Earth retaining structures, stability calculation and stress calculation programs for earth retaining structures, and construction methods thereof.

Abstract

This invention provides a retaining wall structure that can be installed using a simple construction method while reducing the amount of concrete used, as well as a stability calculation and stress calculation program for the retaining wall structure, and a construction method for such a structure. [Solution] The earth-retaining structure 10 includes a retaining wall installed on a stepped terrain. The earth-retaining structure 10 is constructed by arranging a plurality of blocks 12 horizontally and stacking the blocks 12 in multiple layers. The blocks 12 are hardened concrete. The blocks 12 have a front flange 30, a back flange 32, and a web 34. Between the front flange 30 and the back flange 32 of the block 12, the portion other than the web 34 is a space 46. A first inorganic material 48 and a second inorganic material 50 are placed in this space 46.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to earth retaining structures, stability calculation and stress calculation programs for earth retaining structures, and construction methods therefor. [Background technology]

[0002] To address resource depletion and reduce CO2 emissions, there is a need to reduce the amount of concrete used. Patent Document 1 below describes a method of filling and laminating bottomed sidewall concrete segments with a backing material. The backing material used includes ferronickel slag and fly ash.

[0003] However, Patent Document 1 requires reinforcing steel, which does not simplify construction work. Depending on the contents of the filling material, the amount of concrete may increase. It also describes the use of hazardous substances as filling material, which would increase the number of steps required for the disposal of these hazardous substances. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2012-241481 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0005] The objective of the present invention is to provide a retaining wall structure that can be installed using a simple construction method while reducing the amount of concrete used, a stability calculation and stress calculation program for the retaining wall structure, and a construction method therefor. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The earth-retaining structure of the present invention is composed of a front flange and a back flange made of concrete and a web connecting the flanges, and includes blocks with spaces on both sides of the web, a first inorganic material (approximately 80% by weight) containing at least one of concrete rubble from industrial waste and rocks such as pebbles generated on site, and a second inorganic material (approximately 20% by weight) containing soil with a smaller particle size than the first inorganic material, filling the spaces between the first inorganic materials. Multiple such blocks are stacked on top of each other with irregularities provided on the upper and lower surfaces and both sides of the front and back flanges, and the first and second inorganic materials placed in the spaces are compacted by rolling. In stacking the upper and lower blocks, the irregularities may be provided on the web instead of on the flange portion.

[0007] The stability and stress calculation program for earth retaining structures of the present invention utilizes a computer as follows: a first calculation unit that calculates the weight of the flange and web; a second calculation unit that calculates the total weight of the first and second inorganic materials entering the space; a third calculation unit that determines the total weight of the earth retaining structure and calculates the sectional forces due to external forces such as earth pressure, water pressure, and superimposed loads; a fourth calculation unit that calculates the cross-sectional area, section modulus, and second moment of area; and a fifth calculation unit that calculates stability and stress. Furthermore, the computer is configured to adjust the self-weight related to the resisting moment, the slope of the structure, and the external forces related to the overturning moment so that the point of action of the external forces is closer to the center of the foundation.

[0008] The present invention provides a method for constructing an earth-retaining structure, comprising: a concrete cross section formed in an I-shape or H-shape at a factory, a web connecting a back flange in contact with the soil and a front flange, and irregularities provided on the upper and lower surfaces on both sides of the flange. The irregularities may also be on the upper and lower surfaces of the web. The method includes the steps of: manufacturing a block including a space formed in a position other than the concrete; transporting the precast concrete to the site, lifting it with a crane or the like, and integrating a plurality of the blocks in the horizontal and vertical directions; filling the space with a first inorganic material including concrete shells and at least one of rocks such as pebbles generated at the site, and a second inorganic material including soil with a smaller particle size than the first inorganic material, filling the spaces between the first inorganic materials; and compacting the first and second inorganic materials with a compactor such as a damper. [Effects of the Invention]

[0009] According to this invention, the retaining wall structure is constructed by compacting a first inorganic material and a second inorganic material on both sides of the web, resulting in only a slight difference in weight compared to a concrete-only structure, thus posing no problems for stability calculations. It allows for the effective utilization of industrial waste and shortens construction time through its structural design, making it economical. Furthermore, it reduces the amount of concrete used, thereby suppressing CO2 emissions and making it an environmentally friendly invention. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0010] [Figure 1] This is a diagram showing a retaining wall structure. [Figure 2] This is a front view of AA in Figure 1. [Figure 3] Figure 2 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of BB. [Figure 4] This is a perspective view showing the basics. [Figure 5] This is a perspective view showing a block where the flange side connection is possible only from the horizontal direction. [Figure 6] (a) is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the block used in this application, and (b) is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a conventional block. [Figure 7]It is a perspective view showing a block capable of joining the side surface of a flange from horizontal and vertical directions. [Figure 8] It is a view showing a plate depicting birds, fish, insects, flowers, etc. that inhabit the area installed at the top end of the retaining structure. [Figure 9] It is a view showing the retaining structure of the present application used for stability calculation, where (a) is a side sectional view and (b) is a horizontal sectional view. [Figure 10] It is a side sectional view showing a conventional retaining structure used for stability calculation.

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0011] The retaining structure, stability, stress calculation program, and construction method of the retaining structure of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The drawings are schematically shown for the purpose of explanation.

[0012] [Embodiment 1] The retaining structure 10 of the present application shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 includes a retaining wall installed on a stepped terrain. The retaining wall includes a sand dam and a bank protection such as a river. The height of the conventional retaining structure 10 is about 8.0 m to 10.0 m, but the retaining structure 10 of the present application is not limited to that height. By widening the front slope 1:N or the body width and minimizing the difference between the resistance moment and the overturning moment as much as possible, it is possible to make the retaining wall height higher. The retaining structure 10 may be installed inclined on the back side or vertically installed.

[0013] The retaining structure 10 is formed by arranging a plurality of blocks 12 horizontally and stacking them in a plurality of vertical stages. A foundation 14 is installed under the block 12. Under the foundation 14, leveling concrete 16 and foundation crushed stones may be laid.

[0014] The foundation 14 shown in Figure 4 is made of precast concrete. The top surface of the foundation 14 is perpendicular to the stacking direction of the blocks 12. When the foundations 14 are lined up, the first side surface 18 and the second side surface 20 of adjacent foundations 14 are in contact. A first protrusion 24 is formed on the first side surface 18, and a first recess 22 is formed on the second side surface 20. When the foundations 14 are lined up, the first protrusion 24 and the first recess 22 fit together. The number of first protrusions 24 and first recesses 22 is not limited to one. There may be multiple depending on the size of the foundation 14.

[0015] The bottom surface of the foundation 14 may be roughened. The top surface of the leveling concrete 16 may also be roughened in the same way as the foundation 14. Reference numerals 26 and 28 indicate irregular shapes or irregularities, for example, irregularities with a height of the protrusions (or depth of the depressions) and spacing (spacing from one protrusion to another or from one depression to another) of 1 to 10 mm, preferably 3 to 5 mm. The foundation 14 is manufactured in the factory with the irregularities 26 formed. The top surface of the leveling concrete 16 is roughened with a trowel or brush before the concrete hardens to form the irregularities 28. The depressions of the irregularities 26 and some or all of the protrusions of the irregularities 28, and the protrusions of the irregularities 26 and some or all of the depressions of the irregularities 28 may be fitted together. The sliding resistance of the earth retaining structure 10 is strengthened by the irregularities 26 and 28. The coefficient of friction is tested by a public institution and reflected in the design calculations.

[0016] Block 12 is a hardened concrete structure. This embodiment does not use reinforcing bars in the block. Block 12 is equipped with a front flange 30, a back flange 32, and a web 34 (Figure 5). The front flange 30 and back flange 32 are flat plates with a thickened structure. The length of block 12 is approximately 1.0m to 3.0m, taking into consideration ease of construction. The height is standardized at 1.0m, taking into consideration ease of compaction work. The height of block 12 is adjusted at the top. The back flange 32 is the side that contacts soil 36 such as a sediment control dam or revetment. External forces such as earth pressure, water pressure, and superimposed loads act from the back flange 32 toward the front flange 30.

[0017] Web 34 is the part that connects the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32. Web 34 is connected in the center of the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32. Web 34 is flat and has a thickened structure. The height of Web 34 is the same as the height of the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32, for example, 1.0 m is standard. H, t1, and t2 of block 12 shown in Figure 6 greatly affect the stress calculation. The horizontal cross section of block 12 is I-shaped or H-shaped. Against external forces such as earth pressure, water pressure, and superimposed loads, the length of Web 34 (distance from front flange 30 to rear flange 32) h1 and the thicknesses t1 and t2 of the front flange 30, rear flange 32, and Web 34 affect the stress calculation, thereby increasing the strength of block 12 shown in Figure 6.

[0018] A second recess 38 is provided on the upper surfaces of the front flange 30 and rear flange 32 of block 12. A second protrusion 40 is provided on the lower surfaces of the front flange 30 and rear flange 32 of block 12. When blocks 12 are stacked, the second protrusion 40 fits into the second recess 38, thereby integrating the blocks 12 in the stacking direction. The second recess 38 may be formed in one location on the upper surface of the web 34. The second protrusion 40 may be formed in one location on the lower surface of the web 34.

[0019] A second recess 38 is formed on the upper surface of the foundation 14. When the block 12 is placed on the foundation 14, the second protrusion 40 of the block 12 is inserted into the second recess 38 of the foundation 14.

[0020] When the block 12 is viewed from the front flange 30, a third recess 42 is provided on the right side of the front flange 30 and rear flange 32 of the block 12. A third protrusion 44 is provided on the left side of the front flange 30 and rear flange 32 of the block 12. When the blocks 12 are arranged horizontally, the third protrusion 44 fits into the third recess 42, thereby integrating the horizontally aligned blocks 12.

[0021] The connection between the second recess 38 and the second protrusion 40, and the connection between the third recess 42 and the third protrusion 44, integrates all the blocks 12. This improves the structural stability and durability of the earth retaining structure 10.

[0022] In the stacking direction of block 12, the shape and dimensions of the upper block 12 and the lower block 12 are the same. Conventional sediment control dams and the like have thicker concrete at the bottom to satisfy stability and stress calculations, but this invention does not make them the same. The weight of the earth retaining structure 10 can be increased, thereby improving stability.

[0023] This study compares the section modulus of block 12 of the present invention and a conventional rectangular block (block without space) 100. In Figure 6, B represents the width and H represents the thickness of the structure for block 12 and block 100, where H is determined by stability and stress calculations. The cross-sectional area of ​​block 12 of the present invention is A = B × t² × 2 + h¹ × t¹. The cross-sectional area of ​​block 100 is A = B × H. The section modulus of block 12 of the present invention is Z = (B × H 3 -(B-t1)×h1 3 ) / (6×H)(mm 3 ) and the section modulus of block 100 is Z = B × H 2 / 6(mm 3 ) This is because the section modulus is affected by the square of the thickness H of the structure, so increasing the thickness H of the structure will greatly affect the stress calculation.

[0024] Between the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32 of block 12, the area other than the web 34 is a space 46. By arranging multiple blocks 12 horizontally, the space 46 is enclosed by the front flange 30, the rear flange 32, and the web 34. The first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 are placed in the space 46 and compacted.

[0025] The first inorganic material 48 includes at least one of concrete debris and rocks such as boulders generated on-site. The concrete debris may be waste generated when a building or civil engineering structure is crushed. The rocks such as boulders may be materials that can be collected at the site where the retaining wall structure is installed.

[0026] The first inorganic material 48 may include waste materials such as mortar and roof tiles in addition to concrete shells and rocks such as pebbles. The total volume of concrete shells, rocks such as pebbles, or both in the first inorganic material 48 shall be approximately 80%, and the second inorganic material 50 shall fill the remaining voids. The weight ratio of the conventional structural cross section and the weight of the above type shall be very similar. The weight of the earth retaining structure 10 is increased by the concrete shells or pebbles, etc., thereby improving stability, and the thickness H of the structure is increased, thereby improving stress. The first inorganic material 48 may include material that has been crushed to a fine particle size.

[0027] The second inorganic material 50 includes soil and sand. Preferably, the second inorganic material 50 has a smaller particle size than the first inorganic material 48. Since voids are created with only the first inorganic material 48, the second inorganic material 50 fills these voids. The type of soil and sand includes at least one of clay, silt, and sand with a particle size of less than approximately 2 mm. The particle size of the second inorganic material 50 is not limited as long as the voids between the first inorganic materials 48 are filled. If the second inorganic material 50 includes gravel with a particle size of approximately 2 mm or larger, it is preferable to also include sand with a smaller particle size than the gravel.

[0028] The proportion of the first inorganic substance 48 to the total of the second inorganic substance 50 is 70-90%. By increasing the proportion of the first inorganic substance 48 compared to the second inorganic substance 50, the proportion of concrete shells and other materials used in the retaining wall structure 10 is increased. This increases the weight of the retaining wall structure 10 and improves its stability.

[0029] The first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 placed in the space 46 are compacted. Compaction removes air from the space 46, increasing the filling rate of the first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 in the space 46. This increases the weight of the retaining structure 10 and improves its stability. The air void ratio is 0-15%, preferably 0-10%, and more preferably 0-5%. The degree of compaction is 85-100%, preferably 90-100%, and more preferably 95-100%.

[0030] Compared with the rectangular parallelepiped block 100, the block 12 of the present application has a lighter self-weight by the amount of the space 46. The present application fills the space 46 with the first inorganic substance 48 and the second inorganic substance 50 including a concrete shell or the like as described above. For example, in the case of the retaining structure 10 of the present application, when the rectangular parallelepiped block 100 uses 100% of concrete, and the front flange 30, the rear flange 32, and the web 34 are made of concrete and 80% of the first inorganic substance 48 and 20% of the second inorganic substance 50 are charged into the space 46 by weight ratio, the cross-sectional area ratio of the concrete part can be reduced to about 50%. By appropriately changing the thicknesses of the front flange 30, the rear flange 32, and the web 34, the retaining structure 10 can be safely designed.

[0031] There may be cases where the thicknesses of the front flange 30, the rear flange 32, and the web 34 are changed according to the design conditions. Since the cross-sectional force due to earth pressure, water pressure, overlying load, etc. becomes smaller as the retaining structure 10 goes upward, the horizontal cross-section of the block 12 can be reduced. However, the present application stacks the blocks 12 of the same shape in consideration of the manufacturing, constructability, construction period, etc. of the block 12. In the stacking direction of the blocks 12, at least one of the shape and the cross-sectional area of the horizontal cross-section of the block 12 is constant. Note that the uppermost block 12 may have a different shape from the other blocks 12 depending on the topography where the retaining structure 10 is installed. For example, in the case of FIG. 1, the uppermost block 12 is arranged such that the upper parts of the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32 are on the same horizontal plane.

[0032] In FIG. 6(a), for example, let H = 1500 mm, B = 1000 mm, t1 = 200 mm, h1 = 1100 mm, and h2 = 200 mm. Also, when the height of the block 12 is 1000 mm, the volume of the space 46 of the block 12 is 0.40×1.10×2×1.00 = 0.88 m 3 becomes.

[0033] The weight per unit volume of concrete is about 2.3 t / m 3 and the weight per unit volume of earth and sand is about 1.3 - 2.0 t / m 3 For the calculation, the weight of earth and sand is 1.7 t / m 3Let's assume that space 46 is filled with 80% concrete shell and 20% soil. The weight of the concrete shell that fits into space 46 of one block 12 is 0.88 × 0.80 × 2.3 t / m 3 = 1.62t, the weight of the soil is 0.88 × 0.20 × 1.7t / m 3 = 0.30t. The total weight of the concrete shell and soil in space 46 is 1.92t. In this application, the total weight of the concrete shell and soil in one block 12 and space 46 is 1.92 + (1.00 × 0.20 × 2 + 0.20 × 1.10) × 1.00 × 2.3 t / m 3 This equals 3.35t.

[0034] In the case of the conventional block 100 shown in Figure 6(b), the weight of one block 100 is 1.00 × 1.50 × 1.00 × 2.3 t / m 3 This results in a weight of 3.45t. Even with slight fluctuations, the difference in weight between block 100 and the present invention is small. By keeping the horizontal cross-section of block 12 constant in the stacking direction of block 12, the self-weight of the earth retaining structure 10 can be increased. The self-weight of the earth retaining structure 10 is advantageous for the stability of the earth retaining structure 10 against sliding and overturning.

[0035] This application may include a program for calculating the stability (overturning, sliding, bearing capacity) and stress of a retaining structure, where a computer functions as a first calculation unit that calculates the cross-sectional area, section modulus, second moment of area, weight, and resistance moment of the front flange 30, rear flange 32, and web 34; a second calculation unit that calculates the total weight and resistance moment of the first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50 entering the space 46 based on the volume of the space 46; a third calculation unit that calculates the weight and overturning moment due to backfill soil, superimposed load, inertial force, etc.; and a fourth calculation unit that automatically calculates so that the position of application of external forces is closer to the center of the foundation. The application may also include means for inputting the dimensions of the front flange 30, rear flange 32, and web 34, the proportions of the first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50, and the overall size of the retaining structure 10. The volume of the space 46 is calculated from the input dimensions. The stability and stress of the retaining structure 10 are calculated by computer, enabling the desired retaining structure 10 to be easily and optimally designed.

[0036] A cap 52 is placed on top of the earth retaining structure 10. The cap 52 is placed on top of the uppermost block 12. The cap 52 has a flat shape with increased thickness. A second protrusion 40 is provided on the cap 52, and the second protrusion 40 is placed in the second recess 38 of the uppermost block 12. The first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 in the space 46 of the block 12 are kept in a compressed state.

[0037] The block 12, foundation 14, and cap 52 are integrated by the fitting of the first protrusion 24 and the first recess 22, the second recess 38 and the second protrusion 40, and the third recess 42 and the third protrusion 44. Furthermore, the internal space 46 of the block 12 is filled with compressed first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50. It can maintain a quality equal to or better than conventional sediment control dams and revetment walls made only of concrete.

[0038] Next, the construction method for the earth retaining structure 10 will be explained. (1) The blocks 12 are manufactured in a factory. The lower surface of the foundation 14 is formed with irregularities 26 of about 3 to 5 mm in the precast manufacturing process to enhance sliding resistance and is provided to the construction site. The foundation 14 has a second recess 38 formed in it for the second protrusion 40 of the block 12 to fit into. Furthermore, a first recess 22 is formed in it for the first protrusion 24 to fit into. The upper surface of the foundation 14 is sloped so as to be perpendicular to the slope of the block 12, in accordance with the direction in which the blocks 12 will be stacked.

[0039] (2) Lay the base crushed stone and leveling concrete 16. Before the concrete hardens, roughen the surface of the leveling concrete 16 with a trowel or brush to form grooves or irregularities 28 to enhance sliding resistance.

[0040] (3) The foundation 14 is placed on top of the laid foundation crushed stone and leveling concrete 16. The foundations 14 are arranged in a horizontal line. The foundations 14 may be placed using machinery such as a backhoe or crane. The first protrusion 24 of the foundation 14 is placed into the second recess 22 of the foundation 14. The blocks 12 are placed on top of the foundation 14 in a horizontal line using machinery such as a backhoe or crane. The foundation 14 and the leveling concrete 16 have irregularities 26 and 28 formed on them, and when the foundation 14 is installed, the irregularities 26 and 28 enhance the sliding resistance.

[0041] (4) Using a backhoe or similar device, the first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 are placed into the space 46 of the block 12. The first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 are mixed and placed in the space. When placing them in the space, it is preferable to prepare a balance that can measure the weight of the first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 and weigh them at the construction site. When using rocks such as pebbles generated on site, it is important to measure the unit volume weight in advance and reflect it in the design calculations. The measurement method is to put the rocks in a water tank, measure the volume of the overflowing water, and calculate it as the weight of the rock / volume of water.

[0042] (5) The first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 are compressed using a compressor such as a damper. The first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 are compacted by the compression, and air is removed from the space 46 of the block 12.

[0043] Repeat steps (4) and (5) until no more first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50 can fit into the space of block 12. Alternatively, the first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50 may be placed in the space 46 of block 12 such that the combined volume of the first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50 is less than the volume of the space 46 of block 12. This will increase the number of times steps (4) and (5) are repeated, but it will make it easier to remove air.

[0044] (6) After the space 46 of block 12 is filled with the compressed first inorganic material 48 and second inorganic material 50, another block 12 is stacked on top of that block 12. The stacking method is the same as in (3) above, so that the second protrusion 40 is placed in the second recess 38 and the third protrusion 44 is placed in the third recess 42.

[0045] (7) As described in (4) and (5) above, the first inorganic material 48 and the second inorganic material 50 are placed in the space 46 of block 12 and compressed.

[0046] The blocks 12 are stacked, and inorganic materials 48 and 50 are placed in the space 46 and compressed repeatedly until a retaining wall structure 10 of a predetermined height is formed.

[0047] (8) Place the cap 52 on the upper end of the top block 12. Insert the second protrusion 40 of the cap 52 into the second recess 38 of the block 12.

[0048] As described above, when constructing the earth retaining structure 10, precast products are manufactured in a factory and transported to the site, eliminating the need for formwork construction. Compared to conventional sediment control dams and revetment structures, the construction of the earth retaining structure 10 is easier. Compared to conventional sediment control dams and revetment structures, the earth retaining structure 10 is superior in terms of economy, safety, shorter construction period, and environmental friendliness. Comparing the block 12 with conventional block 100, it is possible to halve the amount of cement used. By utilizing discarded concrete rubble and other materials, the earth retaining structure 10 is sustainable and contributes to CO2 reduction.

[0049] [Embodiment 2] The number of webs 34 in a single block 12 is not limited to one. A block may have multiple webs 34.

[0050] [Embodiment 3] Block 12 may be composed of chemical concrete obtained by mixing cement with a polymer admixture. The polymer admixture includes at least one of the following: natural rubber latex (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), methylbutadiene methacrylate (MBR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (MBR), polyacrylic acid ester (PAE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene acrylic acid ester (SAE), polypropionate ester (PVP), polypropylene (PP), asphalt, rubber asphalt, paraffin, mixed larex, mixed emulsion, vinyl acetate vinyl transsate (VAVeoVa), styrene acrylic acid ester (SAE), methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), calcium acrylate, magnesium acrylate, unsaturated polyester resin (UP), and epoxy resin (EP). The strength of block 12 may be increased by mixing a polymer admixture with cement. The increased strength of block 12 allows for a reduction in the thickness of the front flange 30, rear flange 32, and web 34, further reducing the amount of concrete used.

[0051] [Embodiment 4] The second protrusion 40 of block 12 may be provided on the lower surfaces of the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32, and the second recess 38 may be provided on the upper surfaces of the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32. The second protrusion 40 may be provided on the lower surface of the web 34 and the second recess 38 on the upper surface. The second recess 38 and the second protrusion 40 may be provided at least one location on the front flange 30, the rear flange 32, or the web 34. The third protrusion 44 may be provided on the left side of block 12, and the third recess 42 may be provided on the right side. The position, shape, and dimensions are not limited as long as the recesses 38, 42 and protrusions 40, 44 of adjacent blocks 12 can be fitted together and integrated.

[0052] In Figure 7, a third protrusion 56 and a third recess 58 may be provided in a straight line from the top to the bottom of the block 12 on the right and left sides of the front flange 30 and rear flange 32 of the block 54. The block 12 can be installed by sliding it from top to bottom while fitting the third protrusion 56 and the third recess 58 together.

[0053] [Embodiment 5] Drainage holes are provided in block 12 to reduce the water pressure on the retaining structure 10. The drainage holes penetrate the front flange 30 and the rear flange 32. Water that has seeped into the backfill soil flows from the rear flange 32 to the front flange 30. Holes may also be provided at the lower ends of the front flange 30 and rear flange 32 of the bottom block 12 to drain water that has entered the space 46 of block 12.

[0054] [Embodiment 6] If the height of the retaining wall increases and the concrete stress level cannot be satisfied due to the strong influence of inertial forces caused by earthquakes, an aramid fiber sheet may be attached to the back of the block 12. The block 12 is reinforced with the aramid fiber sheet. The aramid fiber sheet may be attached to each block 12, or the aramid fiber sheet may be attached to the tension side of the stacked blocks 12.

[0055] [Embodiment 7] As shown in Figure 8, a plate 60 may be installed on top of the retaining wall structure 10. The plate 60 is attached to the retaining wall structure 10 with double-sided mesh fiber tape. Locally endemic flora and fauna can be depicted on the plate 60 to raise awareness among local residents and tourists about the importance of the natural environment and enhance the attractiveness of the region. Additionally, the surface of the front flange 30 may be decorated with a textured design.

[0056] [Examples] Design calculations were performed to confirm the stability and safety of the present invention. Figure 9 shows the earth retaining structure 10 of the present invention used in the design calculations. The web 34 described above is fixed to the center of the front flange 30 and the back flange 32. Although not shown in Figure 9, it was assumed that the space 46 was filled with concrete shell at a ratio of 80% by volume and soil at a ratio of 20%. Figure 10 shows a conventional earth retaining structure 110 used as a comparative example. All dimensions shown in Figures 9 and 10 are in mm. The depth direction in Figures 9(a) and 10 was assumed to be 1000 mm.

[0057] The volume of the block 12 portion of the earth retaining structure 10 of this application is 12.80 m³. 3 The volume of the conventional earth retaining structure 110 is 33.60 m³. 3 The amount of concrete used in the earth retention structure 10 of this invention was approximately 38% of the amount used in the conventional earth retention structure 110. It was confirmed that this invention can reduce concrete usage and CO2 emissions.

[0058] Stability calculations were performed using the Forestry and Civil Engineering Consultants Foundation's erosion control dam / earth retaining structure cross-section table. Table 1 shows the calculation results of vertical force components, etc., for the earth retaining structure 10 of this application shown in Figure 9 and the conventional earth retaining structure 110 shown in Figure 10.

[0059] [Table 1]

[0060] Furthermore, the stability of the earth retaining structure 10 of this invention against overturning was B / 6 = 1.067m, which was greater than the eccentricity distance e = 1.056m and therefore more stable. The stability of the earth retaining structure 10 of this invention against sliding was μΣ V / Σ H The result was 1.85, which is greater than the safety factor of 1.5, indicating greater stability. The stability of the earth retaining structure 10 of this application with respect to the bearing capacity of the ground is 700 kN / m², which is the allowable bearing capacity. 2 Therefore, it is 351.38 kN / m 2 It was larger and more stable. Concrete stress σc = 1.75 N / mm 2 The allowable stress is σca = 6.0 N / mm 2It was smaller and safer. Furthermore, the stability of the conventional retaining wall structure 110 against overturning was B / 6 = 1.067m, which was greater than the eccentricity distance e = 0.959m and therefore more stable. The stability of the conventional retaining wall structure 110 against sliding was μΣ V / Σ H The result was 1.55, which was greater than the safety factor of 1.5, indicating greater stability. The stability of the conventional earth retaining structure 110 with respect to the bearing capacity of the ground was 700 kN / m². 2 Therefore, 287.57 kN / m 2 It was significantly more stable than the previous model. This invention was confirmed to be as stable as the previous model, and to contribute to reducing concrete usage and CO2 emissions.

[0061] Furthermore, the present invention can be implemented in various forms with improvements, modifications, and changes based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art, without departing from its spirit. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0062] 10: Retaining structures 12, 54: Block 14: Basics 16: Leveling concrete 18: The first aspect of the foundation 20: The second aspect of the foundation 22: First recess 24: First protrusion 26: Irregularities on the underside of the foundation 28: Irregularities on the top surface of leveled concrete 30: Front flange 32: Rear flange 34: Web 36: Mud and debris 38: Second recess 40: Second protrusion 42, 58: Third recess 44, 56: Third convex part 46: Space 48: 1st inorganic substance 50:Second inorganic substance 52: Cap 60: Plate

Claims

1. A block comprising a front flange made of concrete, a back flange positioned opposite the front flange at a distance and in contact with the soil, a web made of concrete positioned between the front flange and the back flange, and a space formed between the front flange and the back flange other than the web, The first inorganic material, which is placed in the aforementioned space and includes at least one of concrete shell or rock, A second inorganic material containing soil with a smaller particle size than the first inorganic material, filling the spaces between the first inorganic materials, Includes, A retaining structure in which multiple blocks are stacked by overlapping their front flanges, back flanges, and webs, and the first inorganic material and the second inorganic material placed in the space are compacted.

2. The earth retaining structure according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal cross-section of the blocks is constant in the stacking direction of the blocks.

3. The earth retaining structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the block includes recesses and protrusions for integrating with adjacent blocks.

4. The foundation beneath the aforementioned block at the bottom, The leveling concrete beneath the aforementioned foundation, Includes, The earth retaining structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the foundation and leveling concrete enhance sliding resistance due to their uneven surface.

5. A first calculation unit for calculating the cross-sectional area, section modulus, second moment of area, weight, and resisting moment of the front flange, back flange, and web described in claim 1. A second calculation unit calculates the total weight and resistive moment of the first and second inorganic substances entering the space based on the volume of the space. A third calculation unit calculates the weight and overturning moment due to at least two of the following: backfill soil, superimposed load, and inertial force. The fourth calculation unit automatically calculates so that the point of application of the external force is closer to the center of the foundation. A computer program for calculating the stability and stress of earth retaining structures.

6. A step of preparing a block including a front flange made of concrete, a back flange positioned opposite the front flange at a distance and in contact with soil, a web made of concrete positioned between the front flange and the back flange, and a space formed between the front flange and the back flange other than the web, The process of arranging and installing multiple of the aforementioned blocks in a horizontal direction, A step of placing a first inorganic material containing at least one of concrete shells and rocks, and a second inorganic material containing soil with a particle size smaller than the first inorganic material, to fill the spaces between the first inorganic materials, The process of compacting the first inorganic material and the second inorganic material, Construction methods for earth-retaining structures, including those mentioned above.

7. The process of stacking the aforementioned blocks, A step of placing a first inorganic substance and a second inorganic substance into the space of the stacked blocks, The process of compacting the first inorganic material and the second inorganic material, Includes, A method for constructing an earth retaining structure according to claim 6, wherein the horizontal cross-section of the blocks is constant in the stacking direction of the blocks.

8. The aforementioned block includes recesses and protrusions for integrating with adjacent blocks, A method for constructing an earth retaining structure according to claim 6 or 7, which includes the step of fitting together the recessed and convex portions when arranging the aforementioned blocks.

9. The process of laying leveling concrete, The process involves installing a foundation on top of the aforementioned leveling concrete for placing the lowest block, Includes, The earth retaining structure according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the step of installing the foundation includes a step of fitting the foundation and leveling concrete together due to their uneven surfaces.

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