Detecting leakage errors in hyperfine qubits

Abstract

Various embodiments relate to detecting leakage errors in a quantum system. A controller of the quantum system causes a first manipulation source to provide a first manipulation signal to a specific region of an apparatus of the quantum system having one or more atomic objects. The first manipulation signal is adjusted to excite one or more atomic objects in a specific region in a qubit space of a ground state manifold to a shelving manifold and to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the specific region that have leaked out of the qubit space into a leaky state. The controller causes a second manipulation source to provide a second manipulation signal to perform a detection operation on the one or more atomic objects. The controller determines whether a leakage error has occurred based on a signal generated as part of the detection operation.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 18 / 514,279, filed November 20, 2023, which claims priority to U.S. Application No. 63 / 476,418, filed December 21, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to detecting leakage errors in trapped atomic object quantum computers, for example, in hyperfine qubits. [Background technology]

[0003] In a trapped atomic object quantum computer, trapped atomic objects (e.g., atoms, ions, etc.) are used as qubits in a quantum computer. A qubit, like a classical bit, can be in one of two states (e.g., 0 or 1). However, an atomic object in a trap may be in more than two states. When an atomic object deviates from the defined two-state qubit space, the atomic object is said to have leaked. This leakage leads to leakage errors. Through hard work, ingenuity, and innovation, many deficiencies in such systems have been overcome by developing solutions for detecting leakage errors configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, many examples of which are described in detail herein. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Exemplary embodiments provide quantum computers, systems, apparatus, etc., and corresponding methods for performing leaky error detection operations. In various embodiments, the leaky error detection operations may be performed to reduce shelving errors and maintain high fidelity of the quantum computer while the qubit level is shelved and protected. Various embodiments provide quantum computers, systems, apparatus, etc., and corresponding methods for performing qubit readout and / or detection operations that result in a determination that the quantum state of the qubit is one of a leaky state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state.

[0005] In various embodiments, a two-state qubit space is defined. In various embodiments, a qubit is an atomic object contained, trapped, and / or otherwise present within a device of a quantum computer. An atomic object contained, trapped, and / or otherwise present within device 50 may have access to more states than the states of the qubit space. For example, when the atomic object is an atomic object with nuclear spin 3 / 2, the ground state manifold of the atomic object may include eight states (e.g., two states in the qubit space and six leaky states). Thus, as the quantum computer performs various operations, one or more atomic objects trapped within the device may leak into leaky states. Leaking atomic objects into leaky states introduce errors into calculations performed by the quantum computer. Various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding devices and / or systems for detecting leakage errors while shelving and protecting qubit levels. In particular, both hyperfine qubit levels of the ground state may be excited and shelved to long-lived metastable states in the shelving manifold that do not participate in the detection cycle, and the population of non-qubit levels is unaffected by the shelving. In various embodiments, a laser beam is turned on to cause the atomic object in the leaky state to fluoresce, and the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leakage error has occurred. In various embodiments, the shelved qubit state may be deshelved and coupled to the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of the atomic object. Thus, leakage error detection can be achieved without affecting the ability to determine the qubit state. Additionally, the use of multiple shelving and deshelving pulses minimizes shelving errors, achieving high fidelity.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for detecting leakage errors in a quantum system is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the method includes causing a controller of the quantum system to cause a first manipulation source to provide a first manipulation signal to a specific region of an apparatus of the quantum system having one or more atomic objects. The first manipulation signal is adjusted to excite one or more atomic objects in the specific region of the apparatus in the qubit space of the ground state manifold to the shelving manifold and to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the specific region of the apparatus that leak out of the qubit space to form a leaky state. The method further includes causing the controller of the quantum system to provide a second manipulation signal to perform a detection operation on the one or more atomic objects, and determining, by the controller of the quantum system, whether a leakage error has occurred based on the signal of the detection operation.

[0007] In an exemplary embodiment, the first manipulation signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device in the qubit space to a shelving manifold.

[0008] In one exemplary embodiment, the first manipulation signal further comprises a microwave pulse for coupling qubit states in the qubit space.

[0009] In one exemplary embodiment, the qubit space of the ground state manifold includes a first qubit state and a second qubit state.

[0010] In one exemplary embodiment, in response to no leakage error being detected, the method further includes causing a controller of the quantum system to cause a third manipulation source to provide a third manipulation signal to a particular region of the device, the third manipulation signal being adjusted to deshelve the first qubit state from the shelving manifold to the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

[0011] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether the one or more atomic objects are in a first qubit state in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

[0012] In one exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether the one or more atomic objects are in a second qubit state in the shelving manifold.

[0013] In one exemplary embodiment, one or more atomic objects are nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the ground state manifold is 2 P 1 / 2 manifold, and the intermediate state manifold is 2 D 3 / 2 manifold, and the shelving manifold 2 D 5 / 2 It is a manifold.

[0014] In one exemplary embodiment, the qubit space is defined based on the hyperfine structure of the ground state manifold of one or more atomic objects.

[0015] In one exemplary embodiment, each of the one or more atomic objects has a nucleus with spin 3 / 2.

[0016] According to another aspect, a quantum system for performing a leakage error detection operation is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the quantum system includes an apparatus having one or more atomic objects, a first manipulation source configured to provide a first manipulation signal, a second manipulation source configured to provide a second manipulation signal, and a controller. The controller is configured to cause the first manipulation source to provide the first manipulation signal to a specific region of the apparatus of the quantum system having the one or more atomic objects. The first manipulation signal is adjusted to excite one or more atomic objects in the specific region of the apparatus in the qubit space of the ground state manifold to the shelving manifold and to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the specific region of the apparatus that leak out of the qubit space to form a leaky state. The controller is further configured to cause the second manipulation source to provide a second manipulation signal to perform a detection operation on the one or more atomic objects and determine whether a leakage error has occurred based on the signal of the detection operation.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, the first manipulation signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device in the qubit space to a shelving manifold.

[0018] In one exemplary embodiment, the first manipulation signal further comprises a microwave pulse for coupling qubit states in the qubit space.

[0019] In one exemplary embodiment, the qubit space of the ground state manifold includes a first qubit state and a second qubit state.

[0020] In one exemplary embodiment, in response to no leakage error being detected, the controller is further configured to cause a third manipulation source to provide a third manipulation signal to a particular region of the device, the third manipulation signal being adjusted to deshelve the first qubit state from the shelving manifold to the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether the one or more atomic objects are in a first qubit state in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

[0022] In one exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether the one or more atomic objects are in a second qubit state in the shelving manifold.

[0023] In one exemplary embodiment, one or more atomic objects are nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the ground state manifold is 2 P 1 / 2 manifold, and the intermediate state manifold is 2 D 3 / 2 manifold, and the shelving manifold 2 D 5 / 2 It is a manifold.

[0024] In one exemplary embodiment, the qubit space is defined based on the hyperfine structure of the ground state manifold of one or more atomic objects.

[0025] In one exemplary embodiment, each of the one or more atomic objects has a nucleus with spin 3 / 2.

[0026] According to another aspect, a method is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the method includes causing a detection operation to be performed on an atomic object and determining a detected state of the atomic object by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the performance of the detection operation, wherein the detected state of the atomic object is determined from the group consisting of a leak state, a first qubit state, and a second qubit state.

[0027] In one exemplary embodiment, the method further includes providing (eg, to a (classical) computing entity) an indication of the detected condition.

[0028] According to another aspect, a controller is provided comprising a classical processing device and a classical memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the classical processing device, cause the controller to control one or more components of a system comprising a confinement apparatus that confines the one or more atomic objects to perform a detection operation on one of the one or more atomic objects, and determine whether the atomic object is in a leaky state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the performance of the detection operation.

[0029] According to another aspect, a system is provided. The system includes a confinement device configured to confine one or more atomic objects, an optical collection system including a photon detector, and a controller configured to receive a photon detector signal generated by the photon detector. The controller includes a classical processing device and a classical memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the classical processing device, cause the controller to control one or more components of the system, including the confinement device confining the one or more atomic objects, to perform a detection operation on one of the one or more atomic objects, and to determine whether the atomic object is in a leaky state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the detection operation.

[0030] Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0031] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary atomic object quantum computer, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2A] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of steps for performing a shelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2B] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of steps for performing a shelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of steps for performing a detection operation, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4A] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of steps for performing a deshelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4B] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of steps for performing a deshelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of steps for performing another detection operation, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 6] 5 is a flowchart illustrating various processes and / or procedures of a detection operation, according to an example embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary controller of a quantum computer comprising an apparatus having atomic objects, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used, according to an exemplary embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0032] The present invention will now be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term "or" (also written " / ") is used in both its alternative and connective sense. The terms "illustrative" and "exemplary" are used as examples without denoting a level of quality. The terms "generally" and "approximately," unless otherwise specified, refer to within engineering and / or manufacturing limits and / or the user's measurement capabilities. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0033] A qubit is a quantum bit, which is the quantum computing equivalent of a binary digit or bit in classical computing. Just as a bit is the basic unit of information in classical computers, a qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computers. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum mechanical system and is one of the simplest quantum systems that exhibits a peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples of two-state quantum mechanical systems that have been used as qubits are the spin of an electron or atomic nucleus, which can have two levels that can be thought of as spin-up and spin-down, and the polarization of a single photon, which can have two states that can be thought of as vertically and horizontally polarized.

[0034] In various embodiments, hyperfine splitting is the splitting of energy levels of an atomic object due to interactions between the states of the atomic nucleus and the states of the electron cloud of the atomic object. In various embodiments, the atomic object can be an atom or an ion. In an exemplary embodiment, the atomic object is one or more atoms or ions of one or more elements and / or species. As used herein, the term manifold refers to a plurality of states corresponding to particular primary and angular momentum quantum numbers.

[0035] In various quantum mechanical systems, a two-state qubit space may be defined. For example, a two-state qubit space may be defined as two hyperfine levels of an atomic object. For example, in an atomic object with a spin 3 / 2 nucleus such as 137Ba+, two hyperfine levels may be defined as a two-state qubit space 215, as shown in Figure 2. For example, the two states are F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 A state (e.g., |0> state) is occupied, or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 may correspond to the occupied or unoccupied states (e.g., |1> states), where F denotes the total angular momentum of the atomic object (e.g., F is the sum of the nuclear spin and electronic angular momentum of the atomic object). However, if m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 The state is the ground level 2 S 1 / 2 is not the only state of the manifold. Thus, it is possible for an atomic object to leak out of qubit space 215. For example, an atomic object may leak out of the first qubit state (e.g., F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 state 214, |1> state) or the second qubit state (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 Instead of being in state 212, |0>state), F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 state, or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2As used herein, the quantum number m refers to, for example, the z component of the total angular momentum.

[0036] Various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding devices and / or systems for detecting leakage errors caused by these leaky atomic objects. Various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding devices and / or systems for performing qubit readout and / or detection operations that result in determining whether the quantum state of the qubit is one of the leaky state, the first qubit state, or the second qubit state. For example, various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding devices and / or systems for detecting leakage errors while shelving and protecting qubit levels. In particular, both hyperfine qubit levels in the ground state can be excited and shelved to long-lived metastable states in the shelving manifold that do not participate in the detection cycle, while the population of non-qubit levels is unaffected by the shelving. In various embodiments, a laser beam is turned on to cause the atomic objects in the leaky state to fluoresce. For example, a laser beam is turned on to transition the leaky atomic objects to an excited state, and photons are emitted when the atomic objects decay from the excited state. The fluorescence can be detected by a photon detector. In various embodiments, the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leakage error has occurred. In various embodiments, the shelved qubit state may be deshelved, for example, by coupling the shelved qubit state to one or more states in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of the atomic object.

[0037] Exemplary Quantum Computer System FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary quantum computer system 100. In various embodiments, quantum computer system 100 comprises computing entity 10 and quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 comprises controller 30, cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40 enclosing apparatus 50 having atomic objects, one or more manipulation sources 64 (e.g., 64A, 64B, 64C), and optical collection system 68. In one exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulation sources 64 may comprise one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, and / or masers, etc.) or another manipulation source. In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 64 are configured to manipulate and / or cause controlled quantum state evolution of one or more atomic objects within apparatus 50. In one exemplary embodiment, the atomic objects are one or more atoms or ions of one or more elements and / or species. In an exemplary embodiment, device 50 is an atomic object trap, an ion trap, and / or other device configured to confine, contain, trap, and / or otherwise have atomic objects. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, device 50 may be a surface ion trap. In an exemplary embodiment, if one or more manipulation sources 64 comprise one or more lasers, the lasers may provide one or more laser beams to device 50 within cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40. In various embodiments, manipulation sources 64 may be used to perform gating operations, cooling operations, leak error detection operations, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulation sources 64 each provide a laser beam, etc., to device 50 via a corresponding beam path 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In various embodiments, at least one beam path 66 comprises a modulator configured to modulate the manipulation beam provided to device 50 via beam path 66. In various embodiments, manipulation sources 64, modulators, and / or other components of quantum computer 110 are controlled by controller 30.

[0038] In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to quantum computer 110 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and receive, view, etc. output from quantum computer 110. Computing entity 10 may communicate with a controller 30 of quantum computer 110 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20 and / or via direct wired and / or wireless communication. In one exemplary embodiment, computing entity 10 may translate, organize, format, etc., information / data, quantum computing algorithms, etc. into a computing language, executable instructions, command set, etc. that controller 30 can understand and / or implement.

[0039] In various embodiments, controller 30 is configured to control electrical signal sources and / or drivers that control apparatus 50 and / or transport of atomic objects within apparatus 50, cryogenic and / or vacuum systems that control the temperature and pressure within cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, manipulation source 60, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) within cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or to manipulate and / or cause the controlled evolution of the quantum states of one or more atomic objects within apparatus 50. In various embodiments, atomic objects trapped within apparatus 50 are used as qubits in quantum computer 110.

[0040] In various embodiments, controller 30 is configured to control the photon detectors of optical collection system 68 to detect photons emitted by the atomic object and provide corresponding photon detector signals to controller 30. The photon detector signals, in various embodiments, are electrical signals having amplitudes indicative of the intensity of light and / or the number of photons detected.

[0041] Overview of leak error detection operation In various embodiments, atomic objects contained within, trapped within, and / or otherwise present within apparatus 50 have nuclei with spin 3 / 2. For example, the atomic objects may be 137Ba+ and / or other nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects and / or other atomic objects that exhibit states suitable for defining qubit spaces. Various atomic objects with various nuclear spins may be used in various embodiments. FIGS. 2A and 2B show the S of an exemplary nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic object, including its hyperfine structure. 1 / 2 and D 5 / 2 A schematic diagram of the manifolds 210, 230 is shown. The qubit space 215 is in the ground state or S 1 / 2 The m=0 states of manifold 210 are primarily insensitive to small magnetic fields, naturally giving the states relatively long coherence times. In various embodiments, shelving operations may be performed on one and / or both qubit states using direct single-photon transitions and / or other transitions excited by shelving signals 201, 202, 203, or 204, which couple the two qubit states to one or more shelving states 230 in order to perform an operation.

[0042] Various embodiments provide a leakage error detection operation that uses a shelving and deshelving scheme to detect leakage errors while protecting qubit levels in qubit space 215. For example, a leakage error detection operation can couple one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device in the qubit space of the ground state manifold to a shelved manifold to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the particular region of the device that leak out of the qubit space to form leaky states. In one exemplary embodiment, atomic objects in a first qubit state of the qubit space are coupled and / or excited to a first shelved manifold, and atomic objects in a second qubit state of the qubit space are coupled and / or excited to a second shelved manifold.

[0043] For example, a first manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the first manipulation beam) may be provided that is incident on one or more atomic objects in device 50 and addresses one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device in the qubit space of the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, the first manipulation beam is a laser. The first manipulation beam may address one or more atomic objects (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 While addressing atomic objects in the qubit space of states (e.g., F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2 For example, the first manipulation beam may include one or more shelving signals 201, 202, 203, 204 configured to excite transitions from the qubit space of the ground state manifold 210 to respective states of the shelving manifold 230. For example, the first manipulation beam may be configured to address only the qubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 The state can be tuned to be resonant with the transition from the atomic object in the qubit space to the shelving manifold 230.

[0044] In various embodiments, the first manipulation beam may include multiple laser pulses to stimulate a transition from the ground state manifold qubit space to the shelving manifold (e.g., via shelving signals 201, 202, 203, or 204). The first manipulation beam may be a laser beam with F=1, m=0, as shown in FIG. 2A. 2 S 1 / 2 State 212 (for example, |0> state) is set to F=3, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=3, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The first steering beam can be tuned to excite the F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214 (for example, |1> state) is set to F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The first manipulation beam may be further tuned to excite the S state. In various embodiments, the first manipulation beam may include a laser beam having a wavelength of 1762 nm, and the laser beam may span the hyperfine of the S state. For example, the two qubit states of qubit space 215 are separated by an energy difference corresponding to a frequency difference of 12 GHz in one exemplary embodiment and 8 GHz in another exemplary embodiment. In various embodiments, the frequency difference between the two qubit states of qubit space 215 is in the range of 5 to 20 GHz.

[0045] In various embodiments, the first manipulation beam is configured to drive transitions with |Δm|=2 and suppress transitions with |Δm|=0 or 1. For example, the wave vector (e.g., k-vector or propagation direction) of the first manipulation beam and the polarization (e.g., electric oscillation) of the first manipulation beam (e.g., when the first manipulation beam interacts with the atomic object) can be set to be orthogonal to the magnetic field at the location where the first manipulation beam interacts with the atomic object. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the wave vector of the first manipulation beam is in a first direction, the polarization of the first manipulation beam is in a second direction, and the magnetic field at the location of the atomic object is in a third direction. The first manipulation beam can be configured such that both the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to the third direction. Thus, the first manipulation beam can be used to pump qubit states in the qubit space of the ground state manifold into the shelving manifold 230, while leakage states are not pumped from the ground state manifold.

[0046] In various embodiments, the laser beam of the first manipulation beam may not span the hyperfine of the S state (e.g., in various embodiments, a frequency range of 5-20 GHz), and the first manipulation beam may include a microwave pulse, laser-induced Raman transition, or the like configured to couple qubit levels within the qubit space. As shown in FIG. 2B, the microwave pulse may stimulate transitions 206 that couple one or more atomic objects within a particular region of the device in the qubit space of the ground state manifold. For example, the first qubit state (e.g., F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 state), the atomic object is in the first qubit state (e.g., F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 state) to a second qubit state (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 state), 2 S 1 / 2states). In particular, the microwave pulses may take the form of high-fidelity rectangular π pulses. The first manipulation beam may further include multiple laser pulses to stimulate a transition from the second qubit state of the ground state manifold to the shelving manifold (e.g., via shelving signals 203, 204, 205, or 206). The first manipulation beam may be coupled to and / or excited into a shelving manifold with F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214 (for example, |1> state) is set to F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State, F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 State, F=3, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 state, or F=3, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 can be tuned to excite the state.

[0047] In various embodiments, a second manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as a second manipulation beam) may be provided that is incident on one or more atomic objects in device 50 and addresses the atomic objects in the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation beam comprises a first detection signal 301. In various embodiments, first detection signal 301 is a laser beam. FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of applying a laser beam to atomic objects in a particular region of device 50 to perform a detection operation. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the detection operation can excite one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device that leak out of the qubit space to form a leaky state to a state in first intermediate manifold 220, where first intermediate manifold 220 2 P 1 / 2 The second manipulation beam is directed to one or more atomic objects (e.g., F=1, m=1, m=2, m ... 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=1, m=-1, 2 S1 / 2 State, F=2, m=2, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 state, or F=2, m=-2, 2 S 1 / 2 The quantum state manifold may be configured to address qubit states (e.g., atomic objects in a leaky state of states) while addressing qubit states within the qubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 The states (atomic objects in the qubit space) are shelved in shelving manifold 230 .

[0048] For example, the second manipulation beam may include a first detection signal 301 configured to excite atomic objects from a leaky state of the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220. In an exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation beam is configured to cause single-photon excitation of atomic objects in a leaky state (e.g., atomic objects remaining in the ground state manifold 210 (or the second intermediate manifold 240) after the shelving procedure is performed). For example, the second manipulation beam may be tuned to be resonant with a transition from the leaky state of the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220.

[0049] In one exemplary embodiment, the second steering beam further includes a second detection signal 305. In various embodiments, the second detection signal is transmitted to a second intermediate manifold 240 (e.g., D 3 / 2 The second detection signal 305 may be configured to excite atomic objects from the first intermediate manifold 240 to the first intermediate manifold 220. For example, the second detection signal 305 may be used to identify atomic objects that have leaked into states in the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0050] In various embodiments, atomic objects in the first intermediate manifold 220 are allowed to decay to the ground state manifold 210. In various embodiments, the lifetime of the excited states in the first intermediate manifold 220 is relatively short (e.g., in the range of 1 to 100 ns). When an atomic object decays from any one of the states in the first intermediate manifold 220 to the ground state manifold 210, one or more photons are emitted, resulting in fluorescence 302. The photon-induced fluorescence 302 can be detected by a photon detector. In various embodiments, the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leakage error has occurred.

[0051] A third manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as a third manipulation beam) may then be provided that is incident on one or more atomic objects in apparatus 50 and addresses the atomic objects in shelving manifold 230. Figures 4A and 4B show, in an exemplary embodiment, a portion of an energy level diagram for an exemplary atomic object that may be used as a qubit in a quantum computing system. When a qubit is shelved, it transitions to a stable state in shelving manifold 230. A deshelving procedure is performed to deshelve one of the qubit states and return that qubit state to the ground state manifold 210.

[0052] In various embodiments, the third manipulation beam comprises a laser beam having a wavelength of 1762 nm, the laser beam spanning the hyperfine frequency / energy difference of the S states (e.g., having a linewidth wide enough to span the frequency difference between states in the ground state manifold 210 caused by hyperfine splitting). In various embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4A, the third manipulation beam is incident on the atomic object and splits it into the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2state) into the ground state manifold, whereby the quantum state of the atomic object is coupled to a first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=−2, 2 D 5 / 2 states) to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=1, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 The third manipulation beam evolves back to the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 state), and a third pulse 403 incident on the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 states) into the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 state), which causes the quantum state of the atomic object to be coupled to the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 states) to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 It evolves back to the original state.

[0053] In various embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4B, the third steering beam is in the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=−2, 2 D 5 / 2 state), and the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 states) into the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2state). In various embodiments, the third manipulation beam may further include a secondary excitation signal 410. For example, in various embodiments, the secondary excitation signal 410 removes deshelved atomic objects from the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., transfers them to the second intermediate manifold 240) so that atomic objects that were deshelved by a previous application of the deshelving pulse 402 do not transition back to a shelved state, e.g., by repeated applications of the deshelving pulse 402.

[0054] For example, the third manipulation beam includes a first beam at a first wavelength (in one exemplary embodiment, substantially equal to 1762 nm), such as deshelving pulse 402. Deshelving pulse 402 is configured to transition atomic objects in shelving states in shelving manifold 230 to states in ground state manifold 210. The third manipulation signal further includes a second beam at a second wavelength (in one exemplary embodiment, substantially equal to 493 nm) configured to transition any population in ground state manifold 210 to second intermediate manifold 240.

[0055] In various embodiments, the first and second beams can be applied simultaneously, and / or at the same time, at overlapping times, and / or alternating. In one exemplary embodiment, the first beam is applied, and then the second beam is applied after the first beam has completed its incidence on the atomic object. In various embodiments, the first beam modulates the qubit states (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=1, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 state) to a first intermediate manifold 220 (e.g., P 1 / 2 In various embodiments, the second beam couples to a first intermediate manifold 220 (e.g., P 1 / 2 manifold) to a second intermediate manifold 240 (e.g., D3 / 2 In various embodiments, the atomic objects are combined into a first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The process of applying the third manipulation beam to transition atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 from the first state (state) to the ground state manifold 210 and transitioning the atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 to the second intermediate manifold 240 may be repeated for multiple cycles. For example, the process may be repeated for two cycles. For example, to improve the fidelity of the deshelving, the process may be repeated for more cycles.

[0056] In various embodiments, the process of applying the third manipulation beam causes the atomic objects to move to the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 state) to the ground state manifold 210 and may further be performed to transition atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 to the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0057] A second manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the second manipulation beam) may then be provided that is incident on one or more atomic objects in device 50 and detects the qubit states of the atomic objects in ground state manifold 210 or second intermediate manifold 240. As shown in Figure 5, the detection operation is performed by applying the second manipulation beam to atomic objects in a particular region of device 50.

[0058] For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation beam includes a first detection signal 301 configured to excite atomic objects from the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220. In one exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation beam is configured to cause single-photon excitation of atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 (or the second intermediate manifold 240) after the shelving procedure is performed. For example, the second manipulation beam may be tuned to resonate with a transition from a state in the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220.

[0059] In the exemplary embodiment, the second steering beam further includes a second detection signal 305. In various embodiments, the second detection signal is transmitted to the second intermediate manifold 240 (e.g., D 3 / 2 The second detection signal 305 is configured to excite atomic objects from the first intermediate manifold 240 to the first intermediate manifold 220. For example, the second detection signal 305 can be used to identify atomic objects that have deshelved to a state in the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0060] In one exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation beam includes a first detection signal 301. In various embodiments, the first detection signal 301 is a laser beam having a wavelength substantially equal to 493 nm for detecting qubit states in the ground state manifold 210. In an exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation beam further includes a second detection signal 305. In various embodiments, the second detection signal 305 is a laser beam having a wavelength substantially equal to 650 nm for detecting qubit states in the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0061] In various embodiments, the shelved qubit state is deshelved by recoupling the shelved state to one or more states in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of the atomic object.

[0062] Example Operation of Leak Error Detection Operation FIG. 6 shows a flowchart illustrating processes, procedures, operations, etc., performed to detect hyperfine qubit leakage errors by shelving and protecting qubit levels. For example, both hyperfine qubit levels in the ground state may be excited and shelved to a long-lived metastable state in the shelving manifold that does not participate in the detection cycle, and the population of non-qubit levels is unaffected by the shelving. In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 may include multiple atomic objects (e.g., trapped within device 50). The hyperfine levels of the atomic objects may be used to define qubit space 215. For example, the atomic objects may be nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the hyperfine structure of the ground state (e.g., 2 S 1 / 2 manifold) to define the qubit space 215 (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State and F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 In various scenarios, atomic objects can leak out of qubit space 215. For example, an atomic object may experience a spontaneous emission event or other excitation event, resulting in a leaky state (e.g., F=1, m=−1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2 A leak error detection operation can be used to detect atomic objects that are in a leak state.

[0063] Beginning with step / operation 602, a leakage error detection operation trigger is identified. In various embodiments, the trigger may be the execution of a computing operation, the execution of a particular type of computing operation, the passage of a predetermined amount of time since the last leakage error detection operation was performed, or the like. For example, the type of computing operation may include a gating operation, a cooling operation, a transport operation, a qubit interaction operation, a qubit measurement operation, or the like. For example, controller 30 may schedule one or more computing operations based on a received quantum algorithm or quantum circuit (e.g., provided by computing entity 10). Based on the scheduling of an operation identified as a trigger, controller 30 may schedule the execution of a leakage error detection operation. For example, the scheduling of a read / detection operation in a particular region of apparatus 50 in accordance with a quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit being executed and / or to be executed by quantum computer 110 may be identified as a trigger. For example, the scheduling and / or execution of a gating operation in a particular region of apparatus 50 in accordance with a quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit being executed and / or to be executed by quantum computer 110 may be identified as a trigger.

[0064] In response to identifying the scheduling and / or execution of a gating operation in a particular region of apparatus 50, controller 30 may schedule and / or execute a leakage error detection operation to be performed in the particular region of apparatus 50. For example, the operation that triggered the scheduling / execution of the leakage error detection operation may address one or more atomic objects located in the particular region of apparatus 50, and the leakage error detection operation may be configured to address one or more atomic objects located in the particular region of apparatus 50.

[0065] In an exemplary embodiment, computing entity 10 may provide a quantum algorithm and / or a quantum circuit. Controller 30 may receive the quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit and schedule and / or perform one or more operations (e.g., computing operations such as gate operations, cooling operations, transport operations, qubit interaction operations, qubit measurement operations, leakage error detection operations, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit may indicate when the leakage error detection operation should be performed. In an exemplary embodiment, controller 30 may determine when to perform the leakage error detection operation based on the computing operations of the quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit.

[0066] At step / operation 604, a leakage error detection operation may be initiated. For example, the leakage error detection operation may be initiated by controller 30. For example, in response to identifying a trigger, controller 30 may schedule the execution of the leakage error detection operation and / or cause the leakage error detection operation to be performed (e.g., at a particular time and / or at a particular position in a sequence of operations performed by quantum computer 110).

[0067] In step / operation 606, controller 30 may cause first manipulation source 64A to provide a first manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as a first manipulation signal) that is incident on one or more atomic objects in device 50 and addresses one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the device in the qubit space of the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, first manipulation source 64A is a laser. The first manipulation beam addresses one or more atomic objects (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S1 / 2 While addressing atomic objects in the qubit space of states (e.g., F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2 For example, the first manipulation beam may include one or more shelving signals 201, 202, 203, 204 configured to excite transitions from the qubit space of the ground state manifold 210 to respective states of the shelving manifold 230. For example, the first manipulation beam may be configured to address only the qubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 The state can be tuned to be resonant with the transition from the atomic object in the qubit space to the shelving manifold 230.

[0068] In various embodiments, the first manipulation beam may include multiple laser pulses to stimulate a transition from the ground state manifold qubit space to the shelving manifold (e.g., via shelving signals 201, 202, 203, or 204). The first manipulation beam may be a laser beam with F=1, m=0, as shown in FIG. 2A. 2 S 1 / 2 State 212 (for example, |0> state) is set to F=3, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=3, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The first steering beam can be tuned to excite the F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214 (for example, |1> state) is set to F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 It can be further tailored to excite the state.

[0069] 6, controller 30 may cause second manipulation source 64B to provide a second manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as a second manipulation signal) that is incident on one or more atomic objects in device 50 and detects the atomic objects in a leaky state of the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, second manipulation source 64B is and / or includes a laser. For example, the detection operation may excite one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device that leaks out of the qubit space to form a leaky state, to a state of first intermediate manifold 220, which 2 P 1 / 2 The second manipulation signal is a manifold. The second manipulation signal is a signal that is transmitted to one or more atomic objects (e.g., F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=1, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=2, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 state, or F=2, m=-2, 2 S 1 / 2 In one exemplary embodiment, the second operating signal is configured to address one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the device 50 that are still present in the ground state manifold after performing the shelving operation (e.g., application of the first operating signal).

[0070] In various embodiments, atomic objects in the first intermediate manifold 220 are allowed to decay to the ground state manifold 210. In various embodiments, the lifetime of the excited states in the first intermediate manifold 220 is relatively short (e.g., in the range of 1 to 100 ns). When an atomic object decays from any one of the states in the first intermediate manifold 220 to the ground state manifold 210, one or more photons are emitted, resulting in fluorescence 302. The photon-induced fluorescence 302 can be detected by a photon detector. In various embodiments, the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leakage error has occurred. For example, a photon detector in the optical collection system 68 can detect photons emitted by the atomic objects and provide a corresponding photon detector signal to the controller 30. The photon detector signal, in various embodiments, is an electrical signal having an amplitude indicative of the intensity of light and / or the number of photons detected. As a result of processing the photon detector signal, the controller 30 can determine that a leaking atomic object has been detected. In instances where the optical collection system does not detect photons emitted by the atomic object, the controller processes the corresponding photon detector signal provided to the controller 30 by the optical collection system and, based thereon, determines that a leaking atomic object was not detected.

[0071] In step / operation 610, controller 30 determines whether a leak error has occurred. For example, controller 30 may be configured and / or programmed to perform in response to detecting a leak error.

[0072] If, at step / action 610, controller 30 determines that a leakage error has occurred, the process proceeds to step / action 618, where it determines that the qubit has leaked. If, at step / action 610, controller 30 determines that a leakage error has not occurred, the process proceeds to step / action 612.

[0073] 6 , controller 30 may cause third manipulation source 64C to provide a third manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as a third manipulation signal) that is incident on one or more atomic objects in apparatus 50 and addresses the atomic objects in shelving manifold 230. A deshelving procedure is performed to deshelve the first shelved qubit state and return the first shelved qubit state to the ground state manifold 210.

[0074] In various embodiments, the third steering beam is in the first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State and F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 states) into the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 In various embodiments, the third steering beam can couple to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 state) and through a first intermediate manifold 220 to a first shelved state (e.g., F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State and F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 state) can be coupled to the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0075] Continuing in step / operation 614 of FIG. 6 , controller 30 may then cause second manipulation source 64B to provide a second manipulation beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as a second manipulation signal) incident on one or more atomic objects in apparatus 50 to perform a detection operation to detect qubit states of atomic objects in ground state manifold 210 or second intermediate manifold 240. The detection operation is performed by applying a laser beam to atomic objects in a particular region of apparatus 50. In one exemplary embodiment, second manipulation source 64B may be a laser having a first wavelength substantially equal to 493 nm to detect qubit states in ground state manifold 210. In one exemplary embodiment, second manipulation source 64B may be a laser having a first wavelength substantially equal to 650 nm to detect qubit states in second intermediate manifold 240.

[0076] In step / operation 616, controller 30 determines whether the first qubit state is indicated. For example, controller 30 may be configured and / or programmed to perform in response to detecting the first qubit state.

[0077] If controller 30 determines in step / operation 616 that the first qubit state is indicated, the process proceeds to step / operation 620 where it determines that the qubit is in the first qubit state. If controller 30 determines in step / operation 616 that the first qubit state is not indicated, the process proceeds to step / operation 622 where it determines that the qubit is in the second qubit state.

[0078] Returning to FIG. 6 , in step / operation 624, controller 30 may cause the quantum computer to continue executing the remainder and / or another portion of the quantum algorithm and / or circuitry according to the status of the qubit states. For example, controller 30 may comprise means such as processing device 705, memory 710, driver controller element 715, A / D converter 725, etc. (see FIG. 7 ) to execute the additional and / or remaining portions of the quantum algorithm and / or circuitry. For example, controller 30 may continue executing a queue of commands to execute the additional and / or remaining portions of the quantum algorithm and / or circuitry. For example, executing the additional and / or remaining portions of the quantum algorithm and / or circuitry may include initializing one or more qubits (e.g., placing one or more atomic objects in qubit space 215), transporting at least a portion of one or more qubits to one or more specific locations within atomic object confinement device 300, performing one or more one-qubit gates and / or two-qubit gates and / or multi-qubit gates on at least a portion of one or more qubits, detecting at least a portion of one or more qubits, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, additional and / or remaining portions of the quantum algorithm and / or circuitry may be altered based on the quantum state of the qubit determined in step / operation 608.

[0079] Technical Advantages In various embodiments, a two-state qubit space is defined. In various embodiments, a qubit is an atomic object contained, trapped, and / or otherwise present within the apparatus of a quantum computer. An atomic object contained, trapped, and / or otherwise present within apparatus 50 may have access to more quantum states than the quantum states of the qubit space. For example, when the atomic object is an atomic object with nuclear spin 3 / 2, the ground state manifold of the atomic object may include eight states (e.g., two states in the qubit space and six leaky states). Thus, as the quantum computer performs various operations, one or more atomic objects trapped within the apparatus may leak out of the qubit space and become leaky states. When an atomic object leaks into a leaky state, errors occur in the calculations performed by quantum computer 110. For example, conventionally, when an atomic object is in a leaky state, it is interpreted as being in a dark or non-bright state of the qubit space based on detection operations that do not result in a bright state determination. This reduces the overall fidelity of the calculations performed by the quantum computer.

[0080] Various embodiments provide technical solutions to these technical problems by providing techniques and corresponding devices and / or systems for detecting leakage errors while shelving and protecting qubits in the qubit space. In particular, both hyperfine qubit levels in the ground state may be excited and shelved to long-lived metastable states in a shelving manifold that do not participate in the detection cycle, and the population of non-qubit levels is unaffected by the shelving. In various embodiments, a laser beam is turned on to cause atomic objects in the leaking state to fluoresce, and the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leakage error has occurred. In various embodiments, the shelved qubit state may be deshelved and coupled to the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of the atomic object. Thus, leakage error detection can be achieved without affecting the ability to determine the qubit state. Additionally, the use of multiple shelving and deshelving pulses minimizes shelving errors, achieving high fidelity.

[0081] Exemplary Controller In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 further comprises a controller 30 configured to control various elements of quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, controller 30 may be configured to cause quantum computer 110 to perform various operations (e.g., computing operations such as gating operations, cooling operations, transport operations, qubit interaction operations, qubit measurement operations, leakage error detection operations, etc.). For example, controller 30 may be configured to identify triggers, schedule and / or cause leakage error detection operations to be performed, control first and / or second manipulation sources to provide first and / or second manipulation signals, etc. For example, controller 30 may be configured to control a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, manipulation source 64, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) within cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or to manipulate and / or cause the controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within apparatus 50.

[0082] 7, in various embodiments, controller 30 may comprise various controller elements, including a processing device 705, a memory 710, a driver controller element 715, a communication interface 720, an analog-to-digital converter element 725, etc. For example, processing device 705 may comprise a programmable logic device (CPLD), a microprocessor, a coprocessing entity, an application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), a hardware accelerator, other processing devices and / or circuits, etc., and / or a controller. The term circuit may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and a computer program product. In one exemplary embodiment, processing device 705 of controller 30 comprises and / or communicates with a clock.

[0083] For example, memory 710 may include non-transitory memory such as one or more volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage of a hard disk, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, etc. In various embodiments, memory 710 may store qubit records (e.g., qubit record data store, qubit record database, qubit record table, etc.) corresponding to qubits of a quantum computer, calibration tables, executable cues, computer program code (e.g., in one or more computer languages, dedicated controller languages, etc.), etc. In one exemplary embodiment, execution of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in memory 710 (e.g., by processing device 705) causes controller 30 to perform one or more steps, operations, processes, procedures, etc. described herein.

[0084] In various embodiments, driver controller element 715 may include one or more driver and / or controller elements, each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, driver controller element 715 may comprise a driver and / or driver controller. For example, a driver controller may be configured to operate one or more corresponding drivers according to executable instructions, commands, etc. scheduled and executed by controller 30 (e.g., by processing device 705). In various embodiments, driver controller element 715 may enable controller 30 to operate operation source 64, operate a vacuum and / or cryogenic system, etc. In various embodiments, a driver may be a laser driver, a vacuum component driver, a cryogenic and / or vacuum system component driver, etc. In various embodiments, controller 30 comprises means for communicating and / or receiving signals from one or more optical receiving components, such as a camera, a MEMs camera, a CCD camera, a photodiode, a photomultiplier tube, etc. For example, controller 30 may comprise one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 725 configured to receive signals from one or more optical receiving components, calibration sensors, etc.

[0085] In various embodiments, controller 30 may comprise a communications interface 720 for interfacing and / or communicating with computing entity 10. For example, controller 30 may comprise a communications interface 720 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, etc. from computing entity 10, and for providing output received from quantum computer 110 (e.g., from a light collection system) and / or results of processing that output to computing entity 10. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 and controller 30 may communicate via a direct wired and / or wireless connection and / or one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0086] Exemplary Computing Entity 8 shows an exemplary schematic diagram depicting an exemplary computing entity 10 that can be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to quantum computer 110 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and receive, display, analyze, etc., output from quantum computer 110. For example, a user can operate computing entity 10 to generate and / or program quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits that can be provided to controller 30 to receive and cause quantum computer 110 to execute the quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits.

[0087] 8 , computing entity 10 may include an antenna 812, a transmitter 814 (e.g., a radio), a receiver 806 (e.g., a radio), and a processing device 808 that provides signals to and receives signals from transmitter 814 and receiver 806, respectively. The signals provided to and received from transmitter 814 and receiver 806, respectively, may include signaling information / data in accordance with an applicable wireless system air interface standard for communicating with various entities, such as controller 30, other computing entities 10, etc. In this regard, computing entity 10 may be operable with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using a wired data transmission protocol, such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, the computing entity 10 may be configured to support a variety of wireless technologies, including General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Evolution Data Optimized (EVDO), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi The computing entity 10 may be configured to communicate over a wireless external communications network using any of a variety of protocols, such as Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), Ultra Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR) protocol, Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, Wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol. The computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), etc.

[0088] Through these communication standards and protocols, computing entity 10 can communicate with various other entities using concepts such as Unstructured Supplementary Service information / data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Signaling (DTMF), and / or Subscriber Identity Module Dialer (SIM Dialer). Computing entity 10 can also download, for example, firmware, software (including, e.g., executable instructions, applications, program modules), modifications, add-ons, and updates to operating systems. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 comprises a network interface 820 configured to communicate over one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0089] Computing entity 10 may also comprise user interface devices including one or more user input / output interfaces (e.g., a display 816 and / or speakers / speaker drivers coupled to processing device 808, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to processing device 808). For example, the user output interface may be configured to provide an application, browser, user interface, interface, dashboard, screen, webpage, page, and / or the like, used interchangeably herein, that runs on and / or is accessible via computing entity 10 and causes a display or audio presentation of information / data and enables interaction therewith via one or more user input interfaces. The user input interface may comprise any of a number of devices from which computing entity 10 can receive data, such as a keypad 818 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, reader, or other input device. In embodiments including a keypad 818, the keypad 818 may include (or cause to be displayed) conventional numeric (0-9) and related keys (#, *), as well as other keys used to operate computing entity 10, and may include a full set of alphabetic keys or a set of keys that can be activated to provide a full set of alphabetic keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to activate or deactivate certain features, such as, for example, a screen saver and / or sleep mode. Through such input, computing entity 10 may collect information / data, user interaction / input, etc.

[0090] Computing entity 10 may also include volatile storage or memory 822 and / or nonvolatile storage or memory 824, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, nonvolatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, etc. Volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, registered memory, etc. Volatile and nonvolatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, byte code, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, executable instructions, etc., to implement the functionality of computing entity 10.

[0091] conclusion Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions described herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. [Explanation of symbols]

[0092] 10 Computing Entities 20 Network 30 Controllers 40 Cryogenic and / or Vacuum Chambers 50 equipment 60 Operation source 64 Operation source 66 Beam Path 68 Optical Acquisition System 100 Quantum Computer Systems 110 Quantum Computer 201 shelving signal 202 shelving signal 203 Shelving Signal 204 Shelving Signal 205 shelving signal 206 Shelving Signal 210 Manifold 212 Status 214 Status 215 qubit space 220 First intermediate manifold 230 Manifold 240 Second intermediate manifold 300 Atomic Object Confinement Device 301 First detection signal 302 Fluorescence 305 Second detection signal 401 Pulse 402 Deceler Pulse 403 Third Pulse 410 Secondary Excitation Signal 705 Processing Device 710 memory 715 Driver Controller Elements 720 Communication Interface 725 A / D converter 806 receiver 808 Processing Device 812 Antenna 814 Transmitter 816 Display 818 keypad 820 network interface 822 Volatile Storage or Memory 824 Non-volatile storage or memory

Claims

1. 1. A method for detecting leakage errors in a quantum system, comprising: causing a first manipulation source, by a controller of the quantum system, to provide a first manipulation signal to a particular region of an apparatus of the quantum system having one or more atomic objects trapped therein, the first manipulation signal being adjusted to excite the one or more atomic objects in the particular region of the apparatus in a qubit space of a ground state manifold to a shelving manifold and to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the particular region of the apparatus that have leaked out of the qubit space into a leaky state; causing a second manipulation source to provide, by the controller of the quantum system, a second manipulation signal to perform a detection operation on the one or more atomic objects; determining, by the controller of the quantum system, whether a leakage error has occurred based on a signal generated as part of the detection operation; A method comprising:

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first manipulation signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting the one or more atomic objects in the particular region of the device in the qubit space to the shelving manifold.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first manipulation signal further comprises a microwave pulse for coupling qubit states in the qubit space.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the qubit space of the ground state manifold includes a first qubit state and a second qubit state.

5. In response to the leak error not being detected, causing a third manipulation source, by the controller of the quantum system, to provide a third manipulation signal to the particular region of the device, the third manipulation signal being adjusted to deshelve the first qubit state from the shelving manifold to the ground state manifold or an intermediate state manifold.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on a signal of the detection operation, whether the one or more atomic objects are in the first qubit state in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

7. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine whether the one or more atomic objects are in the second qubit state in the shelving manifold based on a signal of the detection operation.

8. the one or more atomic objects are nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the ground state manifold is 2 P 1 / 2 a manifold, the intermediate state manifold being 2 D 3 / 2 manifold, wherein the shelving manifold is 2 D 5 / 2 The method of claim 6, wherein the manifold is a manifold.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the qubit space is defined based on a hyperfine structure of a ground state manifold of the one or more atomic objects.

10. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more atomic objects has a nucleus with spin 3 / 2.

11. a device in which one or more atomic objects are confined; a first operating source configured to provide a first operating signal; a second operating source configured to provide a second operating signal; a controller, causing the first manipulation source to provide the first manipulation signal to a particular region of the device, the first manipulation signal being adjusted to excite the one or more atomic objects confined within the particular region of the device in a qubit space of a ground state manifold to a shelving manifold and to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the particular region of the device that have leaked out of the qubit space into a leaky state; causing the second manipulation source to provide the second manipulation signal to perform a detection operation on the one or more atomic objects; determining whether a leak error has occurred based on a signal of the detection operation; and a controller configured to: A quantum system comprising:

12. 12. The quantum system of claim 11, wherein the first operation signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting one or more atomic objects in the particular region of the device in the qubit space to the shelving manifold.

13. 13. The quantum system of claim 12, wherein the first manipulation signal further comprises a microwave pulse for coupling qubit states in the qubit space.

14. 12. The quantum system of claim 11 , wherein the qubit space of the basis state manifold includes a first qubit state and a second qubit state.

15. In response to the leak error not being detected, the controller: causing a third manipulation source to provide a third manipulation signal to the particular region of the device, the third manipulation signal being adjusted to deshelve the first qubit state from the shelving manifold to the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold; 15. The quantum system of claim 14, further configured to:

16. 16. The quantum system of claim 15, wherein the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on a signal of the detection operation, whether the one or more atomic objects are in the first qubit state in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

17. 17. The quantum system of claim 16, wherein the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine whether the one or more atomic objects are in the second qubit state in the shelving manifold based on a signal of the detection operation.

18. the one or more atomic objects are nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the ground state manifold is 2 P 1 / 2 a manifold, the intermediate state manifold being 2 D 3 / 2 manifold, wherein the shelving manifold is 2 D 5 / 2 17. The quantum system of claim 16, which is a manifold.

19. 12. The quantum system of claim 11, wherein the qubit space is defined based on a hyperfine structure of a ground state manifold of the one or more atomic objects.

20. 12. The quantum system of claim 11 , wherein each of the one or more atomic objects has a nucleus with spin 3 / 2.

21. performing a detection operation on the atomic object; determining a detected state of the atomic object, wherein the detected state of the atomic object is determined by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during performance of the detection operation, and the detected state of the atomic object is determined from the group consisting of a leak state, a first qubit state, and a second qubit state; A method comprising:

22. 1. A controller comprising a classical processing device and a classical memory that stores executable instructions, the executable instructions, when executed by the classical processing device, causing the controller to: controlling one or more components of a system comprising a containment device that confines the one or more atomic objects to perform a detection operation on one of the one or more atomic objects; determining whether the atomic object is in a leak state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the detection operation; and A controller configured to cause the

23. a confinement device configured to confine one or more atomic objects; an operating source configured to provide an operating signal; an optical collection system comprising a photon detector; a controller configured to control operation of the manipulation source and to receive a photon detector signal generated by the photon detector, the controller comprising a classical processing device and a classical memory that stores executable instructions, the executable instructions, when executed by the classical processing device, causing the controller to: controlling one or more components of a system comprising a containment device that confines the one or more atomic objects to perform a detection operation on one of the one or more atomic objects; determining whether the atomic object is in a leak state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the detection operation; and a controller configured to cause the A system comprising:

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