadband emission can be a major drawback for fluorescence techniques in biology. To overcome the challenges of using current Pdots, the present invention provides compositions and methods for obtaining next-generation Pdots with narrowband emission. Furthermore, the present invention provides compositions and methods that enable bioconjugation with polymer dots while maintaining narrowband emission.

[0031] In some embodiments, the properties of narrowband luminescent polymers and polymer dots may depend on the polymer structure. Therefore, the polymer backbone (main chain), side chains, terminal units, and substituted groups can be modified to obtain specific properties. In some embodiments, the optical properties of narrowband polymers and polymer dots can be tuned by changing the structure of the polymer backbone (main chain). For example, absorption and fluorescence emission can be tuned by the conjugate of the polymer backbone. The color can be shifted to red by increasing the length of the conjugation, or to blue by decreasing the length of the conjugation in the polymer backbone. As another example, the photostability of the resulting polymer dots can be increased by incorporating BT monomers compared to polymers that do not have BT in the polymer backbone.

[0032] In some embodiments, the optical properties of narrowband luminescent polymers and polymer dots can be modified by altering the side chains, terminal units, and substituents. For example, the fluorescence emission wavelength can be adjusted by attaching chromophore units to the side chains and / or terminals. Emission bandwidth, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, photostability, and other properties can also be modified by altering the polymer side chains and / or terminal units, in addition to the polymer backbone. For example, in certain polymer dots, the fluorescence quantum yield can be increased by attaching bulky side chain groups to minimize interchain interactions in the polymer dots. In another example, the quantum yield, photostability, or both can be increased by attaching and presenting anti-fade agents, such as derivatives of butylated hydroxytoluene, tororox, carotenoids, ascorbate, reduced glutathione, propyl gallate, stearyl propionate, hydroxyquinone, p-phenylenediamine, triphenylamine, beta-mercaptoethanol, trans-stilbene, imidazole, Mowiol, or any other combination thereof, or any other combination of anti-fade agents known in the art, to the polymer via side chains, terminal units, backbone, and / or substituents. These anti-fade agents generally act as antioxidants that reduce oxygen and / or as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and / or act to suppress photogenerated hole polarons within polymer dots. In one preferred embodiment, the anti-fade agent is substantially hydrophobic so as not to have a detrimental effect on the packing and / or colloidal stability of the polymer dots. In some embodiments, the absorption, emission peak, emission bandwidth, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, photostability, and other properties of narrowband luminescent polymers and polymer dots can also be modified by substituents on the polymer. For example, the degree of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing ability of substituents can be used to tune the optical properties. For instance, the two-photon absorption cross-section can be increased by modular structures such as donor-π-donor or donor-acceptor-donor units.

[0033] In some embodiments, the colloidal properties of polymer dots can be improved by altering the polymer backbone (main chain), side chains, terminal units, and substitute groups. In some embodiments, polymer dots may contain hydrophobic functional groups in the side chains, terminal units, and / or substituents. In other embodiments, polymer dots may also contain hydrophilic functional groups in the side chains, terminal units, and / or substituents. The length, size, and properties of hydrophobic / hydrophilic side chains can alter interchain interactions, control polymer packing, and affect the colloidal stability and size of polymer dots. The length, size, and properties of hydrophobic / hydrophilic side chains can also affect the absorption, emission peak, emission bandwidth, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, photostability, and other properties of narrowband luminescent polymers and polymer dots. For example, a high proportion of highly hydrophilic functional groups may reduce the brightness of polymer dots and / or broaden the emission spectrum and / or adversely affect the colloidal stability and nonspecific binding properties of polymer dots.

[0034] definition As used herein, the terms “chromophore polymer nanoparticles” or “chromophore polymer dots” refer to a structure comprising one or more polymers (e.g., chromophore polymers) already formed on stable submicron-sized particles. The chromophore polymer nanoparticles or chromophore polymer dots of the present invention may include, for example, a single polymer, or for example The material may include multiple polymers that are chemically crosslinked and / or physically blended. “Polymer dot” and “Pdot” can be used interchangeably to represent “chromophore nanoparticles” or “chromophore polymer dots.” The chromophore polymer dots provided herein may be formed by any method known in the art, including, but not limited to, methods relying on precipitation, methods relying on the formation of emulsions (e.g., mini or microemulsions), and methods relying on condensation. The Pdots described herein are distinct from and different from nanoparticles formed from aggregates of polyelectrolytes.

[0035] As used herein, “polymer” is a molecule composed of at least two repeating structural units, typically linked by covalent chemical bonds. The repeating structural units may be one type of monomer, and the polymer thus obtained is a homopolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer may contain two different types of monomers, or three different types of monomers, or more types of monomers. Those skilled in the art will understand that different types of monomers may be distributed along the polymer chain in a variety of ways. For example, three different types of monomers may be randomly distributed along the polymer. Similarly, it will be understood that the distribution of monomers along the polymer may be represented in different ways. The number of repeating structural units (e.g., monomers) along the length of the polymer can be represented by “n”. In some embodiments, the range of n may be, for example, from at least 2, from at least 100, from at least 500, from at least 1000, from at least 5000, from at least 10,000, from at least 100,000, or from at least 100,000, or from at least 100,000, or from greater than that. In certain embodiments, the range of n may be 2 to 10000, 20 to 10000, 20 to 500, 50 to 300, 100 to 1000, or 500 to 10,000.

[0036] Polymers generally have an extended molecular structure, sometimes including a backbone containing pendant side chain groups. Polymers provided herein include, but are not limited to, linear and branched polymers, such as star polymers, comb polymers, brush polymers, ladder polymers, and dendrimers. As further described herein, polymers may generally include semiconductor polymers well known in the art.

[0037] As used herein, the term “chromophore polymer” is a polymer in which at least a portion of the polymer contains chromophore units. The term “chromophore” has the meaning commonly used in the art. A chromophore absorbs light of a specific wavelength in the UV to near-infrared region and may or may not be luminescent. A chromophore polymer may be, for example, a “conjugated polymer.” The term “conjugated polymer” is recognized in the art. Electrons, holes, or electronic energy can be conducted along a conjugated structure. In some embodiments, a large portion of the polymer backbone may be conjugated. In some embodiments, the entire polymer backbone may be conjugated. In some embodiments, the polymer may have conjugated structures in its side chains or ends. In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer may have conductive properties; for example, the polymer may conduct electricity. In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer may have semiconducting properties; for example, the polymer may exhibit a direct band gap, resulting in efficient absorption or emission at the band edge.

[0038] The "chromophore units" of the present invention include, but are not limited to, units of structures having delocalized π electrons, units of small organic dye molecules, and / or units of metal complexes. Examples of chromophore polymers may include polymers containing units of structures having delocalized π electrons, e.g., semiconductor polymers, polymers containing units of small organic dye molecules, polymers containing units of metal complexes, and polymers containing units of any combination thereof. Chromophore units can be incorporated into the polymer backbone. Chromophore units are covalently bonded to side chains or terminal units of the polymer. That's good too.

[0039] The "emission spectrum" of a polymer dot is defined as the spectrum of wavelengths (or frequencies) of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the polymer dot when it is excited to a higher energy state and then returns to a lower energy state. The emission spectrum width can be characterized by its full width at half maximum (FWHM). The FWHM of the emission spectrum is defined as the distance between points on the emission curve where the emission intensity reaches half of its maximum value. The emission properties of a polymer dot can also be characterized by the fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime. The fluorescence quantum yield provides the efficiency of the fluorescence process. The fluorescence quantum yield is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed by the Pdot. The fluorescence lifetime is defined as the average time that the polymer dot remains in the excited state before emitting photons. All of the parameters defined above, such as the emission spectrum, FWHM, fluorescence quantum yield, and fluorescence lifetime, can be measured experimentally. In this invention, these parameters can be used, in particular, to characterize narrowband emission Pdots.

[0040] As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic group having the number of carbon atoms indicated. For example, C1-C6 alkyls include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, and hexyl. Other alkyls include, but are not limited to, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Alkyls can contain any number of carbon atoms, such as 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 4-5, 4-6, and 5-6. Alkyls are typically monovalent, but can be divalent, for example, when two parts of an alkyl group are linked together. As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to a saturated aliphatic group of carbon atoms, either linear or branched, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom such as N, O, or S. Additional heteroatoms, including but not limited to B, Al, Si, and P, may also be useful.

[0041] In relation to organic groups or compounds, the terms “lower” as used above and below define compounds or groups that may be branched or unbranched, having up to seven (including seven) carbon atoms, preferably up to four (including four) carbon atoms, or (as unbranched) one or two carbon atoms.

[0042] As used herein, the term “alkylene” refers to the previously defined alkyl group, i.e., a divalent hydrocarbon group, which is linked to at least two other groups. The two groups linked to the alkylene may be linked to the same or different atoms of the alkylene. For example, a linear alkylene is -(CH2) nThe group may be a divalent group, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. The alkylene group includes, but is not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, pentylene, and hexylene.

[0043] The groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted. Substituents for alkyl and heteroalkyl groups (including groups often called alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and heterocycloalkenyl) may be a variety of groups such as alkyl, aryl, cyano(CN), amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, or halide. Substituents may be, but are not limited to, reactive groups such as chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, or amino. Suitable substituents include -OR', =O, =NR', =N-OR', -NR'R'', -SR', -halo From GEN, -SiR'R''R''', -OC(O)R', -C(O)R', -CO2R', -CONR'R'', -OC(O)NR'R'', -NR''C(O)R', -NR'-C(O)NR''R''', -NR''C(O)2R', -NH-C(NH2)=NH, -NR'C(NH2)=NH, -NH-C(NH2)=NR', -S(O)R', -S(O)2R', -S(O)2NR'R'', -CN, and -NO2, a number ranging from 0 to (2m'+1) can be selected, where m' is the total number of carbon atoms in such a group. R', R'', and R''' each independently refer to hydrogen, unsubstituted (C1-C8) alkyl and heteroalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or aryl-(C1-C4) alkyl groups. When R' and R'' are bonded to the same nitrogen atom, they can combine with the nitrogen atom to form a five-membered, six-membered, or seven-membered ring. For example, -NR'R'' is intended to include 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. From the preceding discussion of substituents, those skilled in the art will understand that the term "alkyl" is intended to include groups such as haloalkyl (e.g., -CF3 and -CH2CF3) and acyl (e.g., -C(O)CH3, -C(O)CF3, and -C(O)CH2OCH3, etc.).

[0044] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen atom, which is either bonded to the alkoxy group at a bonding site or to two carbon atoms of the alkoxy group. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, 2-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexooxy, and the like. The alkoxy group may be further substituted with a variety of substituents as described herein. For example, substitution of an alkoxy group with a halogen can form a "halo-alkoxy" group.

[0045] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon of 2 to 6 carbon atoms having at least one double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutenyl, butadienyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, isopentenyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,4-hexadienyl, 1,5-hexadienyl, 2,4-hexadienyl, or 1,3,5-hexadienyl.

[0046] As used herein, the term “alkenylene” refers to the previously defined alkenyl group, i.e., a divalent hydrocarbon group, which is linked to at least two other groups. The two groups linked to the alkenylene may be linked to the same or different atoms of the alkenylene. Alkenylene groups include, but are not limited to, etenylene, propenylene, isopropenylene, butenylene, isobutenylene, sec-butenylene, pentenylene, and hexenylene.

[0047] As used herein, the term “alkynyl” refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon of 2 to 6 carbon atoms having at least one triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, isobutynyl, sec-butynyl, butadiinyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, isopentinyl, 1,3-pentadinyl, 1,4-pentadinyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 1,3-hexadinyl, 1,4-hexadinyl, 1,5-hexadinyl, 2,4-hexadinyl, or 1,3,5-hexatriinyl.

[0048] As used herein, the term “alkynylene” refers to the previously defined alkynyl group, i.e., a divalent hydrocarbon group, which is linked to at least two other groups. The two parts being linked may be linked to the same or different atoms of the alkylylene. The alkylylene group includes, but is not limited to, ethynylene, propynylene, isopropynylene, butynylene, sec-butynylene, pentynylene, and hexynylene.

[0049] As used herein, the term “alkylamine” means an alkyl group as defined herein, having one or more amino groups. The amino groups may be primary, secondary, or tertiary. The alkylamine may be further substituted with a hydroxyl group. Alkylamines may include, but are not limited to, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, ethylenediamine, and ethanolamine. The amino group can link the alkylamine to a bond site with the rest of the compound at the omega position of the alkyl group, or to at least two carbon atoms of the alkyl group.

[0050] As used herein, the terms “halogen” or “halide” refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” refers to the previously defined alkyl group in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with halogen atoms. Halogen (halo) preferably represents chloro or fluoro, but may also be bromo or iodine. As used herein, the term “haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group having at least one halogen. A haloalkoxy is defined as an alkoxy in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with halogen atoms. The alkoxy group may be substituted with one, two, three, or more halogens. If all hydrogens are substituted with halogens, for example fluorine, the compound is oversubstituted, for example, totally fluorinated. Haloalkoxys include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, perfluoroethoxy, etc.

[0051] As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to an aggregate of saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, fused bicyclic, or bridged polycyclic rings containing 3 to 12 ring atoms or the number of atoms indicated. Monocyclic rings include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclooctyl. Bicyclic and polycyclic rings include, for example, norbornane, decahydronaphthalene, and adamantane. For example, C 3~8 Cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, and norbornane.

[0052] As used herein, the term “cycloalkylene” refers to a previously defined cycloalkyl group, i.e., a divalent hydrocarbon group, that is linked to at least two other groups. The two groups linked to the cycloalkylene may be linked to the same or different atoms of the cycloalkylene. Cycloalkylene groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, and cyclooctylene.

[0053] As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a ring system having 3 to about 20 ring members, and 1 to about 5 heteroatoms such as N, O, and S. Additional heteroatoms, including but not limited to B, Al, Si, and P, may also be useful. The heteroatoms may be oxidized, such as -S(O)- and -S(O)2-, but are not limited to these.

[0054] As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkylene” refers to a heterocycloalkyl group as defined earlier, which is linked to at least two other groups. The two linked parts may be linked to the same or different atoms of the heterocycloalkylene.

[0055] As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to a monocyclic ring, or a fused bicyclic, tricyclic, or more than bicyclic ring, or aromatic ring, containing 6 to 16 ring carbon atoms. For example, aryl may be phenyl, benzyl, azlenyl, or naphthyl. “Arylene” means a divalent group derived from an aryl group. The aryl group may be monosubstituted, disubstituted, or trisubstituted by one, two, or three groups selected from alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, amino, amino-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkylenedioxy, and oxy-C2~C3-alkylene (all of these groups may be further substituted as they may be, for example, as defined herein), or 1- or 2-naphthyl, or 1- or 2-phenantrenyl. Alkylenedioxy is a divalent substituent bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms of phenyl, such as methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy. Furthermore, oxy-C2~C3-alkylenes are divalent substituents bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms of phenyl, such as oxyethylene or oxypropylene. An example of an oxy-C2~C3-alkylene-phenyl is 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl.

[0056] The aryl group includes, but is not limited to, naphthyl, phenyl, or phenyl monosubstituted or disubstituted with alkoxy, phenyl, halogen, alkyl, or trifluoromethyl, and may particularly include phenyl.

[0057] As used herein, the term “arirene” refers to the previously defined aryl group that links at least two other groups. The two groups linked to the arirene are linked to different atoms of the arirene. Arirene groups include, but are not limited to, phenylene.

[0058] As used herein, the terms “alkoxy-aryl” or “aryloxy” refer to the previously defined aryl group in which one of the aryl-linked moieties is linked via an oxygen atom. Alkoxy-aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenoxy(C6H5O-). The present invention also includes alkoxy-heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy groups.

[0059] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to an aggregate of monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic aromatic rings containing 5 to 16 ring atoms, each having 1 to 4 heteroatoms N, O, or S. For example, heteroaryls include pyridyl, indolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thienyl, or any other group that is monosubstituted or disubstituted, particularly with alkyl, nitro, or halogen. Groups suitable for the present invention may also include heteroarylenes and heteroarylene-oxy groups, similar to those previously described for arylenes and arylene-oxy groups.

[0060] Similarly, the aryl and heteroaryl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted. The substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups can vary, for example, These are hydroxyl, aryl, CN, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, or halide compounds. The substituents may be, but are not limited to, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, or amino reactive groups. Substituents are -halogen, -OR', -OC(O)R', -NR'R'', -SR', -R', -CN, -NO2, -CO2R', -CONR'R'', -C(O)R', -OC(O)NR'R'', -NR''C(O)R', -NR''C(O)2R', -NR'-C (O)NR''R''', -NH-C(NH2)=NH, -NR'C(NH2)=NH, -NH-C(NH2)=NR', -S(O)R', -S(O)2R', -S(O)2NR'R'', -N3, -CH(Ph)2, from 0 to open valence on the aromatic ring system. The number can be selected in the range up to the total number of valences, where R', R'' and R''' are independently selected from hydrogen, (C1-C8) alkyl and heteroalkyl, unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl, (unsubstituted aryl)-(C1-C4) alkyl, and (unsubstituted aryl)oxy-(C1-C4) alkyl.

[0061] As used herein, the term “alkyl-aryl” refers to a group having an alkyl component and an aryl component, wherein the alkyl component links the aryl component to a bonding site. The alkyl component is as previously defined, except that it is at least divalent in order to link to the aryl component and the bonding site. In some cases, the alkyl component may be absent. The aryl component is as previously defined. Examples of alkyl-aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl. The present invention also includes alkyl-heteroaryl groups.

[0062] As used herein, the term “alkenyl-aryl” refers to a group having both an alkenyl component and an aryl component, wherein the alkenyl component links the aryl component to a bonding site. The alkenyl component is as previously defined, except that it is at least divalent in order to link to the aryl component and bonding site. The aryl component is as previously defined. Examples of alkenyl-aryl groups include, among others, ethenylphenyl. The present invention also includes alkenyl-heteroaryl groups.

[0063] As used herein, the term “alkynyl-aryl” refers to a group having both an alkynyl component and an aryl component, wherein the alkynyl component links the aryl component to a bonding site. The alkynyl component is as previously defined, except that it is at least divalent in order to link to the aryl component and the bonding site. The aryl component is as previously defined. Examples of alkynyl-aryl groups include, among others, ethynylphenyl. The present invention also includes alkynyl-heteroaryl groups.

[0064] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, various chemical terms defined herein can be used to describe the chemical structures of the polymers and monomers of the present invention. For example, diverse monomer derivatives (e.g., BODIPY derivatives) can include a variety of chemical substituents and groups as described herein. For example, in some embodiments, derivatives of various monomers may be substituted with hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy-aryl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, and / or hydroxyl.

[0065] Optical properties of narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer dots In one embodiment, the present invention provides chromophore polymer dots having narrowband emission. The emission wavelength of the polymer dots can vary from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region. The chromophore polymer dots comprise at least one chromophore polymer. As provided herein, the chemical composition and structure of the chromophore polymer can be adjusted to obtain emission of Pdots with a narrow bandwidth (FWHM). Other species such as narrowband luminescent units, metal complexes, or inorganic materials can be used as chromophores. (Chromophric) polymer dots can be blended or chemically crosslinked to obtain Pdot emission with a small bandwidth (FWHM). In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 70 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 65 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 60 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 55 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 45 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 35 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 30 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 25 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than about 24 nm, or 23 nm, 22 nm, 21 nm, 20 nm, 19 nm, 18 nm, 17 nm, 16 nm, 15 nm, 14 nm, 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, or less. In some embodiments, the FWHM of the polymer dots described herein may be in the range of about 5 nm to about 70 nm, about 10 nm to about 60 nm, about 20 nm to about 50 nm, or about 30 nm to about 45 nm.

[0066] In some embodiments, the chemical composition and structure of the chromophore polymer within the polymer dot can affect the absorption spectrum of the narrowband luminescent Pdot. The absorption peak can be shifted from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region. In some embodiments, the absorption peak of the narrowband luminescent polymer dot can be tuned to a specific laser wavelength. In some embodiments, for example, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 266 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 355 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 405 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 450 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 488 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 532 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 560 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 635 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 655 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be tuned to about 750 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be adjusted to approximately 800 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be adjusted to approximately 900 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be adjusted to approximately 980 nm. In some embodiments, the absorption peak can be adjusted to approximately 1064 nm.

[0067] In certain embodiments, the chemical composition and structure of the chromophore polymer within the polymer dot can affect the fluorescence quantum yield of the narrowband luminescent Pdot. The fluorescence quantum yield can vary, for example, from 100% to 0.1%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 90%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 80%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 70%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 60%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 50%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 30%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 20%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 10%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 5%. In some embodiments, the quantum yield may be greater than about 1%.

[0068] In some embodiments, narrowband luminescent Pdots have both a narrowband emission FWHM and a high fluorescence quantum yield. For example, a narrowband Pdot may have an emission FWHM of less than 70 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of more than 10%. A narrowband Pdot may have an emission FWHM of less than 60 nm. A narrowband Pdot can have an emission FWHM of less than 50 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of more than 10%. A narrowband Pdot can have an emission FWHM of less than 40 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of more than 10%. A narrowband Pdot can have an emission FWHM of less than 30 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of more than 10%. A narrowband Pdot can have an emission FWHM of less than 20 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of more than 10%. In certain embodiments, the quantum yield is more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, or more than 90%.

[0069] In some embodiments, narrowband luminescent Pdots may have a second emission peak. For example, when a narrowband monomer as an energy acceptor copolymerizes with other monomer donors to produce a narrowband luminescent Pdot, the final Pdot may have a second peak because the fluorescence is not completely quenched. In some embodiments, narrowband luminescent Pdots may also have a second peak in composite Pdots chemically crosslinked with fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescent polymers and / or fluorescent small molecules), metal complexes, lanthanide complexes, inorganic quantum dots, etc. In addition to narrowband emission with an FWHM of less than 70 nm at the main peak, the second peak of the Pdot is less than 30% of the maximum intensity of the main narrowband emission. In some embodiments, the second peak of the Pdot is less than 25% of the maximum intensity of the main narrowband emission. In some embodiments, the second peak of the Pdot is less than 20% of the maximum intensity of the main narrowband emission. In some embodiments, the second peak of the Pdot is less than 10% of the maximum intensity of the main narrowband emission. In some embodiments, the second peak of Pdot is less than 5% of the maximum intensity of the main narrowband emission. In some embodiments, the second peak of Pdot is less than 1% or less of the maximum intensity of the main narrowband emission. Also, in certain embodiments, the quantum yield is greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%.

[0070] In certain embodiments, the chemical composition and structure of the chromophore polymer within the polymer dot can affect the fluorescence lifetime of the narrowband luminescent Pdot. The fluorescence lifetime can vary from 10 ps to 1 ms. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 10 ps to 100 ps. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 100 ps to 1 ns. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 1 ns to 10 ns. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 10 ns to 100 ns. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 100 ns to 1 μs. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 1 μs to 10 μs. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 10 μs to 100 μs. In some embodiments, the fluorescence lifetime varies from 100 μs to 1 ms.

[0071] In certain embodiments, narrowband luminescent Pdots can be characterized by their stability. Optical properties (e.g., emission spectrum, emission bandwidth, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, side peaks, luminance at a particular wavelength, or emission intensity at a particular wavelength) may be stable over a day, a week, two weeks, a month, two months, three months, six months, or more than a year. Stable fluorescence quantum yield means that the fluorescence quantum yield of the narrowband emission does not change by more than 5%, or more than 10%, or more than 20%, or more than 50%, or higher. A stable emission spectrum means that the intensity ratio of the second peak to the main peak does not change by more than 5%, or more than 10%, or more than 20%, or more than 50%, or higher.

[0072] In some embodiments, a narrowband luminescent Pdot can have all of the following characteristics: (1) narrowband emission with an FWHM of less than 70 nm, preferably less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm; (2) greater than 5%, preferably (3) a high quantum yield of more than 10%, preferably more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, or more than 90%; (4) a second emission peak of less than 30% of the main peak, preferably less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, or less than 1%; and (5) high stability over a period of at least two weeks, preferably one month, two months, three months, six months, one year, or longer.

[0073] Composition of narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer dots The present invention may include polymer dots, such as narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer dots. As further described herein, the present invention includes a wide variety of polymer dots exhibiting narrowband luminescence properties (e.g., FWHM less than 70 nm). As further described herein, the diverse polymer dots of the present invention may include polymers having narrowband luminescent units (e.g., narrowband monomers and / or narrowband units). For example, the present invention may include homopolymers or heteropolymers comprising narrowband monomers, such as BODIPY and / or BODIPY derivative monomers, squaline and / or squaline derivatives, metal complexes and / or metal complex derivative monomers, porphyrin and / or porphyrin derivative monomers, phthalocyanine and / or phthalocyanine derivative monomers, lanthanide complexes and / or lanthanide complex derivative monomers, perylene and / or perylene derivative monomers, cyanine and / or cyanine derivative monomers, rhodamine and / or rhodamine derivative monomers, coumarin and / or coumarin derivative monomers, and / or xanthene and / or xanthene derivative monomers. The narrowband units may be, for example, narrowband monomers or fluorescent nanoparticles embedded in or bound to polymer dots. The fluorescent nanoparticles may be, for example, quantum dots. The narrowband units may also include polymers or fluorescent dye molecules that give rise to narrowband emission in the polymer dots of the present invention.

[0074] Narrowband monomers can be incorporated into heteropolymers, for example, together with other common monomers that can act as energy donors. For example, a common monomer may have an emission spectrum tuned to substantially overlap with the absorption spectrum of the narrowband monomer, thereby acting as an energy donor for the narrowband monomer. Energy transfer can occur, for example, along the polymer backbone (e.g., within a chain) or between multiple polymer backbones (e.g., between chains). In some embodiments, narrowband units (e.g., narrowband monomers) can be bonded to the polymer backbone or polymer side chains (e.g., by covalent bonds). For example, a narrowband unit (e.g., narrowband monomer) may have an emission spectrum tuned to substantially overlap with the absorption spectrum of the narrowband unit, and may be bonded to a common monomer that acts as an energy donor for the narrowband unit. The common monomers can include a wide variety of structures (e.g., D1, D2, D2', P1-P10 monomers, and / or M1-M10) as further described herein. In some embodiments, common monomers may include, for example, fluorene, fluorene derivatives, phenylvinylene, phenylvinylene derivatives, phenylene, phenylene derivatives, benzothiazole, benzothiazole derivatives, thiophene, thiophene derivatives, carbazolefluorene, and / or carbazolefluorene derivatives. The various polymers used in polymer dots can also be combined in a variety of ways, as described herein. For example, the polymers of the present invention may be chemically crosslinked and / or physically blended in polymer dots. The polymers described herein may further include at least one functional group, for example, for conjugation reactions, for example, for bioconjugation reactions with antibodies or other biomolecules further described herein. The present invention further includes compositions comprising polymer dots described herein. Compositions of the present invention may include, for example, polymer dots described herein suspended in a solvent (e.g., an aqueous solution).

[0075] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer dot comprises at least one narrowband luminescent polymer. The narrowband luminescent polymer may be a homopolymer or a heteropolymer (e.g., copolymer). Narrowband luminescent polymers may exhibit broadband luminescence in a good solvent. However, the final Pdot produced from the narrowband polymer exhibits narrowband luminescence. In certain embodiments, the chromophore polymer dot may include a luminescent semiconductor polymer having delocalized π electrons. The term “semiconductor polymer” is recognized in the art. Conventional luminescent semiconductor polymers include, but are not limited to, fluorene polymers, phenylene vinylene polymers, phenylene polymers, benzothiadiazole polymers, thiophene polymers, carbazole polymers, and related copolymers. While these conventional semiconductor polymers typically exhibit broadband luminescence, the narrowband luminescent polymers of the present invention include chemical units such as narrowband monomers so that the final Pdot results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the final Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm. Narrowband monomers include, but are not limited to, bodily, squaline, porphyrin, metallophyrin, metal complexes, lanthanide complexes, phthalocyanines, perylene, rhodamine, coumarin, xanthenes, cyanines, and their derivatives. An unrestricted list of narrowband luminescent monomers (or chemical units) and an unrestricted list of narrowband luminescent polymers can be found, for example, in the attached figures.

[0076] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdots comprises a narrowband monomer. The narrowband luminescent polymer dots may also comprise other monomers that are broadband luminescent. The narrowband monomer may be an energy acceptor, and the other monomers may be energy donors. For example, the polymer dots of the present invention may include condensed polymer nanoparticles having intrachain energy transfer between a narrowband monomer on the same polymer chain and one or more common monomers. The polymer dots may also have interchain energy transfer, where the condensed polymer nanoparticles may comprise two or more polymer chains that are physically blended together and / or chemically crosslinked. In interchain energy transfer, one of the chains may comprise a narrowband monomer, and the other chain may comprise one or more common monomers that can act as energy donors to the narrowband monomer, which is the energy acceptor. Some polymer dots may comprise both intrachain and interchain energy transfer. In some cases, a combination of intrachain and interchain energy transfer can increase the quantum yield of the polymer dots. In certain embodiments, the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband emission due to energy transfer to a narrowband monomer. Narrowband-emitting chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband emission in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband emission. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM of the polymer dots described herein may be in the range of about 5 nm to about 70 nm, about 10 nm to about 60 nm, about 20 nm to about 50 nm, or about 30 nm to about 45 nm. In some embodiments, the narrowband-emitting Pdot results in narrowband emission without relying on the formation of any defined secondary structure such as a beta phase.

[0077] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer is a homopolymer comprising only narrowband luminescent monomers (Figure 1A). As further described herein, exemplary narrowband monomers include BODIPY and / or BODIPY derivative monomers, squaline and / or squaline derivatives, metal complexes and / or metal complex derivative monomers, porphyrin and / or porphyrin derivative monomers, phthalocyanine and / or These may include phthalocyanine derivative monomers, lanthanide complexes and / or lanthanide complex derivative monomers, perylene and / or perylene derivative monomers, cyanine and / or cyanine derivative monomers, rhodamine and / or rhodamine derivative monomers, coumarin and / or coumarin derivative monomers, and / or xanthene and / or xanthene derivative monomers. In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer is a two-unit copolymer comprising one narrowband monomer and one general monomer (e.g., D, D1, D2 and / or D2') (Figure 1B). In some embodiments, the general monomer may be broadband luminescent. The general monomer may be an energy donor, and the narrowband monomer may be an energy acceptor. Narrowband luminescence can be produced by energy transfer within the Pdot. In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer is a three-unit copolymer comprising one narrowband monomer and two general monomers, e.g., general monomer 1 and general monomer 2 (e.g., selected from D, D1, D2 and / or D2') (Figure 1C). The narrowband monomer may be an energy acceptor, the general monomer 1 may be an energy donor, and the general monomer 2 may also be a donor to the narrowband monomer. In some embodiments, the general monomer 2 may be both an energy acceptor from the general monomer 1 and an energy donor to the narrowband monomer. Both the general monomer 1 and the general monomer 2 may be broadband luminescent. However, narrowband luminescence may be brought about by multi-step energy transfer within the Pdot. In certain embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer may be a heteropolymer, such as a copolymer of multiple units (>3) containing at least one type of narrowband luminescent monomer, such that the final Pdot yields narrowband luminescence.

[0078] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer is a copolymer containing narrowband units crosslinked at the side chains (Figure 1D). The copolymer may contain two types of common monomers, or three types of common monomers, or more than three types of common monomers (e.g., selected from D, D1, D2 and / or D2'). However, the narrowband luminescent polymer may contain at least one type of narrowband luminescent unit at the side chains. The copolymer backbone may be an energy donor, and the narrowband luminescent units may be energy acceptors. Energy transfer within the Pdot results in narrowband luminescence. In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer is a homopolymer containing narrowband units crosslinked at the side chains (Figure 1E). The homopolymer backbone may be an energy donor, and the narrowband units may be energy acceptors. Energy transfer within the Pdot results in narrowband luminescence.

[0079] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer may be a polymer containing narrowband monomers bonded to one or both ends of a linear polymer (Figure 1F), or to all ends in the case of a branched polymer. The polymer may contain, for example, one type of general monomer (e.g., any one of D, D1, D2, or D2'), or two types of general monomers (e.g., any one of D, D1, D2, or D2'), or three types of general monomers, or more than three types of general monomers. In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer may contain at least one type of narrowband luminescent unit at one or both ends of a linear polymer (Figure 1F), or at all ends in the case of a branched polymer. The polymer backbone may be an energy donor, and the narrowband luminescent unit may be an energy acceptor. Narrowband luminescence is produced by energy transfer within the Pdot. In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer may be a homopolymer or a heteropolymer containing narrowband units bonded to the polymer ends. The homopolymer or heteropolymer skeleton may be an energy donor, and the narrowband unit may be an energy acceptor. Narrowband emission can be produced by energy transfer within the Pdot.

[0080] Figures 1G-L show other examples of schematic structures of narrowband luminescent polymers, for example, comprising a common monomer as a donor (D) and a narrowband monomer as an acceptor (A). In some embodiments, the donor can absorb energy and transfer that energy directly or indirectly (e.g., by cascading energy transfer) to the narrowband monomer. These polymers may also include, in addition to the common monomer and narrowband monomer, a functional monomer (F) that provides a reactive functional group for chemical and bioconjugation reactions, for example. The functional monomer may be copolymerized with the common monomer and the narrowband monomer (e.g., Figure 1G) or crosslinked with these two types of monomers. The functional monomer can be used as one end (or for both ends) of the polymer (e.g., Figures 1H and 1K). The functional group may be contained in either the common monomer or the narrowband monomer (e.g., Figure 1I). In some embodiments, narrowband monomers can be copolymerized with any common polymer to synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers or heteropolymers containing more than two types of monomers (e.g., Figure 1J). Narrowband monomers can be covalently bonded to the side chains of the polymer (e.g., Figure 1I). In some embodiments, narrowband luminescent units may be covalently bonded to the ends of the polymer. In some embodiments, narrowband luminescent units can be physically mixed or blended with a conventional semiconductor polymer to form narrowband luminescent polymer dots. In one embodiment, narrowband luminescent units can be covalently crosslinked with a conventional semiconductor polymer to form narrowband luminescent polymer dots. Conventional semiconductor polymers can absorb energy and transfer that energy directly or indirectly (e.g., by cascading energy transfer) to narrowband monomers.

[0081] All of the aforementioned narrowband luminescent polymers in Figures 1A-L can be physically blended with, for example, one or more common broadband polymers, or chemically crosslinked. In some embodiments, the broadband polymer may be an energy donor, and the narrowband luminescent polymer may be an energy acceptor. Multi-step energy transfer can occur from the broadband polymer to the narrowband luminescent polymer, such that polymer dots result in narrowband luminescence. An example of chemical crosslinking is shown in Figure 31A. Chemical crosslinking between polymers can use functional reactive groups such as haloformyl, hydroxyl, aldehyde, alkenyl, alkynyl, anhydride, carboxamide, amine, azo compound, carbonate, carboxylate, carboxyl, cyanate, ester, haloalkane, imine, isocyanate, nitrile, nitro, phosphin, phosphate, pyridyl, sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, sulfoxide, and thiol groups. These functional groups can be bonded to the side chains and / or ends of each polymer chain.

[0082] As described herein, the present invention may include general monomers that can be polymerized with the narrowband monomers disclosed herein. Figure 2A presents a non-limiting list of exemplary general monomers (D). In some embodiments, general monomers can act as energy donors for the narrowband monomers of the polymer. A variety of derivatized monomer units can be used. For example, in the structure shown in Figure 2A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4Each of these can be independently selected from alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl substituents are C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater. The general monomer may be substituted with other substituents as defined herein.

[0083] In certain embodiments, the polymer may contain one or more types of common monomers. Three exemplary types of common monomers, namely D1, D2, and D2', are shown in Figures 3A-E. By copolymerizing each of the D1 type common monomers with each of the D2 and D2' type monomers, and with a single narrowband monomer, a narrowband luminescent polymer can be obtained. Alternatively, by copolymerizing either the D1 type monomer or the D2 type monomer separately with a single narrowband monomer, a narrowband luminescent polymer can be obtained, for example, as shown in Figures 1B and 1E. In the structure shown in Figure 3A, various substituents can be bonded to the base structure. For example, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalkalene (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) ) Substituted bipyridyl tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroal (Kyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripylidyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl- (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzooxadizolyl, alkyl-( Alkyl-substituted phenyls can be independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadisozolyl, benzothiadisozolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisozolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, alkyl substituted carbazolyl, alkyl substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl substituted thiophenyls, but are not limited to these. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6- Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may be included. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n-OCH3 may be included, where n is 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater. The general monomer may be substituted with other substituents as defined herein. As shown in Figure 3A, X, X 1 and X 2 Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge). Z, Z 1 , Z 2 This can be selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se).

[0084] Figure 3B shows a non-limiting list of common donors in narrowband luminescent polymers. As shown in the chemical structures of the donors in Figure 3B, X, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 Q, Z, Z 1 and Z 2 Each of these may be a heteroatom, and can be independently selected from the group consisting of, for example, O, S, Se, Te, and N. 1 and R 2 Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted Enyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy (C-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripylidyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted f Ryl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alpha Kill-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxides Zolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-( (Lucoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl(alkoxy- , aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, ful Olenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl The alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from non-limiting examples of fluorenyl substitution, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls include 9,9-dialkyl Substituted fluorenyls may include 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyls, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyls, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyls, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyls. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls, N-dialkyl-4-phenyls, N-diphenyl-4-phenyls, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyls.

[0085] In some embodiments, the general donor can be selected from the group shown in Figures 3C, 3D, and 3E (but is not limited to these). As shown in the various D2 and D2' structures in Figures 3C, 3D, and 3E, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4Each of them is hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylene, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalkalene (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2) n OH, n = 1 to 50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted bipyridyl tripyridyl, alkyl-(a lkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl , alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl- yl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, al kyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrazini Benzoxadisozolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadisozolyl, benzothiadisozolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisozolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl The following can be independently selected from non-limiting examples of yl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Exemplary embodiments of alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyl may include N-alkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl may be included. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl may be 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may be 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl.

[0086] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises boron-dipyromethene (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene, BODIPY) and its derivatives as narrowband monomers. BODIPY monomers and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, BODIPY extensions, and other BODIPY derivatives. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. BODIPY-based monomers may be energy acceptors, while other monomers may be energy donors, so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0087] Suitable narrowband monomers of the present invention may include BODIPY derivatives and other boron-containing monomers. Figures 2B-2N show a general monomer selected from Figure 2A and a list of non-limiting examples of narrowband luminescent copolymers containing different BODIPY derivatives or other boron-containing units as narrowband monomers. The narrowband monomers of Figures 2B-2L may contain a variety of substituents as defined herein. For example, in the structures shown in Figures 2B and 2C, R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5Each of them can be independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine (F), phenyl, naphthyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted naphthyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted naphthyl may include 3-alkyl-substituted naphthyl, 4-alkyl-substituted naphthyl, 6-alkyl-substituted naphthyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted naphthyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 or C n F 2n+1 or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 and n is from 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50 or more than that. R 3 can be selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, and in some cases, can be selected from the group consisting of cyano (CN), fluorine (F), and trifluoro (CF3). Additional narrow-band monomers are shown in FIGS. 2D - 2G, where each of R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, fluorine, alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H2 n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0088] Figures 2H and 2I show additional exemplary monomers, where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 3-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 4-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 5-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 3,4-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 3,5-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl, and 4,5-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0089] Figures 2J and 2K show additional monomers, where R 1 and R2 The alkyl substituent is independently selected from, but is not limited to, the group consisting of fluorine, alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 3-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 4-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 5-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 3,4-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 3,5-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl, and 4,5-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that. 3 R may be hydrogen, fluorine, trifluoro, or -CN. Furthermore, Figure 2L shows the general structures of both the common monomer and the narrowband monomer present in the copolymer provided by the present invention. In Figure 2L, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 3-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 4-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 5-alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 3,4-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl, 3,5-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl, and 4,5-dialkyl-substituted thiophenyl. It can be rare. Alkyl substituents are C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 is included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or may be greater than that. 5 and R 6Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl (3-alkylpheny), 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 is included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0090] A variety of other BODIPY derivatives can be used in relation to the present invention. BODIPY and BODIPY derivatives can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer backbone, side chains and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A and R 4BEach of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl- , fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(al Coxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Bipyridyl substitute tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alco Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, Alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted particles Loryl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-( (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzooxadizolyl, alkyl-(al Coxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl(alkoxy-, Aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted fluorenyl, triphenyl The alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of aminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4BThey can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. Figure 4A shows, for example, R 3A and R 3B This shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0091] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A and R 4B Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl- , fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(al Coxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Bipyridyl substitute tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alco Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyr Loryl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-( (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzooxadizolyl, alkyl-(al Coxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl(alkoxy-, Aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted fluorenyl, triphenyl The alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of aminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. Monomers are, for example, R 3A and R 3B It can be integrated with the polymer backbone by bonding to a base. Figure 4B shows, for example, R 3A and R 3BThis shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0092] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH (n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl tripyridyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripylylation Zyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl- , fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-( (Lucoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, Alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted particles Rajinyl, benzooxadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroal (Kil-, fluoroaryl-)substituted benzoxadisozolyl, benzothiadisozolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted benzothia Disolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenyl The alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of nylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyl is This may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls, N-dialkyl-4-phenyls, N-diphenyl-4-phenyls, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyls. Narrowband monomers can be used, for example, R 1 , R 2A , R 2B By bonding to at least one of these combinations, the monomers can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., polymerized in the polymer above) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains. Parentheses indicate the monomer bonding points with the polymer backbone. Figure 4C shows, for example, examples of monomers that can be integrated with a polymer (e.g., copolymerized in the polymer above).

[0093] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A and R 3BEach of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl (Lu-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, Fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alco Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted Pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substitution imidazo Lyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoro Aryl-)substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadisozolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-)substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadisozolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-)substituted pyrazinyl (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzooxadizolyl, benzothia Alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of disolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A and R 3BThey can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. Figure 4D shows, for example, R 3A and R 3B This shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0094] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A and R 5B Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alco (Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyr Lysyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alco Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl Nyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl Alkyl (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzooxadizolyl, alkyl (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted ben Zooxadisolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluorine (-alkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl- A fluorenyl compound can be independently selected from, but is not limited to, the group consisting of (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted fluorenyl compounds, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl compounds, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl compounds, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl compounds. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyl compounds may include 2-alkylphenyl compounds, 3-alkylphenyl compounds, 4-alkylphenyl compounds, 2,4-dialkylphenyl compounds, 3,5-dialkylphenyl compounds, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl compounds. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, copolymerized in the above polymer) by bonding to at least one of these combinations, and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains. In certain embodiments, the narrowband monomer is R 5Aand R 5B It can be incorporated into the skeleton by bonding it to a base. Figure 4E shows, for example, R 5A and R 5B This shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0095] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A and R 3B Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, flu (Oroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, A Lukyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyramidium Lysyl tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrrolyl Pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy (C-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituting imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylamine The alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of N-alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl and 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Zolyl and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may be included. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers, R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. Figure 4F shows, for example, R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A or R 3B This shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0096] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A and R 5BEach of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyridyl Bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) ) Substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alpha Kill-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thiazo Ryl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted benzoyl Xasadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoro (A) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(A) A fluorenyl compound can be independently selected from, but is not limited to, the group consisting of lucoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl compounds, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl compounds, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl compounds, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl compounds. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyl compounds may include 2-alkylphenyl compounds, 3-alkylphenyl compounds, 4-alkylphenyl compounds, 2,4-dialkylphenyl compounds, 3,5-dialkylphenyl compounds, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl compounds. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5BThey can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. Figure 4G shows, for example, R 5A and R 5B This shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0097] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A and R 4B Each of these is hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, A Tel and its derivatives, esters and their derivatives, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, aryl esters, alkynyl, alkylamines, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2) n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyridyl Bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) ) Substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alpha Kill-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thiazo Imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzo Xasadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoro (A) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(A) A fluorenyl compound can be independently selected from, but is not limited to, the group consisting of lucoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl compounds, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl compounds, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl compounds, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl compounds. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyl compounds may include 2-alkylphenyl compounds, 3-alkylphenyl compounds, 4-alkylphenyl compounds, 2,4-dialkylphenyl compounds, 3,5-dialkylphenyl compounds, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl compounds. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls, N-dialkyl-4-phenyls, N-diphenyl-4-phenyls, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyls. In the formula, R 5A , R 5B , R 6A and R 6BEach of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alco (Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl tripylid Zyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted tripylidyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, A Lukyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazol- Zolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-( (Alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted Benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoro The alkyl-substituted phenyls may be independently selected from the group consisting of (-,fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 1A , R1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5B , R 6A , R 6B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (for example, copolymerized in the above polymer) by bonding to at least one of these combinations, and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains. Figure 4H shows, for example, R 2A , R 2B , R 6A or R 6B This shows examples of monomers that can be integrated with polymers by being bonded to a base.

[0098] In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having the formula, where X represents an aryl group and its derivatives, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 and R 15Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl- (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzooxadizolyl, alkyl-( The group consists of alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, alkyl substituted carbazolyl, alkyl substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl substituted thiophenyl. The following are independently selected from the group, but are not limited to these. Exemplary embodiments include alkyl-substituted phenyls, which may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. When X represents naphthalene and its derivatives, narrowband monomers are used, R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12They can be incorporated into the backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the backbone, terminals or side chains of the polymer by bonding to at least one of these combinations. When X represents anthracene and its derivatives, the narrowband monomer is R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone by bonding to, or to at least one combination thereof, and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains.

[0099] The narrowband monomer of the present invention may further include a dipyrine derivative. Dipyrine and dipyrine derivatives can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer backbone, side chains and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). For example, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are given by the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where M is a metal. Examples of M may be, but are not limited to, Na, Li, Zn, Co, or Si. X may include substituents such as halogens, alkyls, phenyls, alkylphenyls, thiophenyls, alkylthiophenyls, alkoxyls, alkoxylphenyls, alkylthiophenyls, esters, or hydroxyls (but are not limited to these). The number of X groups (n) may be 1 or greater than 1, and n may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R5A and R 5B of Each of these is a hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogen, linear or branched alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, ether and its derivatives, ester and its derivatives, alkyl ketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, alkynyl, alkylamine, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl- ) Substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substitute pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substitute bipyridyl tripyridyl, alkyl-( (Alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) ) Substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy (C-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (Imidazol-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alpha Kill-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrazi Nyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenyl A minil-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl can be independently selected from this group, but are not limited to these. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxyphenyl-4-phenyl. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5B They can be incorporated into a polymer backbone (for example, polymerized in the above polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations.

[0100] Further examples of dipyrine derivatives are shown in Figure 5, where X is, but is not limited to, halogen, alkyl, phenyl, alkylphenyl, thiophenyl, and alkyl The compound may contain substituents such as thiophenyl, alkoxyl, ester, or hydroxyl. The number of X groups (n) may be 1 or greater than 1, and n may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0101] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises squaline and squaline derivatives as narrowband monomers. Squaline derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. Squaline and their derivatives may be energy acceptors, and other monomers may be energy donors, so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0102] Squaline derivatives suitable for use in the present invention may include the following structures. Squaline and squaline derivatives can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer backbone, side chains and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having X 1 and X 2 Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, R 1A and R 1B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, and heterocycloalkylenes, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of halides, hydroxyls, and aminos, but is not limited to these. Other reactive groups can be used. In some embodiments, the halide is a chloro, bromo, or iodo group. The reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers into a polymer, for example, along the polymer backbone (e.g., by polymerization into the polymer), and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, ends, or side chains.

[0103] The present invention may include oxygen-containing squaline derivatives. The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A and R 1BEach of these is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, and heterocycloalkylenes, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of halides, hydroxyls, and aminos, but is not limited to these. Other reactive groups may be used. In some embodiments, the halide is a chloro, bromo, or iodo group. The reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers into the polymer (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, ends, or side chains.

[0104] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A and R 1B Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl (araalkyl), and alkoxyphenyl, and R 2A and R 2B Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, and alkoxyphenyl, and R 3A and R 3B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, iodine, and hydroxyl, and R 4A and R 4B Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, and alkoxyphenyl, and R 5A and R 5BEach of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, and alkoxyphenyl, but is not limited to these. Other reactions Reactive groups can be used. Monomers can be incorporated into polymers using reactive groups (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization), and / or monomers can be covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, ends, or side chains. Figure 6A shows some examples of narrowband monomers that can be incorporated into polymers by reacting with reactive groups, such as I or Br.

[0105] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A and R 1B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, iodine, and hydroxyl, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, and alkoxyphenyl, but is not limited to these. Other reactive groups can be used. Reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers into polymers (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains. Figure 6B shows exemplary monomers that can be incorporated into polymers by reacting with a reactive group, such as Br.

[0106] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having X 1 and X 2Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, sulfur, and selenium, R 1A and R 1B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, iodine, and hydroxyl, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is, but is not limited to, hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, alkoxy-phosphate. The group is independently selected from phenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxylphenyl-4-phenyl. Other reactive groups can be used. Reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers into polymers (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains. Figure 6B shows exemplary monomers that can be incorporated into polymers by reacting with a reactive group, such as Br.

[0107] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, iodine, and hydroxyl, and R 1A and R 1B Each of these is selected from the group consisting of, but is not limited to, hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, alkoxyphenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxylphenyl-4-phenyl. Other reactive groups can be used. Reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers into polymers (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains.

[0108] The present invention may include a sulfur-containing squaline derivative. The chromophore polymer dot of the present invention is the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A and R 1B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, and heterocycloalkylenes, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of halides, hydroxyls, and aminos, but is not limited to these. In some embodiments, the halide is a chloro, bromo, or iodo group. Other reactive groups can be used. Reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers into a polymer (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, ends, or side chains.

[0109] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having X 1 and X 2 Each of them is independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, sulfur, and selenium, R 1A and R 1B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, iodine, and hydroxyl, and R 2A and R 2BEach of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, alkoxyphenyl, N-dialkyl-4-phenyl, N-diphenyl-4-phenyl, and N-dialkoxylphenyl-4-phenyl, but is not limited to these. Other reactive groups can be used. Figure 6C shows polymers formed by reacting with a reactive group, for example, Br. This document describes exemplary monomers that can be incorporated (for example, along the polymer backbone by polymerization into a polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains.

[0110] The present invention may include nitrogen-containing squaline derivatives. The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are given by the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A and R 1B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, and heterocycloalkylenes, and R 2A and R 2B Each of these is a reactive group independently selected from the group consisting of halides, hydroxyls, and aminos, and R 3A and R 3B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, and alkoxy-phenyl. Other reactive groups can be used. In some embodiments, the halide is a chloro, bromo, or iodo group. The reactive groups can be used to incorporate monomers along the polymer (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization into the polymer) and / or to covalently bond monomers to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains. Figure 6D shows exemplary monomers that can be incorporated into a polymer by reacting with a reactive group, e.g., Br.

[0111] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A , R 1B , R 2A and R 2B Each of them is, but is not limited to, independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, acetyl, and hydroxyl, R 3A , R 3B , R 4A and R 4B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, but is not limited to these. Narrowband monomers are R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations.

[0112] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A , R 1B , R 2A and R 2B Each of them is, but is not limited to, independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, acetyl, and hydroxyl, R 3A , R 3B , R4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5B , R 6A and R 6B Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, but is not limited to these. Narrowband monomers are R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5B , R 6A , R 6B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations.

[0113] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 6A , R 6B and R 6CEach of them is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, R 7A , R 7B and R 7C Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, and acetyl, but is not limited to these. A narrowband monomer is R 1A , R 1B , R 1C , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 4A , R 4B , R 4C , R 5A , R 5B , R 5C , R 6A , R 6B , R 6C , R 7A , R 7B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains, or as shown herein, by at least one bond to these combinations.

[0114] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1A and R 1B Each of them is, but is not limited to, independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, and aryl, and R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R4B , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 Each of these is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, but is not limited to these. Narrowband monomers are R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations.

[0115] The chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are, [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 13 Each of these is independent of the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, and aryl, but is not limited to them. Selected for R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 and R 24The narrowband monomer is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, but is not limited to these. 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 and R 24 They can be incorporated into a polymer backbone (e.g., along the polymer backbone by polymerization) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. Figure 6E shows an exemplary monomer that can be incorporated into a polymer by reacting with a reactive group, such as Br.

[0116] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises metal complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. These metal complexes and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The metal may be any metal such as Na, Li, Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, In, Si, Ga, Al, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, and Au. The metal complex may be an energy acceptor, and the other monomers may be energy donors, so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0117] Examples of metal complexes and metal complex derivatives are shown in Figures 7A-7C. Metal complexes and metal complex derivatives can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer backbone, side chains and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). As shown in Figure 7A, the metal complexes of the present invention include derivatives of metal complexes. The metal complex monomers shown in Figure 7A are R 1 and R 2However, the listed compounds may include, but are not limited to, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenyl-substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls, and 4',4''-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, and or even exceeding that. As will be further understood by those skilled in the art, the general monomer (D) and the narrowband metal complex monomer are present in the polymer in a ratio in which D is present at x and the narrowband monomer is present at 1-x. For example, D may be present at 90%, i.e., x=0.9, and the narrowband monomer may be present at 10%, i.e., 1-x=0.1. Figures 7B and 7C show additional exemplary monomers used in the present invention.

[0118] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer backbone, side chains, and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). Porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The metal of the metal porphyrin may be any metal such as Na, Li, Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, In, Si, Ga, Al, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, and Au. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. Porphyrins, metal porphyrins, and their derivatives may be energy acceptors, and other monomers may be energy donors, so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband emission. Narrowband-emitting chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband emission in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband emission. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0119] Figure 8 shows exemplary porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives for use in the present invention. As shown in Figure 8, porphyrin derivatives can form complexes with Pt and Zn, for example. 1 and R 2 The alkyl substituent can be independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, fluorine (F), cyano (CN), and trifluoro (CF3), but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains by at least one bond to these combinations. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 8, the monomers described herein can be integrated with the polymer by bonds indicated in parentheses. As described herein, the general monomer (D) and the narrowband metal complex monomer are present in the polymer in a ratio of x D to 1-x narrowband monomers.

[0120] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises phthalocyanine and its derivatives as monomers. The phthalocyanine and its derivatives as monomers can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer's backbone, side chains, and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). Phthalocyanine derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems, and analogs. The metal in the phthalocyanine derivative may be any metal such as Na, Li, Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, In, Si, Ga, Al, Pt, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, Au, or Pd. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The phthalocyanine derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle morphology results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0121] Figure 9 shows an exemplary phthalocyanine structure that can be used as a narrowband monomer in the present invention. As shown, M may be, but is not limited to, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Si, Pt, Co, Ca, Ni, Na, Mg, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, Ag, Au, Pd, or Al. 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 This can be a substituent bonded to any suitable position on the isoindole moiety of the monomer. The narrowband monomer is R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. In certain embodiments, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, hydrogen, fluorine (F), cyano (CN), and trifluoro (CF3), but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C nF 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0122] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises lanthanide complexes and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Lanthanide complexes and lanthanide complex derivatives as monomers can be polymerized to form polymers (e.g., homopolymers or heteropolymers) and / or bonded to the polymer backbone, side chains and / or terminals (e.g., by covalent bonds). Lanthanide complexes and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer is any Other monomers may also be included. Lanthanide complexes and their derivatives may be energy acceptors, and other monomers may be donors, so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband emission. Narrowband-emitting chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband emission in good solvents. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband emission. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, less than 20 nm, or less than 10 nm.

[0123] The lanthanide complexes described herein may have different narrowband emission characteristics and mechanisms compared to transition metal complexes. For example, the fluorescence mechanism of lanthanide(III) complexes (such as Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), or Yb(III), in which the 4f excited state is not an empty orbital but is not completely filled with electrons, may be a fluorescence mechanism in which the energy absorbed by the organic ligand first moves from the singlet state to the triplet state of the ligand (intersystem crossing), and then moves to the 4f excited state of the lanthanide ion (or directly from the singlet state of the organic ligand) through a resonance energy transfer process. Here, emission arises from the 4f-4f transition of the Ln(III) ion, where the inner-shell f orbital electrons are filled into the 5S state. 2 5p 6 Due to being isolated from the environment by the subshell, they do not change much depending on the environment. Consequently, the inner shell 4f-4f transition becomes sharper, resulting in narrowband emission. For some divalent lanthanide ions, such as Sm(II), Eu(II), and YB(II), the emission originates from the 5d-4f transition. Surprisingly, these properties of lanthanide-containing Pdots can offer additional features compared to Pdots based on other non-lanthanide metals, such as Pdots containing transition metal complexes.

[0124] In some embodiments, the lanthanide complex that can be used with the present invention is given by the following formula: [ka] This can be explained by the following. For example, lanthanide complexes can be used as narrowband luminescent monomers. Lanthanide complexes may be, for example, repeating units of a polymer backbone. Lanthanide complexes can be, for example, bonded to polymer side chains. Lanthanide complexes can be, for example, bonded to polymer ends. Ln is a lanthanide metal ion that has an unpacked inner shell and can receive energy from an organic ligand or a general polymer to produce narrowband luminescence. Several lanthanides, which may be the same or different, can be used, and they can be selected from, for example, Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Sm(II), Eu(III), Eu(II), Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), Yb(III), Yb(II). As shown in the above formula, L1 and L2 may be organic ligands. The ligands may be the same or different. Multiple ligands L1 may be present. L1 may be an anionic ligand that coordinates to Ln. When the total valence of L1 is equal to the total valence of Ln, a neutral lanthanide complex can ultimately be formed. In addition to acting as an anionic ligand, L1 may contain additional groups that act as neutral ligands that coordinate to Ln. L1 may be monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate, and one or more L1 may be present in the lanthanide complex. There may be several ligands L1. In some embodiments, L1 may be a bridging ligand that can coordinate to Ln to form dinuclear, trinuclear, and polynuclear lanthanide complexes. Some of the bridging L1s can form cryptands that can coordinate to Ln to synthesize lanthanide cryptates. L2 may be a neutral ligand. There may be multiple ligands L2. L2s may be the same or different. L2s may be monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate, and one or more ligands L2 may be present in the lanthanide complex. In some embodiments, L2 may be a bridging ligand that can coordinate to Ln to form dinuclear, trinuclear, and polynuclear lanthanide complexes. Some of the bridging L2s can form cryptands that can coordinate to Ln to synthesize lanthanide cryptates.

[0125] Figures 10A–10H show exemplary derivatives of lanthanide complexes that can be used as narrowband luminescent units in the present invention. In some embodiments, the general monomers described herein can be designed to act as energy donors that transfer energy to a selected lanthanide complex. For example, the emission profile of the general monomer may overlap with the absorption profile of the lanthanide complex. The lanthanide complex can be excited via energy transfer and then emit narrowband luminescence light (e.g., having an FWHM of less than 70 nm). Energy transfer can be achieved in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, a homopolymer (e.g., P1–P10) or a heteropolymer containing general monomers (e.g., D1, D2, and / or monomers of the P1–P10 homopolymer, and / or M1–M10) can be chemically bonded with the lanthanide complex and condensed to form polymer dots. In certain embodiments, heteropolymers comprising homopolymers (e.g., P1-P10) or common monomers (e.g., D1, D2, and / or monomers of the P1-P10 homopolymer, and / or M1-M10) can be chemically crosslinked with homopolymers or heteropolymers comprising lanthanide complexes and condensed to form polymer dots. In some embodiments, common monomers (e.g., D1, D2, and / or monomers of the P1-P10 homopolymer, and / or M1-M10) can be copolymerized with any combination of lanthanide complexes. Energy transfer can be realized between the common monomers and lanthanide complexes, at least to some extent due to the packing of the polymer and lanthanide complexes.

[0126] Lanthanide complexes can be added to polymers in a variety of ways. For example, Figure 10A shows a schematic structure of a narrowband luminescent polymer containing a lanthanide complex. Using lanthanide complexes, narrowband luminescent homopolymers can be produced. Alternatively, copolymerizing lanthanide complexes with any common polymer can synthesize narrowband luminescent copolymers or multicomponent heteropolymers. By using lanthanide complexes as narrowband luminescent units and crosslinking them with the side chains of conventional semiconductor polymers, narrowband luminescent polymers can be formed. In some embodiments, the present invention may include lanthanide complexes as monomers in homopolymers or heteropolymers. In certain embodiments, lanthanide complexes can be linked (for example, by covalent bonds) to the side chains of homopolymers or heteropolymers having common monomers that can act as energy donors to the lanthanide complex (for example, the D1 and / or D2 and / or D2' monomers and / or the monomers of the P1-P10 homopolymers and / or M1-M10 described herein may be common monomers). Furthermore, heteropolymers can be formed by copolymerizing lanthanide complexes with common monomers. In each embodiment, the common monomer may be luminescent or nonluminescent. In some embodiments, the common monomer can absorb energy and transfer it directly or indirectly to the lanthanide complex (e.g., by cascading energy transfer as described elsewhere in this application). For example, the polymer length shown by n in Figure 10A is any suitable polymer molecular weight. It can be designed to have any length suitable for producing (Mw). Mw can take values ​​in the range of, for example, 500 to 1,000,000.

[0127] Figure 10B shows exemplary derivatives of lanthanide complexes that can be used as narrow-band monomers for the present invention. A variety of elements from the lanthanide series, such as europium (Eu) and terbium (Tb), can be used. The lanthanide complex monomers shown in Figure 10B are R 1 and R 2 However, the monomers shown may include, but are not limited to, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenyl-substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n-OCH3 may be present, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater. As will be further understood by those skilled in the art, the general monomer (D) and the narrowband metal complex monomer are present in the polymer in a ratio where D is present at x and the narrowband monomer is present at 1-x. For example, D may be present at 90%, i.e., x=0.9, and the narrowband monomer may be present at 10%, i.e., 1-x=0.1.

[0128] In some embodiments, lanthanide complexes can be used as narrowband luminescent units and chemically crosslinked with conventional semiconductor polymers to form narrowband luminescent polymer dots. Common semiconductor polymers can absorb energy and transfer that energy to the lanthanide complexes. Figure 10C shows non-limiting examples of common homopolymers (e.g., P1-P10), as well as examples of common heteropolymers containing one type of monomer of homopolymers P1-P10 and other types of monomers (e.g., M1-M10). Common polymers can be designed to act as energy donors to selected lanthanide complexes. In some embodiments, homopolymers or heteropolymers containing common monomers (e.g., monomers of homopolymers P1-P10 and / or monomers of M1-M10) can be chemically bonded with lanthanide complexes and condensed into polymer dots. In certain embodiments, homopolymers or heteropolymers containing common monomers (e.g., monomers of homopolymers P1-P10 and / or monomers of M1-M10) can be physically blended with homopolymers or heteropolymers bonded to lanthanide complexes, or chemically crosslinked and condensed to form polymer dots. In some embodiments, common monomers (e.g., monomers of homopolymers P1-P10 and / or monomers of M1-M10) can be copolymerized with any combination of lanthanide complexes. Energy transfer can be realized between the common polymer and the lanthanide complex, at least to some extent, due to the packing of the polymer and the lanthanide complex.

[0129] Figure 10C shows some exemplary common polymers that can transfer energy to lanthanide complexes. For example, P1-P10 are homopolymers of various monomers having a defined length n. With respect to the P1-P10 homopolymers in Figure 10C, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl, alkylketone, arylketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, amide, carboxylic acid, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalkaleneoxy. In some embodiments, an R group (for example, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 The two of them may be cross-linked (for example, they can be covalently linked together to form a cyclic group such as a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group). Each of X and Z may be -O-, -S-, -N-, or -NR 5 -,-PR 5 - and -CR 5 R 6 -, -CR 5 R 6 CR 7 CR 8 -, -N=CR 5 -, -CR 5 =CR 6 We can independently select from the group consisting of -, -N=N-, and -(CO)-, where R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8Each of them can be independently selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl, alkyleneoxy, polyalkyleneoxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, fluoroalkyl and fluoroaryl. R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 Any two of may be crosslinked. In certain embodiments, the polymer may be aromatic and have a conjugation length suitable to provide a high absorption coefficient in the ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) region, i.e., typical wavelengths of 200 - 1800 nm, thereby providing typical fluorescence in the region of 200 - 1800 nm, and may include general monomers. The polymer can be a good donor for transferring energy directly or indirectly (e.g., by cascaded energy transfer) to a lanthanide complex. The general monomers can be included in polymers that are homopolymers or copolymers or heteropolymers containing more than two types of monomers. These polymers can be linear, branched, hyperbranched, dendritic, crosslinked, random, block, graft or any structural type. Also, as shown in FIG. 10C, some exemplary general polymers include other types of monomers (M1 - M10). Copolymers of P (general monomer) and M (another general monomer) can be mixed in suitable ratios characterized by x and 1 - x. Also, M8 and M9 may be substituted with alkyl groups in the range defined by C n H 2n+1 and 0 < n < 20.

[0130] Lanthanide complexes can use a variety of ligands. Further examples are shown, for example, in Figure 10D. Figure 10D shows β-diketones, pyrazolones, isoxazolones, carboxylic acids, phthalocyanines, 8-hydroxyquinolines, pyrazol borates, porphyrins, salicylaldehydes, phenylsalicyaldehydes, adenines, purines, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiadiazoles, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)quinolones, 1-naphthol-2-carboxyaldehydes, hydroxybenzophenones, 1,2-dihydroxybenzenes, dihydroxynaphthalenes, droxylfluorenones, 7-hydroxyinden-1-ones, and 7-hydroxy-3-fluorenones. The following are non-limiting examples of anionic ligand L1, which may include phenylinden-1-one, 2-hydroxydimethylbenzene-1,3-diamide, 1,8-bis(4-methyl-2-hydroxybenzamide)-3,6-dioxaoctane, 2-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamide, bis(2-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamide), and tri(2-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamide), 8-hydroxyquinazoline, 8-hydroxyquinoxaolin, hydroxybenzoxazole, hydroxy-2-phenylbenzoxazole, and hypoxanthine. In some embodiments, L1 has at least one aromatic ring. In some embodiments, L1 has a direct chemical bond between two aryl groups. They may have a biaryl group or two rings in a fused ring system. Ligands may also have a multi-aryl group or a fused polycyclic group. Functional aryl groups can be bridged with alkyl, aryl, amine, and other groups to form (semi)macrocyclic ligands. In some embodiments, some of the bridged L1 ligands can form cryptands and coordinate to Ln to synthesize lanthanide cryptates. In some embodiments, ligands may include aromatic ring member groups (anionic-neutral ligand II in Figure 10F). As shown, A1-A4 may be ring members and can be independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., azulene) moieties. In some embodiments, each R', R'', and R'''' group can be independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, halogen, cyano(CN), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted fluoroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and acyl.

[0131] Figure 10E shows some non-limiting examples of substituted groups in the anionic ligand L1. In some embodiments, R1~R 40+n These include H, D, halogens, linear or branched alkyls, alkoxys, aryls, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, aryl esters, amides, fluoroalkyls, fluoroaryls, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoro Alkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridins Tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) ) Substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroal (Kyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, Alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substitutions Midazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, Aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadisolyl, ben The alkyl-substituted phenyls can be independently selected from, but are not limited to, zothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyls. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyls, 3-alkylphenyls, 4-alkylphenyls, 2,4-dialkylphenyls, 3,5-dialkylphenyls, and 3,4-dialkylphenyls. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls and 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0132] Figure 10F shows non-limiting examples of neutral ligand L2. In some embodiments, L2 may include substituted or unsubstituted pyridines, substituted or unsubstituted bipyridines, substituted or unsubstituted tripyridines, substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-phenanthrolines, substituted or unsubstituted phosphine oxides, substituted or unsubstituted bi(phosphine oxides), substituted or unsubstituted tri(phosphine oxides), and substituted or unsubstituted 4-(4,6-di(1H-pyrazole-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-N,N'-dimethylbenzeneamine, where the substituted group R 41 ~R 67 These include hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), halogens, linear or branched alkyls, alkoxys, aryls, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, aryl esters, amides, fluoroalkyls, fluoroaryls, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, flu (Oroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, A Lukyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyramidium Lysyl tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrrolyl Pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy (C-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituting imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylamine Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl are independently selected, but are not limited to these. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and This may include 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls. The R' and R'' groups are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyls, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyls, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryls, halogens, substituted or unsubstituted aryls, substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyls, substituted or unsubstituted fluoroaryls, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxys, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryls. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater. L2 is alkyl, aryl, amine, and R1 to R 41+n It can be crosslinked by other groups and form a cryptand, which can coordinate to Ln to synthesize lanthanide cryptates.

[0133] Methods for preparing polymers and lanthanide complexes are generally well known in the art. Figure 10G provides an exemplary scheme for preparing a narrowband luminescent polymer that may include, for example, a common monomer as a donor and a lanthanide complex for luminescence. In the method shown in Figure 10G, both the common monomer and the lanthanide complex contain an amino group, and this amino group is covalently crosslinked with an amine-reactive polymer to form a lanthanide complex-grafted polymer for preparing narrowband luminescent polymer dots. As shown, a variety of lanthanide ions can form ligands and complexes to form lanthanide complexes, for example, Ln may be Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), or Yb(III). In some embodiments, the lanthanide ion may be Eu(III) or Tb(III). Figure 10H shows another exemplary method for preparing polymers having lanthanide complexes. For example, Ln(TTA)3Phen-NH2 and Ln(DPA)2DPA-NH2 can be bonded to polymer side chains by reacting with the NH2 group on either complex.

[0134] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises perylene and its derivatives as monomers. Perylene derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The perylene derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The emission FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0135] Figure 11A shows an exemplary perylene derivative that can be used as a narrowband monomer in the present invention. The narrowband monomer is R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , R 2D They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains, as shown in parentheses as an example. 2B and R 2C By bonding to the base, it covalently attaches to the polymer's backbone, ends, or side chains. It can be combined by R. 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C and R 2DEach of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, alkyl-substituted thiophenyl, fluorine (F), cyano (CN), and trifluoro (CF3), but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyl may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0136] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot comprises cyanine and its derivatives as monomers. Cyanine derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, their extended systems and analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The cyanine derivative may be an energy acceptor so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. The narrowband luminescent chromophore polymer may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of the aforementioned Pdot is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm.

[0137] Figure 11B shows an exemplary set of cyanine derivatives that can be used as narrowband monomers in the present invention. The narrowband monomer is R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , R 2D , R 2E , R 2F , R 2G , R 3A , R 3B , R 4A , R 4B , R 5A , R 5B , R 6A , R 6B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. In certain embodiments, R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , R 2D , R 2E , R 2F , R 2G , R 3A and R 3BEach of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide. 4A and R 4B R can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, acetyl, hydroxyl, and phenyl, but is not limited to these. In certain embodiments, R 5A and R 5B Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyl may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3 -alkylthiophenyls and 4-alkylthiophenyls may be included. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that. In certain embodiments, R 6A and R 6BEach of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl, and alkyl-substituted phenyl, but is not limited to these. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0138] Figure 11C shows another set of exemplary cyanine derivatives that can be used as narrowband monomers in the present invention. The narrowband monomer is R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. 1 and X 2 Each of these may include, but is not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and -C(CH3)2. In certain embodiments, R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3 , R 3A , R 3B , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0139] Figure 11D shows another set of exemplary cyanine derivatives that can be used as narrowband monomers in the present invention. The narrowband monomer is R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 3C , R 3D , R 4 , R 5A , R 5B , R 6 They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations. 1 and X 2 Each of these may include, but is not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and -C(CH3)2. In certain embodiments, R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B , R 3A , R 3B , R 3C and R 3D Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, but is not limited to these. In certain embodiments, R4 R can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, and halide, but is not limited thereto. In certain embodiments, R 5A and R 5B Each of these can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, halide, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 6- Alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl may be included. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that. In certain embodiments, R 6The group can be selected from, but is not limited to, hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cyano, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, hydroxyl, halide, phenyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, alkyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylamyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. Alkyl-substituted phenyl may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyl may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl. Alkyl substituents are C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is between 1 and 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that.

[0140] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot may contain rhodamine-based monomers and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. Rhodamine-based monomers and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, rhodamine extensions, and rhodamine analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The rhodamine-based monomers may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of Pdot containing rhodamine-based monomers and their derivatives as narrowband monomers is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM may be less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm. A variety of other rhodamine derivatives can be used for the present invention. In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and R 13Each of these is hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, cyano, nitro, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, sulfite, carboxyl, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, linear or branched alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, aralkyl, alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, heteroarylene, phenylene, azulene, cycloalkylene, alkoxy, aryl, alkylketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, amide, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalkylene (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl- , fluoroaryl-)substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted bipyridyl tripyridyl, alkyl- (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripylidyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, Fluoroaryl-)substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alco Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl (Lu-, Fluoroaryl-) Substituted Thiazolyl, Imidazolyl, Alkyl-(Alkoxy-, Aryl-, Fluoroalkyl-, Fluoroaryl-) Substituted Imidazolyl, Pyrazinyl, A Lukyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazol- Dinyl, benzooxadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl (-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzooxazizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl- (alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl, triphenylaminyl substituted fluorenyl, diphenyl Alkaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl can be independently selected from the group consisting of these, but are not limited thereto. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, and 2,4-dialkylphenyl. This may include nyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyl may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyls. Alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyl may include 2-alkylthiophenyl, 3-alkylthiophenyl, and 4-alkylthiophenyl. Alkyl substituents are C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2]n -OCH3 may be included, where n is 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and R 13 They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization in the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations.

[0141] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdots comprises coumarin-based monomers and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. These coumarin-based monomers and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, coumarin extensions, and coumarin analogs. The narrowband luminescent polymer may also contain any other monomers. The coumarin-based monomers may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of Pdots comprising coumarin-based monomers and their derivatives is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm. A variety of other coumarin derivatives can be used for the present invention. In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 Each of these is hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, cyano, nitro, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, sulfite, carboxyl, amino, sulfide , aldehydes, esters, ethers, acids, linear or branched alkyls, hydroxylalkyls, aralkyls, alkylenes, alkenylenes, arylenes, heteroarylenes, phenylenes, azulenes, cycloalkylenes, alkoxys, aryls, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, aryl esters, amides, fluoroalkyls, fluoroaryls, and polyalkylenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)) n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, Fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl-(alco (Xy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyridyl, bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted Bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy (C-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyr Ryl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alkyl-(al Coxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thiazolyl, imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl- ) Substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroal (Kyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadisozolyl, alkyl-(al Coxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzoxadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl(alkoxy-, Aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted fluorenyl, triphenyl The alkyl-substituted phenyls are independently selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of aminyl-substituted fluorenyl, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl, alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, alkyl-substituted triphenylaminyl, and alkyl-substituted thiophenyl. In exemplary embodiments, alkyl-substituted phenyls may include 2-alkylphenyl, 3-alkylphenyl, 4-alkylphenyl, 2,4-dialkylphenyl, 3,5-dialkylphenyl, and 3,4-dialkylphenyl. Alkyl-substituted fluorenyls may include 9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 6-alkyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, 7-triphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl, and 7-diphenylaminyl-9,9-dialkyl-substituted fluorenyl. Alkyl-substituted carbazolyls may include N-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, 6-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl, and 7-alkyl-substituted carbazolyl. Alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls may include 4'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3'-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, 3',4'-dialkyl-substituted triphenylamyls, and 4',4''-alkyl-substituted triphenylamyls. Alkyl-substituted thiophenyls may include 2-alkylthiophenyls, 3-alkylthiophenyls, and 4-alkylthiophenyls. The alkyl substituent is C n H 2n+1 , or C n F 2n+1 , or -CH2CH2[OCH2CH2] n -OCH3 may be included, where n is 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n may be between 1 and 50, or even greater than that. Narrowband monomers are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 They can be incorporated into the polymer backbone (e.g., by copolymerization with the polymer) and / or covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, terminals, or side chains by bonding to at least one of these combinations.

[0142] In some embodiments, the narrowband luminescent polymer for producing Pdot includes xanthene-based monomers and their derivatives as narrowband monomers. The monomers based on xanthenes and their derivatives include, but are not limited to, their alkyl derivatives, aryl derivatives, alkyne derivatives, aromatic derivatives, alkoxide derivatives, aza derivatives, xanthene extensions, and xanthene analogs. Narrowband luminescent polymers may also contain any other monomers. The xanthene-based monomers may be energy acceptors so that the final Pdot can exhibit narrowband luminescence. Narrowband luminescent chromophore polymers may exhibit broadband or narrowband luminescence in a good solvent. However, their nanoparticle form results in narrowband luminescence. The luminescence FWHM of Pdots containing xanthene-based monomers and their derivatives is less than 70 nm. In certain embodiments, the FWHM is less than 60 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm. A variety of other xanthene derivatives can be used for the present invention. In some embodiments, the chromophore polymer dots of the present invention are of the following formula [ka] The polymer may include a narrow-band monomer having R, where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9Each of these is a hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, cyano, nitro, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, sulfite, carboxyl, amino, sulfide, aldehyde, ester, ether, acid, linear or branched alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, aralkyl, alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, heteroarylene, phenylene, azulene, cycloalkylene, alkoxy, aryl, alkylketone, alkyl ester, aryl ester, amide, fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, and polyalcarenes (e.g., methoxyethoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, and -(OCH2CH2)). n OH, n=1~50), phenyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted phenyl, pyridyl, alkyl Lu-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted pyridyl Bipyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted bipyridyl, tripyridyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted tripyridyl, furyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted furyl, thienyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) ) Substituted pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) Substituted pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-) (-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted oxazolyl, thiazolyl, alpha Kill-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-)substituted thiazo Imidazolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted pyrazinyl, benzoxadizolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted benzo Xasadizolyl, benzothiadisolyl, alkyl-(alkoxy-, aryl-, fluoro (A) substituted benzothiadisolyl, fluorenyl, alkyl-(A) A fluorenyl compound can be independently selected from, but is not limited to, the group consisting of lucoxy-, aryl-, fluoroalkyl-, fluoroaryl-) substituted fluorenyl compounds, triphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, diphenylaminyl-substituted fluorenyl compounds, alkyl-substitute...

Claims

[Claim 1] Narrowband emission.

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