Laser cooling of atomic objects by phonon pumping

Abstract

A method for cooling an atomic object is provided, the method comprising: controlling a voltage supply source to cause a containment device to confine the atomic object at a position defined by the containment device, wherein motion of the atomic object at the position defined by the containment device includes contributions from one or more radial modes of motion of the atomic object and contributions from one or more axial modes of motion of the atomic object; and causing at least one control electrode of a plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal, wherein an oscillatory potential is generated at the position defined by the containment device and configured to couple at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 469,740, filed September 19, 2023, and U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 417,524, filed October 19, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to laser cooling of atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices. For example, various embodiments relate to increasing the rate of laser cooling of atomic objects through phonon pumping. [Background technology]

[0003] In various situations, it is desirable to cool atomic objects captured by atomic object traps so that various operations can be performed on the atomic objects (e.g., experiments, and / or controlled quantum evolution, etc.). However, in various situations, some motional modes of the atomic objects cool very slowly, and therefore the cooling step of the atomic objects takes up a significant proportion of the execution time. It is difficult to efficiently cool all motional modes of the atomic objects. Through applied effort, ingenuity, and innovation, many deficiencies in such laser cooling systems have been overcome by developing solutions constructed in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, many examples of which are described in detail herein. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Exemplary embodiments provide methods, systems, devices, and / or computer program products, etc., for increasing the cooling rate through the use of phonon pumping for atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices. Various embodiments correspond to quantum computers, such as quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD)-based quantum computers, that increase the cooling rate through the use of phonon pumping for atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices. For example, the qubits of the quantum computer can be atoms and / or ions or other quantum particles that can be part of atomic object crystals and / or atomic object groups. In various embodiments, the atomic objects are captured and / or confined by atomic object confinement devices, such as ion traps and / or surface ion traps.

[0005] Various embodiments provide technical solutions to the technical problem of laser cooling atomic objects in a confinement device. For example, when cooling an atomic object, each motional mode needs to be cooled independently, and the cooling speeds of different motional modes can be very different. The motion of an atomic object can be divided into several motional modes that are orthogonal to each other. For example, the motion of an atomic object crystal or group of atomic objects consisting of N atomic objects can be divided into 3*N uncoupled modes, the dynamics of which can usually be treated independently. In various embodiments, the confinement device defines a linear confinement region, whereby the confined atomic object crystal is a linear atomic object crystal. In other words, the atomic objects of the atomic object crystal are arranged in a linear configuration. Therefore, the motional modes of the atomic object crystal can be divided into N axial modes that are primarily along the direction of the crystal axis (generally aligned with the confinement axis defined by the confinement region) and 2*N radial modes that are perpendicular to the direction of the crystal axis (and / or the confinement axis).

[0006] For an exemplary atomic object crystal, the axial motion modes cool much more quickly than the radial motion modes. However, to cool the atomic object near its vibrational ground state, all motion modes must cool. The total cooling time is mostly limited by the slowest cooling rate of all motion modes.

[0007] In various embodiments, an oscillatory potential is applied to couple at least one motional mode with a slower cooling rate to at least one motional mode with a faster cooling rate, where the slower cooling rate is slower than the faster cooling rate. For example, the oscillatory potential may have a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the motional state with the slower cooling rate and the motional state with the faster cooling rate. When the motional state with the slower cooling rate is coupled to the motional state with the faster cooling rate, energy (phonons) may be transferred from the motional mode with the slower cooling rate to the motional mode with the faster cooling rate. For example, energy (phonons) may be transferred from the radial motional mode to the axial motional mode such that the atomic object may be cooled at approximately the cooling rate of the axial motional mode. This may increase the effective cooling rate of the radial motional mode, allowing the atomic object to be cooled relatively efficiently.

[0008] According to one aspect, there is provided a method for cooling an atomic object confined by an atomic object confinement device. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes: controlling one or more voltage supplies to cause a containment device to confine an atomic object at a position defined by the containment device, the containment device comprising: (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF null axis of the atomic object containment device; and (b) a plurality of control electrodes, the atomic object comprising at least two quantum objects, the at least two quantum objects including a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects and a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects, and motion of the atomic object at the position defined by the containment device including contributions from one or more radial modes of motion of the atomic object and contributions from one or more axial modes of motion of the atomic object; and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal, the signal is configured to generate an oscillatory potential in at least one control electrode at a location determined by the confinement device to couple at least one radial motion mode to at least one axial motion mode such that kinetic energy is transferred from at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial motion mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object, the oscillatory potential having a frequency equal to a frequency difference between the at least one radial motion mode and the at least one axial motion mode; and controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object, wherein the at least one radial motion mode is dominated by the motion of a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects, and the cooling signal is adjusted to cause cooling of a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects. Includes:

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object is dominated by a first species of atomic object, and at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object is dominated by a second species of atomic object.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiment, a first component of a first species of at least two quantum objects is configured for use as a coolant ion in a resonant cooling scheme for atomic objects.

[0011] In an exemplary embodiment, the first species of quantum objects are Yb ions and the second species of quantum objects are Ba ions.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, the vibrational potential is a pulsed vibrational potential configured to couple at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object over a period of π.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, the sequence of providing at least one first control signal to at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes and controlling one or more manipulation sources to direct a cooling signal at the atomic object is repeated until a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object.

[0014] In an exemplary embodiment, the vibrational potential is a continuous vibrational potential configured to hybridize at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object with at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object.

[0015] In an illustrative embodiment, at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object and at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object cool at the same rate in response to the cooling signal being adjusted to cause cooling of a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects.

[0016] In an exemplary embodiment, controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal are performed simultaneously.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, controlling one or more manipulation sources to direct a cooling signal to the atomic object and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal is performed until a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object.

[0018] According to another aspect, there is provided an apparatus configured to cause and / or control cooling of an atomic object confined by an atomic object confinement device. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus comprises at least one processing unit and a memory storing computer-executable instructions.The computer-executable instructions, when executed by at least one processing device, cause an apparatus to control one or more voltage supplies to cause a containment device to confine an atomic object at a location defined by the containment device, the containment device comprising: (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF null axis of the atomic object containment device; and (b) a plurality of control electrodes, the atomic object comprising at least two quantum objects, the at least two quantum objects including a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects and a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects, the motion of the atomic object at the location defined by the containment device including contributions from one or more radial modes of motion of the atomic object and contributions from one or more axial modes of motion of the atomic object, and the apparatus to provide at least one first control signal to at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes. the at least one first control signal is configured to cause the at least one control electrode to generate an oscillatory potential at a position determined by the confinement device and to couple at least one radial motion mode to at least one axial motion mode such that kinetic energy is transferred from at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial motion mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object, the oscillatory potential having a frequency equal to a frequency difference between the at least one radial motion mode and the at least one axial motion mode; and causing the apparatus to control one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object, wherein the at least one radial motion mode is dominated by the motion of a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects, and the cooling signal is adjusted to cause cooling of a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects.

[0019] Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary atomic object quantum computer in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a top view of an exemplary atomic object confinement device that may be used in exemplary embodiments. [Figure 3] FIG. 10 is a component level diagram of an atomic object illustrating the implementation of a cooling operation in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation of a cooling operation through the use of phonon pumping, according to an example embodiment. [Figure 5] 1 is a flow chart illustrating various processes and / or procedures for a cooling operation through the use of phonon pumping, according to an example embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary control device for a quantum computer comprising an atomic object confinement device configured to confine an atomic object, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used in accordance with exemplary embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. The term "or" (also indicated by " / ") is used herein in both its alternative and connective sense, unless otherwise indicated. The terms "illustrated" and "exemplary" are used to be examples without indication of quality level. The terms "generally" and "approximately," unless otherwise indicated, refer to within applicable technical and / or manufacturing tolerances and / or user measurement capabilities. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0022] In various situations, an atomic object is confined by an atomic object confinement device. In various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device is an ion trap, such as a surface ion trap and / or a Paul ion trap. In various embodiments, the atomic object is an ion, an atom, an ion crystal, an atomic crystal, or the like. In exemplary embodiments, the atomic object may include two or more ions, and a first component of the atomic object is one or more ions of a first atomic type (e.g., ions of a first chemical element and / or a first atomic number, etc.). In exemplary embodiments, the atomic object includes two or more ions, and a second component of the atomic object is one or more ions of a second atomic type (e.g., ions of a second chemical element and / or a second atomic number, etc.). In exemplary embodiments, the first component of the atomic object (e.g., ions of the first atomic object type) is one or more qubit ions for use as qubits in a quantum computer. In exemplary embodiments, the second component of the atomic object (e.g., ions of the second atomic type) is one or more cooled ions for use in a resonant cooling scheme for the atomic object. In an exemplary embodiment, the first component of the atomic object and the second component of the atomic object are ions of the same atomic type.

[0023] In various embodiments, atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices are used to conduct experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computations, and the like. In various embodiments, in order for atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices to be used to conduct experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computations, and the like, the atomic objects need to be cryogenic and / or cooled to near the vibrational ground state for the atomic objects and / or their components. In various embodiments, laser cooling is used to reduce the kinetic energy of the atomic objects and / or their components. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, a first component of the atomic object is a cooled ion used to resonantly cool a qubit ion, and a second component of the atomic object is a qubit ion used as a qubit in a quantum computer.

[0024] Typical types of laser cooling include Doppler cooling, resolved sideband cooling, and EIT cooling. Doppler cooling involves cooling an atomic object through a broad optical transition compared to the atomic object's motional transition. The motional (persistent) frequency of the atomic object is the frequency at which the atomic object vibrates in response to the confinement potential and / or pseudopotential of an atomic object containment device, such as that generated by applying a radio frequency voltage signal to the radio frequency electrodes and / or rails of a Paul surface ion trap. EIT cooling involves applying two laser fields and a magnetic field to the atomic object. The laser fields are detuned from the respective transitions of the first component of the atomic object. Cooling occurs when stronger photon absorption occurs in the red-detuned motional sideband compared to the blue-detuned motional sideband.

[0025] However, when an atomic object cools, each motional mode has a different cooling rate (e.g., because each motional mode has its own corresponding frequency), and the cooling rates of different motional modes can be very different. The motion of an atomic object can be divided into several motional modes that are orthogonal to each other. For example, the motion of an atomic object crystal or group of atomic objects consisting of N atomic objects can be represented by 3*N uncoupled modes, the dynamics of which can usually be treated independently. In various embodiments, the confinement device defines a linear confinement region, whereby the confined atomic object crystal is a linear atomic object crystal. In other words, the atomic objects of the atomic object crystal are arranged in a linear configuration. Therefore, the motional modes of the atomic object crystal can be divided into N axial modes that are primarily along the direction of the crystal axis (generally aligned with the confinement axis defined by the confinement region) and 2*N radial modes that are perpendicular to the direction of the crystal axis (and / or the confinement axis).

[0026] For example, an axial motion mode can cool much more quickly than a radial motion mode. However, more than one motion mode needs to cool before a gating operation can be performed on the atomic object. The overall cooling time may be limited by the slowest cooling rate of all motion modes. In various embodiments, energy (phonons) may be transferred from a motion mode with a slower cooling rate to a motion mode with a faster cooling rate, such that a motion mode with a slower cooling rate can be cooled at a faster cooling rate. As used herein, the term slower cooling rate refers to a faster cooling rate or at least the slower cooling rate. Similarly, the term faster cooling rate refers to a slower cooling rate or at least the faster cooling rate.

[0027] In various embodiments, a vibrational potential can be applied to couple the motional mode with a slower cooling rate to the motional mode with a faster cooling rate. For example, the vibrational potential can have a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the motional state with the slower cooling rate and the motional state with the faster cooling rate. Energy (phonons) can be transferred from the motional state with the slower cooling rate to the motional state with the faster cooling rate.

[0028] In various embodiments, the oscillating potential can take the form of a pulse and can couple the motional mode with the slower cooling rate to the motional mode with the faster cooling rate for a specific period of time (e.g., a period of π, defined as the period of time required for complete phonon exchange between one motional mode (e.g., a radial mode) and another motional mode (e.g., an axial mode)). The phonon occupation of the motional mode with the slower cooling rate can be transferred to the motional mode with the faster cooling rate, such that the motional mode with the faster cooling rate has a lower excitation. Cooling light can be applied to the motional mode with the faster cooling rate to cool the motional mode with the faster cooling rate and cool the atomic object to its target temperature.

[0029] In various embodiments, the sequence of applying the oscillating potential and the cooling light can be repeated several times to cool the atomic object to its target temperature.

[0030] Exemplary Quantum Computer with Ion Trap Device Laser cooling of atomic objects defined by atomic object confinement devices can be implemented in a wide variety of situations and / or for a wide variety of applications. Phonon pumping functionality for increasing the rate of laser cooling of atomic objects can be implemented by controller 30 of quantum computer 110 in various embodiments. Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum computer system 100 including a confinement device 200 (e.g., an ion trap) according to an example embodiment.

[0031] In various embodiments, quantum computer system 100 comprises computing entity 10 and quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 comprises controller 30, a cryostat chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40 that confines containment device 200, one or more manipulation sources 64 (e.g., 64A, 64B, 64C), one or more voltage supplies 50, one or more magnetic field generators 70 (e.g., 70A, 70B), and / or an optical collection system 80, etc. In various embodiments, controller 30 is configured to control the operation of (e.g., control one or more drivers configured to cause operation of) manipulation sources 64, voltage supplies 50, magnetic field generators 70, vacuum system, and / or cryogenic cooling system (not shown), etc. In various embodiments, controller 30 is configured to receive signals (e.g., electrical signals) generated and provided by optical collection system 80.

[0032] In exemplary embodiments, the one or more manipulation sources 64 may comprise one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, and / or masers, etc.) or other manipulation sources. In various embodiments, the one or more manipulation sources 64 are configured to manipulate and / or cause controlled quantum state evolution of one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 200. For example, the first manipulation source 64A is configured to generate and / or provide a first manipulation signal, and the second manipulation source 64B is configured to generate and / or provide a second manipulation signal, where the first manipulation signal and the second manipulation signal are configured to collectively laser cool the atomic objects confined by the atomic object confinement device.

[0033] In various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device 200 is an ion trap, such as a surface ion trap and / or a Paul ion trap. In various embodiments, the atomic object is an ion, an atom, an ion crystal, an atomic crystal, or the like. In exemplary embodiments, the atomic object includes two or more ions, and a first component of the atomic object is one or more ions of a first atomic type (e.g., ions of a first chemical element and / or a first atomic number, etc.). In exemplary embodiments, the atomic object includes two or more ions, and a second component of the atomic object is one or more ions of a second atomic type (e.g., ions of a second chemical element and / or a second atomic number, etc.). In exemplary embodiments, the first component of the atomic object (e.g., ions of the first atomic object type) is one or more qubit ions for use as qubits in a quantum computer. In exemplary embodiments, the second component of the atomic object (e.g., ions of the second atomic type) is one or more cooled ions for use in a resonant cooling scheme for the atomic object. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the atomic object is an ionic crystal including singly charged Ba atoms used as cooling ions and singly charged Yb ions used as quantum bit ions. In another exemplary embodiment, the atomic object is an ionic crystal including singly charged Yb atoms used as cooling ions and singly charged Ba ions used as quantum bit ions.

[0034] In exemplary embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 64 each provide a manipulation signal (e.g., a laser beam, etc.) to one or more regions of atomic object confinement device 200 via a corresponding beam path 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In various embodiments, at least one beam path 66 comprises a modulator configured to modulate the manipulation signal provided to device 200 via beam path 66. In various embodiments, manipulation sources 64, modulators, and / or other components of quantum computer 110 are controlled by controller 30.

[0035] In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 includes one or more voltage sources 50. For example, the voltage sources can be arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) and / or other voltage signal generators. For example, voltage sources 50 can include multiple longitudinal voltage drivers and / or voltage sources and / or at least one RF driver and / or voltage source. Voltage sources 50 can, in exemplary embodiments, be electrically coupled to corresponding potential-generating elements of containment device 200 (e.g., longitudinal electrodes 216 and / or RF electrodes 212).

[0036] In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 comprises one or more magnetic field generating devices 70 (e.g., 70A, 70B). For example, magnetic field generating devices can be internal magnetic field generating device 70A disposed within cold chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40 and / or external magnetic field generating device 70B disposed outside cold chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40. In various embodiments, magnetic field generating device 70 comprises permanent magnets, Helmholtz coils, electromagnets, etc. In various embodiments, magnetic field generating device 70 is configured to generate a magnetic field in one or more regions of atomic object confinement device 200, the magnetic field having a particular magnitude and a particular field direction in the one or more regions of atomic object confinement device 200.

[0037] In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 comprises an optical collection system 80 configured to collect and / or detect photons (e.g., stimulated emission 120) generated by a qubit (e.g., during a readout procedure). Optical collection system 80 may comprise one or more optical elements (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveguides, and / or fiber optic cables, etc.) and one or more photodetectors. In various embodiments, the photodetectors may be photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors, and / or other photodetectors sensitive to light at the expected fluorescence wavelengths of the qubits (e.g., atomic objects) of quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the detectors may be in electronic communication with quantum system controller 30, such as via one or more A / D converters 1025 (see FIG. 10 ).

[0038] In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to quantum computer 110 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and receive and / or view output from quantum computer 110, etc. Computing entity 10 may communicate with a controller 30 of quantum computer 110 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20 and / or via direct wired and / or wireless communication. In exemplary embodiments, computing entity 10 may convert, organize, and / or format, etc., information / data and / or quantum computing algorithms (e.g., quantum circuits), etc., into a computer language, executable instructions, and / or command set, etc. that can be understood, executed, and / or implemented by controller 30.

[0039] In various embodiments, controller 30 is configured to control voltage supply 50, magnetic field generator 70, a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within cold chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, manipulation source 64, and / or other systems that control various environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and / or pressure, etc.) within cold chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, to manipulate and / or cause the controlled evolution of the quantum states of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device, and / or to read and / or detect the quantum (e.g., qubit) states of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device. For example, controller 30 may cause the controlled evolution of the quantum states of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device to execute a quantum circuit and / or a quantum algorithm. For example, controller 30 may read and / or detect the quantum states of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device at one or more points during the execution of a quantum circuit. In various embodiments, atomic objects confined by the confinement device are used as qubits in quantum computer 110.

[0040] Exemplary Atomic Object Confinement Device FIG. 2 provides a top view of an exemplary containment device 200 that can be used to contain at least two atomic objects. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the containment device is an ion trap (e.g., a surface ion trap) and the atomic objects are ions. In an exemplary embodiment, the containment device 200 (e.g., a surface ion trap) is fabricated as part of an ion trap chip and / or as part of the ion trap device and / or packaging. In an exemplary embodiment, the containment device 200 is at least partially defined by several RF electrodes 212 (e.g., 212A, 212B). In various embodiments, the containment device 200 is at least partially defined by several series 214 of longitudinal electrodes (e.g., 214A, 214B, 214C). Each series 214 of longitudinal electrodes comprises a plurality of longitudinal electrodes 216. In an exemplary embodiment, each longitudinal electrode 216, and / or at least a non-empty subset of the longitudinal electrodes 216, can be operated independently via application of a control signal thereto. In the exemplary embodiment, containment device 200 is a surface Paul trap with symmetric RF electrodes 212. In various embodiments, RF electrodes 212 and longitudinal electrodes 216 generate potentials and / or fields experienced by atomic objects within confinement region 201 of containment device 200. Specifically, RF electrodes 212 may be configured to define confinement region 201 of confinement device 200, and longitudinal electrodes 216 may be configured to at least partially control the movement and / or motion of atomic objects within confinement region 201.

[0041] In various embodiments, the top surface of the containment device 200 has a planarized topology. For example, the top surface of each of the several RF electrodes 212 and the top surface of each of the several series of longitudinal electrodes 214 may be substantially coplanar.

[0042] In various embodiments, containment device 200 includes and / or is at least partially defined by several RF electrodes 212. RF electrodes 212 are formed with substantially parallel longitudinal axes 211 (e.g., 211A, 211B) and substantially coplanar upper surfaces. For example, RF electrodes 212 are substantially parallel such that the distance between RF electrodes 212 is approximately constant along the length of the RF electrodes 212 (e.g., the length of the RF electrodes is along the longitudinal axes 211 of the RF electrodes 212). For example, the upper surfaces of RF electrodes 212 may be substantially flush with the upper surface of containment device 200. In an exemplary embodiment, several RF electrodes 212 include two RF electrodes 212 (e.g., 212A, 212B). In various embodiments, containment device 200 may include multiple numbers of RF electrodes 212. For example, the confinement device 200 may be a two-dimensional ion trap comprising a plurality of (e.g., pairs and / or sets) of RF electrodes 212, with each (e.g., pair and / or set) of RF electrodes 212 having substantially parallel longitudinal axes 211. In an exemplary embodiment, a first number of RF electrodes 212 have longitudinal axes 211 that are substantially parallel to one another, and a second number of RF electrodes 212 have longitudinal axes 211 that are substantially parallel to one another, with the longitudinal axes of the first and second number of RF electrodes being substantially non-parallel (e.g., transverse). While FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary one-dimensional confinement device 200 and / or a portion of a two-dimensional confinement device 200 having two RF electrodes 212, other embodiments may comprise additional RF electrodes in various configurations.

[0043] In various embodiments, two adjacent RF electrodes 212 may be spaced apart (e.g., insulated) from one another by a longitudinal gap. In various embodiments, confinement region 201 lies at least partially across the longitudinal gap. For example, the longitudinal gap can define confinement region 201 (in one or two dimensions). In various embodiments, confinement region 201 may extend substantially parallel to longitudinal axes 211 of adjacent RF electrodes 212. For example, the longitudinal gap may extend substantially parallel to the x-axis as shown in FIG. 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal gap may be at least partially filled with an insulating material (e.g., a dielectric material). In various embodiments, the dielectric material may be silicon dioxide (e.g., formed through thermal oxidation), other dielectric materials, and / or other insulating materials. In various embodiments, the longitudinal gap has a height (e.g., in the y-direction) of approximately 40 μm to 500 μm. In various embodiments, one or more series of longitudinal electrodes 214 (eg, second series of longitudinal electrodes 214B) may be disposed and / or formed within the longitudinal gap.

[0044] In exemplary embodiments, transverse gaps may exist between neighboring and / or adjacent longitudinal electrodes 216 of one or more series of electrodes 214. In exemplary embodiments, the transverse gaps may be empty space and / or may be at least partially filled with a dielectric material to prevent electrical communication between neighboring and / or adjacent electrodes. In exemplary embodiments, the transverse gaps between neighboring and / or adjacent electrodes may be in the range of approximately 1-10 μm.

[0045] In an exemplary embodiment, a longitudinal gap exists between the longitudinal electrode series 214 and the adjacent and / or adjacent RF electrode 212. In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal gap may be at least partially filled with a dielectric and / or insulating material to prevent electrical communication between the longitudinal electrode 216 of the electrode series 214 and the RF electrode 212. In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal gap between adjacent and / or adjacent electrodes may be in the range of approximately 1-10 μm.

[0046] In various embodiments, the confinement device 200 may be at least partially defined by several series 214 of longitudinal electrodes (e.g., a first series 214A of longitudinal electrodes, a second series 214B of longitudinal electrodes, a third series 214C of longitudinal electrodes). Each series 214 of longitudinal electrodes is formed to extend substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes 211 of the RF electrodes 212. For example, the several series 214 of longitudinal electrodes may extend substantially parallel to the x-axis as shown in FIG. 2. In various embodiments, the several series 214 of longitudinal electrodes includes two, three, four, and / or other numbers of series of longitudinal electrodes. In exemplary embodiments, the confinement device 200 may include multiple numbers of series 214 of longitudinal electrodes. For example, the illustrated confinement device 200 is a one-dimensional ion trap including three series 214 of longitudinal electrodes. For example, the containment device 200 may be a two-dimensional ion trap comprising a plurality of series 214 of longitudinal electrodes, each extending substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes of a corresponding number of RF electrodes 212. In exemplary embodiments, a first series 214 of longitudinal electrodes extends substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes 211 of the first number of RF electrodes 212, and a second series 214 of longitudinal electrodes extends substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes 211 of the second number of RF electrodes 212, with the longitudinal axes of the first and second number of RF electrodes being substantially non-parallel (e.g., transverse). In some embodiments, each of the longitudinal electrodes 216 of the plurality of series 214 of longitudinal electrodes may be formed with a substantially coplanar upper surface that is substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the RF electrodes 212.

[0047] In an exemplary embodiment (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 ), several (e.g., pairs) of RF electrodes 212 are formed between a first series of longitudinal electrodes 214A and a third series of longitudinal electrodes 214C, with a second series of longitudinal electrodes 214B extending along the longitudinal gap between the RF electrodes 212. For example, each series of longitudinal electrodes 214 may extend in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 211 of the RF electrode 212 (e.g., the x-direction). In various embodiments, the top surface of the series of longitudinal electrodes 214 is substantially coplanar with the top surface of the RF electrode 212.

[0048] In various embodiments, RF signals may be applied to RF electrodes 212 to generate electric and / or magnetic fields in directions transverse to the longitudinal direction of containment device 200 (e.g., y and z directions) that act to maintain atomic objects (e.g., ions) trapped within containment device 200. In various embodiments, control signals and / or voltages are applied to longitudinal electrodes 216 to generate desired potential fields within confinement region 201. For example, in various embodiments, time-dependent, time-varying, time-evolving, and / or non-static direct current (DC) voltages may be applied to longitudinal electrodes 216 to generate time-dependent, time-varying, time-evolving, and / or non-static potential fields that cause atomic objects trapped within containment device 200 to traverse corresponding trajectories into confinement region 201. For example, atomic objects may be moved between various regions of confinement device 200 so that various functions may be performed. For example, atomic objects can be initialized, gated via single-qubit gates, gated via double / multiple-qubit gates, transported and / or stored, and / or read and / or detected. In exemplary embodiments, longitudinal electrodes 216 are configured to generate a pushing field and / or an oscillating potential configured to cause the atomic objects to vibrate and / or experience small reciprocating motions in response to control signals applied thereto. In various embodiments, pushing field 130 is configured to push atomic objects away from RF null axis 210 of confinement device 200 (which in exemplary embodiments is co-located with longitudinal axis 205 of confinement region 201). An atomic object pushed away from the RF null axis 210 will experience a potential (e.g., generated at least in part by application of an RF signal to the RF electrode 212) that causes the atomic object to vibrate and / or experience a small reciprocating motion in a direction transverse to (e.g., perpendicular to, in an exemplary embodiment) the RF null axis 210 at the atomic object's location along the RF null axis 210 / longitudinal axis 205 of the containment device 200.For example, pushing an atomic object radially away from RF null axis 210 (e.g., in the yz plane) will cause the atomic object to experience a potential that causes the atomic object to vibrate and / or experience a small reciprocating motion in the radial direction of the confinement region (e.g., in the y direction when the atomic object is pushed from RF null axis 210 in the y direction, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 7 ). In various embodiments, the oscillating potential 145 is configured to vibrate and / or cause the atomic object experiencing the oscillating potential 145 to experience a small reciprocating motion in a direction substantially parallel to RF null axis 210 / longitudinal axis 205 of confinement device 200. For example, experiencing the oscillating potential will cause the atomic object to vibrate and / or experience a small reciprocating motion in the longitudinal direction of confinement region 201.

[0049] In various embodiments, the control signals and / or control voltages applied to the longitudinal electrodes 216 are controlled by one or more connected devices (e.g., controller 30 as shown in FIG. 6 ) via leads. For example, depending on the strength (e.g., charge in the case of an electric monopole) of an atomic object's electric monopole and / or dipole (or higher order pole), a longitudinal voltage can be raised or lowered for the longitudinal electrodes 216 in the vicinity of that particular atomic object to cause the particular atomic object to traverse a desired trajectory. For example, controller 30 can control voltage drivers to cause the voltage drivers to apply control signals and / or longitudinal voltages to the longitudinal electrodes to generate time-dependent potentials (e.g., potentials that evolve, transition, and / or change over time) that cause the atomic objects in containment device 200 to traverse a desired trajectory. In various embodiments, the controller 30 can control a voltage driver (or other signal generator) to cause the voltage driver (or other signal generator) to generate a potential that vibrates one or more nearby atomic objects or causes one or more nearby atomic objects to experience a small reciprocating motion so that crosstalk is reduced during readout and / or detection functions.

[0050] Depending on the strength (e.g., charge in the case of an electric monopole) of the atomic object's electric monopole and / or dipole (or higher order pole), or the shape and / or magnitude of the combined electric and / or magnetic fields, the atomic object can be stabilized at a specific distance (e.g., from approximately 20 μm to approximately 200 μm) above the upper surface (e.g., the coplanar upper surfaces of longitudinal electrode series 214 and RF electrode 212) of containment device 200. To further contribute to controlling the progression of the atomic object along a desired trajectory, containment device 200, in various embodiments, can be operated in a cryo-chamber and / or vacuum chamber that can cool containment device 200 to a temperature below 124 Kelvin (e.g., below 100 Kelvin, below 50 Kelvin, below 10 Kelvin, and / or below 5 Kelvin, etc.).

[0051] In various embodiments, RF electrode 212, series of electrodes 214, and / or a confining potential generated by RF electrode and / or series of electrodes 214 define confinement region 201 of confinement device 200. In exemplary embodiments, RF electrode 212 and / or a confining potential generated by RF electrode and / or series of electrodes 214 define confinement region 201 of confinement device 200, and longitudinal electrode 216 controls the movement and / or positioning of atomic objects within confinement region 201. In various embodiments, RF electrode 212, series of electrodes 214, and / or a confining potential generated by RF electrode and / or series of electrodes 214 define axis 205 of confinement device 200. For example, RF electrode 212 and / or a confining potential generated by RF electrode can define axis 205 of confinement device 200. In various embodiments, the confinement potential generally acts to align atomic objects within the confinement device 200 along the RF null axis 210 and / or the longitudinal axis 205 of the confinement device 200 .

[0052] Exemplary Cooling Operations Various embodiments provide quantum computers, systems, and / or apparatuses, etc., corresponding to methods for performing laser cooling of a second component of an atomic object. In various embodiments, coupling of two or more motional modes to shorten the laser cooling time of the atomic object may be performed using various types of laser cooling (e.g., Doppler cooling, resolved sideband cooling, and / or EIT cooling). An exemplary embodiment using coupling of two or more motional modes to shorten the cooling time is discussed herein with exemplary EIT cooling based on two-photon resonant transitions between one or more states of an S manifold of the second component of the atomic object and one or more states of a D manifold of the second component of the atomic object, using a P manifold of the second component of the atomic object, and shown in FIG. 3 . However, in various embodiments, Doppler cooling, resolved sideband cooling, and / or EIT cooling may be used to cool the atomic object.

[0053] In various embodiments, EIT cooling operations are performed using a first operating signal that couples one or more states of the S manifold to one or more states of the P manifold and a second operating signal that couples one or more states of the P manifold to one or more states of the D manifold. In various embodiments, the first operating signal and the second operating signal are detuned above one or more states of the P manifold to establish a dark state associated with a two-photon transition between the S manifold and the D manifold. By coupling the S manifold to the P manifold and the P manifold to the D manifold, efficient cooling can be achieved close to the vibrational ground state of atomic objects (e.g., to temperatures significantly below the Doppler cooling limit) with smaller laser power requirements than resolved sideband cooling and in a manner that is technically less complex than conventional EIT cooling. Furthermore, in various embodiments, the first and second operating sources referred to for generating and / or providing the first and second operating signals can also be used to perform Doppler cooling. Thus, various embodiments enable the use of both Doppler cooling and EIT cooling.

[0054] FIG. 3 provides a partial level view of an exemplary second component of an atomic object (e.g., a cooled ion) illustrating an exemplary EIT cooling operation, according to various embodiments. The partial level view shows the S manifold 310. In various embodiments, the EIT cooling operation involves the use of one or more states of the S manifold 310 (e.g., one or two states of the S manifold). The partial level view also shows the P manifold 320. In various embodiments, the EIT cooling operation involves the use of one or more states of the P manifold 320 (e.g., one or two states of the P manifold). The partial level view further shows the D manifold 330 in a lowered position. In various embodiments, the EIT cooling operation involves the use of one or more states of the D manifold 330 (e.g., one, two, three, or four states of the D manifold).

[0055] Performing an EIT cooling operation in various embodiments includes applying a first operating signal 315 and a second operating signal 325 to the atomic object. In an exemplary embodiment, the first operating signal 315 is characterized by a first wavelength λ1 and is π-polarized, as shown in FIG. 3 . The first wavelength λ1 corresponds to the transition between the S manifold 310 and the P manifold 320. In various embodiments, the first wavelength λ1 corresponds to the resonant frequency of the transition between the S manifold 310 and the P manifold 320, from which a first detuning Δ SP is detuned.

[0056] In an exemplary embodiment, the second steering signal 325 is characterized by a second wavelength λ and is σ-polarized. For example, the second steering signal 325 is linearly polarized in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field (σ + / - Polarization). The second wavelength λ2 corresponds to the transition between the P manifold 320 and the D manifold 330. In various embodiments, the second wavelength λ2 corresponds to the resonant frequency of the transition between the P manifold 320 and the D manifold 330, from which the second detuning Δ PD is detuned.

[0057] In various embodiments, the first and second detunings are substantially equivalent to one another (e.g., Δ SP ≒Δ PD In an exemplary embodiment, the second component of the atomic objects is a singly charged ion Ba, the first wavelength λ≈493 nm, the second wavelength λ≈650 nm, and the first and second detunings are Δ SP ≒20MHz≒Δ PD In various embodiments, the frequencies of the first operating signal 315 and the second operating signal 325 are stabilized relative to one another within a tolerance range Δω / (2π)≦100 kHz. As should be understood, various other polarization schemes, wavelengths, and detunings are used in various other embodiments based on the energy structure of the second component of the atomic object and the selected dark state.

[0058] As used herein, a dark state refers to a coherent superposition of two states formed by appropriate two-photon transitions. For the embodiment shown in Figure 3, each dark state is formed by a superposition of a state in the S manifold and a state in the D manifold that are coupled via a first steering signal 315 and a second steering signal 325.

[0059] As should be understood, as used herein, a transition between a first manifold and a second manifold (e.g., between an S manifold and a P manifold, or between a P manifold and a D manifold) refers to a transition between a state of the first manifold and a state of the second manifold. As used herein, a manifold of states refers to a group of states with the same total angular momentum, each manifold including multiple states that differ in energy due to Zeeman splitting caused by an applied magnetic field. The total angular momentum of a state corresponds to the sum of the spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum of the state (which includes nuclear angular momentum via hyperfine coupling when the nuclear angular momentum is non-zero).

[0060] FIG. 3 illustrates a S EIT cooling system that may be used in the S EIT cooling operation of an exemplary embodiment. 1 / 2 Manifold 310 m j =1 / 2 state and D 3 / 2 Manifold 330 m j An exemplary two-photon resonance consisting of a =3 / 2 state is shown via coupling with a first steering signal 315, shown as a solid line, and a second steering signal 325, also shown as a solid line.

[0061] The frequency width of the two-photon resonance is P 1 / 2 Manifold (e.g., Δ SP , Δ PD) state. For example, when the first and / or second detuning is decreased, the width of the two-photon resonance becomes wider, and when the first and / or second detuning is increased, the width of the two-photon resonance becomes narrower. A narrower frequency width of the two-photon resonance provides faster cooling to lower temperatures (compared to a wide frequency width of the two-photon resonance), while a wider frequency width of the two-photon resonance provides a wider cooling bandwidth (compared to a narrow frequency width of the two-photon resonance).

[0062] In various embodiments, the first detuning Δ SP and the second detuning Δ PD is set to a detuning range of 10 to 450 MHz. For example, in the exemplary embodiment, Δ SP =Δ PD ≈20 MHz provides a cooling bandwidth large enough to efficiently cool many modes of motion of atomic objects (e.g., ionic crystals, such as ionic crystals containing four ions) while still maintaining cooling rates and final temperatures that are sufficient for a variety of applications, including cooling of atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices in quantum computers, where the atomic objects contain qubit ions for use as qubits in the quantum computer.

[0063] In some embodiments, Ba + EIT cooling of ions having an energy structure such as may involve using a single laser to couple a first (Zeeman) state in a ground manifold (e.g., an S manifold corresponding to angular momentum exponent l=0) to an excited state in an excitation manifold, and to couple the excited state in the excitation manifold to a second (Zeeman) state in the ground manifold (e.g., an S manifold), using a single laser for both couplings. Stated differently, EIT cooling can couple two states within the same manifold using two-photon transitions.

[0064] Additionally, in various embodiments, the first and second steering sources referred to for generating and / or providing the first and second steering signals may also be used to perform Doppler cooling. Thus, various embodiments enable the use of both Doppler cooling and EIT cooling without the need for an additional laser or other steering source.

[0065] 3 provides an exemplary partial level diagram of an exemplary second component of an atomic object (e.g., cooled ions) illustrating an exemplary cooling operation. As should be understood, the first component of the atomic object may have a different level diagram and may be cooled based on the corresponding level diagram. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the first component of the atomic object is Yb + The level diagram may be one with an energy structure similar to that of a singly charged ion Yb atom (e.g., a fine and / or hyperfine energy structure similar to that of a singly charged ion Yb atom). In various embodiments, the second component of the atomic object can be cooled via EIT cooling, and the first component of the atomic object is cooled via resonant cooling via interaction with the second component of the atomic object. In exemplary embodiments, the first component is used as a qubit in a quantum computer. In various embodiments, the first component of the atomic object can be cooled via EIT cooling, and the second component of the atomic object is cooled via resonant cooling via interaction with the first component of the atomic object. In exemplary embodiments, the second component is used as a qubit in a quantum computer.

[0066] In some embodiments, the EIT cooling operation is a clock-state EIT cooling operation. For example, a clock-state EIT cooling operation is configured for use with an atomic object whose first component is a singly charged ytterbium (e.g., 171Yb) atom, or other atomic object component having a similar energy structure (e.g., similar fine structure and / or hyperfine structure). For example, a clock-state EIT cooling operation may be performed on an atomic object whose first component has electron spin 1 / 2 and nuclear spin 1 / 2. For example, the energy structure of the first component of the atomic object includes a low-energy manifold containing two states that form a "clock" state pair, the defining feature of which is that the energy difference between the two states is insensitive to magnetic field fluctuations. For example, S in the singly charged ytterbium ion 171Yb 1 / 2 , F=0, M=0 state and S 1 / 2 The F = 1, M = 0 state is an example of such a pair of clock states, which permits transitions to a common higher energy manifold, such as the P manifold in 171Yb, with a linewidth large enough to allow convenient laser coupling.

[0067] Various embodiments provide corresponding methods for performing EIT laser cooling of atomic objects and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments described herein. As should be understood, other types of laser cooling, such as Doppler cooling and resolved sideband cooling, may be used to cool atomic objects.

[0068] Exemplary geometries for implementing cooling operations through the use of phonon pumping FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary geometry for performing a cooling operation through the use of phonon pumping, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4 illustrates an atomic object 408 positioned and / or disposed in a specific region 201 of an atomic object confinement device 200. The atomic object 408 includes a first component 410 and a second component 412. The first component 410 is of a first atomic type, and the second component 412 is of a second atomic type, where the first and second atomic types are different. In an exemplary embodiment, the first component 410 is a monovalent Yb atom, and the second component 412 is a monovalent Ba atom. The first component 410 and the second component 412 are aligned along and / or disposed to define an atomic object axis 405. In an exemplary embodiment, the atomic object axis 405 is substantially parallel to a radio frequency null 450 in the specific region 201 of the atomic object confinement device 200. Radio frequency null 450 is a zero-point line of the pseudopotential generated by applying a radio frequency voltage signal to the radio frequency electrodes and / or rails of atomic object confinement device 200 .

[0069] In various embodiments, magnetic field B is generated in specific region 201 to have a finite and substantially stable (e.g., time-invariant) amplitude (e.g., 2-10 Gauss and / or 5 Gauss in exemplary embodiments). In various embodiments, magnetic field B in specific region 201 has a magnetic field direction that forms an angle α with atomic object axis 405. In exemplary embodiments, angle α is in the range of 30-60 degrees. In exemplary embodiments, angle α is approximately 45 degrees.

[0070] In various embodiments, the first manipulation signal 315 has a polarization 318 (e.g., π polarization). In an exemplary embodiment, the polarization 318 of the first manipulation signal 315 is substantially parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. In various embodiments, the first propagation direction is transverse to the atomic object axis 405. In an exemplary embodiment, the first manipulation signal 315 propagates in a first propagation direction that forms an angle β with the atomic object axis 405. In various embodiments, the angle β is configured such that the propagation of the first manipulation signal 315 is non-parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field direction. In various embodiments, the angle β is in the range of 30 to 60 degrees. In an exemplary embodiment, the angle β is approximately 45 degrees.

[0071] In various embodiments, the second steering signal 325 is polarized light 328 (e.g., σ + / - In an exemplary embodiment, the polarization 328 of the second manipulation signal 325 is transverse to the direction of the magnetic field. In various embodiments, the second propagation direction is transverse to the atomic object axis 405. In an exemplary embodiment, the second manipulation signal 325 propagates in a second propagation direction that forms an angle γ with the atomic object axis 405. In various embodiments, the angle γ is in the range of 0 to 90 degrees. In an exemplary embodiment, the angle γ is approximately 45 degrees.

[0072] In various embodiments, the first propagation direction is substantially antiparallel to the second propagation direction. In various embodiments, both the first propagation direction and the second propagation direction are transverse to the magnetic field direction. In an exemplary embodiment, the first propagation direction and the second propagation direction are substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field direction.

[0073] In various embodiments, the first propagation direction

[0074]

number

[0075] (unit vector in the direction of the wave vector of each first steering signal 315) and the second propagation direction

[0076]

number

[0077] (a unit vector in the direction of the wave vector of each second operating signal 325) has a non-zero projection in the direction of the cooled motion. For example, when the mode of the cooled atomic object 408 is an axial mode (e.g., corresponding to motion along the atomic object axis 405),

[0078]

number

[0079] where:

[0080]

number

[0081] is a unit vector along the atom object axis 405,

[0082]

number

[0083] In another example, when the mode of the atomic object 308 being cooled is a radial mode (e.g., corresponding to a motion orthogonal to the atomic object axis 405),

[0084]

number

[0085] where:

[0086]

number

[0087] is the radial unit vector,

[0088]

number

[0089] and

[0090]

number

[0091] is.

[0092] In various embodiments, the atomic object may take the form of an ionic crystal and be confined by the confinement region 201 of the atomic object confinement device 200. For example, the ionic crystal may include a first component 410 and a second component 412 of the atomic object 408. Generally, the atomic object 408 is positioned and / or aligned along the RF null axis 405 such that a crystal axis 420 defined by the atomic object 408 may be substantially aligned with the RF null axis 210.

[0093] In some embodiments, the motion modes of the atomic object 408 (e.g., the ionic crystal 408 includes two ions) can include two axial motion modes, where the first component 410 can move in a direction along the crystal axis 420 (e.g., the x-direction) and the second component 412 can move in a direction along the crystal axis 420. The motion modes of the atomic object 408 can further include four radial motion modes, where the first component 410 can move in a direction perpendicular to the crystal axis 420 (e.g., the y-direction and the z-direction) and the second component 412 can move in a direction perpendicular to the crystal axis 420 (e.g., the y-direction and the z-direction).

[0094] 4, first component 410 can be displaced along crystal axis 420 to a position at 410′, and second component 412 can be displaced along crystal axis 420 to a position at 412′, where the displacement indicated by the arrows and experienced by first component 410 and second component 412 corresponds to a first axial mode. Alternatively, first component 410 and second component 412 can move toward each other along crystal axis 420 and experience a corresponding second axial mode.

[0095] For example, the first component 410 may be displaced along the y direction to a position at 410" and the second component 412 may be displaced along the y direction to a position at 412", indicated by the arrows, where the displacement experienced by the first component 410 and the second component 412 corresponds to a first radial mode. Alternatively, the first component 410 and the second component 412 may move along opposite directions and experience a corresponding second radial mode. Similarly, the first component 410 and the second component 412 may move in the z direction and experience two additional radial modes.

[0096] When cooling an atomic object, each of the motional modes of the atomic object must be cooled independently, and the cooling rates of different motional modes can be very different from each other. For example, an axial motional mode can cool much more quickly than a radial motional mode. However, all motional modes must be cooled to the vibrational ground state of the atomic object before gating can begin on the atomic object. The overall cooling time is mostly limited by the slowest cooling rate of all motional modes. In various embodiments, energy (phonons) can be transferred from a motional mode with a slower cooling rate to a motional mode with a faster cooling rate so that a motional mode with a slower cooling rate can be cooled at a faster cooling rate.

[0097] For example, the axial motion mode of the atomic object cools much more quickly than the radial motion mode of the atomic object. For example, energy (phonons) can be transferred from the radial motion mode to the axial motion mode using a parametric coupling method, which is colloquially known as phonon pumping in QTM. To couple the radial motion mode with the axial motion mode, an oscillating potential is created using one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes of the containment device 200. For example, the oscillating potential can be generated at the location of the atomic object using a parametric coupling method.

[0098]

number

[0099] where δω is the frequency difference between the radial and axial motion modes, and x and y are the principal directions of the axial and radial motion modes.

[0100] When two target motion modes, such as a radial motion mode and an axial motion mode, are coupled together, the two target modes may be cooled at a cooling rate equal to the average of the cooling rates of each of the two target modes.

[0101] The geometry shown in Figure 4 corresponds to the EIT cooling arrangement shown by Figure 3. As should be understood, the direction of propagation, polarization, wavelength / frequency, and / or number of the manipulation signals 315, 325, as well as the magnetic field direction, can vary based on the type of laser cooling implemented.

[0102] In some embodiments, the first component 410 is a singly charged Yb atom, and the second component 412 is a singly charged Ba atom. An oscillating potential can be created to couple the axial stretching mode of the Ba ion with two radial stretching modes of the Yb ion. Ba Doppler cooling can occur during the coupling process. For example, a 50-fold reduction in cooling time can be achieved when the axial stretching mode of the Ba ion is coupled with two radial stretching modes of the Yb ion while cooling the atomic object with a cooling light tuned to cool the Ba ion.

[0103] In some embodiments, the first component 410 can include two ionic Yb atoms and the second component 412 can include two ionic Ba atoms. In some embodiments, the first component 410 can include three or more ionic Yb atoms and the second component 412 can include three or more ionic Ba atoms.

[0104] In some embodiments, at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object is dominated by a first species of atomic object, and at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object is dominated by a second species of atomic object.

[0105] In some embodiments, the first component of the atomic object and the second component of the atomic object are ions of the same atomic type, and the second component of the atomic object can be resonantly cooled ions, and periodic transitions can be used to cool the motional modes of the atomic objects.

[0106] Exemplary Methods of Performing Cooling Operations Through the Use of Phonon Pumping Figure 5 provides a flow diagram illustrating various processes and / or procedures for performing a cooling operation through the use of phonon pumping, according to various embodiments. The exemplary embodiment illustrated in Figure 5 corresponds to performing a cooling operation on atomic object 408 by a QCCD-based quantum computer, such as quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the processes and / or procedures illustrated in Figure 5 are performed by controller 30 of quantum computer 110.

[0107] Beginning at step / operation 502, controller 30 can control one or more voltage supplies to cause confinement device 200 to confine atomic object 408 at location 201 defined by confinement device 200. Confinement device 200 includes (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF null axis 405 of atomic object confinement device 200 and (b) a plurality of control electrodes, and atomic object 408 can include at least two quantum objects, the at least two quantum objects including a first component 410 of a first species of the at least two quantum objects and a second component 412 of a second species of the at least two quantum objects. Motion of the atomic object at the location defined by confinement device 200 can include contributions from one or more radial modes of motion of atomic object 408 and contributions from one or more axial modes of motion of atomic object 408.

[0108] In various embodiments, the atomic objects 408 are positioned and / or aligned along the RF null axis 405 such that the crystal axis 420 defined by the atomic objects 408 may be substantially aligned with the RF null axis 210 .

[0109] In step / operation 504, controller 30 may cause at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal. The at least one first control signal may cause the at least one control electrode to generate an oscillating potential at location 201 defined by confinement device 200 and may be configured to couple two or more motional modes to one another. For example, the oscillating potential at location 201 may be configured to couple at least one radial mode of one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial mode of the atomic object, or to couple two radial modes of the atomic object to one another, such that kinetic energy is transferred from the at least one radial mode of the atomic object to the at least one axial mode of the atomic object, or between two radial modes of the atomic object. In an exemplary embodiment in which two radial modes of the atomic object are coupled to one another, the two radial modes are perpendicular and / or transverse to one another. The oscillatory potential has a frequency equal to the frequency difference between two modes that are coupled to each other (e.g., the frequency difference between at least one radial motion mode and at least one axial motion mode that are coupled to each other, or the frequency difference between a first radial mode and a second radial mode).

[0110] In various embodiments, an oscillating potential can be applied to couple a motional mode with a slower cooling rate to a motional mode with a faster cooling rate. For example, the oscillating potential can have a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the motional state with the slower cooling rate and the motional state with the faster cooling rate. Energy (phonons) can be transferred from the motional state with the slower cooling rate to the motional state with the faster cooling rate. For example, the motional mode with the faster cooling rate can be an axial motional mode of the atomic object, and the motional mode with the slower cooling rate can be a radial motional mode of the atomic object.

[0111] In various embodiments, the oscillating potential may take the form of a pulse, and for one π time period, the motional state with the slower cooling rate may be coupled to the motional mode with the faster cooling rate. The phonon occupation of the motional state with the slower cooling rate may be transferred to the motional state with the faster cooling rate, such that the motional state with the faster cooling rate has lower excitation. Cooling light may be applied to the motional state with the faster cooling rate to cool the motional state with the faster cooling rate and cool the atomic object to its target temperature.

[0112] In various embodiments, the oscillatory potential may be a continuous oscillatory potential. The oscillatory potential may be configured to hybridize at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object with at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object.

[0113] In various embodiments, at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object and at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object cool at the same rate in response to the cooling signal being adjusted to cause cooling of a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects.

[0114] In step / operation 506, the controller 30 can control one or more manipulation sources 64 to incident a cooling signal 66 on the atomic objects 408, wherein at least one radial motion mode is dominated by the motion of a first component 410 of a first species of the at least two quantum objects, and the cooling signal is adjusted to cause cooling of a second component 412 of a second species of the at least two quantum objects.

[0115] In various embodiments, a first component of a first species of at least two quantum objects is configured for use as a coolant ion in a resonant cooling scheme for atomic objects.

[0116] In various embodiments, the first species of quantum objects can be Yb ions and the second species of quantum objects can be Ba ions.

[0117] In step / operation 508, controller 30 may determine whether a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object. For example, controller 30 may control one or more elements of quantum computer 110 to perform one or more measurements to determine the temperature and / or mode of motion of atomic object 408 disposed in particular region 201. If it is determined that the threshold temperature has been achieved for atomic object 408, the method may proceed to step 510. If it is determined that the threshold temperature has not been achieved for atomic object 408, the method may proceed to step 504.

[0118] In various embodiments, the sequence of applying the vibrational potential and the cooling light may be repeated several times to cool the atomic object to its target temperature.

[0119] In step / operation 510, the controller 30 can stop providing at least one first control signal to at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes, and can stop providing the cooling signal 66 incident on the atomic object 408. For example, the controller 30 can cause the at least one first control signal to stop generating an oscillatory potential in the specific region 201 confined by the confinement device. For example, the controller 30 can cause one or more manipulation sources 64 to stop generating the cooling signal 315 / 325. For example, the controller 30 can control one or more modulators to stop the cooling signal 315 / 325 from being provided and / or applied to the specific region 201.

[0120] In step / operation 512, controller 30 controls various elements of quantum computer 110 (e.g., voltage supply, manipulation source 64, and / or magnetic field generator 70, etc.) to perform the next operation of the quantum circuit. For example, controller 30 performs and / or causes the next operation of the quantum circuit to be performed. For example, controller 30 may control various elements of quantum computer 110 to transport one or more atomic objects into, out of, and / or within particular region 201, to implement one or more quantum gates in one or more atomic objects, and / or to read the state of one or more atomic objects and / or the state of components of the atomic objects.

[0121] In various embodiments, controller 30 may control one or more actuators to generate a time-dependent potential field (e.g., a potential field that evolves over time) that causes multiple potential-generating elements of the confinement device (e.g., RF electrode 212 and control electrode 216) to confine atomic object 408 by confinement region 201 of confinement device 200. Exemplary quantum computer 110 and controller 30 are described in more detail elsewhere herein with respect to FIGS. 1 and 6. Controller 30 may control one or more actuators (e.g., voltage supply 50), and / or manipulation sources 60 (e.g., lasers), etc., to cause atomic object 408 in confinement device 200 to perform subsequent operations of a quantum circuit.

[0122] A quantum circuit is a computational routine that includes coherent quantum operations on quantum data, such as qubits (e.g., the first component of atomic object 408). For example, a quantum circuit includes an ordered series of quantum gates. Execution and / or performance of a quantum circuit by a quantum computer causes the quantum computer to implement a corresponding algorithm. For example, to perform an algorithm and / or computation, a quantum computer may implement and / or execute a quantum circuit that includes first initializing one or more qubits (e.g., the first component of atomic object 408) to an initial quantum state, then performing an ordered series of quantum gates and / or other operations of the one or more qubits, and finally reading and / or sensing the quantum state of at least one of the qubits to determine the outcome and / or result of performing the algorithm and / or computation.

[0123] At least some of the operations performed during the execution of a quantum circuit require the atomic objects to be at or near their vibrational ground state. For example, high-fidelity performance of two-qubit gates using oscillating fields (e.g., laser beams) requires the atomic objects to be at or near their vibrational ground state. It may be necessary to cool the atomic objects at one or more times during the operation of the quantum circuit due to heating of the atomic objects due to transport operations and / or stray magnetic fields, etc. In various situations, the cooling time (e.g., the time required to cool the atomic object sufficiently close to its vibrational ground state for the operation to be performed) is longer than the length of time required for the operation to be performed. In various embodiments, the cooling time is shortened by using phonon coupling to couple one or more slower cooling radial modes to faster cooling axial modes. This provides faster quantum circuit execution times and allows deeper quantum circuits to be implemented (e.g., within qubit coherence time constraints).

[0124] Technical Advantages Various embodiments provide technical solutions to the technical problem of laser cooling atomic objects in a confinement device. For example, when cooling an atomic object, each motional mode needs to be cooled independently, and the cooling speeds of different motional modes can be very different. The motion of an atomic object can be divided into several motional modes that are orthogonal to each other. For example, the motion of an atomic object in a trapped ionic crystal with N ions can be represented by 3*N uncoupled modes, whose dynamics can usually be treated independently. Because the confinement region of an ion trap is linear, the ionic crystal can be a linear crystal. Therefore, the motional modes of an exemplary atomic object crystal can be divided into N axial modes that are primarily along the direction of the crystal axis (generally aligned with the confinement axis defined by the confinement region) and 2*N radial modes that are perpendicular to the direction of the crystal axis (and / or the confinement axis). For the exemplary atomic object crystal, the axial motional modes can cool much more quickly than the radial motional modes. However, all motional modes need to be cooled to the vibrational ground state of the atomic object before starting a gating operation on the atomic object. The total cooling time is mostly limited by the slowest cooling rate of all motional modes. In various embodiments, a vibrational potential may be applied to couple motional modes with slower cooling rates to motional modes with faster cooling rates. For example, the vibrational potential may have a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the motional states with slower cooling rates and the motional states with faster cooling rates. Energy (phonons) may be transferred from motional states with slower cooling rates to motional states with faster cooling rates. For example, energy (phonons) may be transferred from one or more radial motional modes with slower cooling rates to one or more axial motional modes with faster cooling rates so that the atomic object can be cooled at a cooling rate closer to the cooling rate of the axial motional modes. This may increase the effective cooling rate of the radial motional modes, allowing the atomic object to be cooled relatively efficiently.

[0125] Accordingly, various embodiments provide technical improvements in the field of quantum computer operation (e.g., for QCCD-based quantum computers) and / or laser cooling of confined atomic objects. For example, reducing the effective cooling time of an atomic object through coupling of slower cooling rate radial modes into faster cooling rate axial modes can provide faster quantum circuit execution times and allow deeper quantum circuits to be implemented (e.g., within qubit coherence time constraints).

[0126] Exemplary Control Device In various embodiments, confinement device 200 is incorporated into quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 further comprises a controller 30 configured to control various elements of quantum computer 110. For example, controller 30 can be configured to control voltage supply 50, a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within cold chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, manipulation sources 64 (e.g., 64A, 64B, 64C), magnetic field generator 70, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, and / or pressure, etc.) within cold chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, and is configured to manipulate and / or cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device and / or is configured to read and / or detect the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device.

[0127] As shown in FIG. 6 , in various embodiments, controller 30 may include processing elements 605, memory 610, drive controller elements 615, communication interfaces 620, and / or analog-to-digital converter elements 625, etc. For example, processing elements 605 may include programmable logic devices (CPLDs), microprocessors, coprocessing entities, application-specific instruction set processors (ASIPs), integrated circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), hardware accelerators, and / or other processing devices and / or circuits, etc. The term circuitry may refer to a hardware embodiment as a whole or a combination of hardware and a computer program product. In an exemplary embodiment, processing elements 605 of controller 30 include and / or are in communication with a clock.

[0128] For example, memory 610 may comprise non-transitory memory, such as volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage devices such as one or more of a hard disk, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, and / or register memory. In various embodiments, memory 610 may store qubit records (e.g., qubit record data store, qubit record database, and / or qubit record table, etc.) corresponding to qubits of the quantum computer, calibration tables, executable cues, and / or computer program code (e.g., in one or more computer languages, dedicated controller languages, etc.), etc. In an exemplary embodiment, execution (e.g., by processing element 605) of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in memory 610 causes controller 30 to perform one or more steps, operations, processes, and / or procedures, etc., described herein, to control one or more components of quantum computer 110 (e.g., voltage supply source 50, manipulation source 64, and / or magnetic field generator 70, etc.) to cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects and / or to detect and / or read the quantum state of one or more atomic objects.

[0129] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 615 may comprise one or more drivers and / or controller elements, each configured to drive one or more drivers. In various embodiments, the driver controller element 615 may comprise a driver and / or driver controller. For example, the driver controller may be configured to operate one or more corresponding drivers according to executable instructions and / or commands, etc., scheduled and executed by the controller 30 (e.g., by the processing element 605). In various embodiments, the driver controller element 615 may enable the controller 30 to operate the operation source 64. In various embodiments, the drivers may be laser drivers, vacuum component drivers, drivers for controlling the flow of current and / or voltage applied to longitudinal electrodes, RF electrodes, and / or other electrodes used to maintain and / or control the containment potential of the containment device (and / or other drivers for providing driver operation sequences and / or control signals to potential-generating elements of the containment device), and / or drivers for components of the cryogenic system and / or vacuum system. For example, the drivers can control and / or comprise longitudinal and / or RF voltage drivers and / or voltage supplies that provide voltage and / or electrical signals to the longitudinal electrodes 416 and / or RF electrodes 412. In various embodiments, the controller 30 comprises means for communicating and / or receiving signals from one or more detectors 125, such as optical receiver components (e.g., cameras, MEMS cameras, CCD cameras, photodiodes, and / or photomultiplier tubes, etc.). For example, the controller 30 may comprise one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 625 configured to receive signals from one or more detectors 125, optical receiver components, and / or calibration sensors, etc.

[0130] In various embodiments, controller 30 may include a communications interface 620 for interacting with and / or communicating with computing entity 10. For example, controller 30 may include a communications interface 620 for receiving executable instructions and / or command sets, etc. from computing entity 10, and for providing to computing entity 10 outputs received from quantum computer 110 (e.g., from a light collection system including one or more detectors 125) and / or results of processing the outputs. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 and controller 30 may communicate via a direct wired and / or wireless connection and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0131] Exemplary Computing Entity 7 provides an example schematic depiction of an exemplary computing entity 10 that may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to quantum computer 110 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and receive, display, and / or analyze, etc., output from quantum computer 110.

[0132] 7, computing entity 10 may comprise an antenna 712, a transmitter 704 (e.g., wireless), a receiver 706 (e.g., wireless), and a processing element 708 that provides signals to transmitter 704 and receives signals from receiver 706. The signals provided to transmitter 704 and received from receiver 706 may include signaling information / data according to the air interface standard of an applicable wireless system for communicating with various entities, such as controller 30 and / or other computing entities 10. In this regard, computing entity 10 may be capable of operating with one or more air interface standards, communications protocols, modulation formats, and access types. For example, computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using a wired data transmission protocol such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, the computing entity 10 may be configured to support a variety of wireless technologies, including General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate (EDGE), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Data Optimized Evolution (EVDO), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi The computing entity 10 may be configured to communicate over a wireless external communications network using any of a variety of protocols, such as Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), ultra-wideband (UWB), infrared (IR) protocol, near field communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, wireless universal serial bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol. The computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), and / or Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

[0133] Through these communication standards and protocols, computing entity 10 can communicate with various other entities using concepts such as Unstructured Supplementary Service Information / Data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Signaling (DTMF), and / or Subscriber Identity Module Dialer (SIM Dialer). Computing entity 10 can also, for example, download modifications, add-ons, and updates to its firmware, software (e.g., executable instructions, applications, program modules), and operating system. In an exemplary embodiment, computing entity 10 comprises a network interface 720 configured to communicate over one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0134] Computing entity 10 may also include user interface devices comprising one or more user input / output interfaces (e.g., a display device 716 and / or speaker / speaker driver coupled to processing element 708, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to processing element 708). For example, the user output interface may be configured to provide an application, browser, user interface, interface, dashboard, screen, web page, page, and / or similar terms used herein, executing on and / or accessible via computing entity 10, to provide a display or audible presentation of information / data and for interaction via one or more user input interfaces. The user input interface may comprise any of several devices that allow computing entity 10 to receive data, such as a keypad 718 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, reader, or other input device. In embodiments including a keypad 718, the keypad 718 may include (or may provide a representation of) numbers (0-9), related keys (#, *), and other keys conventionally used to operate computing entity 10, or may include a full set of alphabetic keys or a set of keys that can be actuated to provide a full set of alphanumeric keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to activate or terminate certain functions, such as, for example, a screen saver and / or sleep mode. Through such input, computing entity 10 may collect information / data and / or user interaction / input, etc.

[0135] Computing entity 10 may also include volatile storage or memory 722 and / or nonvolatile storage or memory 724, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, the nonvolatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory cards, memory sticks, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, and / or racetrack memory, etc. The volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, and / or register memory, etc. The volatile and nonvolatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, byte code, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, and / or executable instructions for implementing the functionality of computing entity 10.

[0136] conclusion Many variations and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, and that variations and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a broad and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. [Explanation of symbols]

[0137] 10 Computing Entities 20 Network 30 Control device 40 Cryostat chamber, vacuum chamber, low temperature chamber 50 Voltage supply source 64, 64A, 64B, 64C operation source 66, 66A, 66B, 66C Beam path, cooling signal 70 Magnetic Field Generator 70A internal magnetic field generator 70B External magnetic field generator 80 Optical Acquisition System 100 Quantum Computer Systems 110 Quantum Computer 120 Stimulated emission 125 detector 130 Pushing Point 200 Atomic Object Confinement Device 201 Confinement area, specific area, location defined by the confinement device 200 205 Longitudinal Axis 210 RF null axis 211, 211A, 211B Longitudinal axis 212, 212A, 212B RF electrode 214, 214A, 214B, 214C A series of longitudinal electrodes 216 Longitudinal electrode, control electrode 310 S manifold 315 First operating signal, cooling signal 318 Polarization of the first operating signal 315 325 Second operating signal, cooling signal 328 Polarization of the second operating signal 325 320 P manifold 330 D manifold 405 Atomic object axis, RF null axis 408 atomic objects, ionic crystals 410 First Component 410', 410" Displaced position 412 Second Component 412', 412" Displaced position 450 Radio Frequency Null 605 Processing Elements 610 memory 615 Drive Control Device Element 620 Communication Interface 625 Analog-to-Digital Converter Elements 704 Transmitter 706 Receiver 708 Processing Elements 712 Antenna 716 Display device 718 Keypad 720 network interface 722 Volatile Storage or Memory 724 Non-volatile storage or memory 1025 A / D converter B magnetic field α is the angle between the magnetic field B and the atomic object axis 405 β angle of the first operation signal 315 with the atomic object axis 405 γ is the angle of the second operation signal 325 with the atomic object axis 405 λ1 first wavelength Δ SP First detuning λ2 second wavelength Δ PD Second detuning

Claims

1. 1. A method for cooling an atomic object, comprising: controlling one or more voltage supplies to cause a containment device to confine the atomic object at a position defined by the containment device, the containment device comprising: (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF null axis of the containment device; and (b) a plurality of control electrodes, the atomic object comprising at least two quantum objects, the at least two quantum objects including a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects and a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects, and wherein motion of the atomic object at the position defined by the containment device includes contributions from one or more radial modes of motion of the atomic object and contributions from one or more axial modes of motion of the atomic object; causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal, the at least one first control signal causing the at least one control electrode to generate an oscillatory potential at the location defined by the confinement device, the at least one first control signal being configured to couple the at least one radial mode of motion to the at least one axial mode of motion, or to couple the two radial modes to each other, such that kinetic energy is transferred from at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object, or between two radial modes of the atomic object, the two radial modes being perpendicular to each other, the oscillatory potential having a frequency equal to a frequency difference between the at least one radial mode and the at least one axial mode of motion; controlling one or more manipulation sources to impinge a cooling signal on the atomic objects, wherein the at least one radial motion mode is dominated by motion of a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects, and the cooling signal is adjusted to cause cooling of a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects; A method comprising:

2. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object is dominated by the first species of the atomic object, and the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object is dominated by the second species of the atomic object.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first species of the at least two quantum objects are configured for use as coolant ions in a resonant cooling scheme for the atomic objects.

4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first species of quantum objects are Yb ions and the second species of quantum objects are Ba ions.

5. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vibrational potential is a pulsed vibrational potential configured to couple the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object over a predetermined time period.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the sequence of causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal and controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object is repeatedly performed until a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object.

7. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oscillatory potential is a continuous oscillatory potential configured to hybridize the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object with the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object.

8. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object and the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object cool at the same rate in response to the cooling signal being adjusted to cause cooling of the second component of the second species of the at least two quantum objects.

9. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal are performed simultaneously.

10. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal is performed until a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object.

11. 1. An apparatus comprising at least one processing unit and a memory storing computer-executable instructions, the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processing unit, causing the apparatus to perform at least: controlling one or more voltage supplies to cause a containment device to confine an atomic object at a location defined by the containment device, the containment device comprising: (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF null axis of the containment device; and (b) a plurality of control electrodes; the atomic object comprises at least two quantum objects, the at least two quantum objects including a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects and a second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects; and motion of the atomic object at the location defined by the containment device includes contributions from one or more radial modes of motion of the atomic object and contributions from one or more axial modes of motion of the atomic object; providing at least one first control signal to at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes, the at least one first control signal causing the at least one control electrode to generate an oscillatory potential at the location defined by the confinement device, the at least one first control signal being configured to couple the at least one radial mode of motion to the at least one axial mode of motion, or to couple the two radial modes to each other, such that kinetic energy is transferred from at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object, or between two radial modes of the atomic object, the two radial modes being perpendicular to each other, the oscillatory potential having a frequency equal to a frequency difference between the at least one radial mode and the at least one axial mode of motion; 10. An apparatus comprising: controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic objects, wherein the at least one radial motion mode is dominated by motion of a first component of a first species of the at least two quantum objects; and wherein the cooling signal is adjusted to cause cooling of the second component of a second species of the at least two quantum objects.

12. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object is dominated by the first species of the atomic object, and the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object is dominated by the second species of the atomic object.

13. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first species of the at least two quantum objects are configured for use as coolant ions in a resonant cooling scheme for the atomic objects.

14. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first species of quantum objects are Yb ions and the second species of quantum objects are Ba ions.

15. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the vibrational potential is a pulsed vibrational potential configured to couple the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object to the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object over a predetermined time period.

16. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the sequence of causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal and controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object is repeatedly performed until a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object.

17. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the oscillatory potential is a continuous oscillatory potential configured to hybridize the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object with the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object.

18. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one radial mode of the one or more radial modes of the atomic object and the at least one axial mode of the one or more axial modes of the atomic object cool at the same rate in response to the cooling signal being adjusted to cause cooling of the second component of the second species of the at least two quantum objects.

19. 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein controlling one or more manipulation sources to direct a cooling signal at the atomic object and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal are performed simultaneously.

20. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein controlling one or more manipulation sources to incident a cooling signal on the atomic object and causing at least one control electrode of the plurality of control electrodes to provide at least one first control signal is performed until a threshold temperature is achieved for the atomic object.

Images