Determining / displaying measurement beam resource sets associated with artificial intelligence / machine learning systems

Abstract

Systems, methods, and means related to determining / indicating a measurement beam resource set (Set B) for an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) system are described. A device may perform measurements on resources. The measurements may include measurements on one or more resources associated with a first reference signal (RS) resource set and one or more resources associated with a second RS resource set. The device may determine a subset of measured RS resources based on whether an RS resource selection condition is met. The device may transmit an indication of the determined subset of measured RS resources or one or more of rules used to determine the determined subset of measured RS resources.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 447,944, filed February 24, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. [Background technology]

[0002] Mobile communications using radio waves continues to evolve. The fifth generation is sometimes referred to as 5G. The previous (legacy) generation of mobile communications may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE). Summary of the Invention

[0003] Described herein are systems, methods, and means related to determining / indicating a measurement beam resource set (Set B) for, for example, an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) system.

[0004] A device (e.g., a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU)) may perform (e.g., may be configured to perform) one or more of the following: The device may receive configuration information indicating a reference signal (RS) resource set and one or more RS resource selection conditions. The device may perform measurements on RS resources associated with the received configuration information. For example, the device may perform measurements on RS resources associated with the received RS resource set. The RS resource selection condition may be based on a respective RSRP of each of the measured RS resources. The RS resource selection condition may be based on a line-of-sight (LoS) rate of each of the measured RS resources.

[0005] The device may determine the subset of resources based on whether an RS resource selection condition (e.g., a received RS resource selection condition) is satisfied. The determined subset of resources may be a subset of the measured RS resources based on one or more RS resource selection conditions being satisfied. For example, if a first RS resource selection condition is not satisfied and a second RS resource selection condition is satisfied, the measured subset of RS resources may be based on the second RS resource selection condition being satisfied. The device may transmit (e.g., to the network) an indication of the subset of resources and / or the resource selection condition (e.g., the satisfied resource selection condition).

[0006] The device may determine power-related parameter values ​​(e.g., SS-RSRP, CSI-RSRP, SS-SINR, RSSI, CLI-RSSI) associated with RS resources of the subset of resources. The device may estimate beam parameters (e.g., beam direction, beam width) of the beam based on the determined parameters associated with RS resources of the subset of resources. The device may determine a beam set based on the determined and / or estimated beam parameters. The device may report the beam set.

[0007] In an example, a device (e.g., a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU)) may implement (e.g., be configured to do) one or more of the following: The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more reference signal (RS) resource sets, where each RS resource is associated with a beam, one or more RS resource selection criteria / rules, and / or at least one fallback CSI-RS resource selection criterion. The WTRU may measure one or more RS resources of each RS resource set. The WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as the WTRU's set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B), e.g., based on the received configuration of the RS resource sets and / or based on one or more RS resource selection criteria being satisfied. For example, if none of the one or more RS resource selection criteria are satisfied, the WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as the WTRU's set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B), e.g., based on the fallback RS resource selection criterion. The WTRU may transmit an indication indicating the RS selection criteria used by the WTRU to select a subset of measured RS resources as the WTRU's set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may transmit a report indicating the subset of measured RS resources selected to form the set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may receive (e.g., via a CSI-Report) a set of RS resources belonging to configured Set B and / or a configuration of an RS resource measurement report. The WTRU may measure the power (e.g., L1-RSRP, used as an example herein) of at least one RS resource belonging to configured Set B. The WTRU may, for example, determine a measured L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam and / or an estimated L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam based on the measured L1-RSRP of at least one RS resource belonging to configured Set B.The WTRU may, for example, determine a set of K beams with the highest L1-RSRP based on at least one measured and / or estimated L1-RSRP. The WTRU may report the set of K beams with the highest L1-RSRP (e.g., via a CSI report). The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating the TCI state of one of the configured beams. The WTRU may use the indicated TCI state to receive future PDCCH and PUSCH resources.

[0008] An example device may include a processor configured to perform one or more acts. For example, a device (e.g., a WTRU) may perform measurements on resources. The measurements may comprise measurements on one or more resources associated with a first reference signal (RS) resource set and one or more resources associated with a second RS resource set. The WTRU may determine a subset of measured RS resources based on whether an RS resource selection condition is satisfied. The WTRU may transmit an indication of the determined subset of measured RS resources or one or more of the rules used to determine the determined subset of measured RS resources.

[0009] The WTRU may (e.g., further) receive one or more of an indication of a set of RS resources associated with the configured set or an indication associated with an RS resource measurement report. The WTRU may perform measurements on the RS resources, where the RS resources are from the set of RS resources. The WTRU may determine power based on the measurements on the RS resources. The power may be at least one of measured power of beams associated with the configured set or estimated power of beams associated with the configured set. The WTRU may determine a set of beams with the highest received power based on the power. The WTRU may transmit an indication of the determined set of beams with the highest received power. The WTRU may receive information indicating a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state of configured beams associated with the configured set. The WTRU may use the indicated TCI state.

[0010] The determined subset of measured RS resources may be based on a rule associated with an RS resource selection condition being satisfied, e.g., the subset of measured resources determined when the RS resource selection condition is satisfied. The determined subset of measured RS resources may be used a fallback resource selection rule, e.g., the subset of measured resources determined when the RS resource selection condition is not satisfied. The (e.g., each) RS resource may be associated with a beam. The WTRU may (e.g., further) receive configuration information indicating one or more of the fallback resource selection rule, one or more RS resource sets, or one or more RS resource selection conditions. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0012] [Figure 1B]1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment.

[0013] [Figure 1C] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment.

[0014] [Figure 1D] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating a further exemplary RAN and a further exemplary CN that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment.

[0015] [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a random access procedure. [Figure 2B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a random access procedure. [Figure 2C] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a random access procedure. [Figure 2D] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a random access procedure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] 1A illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple-access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasts, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable the multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailed unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DFT-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0017] 1A, communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RANs 104 / 113, CNs 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA,” may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and application (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and application (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated processing chain context), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[0018] The communications system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communications networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNodeB, a Home Node B, a Home eNodeB, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, etc. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each shown as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0019] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, sometimes referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of the licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for wireless services in a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and utilize multiple transceivers per sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0020] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0021] More particularly, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple-access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in the RAN 104 / 113 may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0022] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0023] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as New Radio (NR) radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using NR.

[0024] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may jointly implement LTE and NR radio access, e.g., using a dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to and from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0025] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), or the like.

[0026] 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a workplace, a home, a vehicle, a premises, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Therefore, the base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0027] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput, latency, error resilience, reliability, data throughput, mobility, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A , it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs employing the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0028] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0029] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may employ cellular-based wireless technology and may be configured to communicate with a base station 114b that may employ IEEE 802.2 wireless technology.

[0030] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a GPS chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the above elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0031] The processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, other types of integrated circuits (ICs), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be incorporated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0032] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0033] 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More particularly, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0034] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as, for example, NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0035] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0036] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0037] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information via any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0038] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0039] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (associated with a particular subframe for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and the downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to eliminate and / or substantially reduce self-interference through either hardware (e.g., chokes) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (associated with a particular subframe for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0040] 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106, according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 104 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0041] The RAN 104 may include eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNodeBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNodeB 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a, for example.

[0042] Each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0043] 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the above elements is shown as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0044] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNodeBs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0045] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during handovers between eNodeBs, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc.

[0046] The SGW 164 may be connected to a PGW 166 that may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0047] The CN 106 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional fixed communication devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. Additionally, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0048] Although the WTRU is depicted in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, in some representative embodiments in which such a terminal may be used (e.g., temporarily or permanently), it is contemplated that wired communications will interface with the communications network.

[0049] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0050] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or interface with a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and out of the BSS. Traffic to a STA originating from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and be sent to the STA. Traffic originating from a STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the respective destination. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be sent through the AP, e.g., where a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may send traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) a source STA and a destination STA using direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all of the STAs) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0051] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, an AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or dynamically configured via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. In CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected by a particular STA and / or determined to be busy, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at a given time in a given BSS.

[0052] A high-throughput (HT) STA may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of a 20 MHz primary channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0053] A Very High Throughput (VHT) STA may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining eight contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, sometimes referred to as an 80+80 configuration. In the 80+80 configuration, data may be passed through a segment parser that may split the data into two streams after channel encoding. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing may be performed separately on each stream. The streams may be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0054] Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah may support meter-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices, in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have limited capabilities, including, for example, support for some and / or limited bandwidths (e.g., only support for some). MTC devices may include batteries with above-threshold battery life (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0055] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In an 802.11ah example, the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide for a STA (e.g., an MTC-type device) that supports (e.g., only supports) the 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) setting can depend on the status of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is busy due to a STA (that only supports 1 MHz mode of operation) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even though most of the frequency band may remain idle and be available for use.

[0056] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0057] 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115, according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0058] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from, for example, the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement coordinated multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or 180c).

[0059] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using scalable numerology-related transmissions. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, cells, and / or portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., including various numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting for varying lengths of absolute time).

[0060] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without accessing another RAN (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c, etc.). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to a gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN, such as an eNodeB 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may act as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0061] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interconnection between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another via an Xn interface.

[0062] 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the above elements is shown as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0063] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b to customize the CN support of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service being utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on highly reliable and low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services with machine-type communications (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0064] The SMFs 183a and 183b may be connected to the AMFs 182a and 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMFs 183a and 183b may also be connected to the UPFs 184a and 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMFs 183a and 183b may select and control the UPFs 184a and 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPFs 184a and 184b. The SMFs 183a and 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, enforcing policy and controlling QoS, providing downlink data notifications, etc. The type of PDU session may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0065] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184, 184b may perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0066] The CN 115 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. Additionally, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to the local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPFs 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

[0067] 1A-1D and the corresponding description thereof, one or more or all of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNodeBs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functionality.

[0068] The emulation device may be designed to perform one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices in the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device to test and / or perform tests using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0069] The one or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, including but not limited to, without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a test laboratory and / or test scenario in an undeployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which may include, e.g., one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0070] A Radio Access Network (RAN) may support an Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) NR air interface. A target use case for AI / ML for the air interface may be beam management, which may be used to improve performance and / or reduce complexity in beam management aspects including, for example, beam prediction in the time and / or spatial domains for overhead and / or latency reduction, improved beam selection accuracy, etc.

[0071] AI / ML applications related to beam management may predict the best beam (e.g., or beam pair) among a set of beams (e.g., or beam pairs) with greater accuracy and less overhead than at least some other beam management procedures. In some beam management procedures, a WTRU may measure a reference signal (RS) associated with a beam to determine beam quality. The best beam may be reported from among the measured beams. In contrast, an AI / ML model in a WTRU (e.g., or gNB) may predict one or more beams (e.g., or beam pairs) among (e.g., all) possible beams (e.g., or beam pairs), which may not include beams (e.g., or beam pairs) not measured by the WTRU (e.g., or gNB). Input to the AI / ML model may be beam measurements and / or beam parameters for a set of beams / beam pairs denoted by Set B, sometimes referred to as the measurement set. Set B may be a subset of Set A, sometimes referred to as the prediction set. Set A may include (e.g., all) possible beams / beam pairs. An AI / ML model in the WTRU (e.g., or gNB) may predict one or more beams (e.g., or beam pairs) of set A by inputting, for example, beam measurements and / or beam parameters of beams in set B.

[0072] An AI / ML model may be trained using sets B of different types and / or sizes. An AI / ML model trained using a larger set B size may improve prediction accuracy at the expense of overhead, and vice versa. An AI / ML model trained using a fixed (e.g., single) set B may perform better at the expense of flexibility in the inputs to the AI / ML model. In contrast, an AI / ML model trained using multiple or random sets B may have more flexibility in the inputs to the AI / ML model at the expense of performance.

[0073] A measurement beam resource set called set B (e.g., optimal set B) may be determined, switched, and / or indicated / reported.

[0074] The words "a" and "an" and similar phrases may be interpreted as "one or more" and "at least one." The suffix "one or more" may be interpreted as "one or more" and "at least one."

[0075] Artificial intelligence (AI) can be defined as behaviors exhibited by machines that can mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, and / or act.

[0076] Machine learning (ML) may refer to a type of algorithm that solves problems based on learning through experience (e.g., data) without being (e.g., explicitly) programmed (e.g., by constructing a set of rules). Machine learning may be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms may be implemented based on the nature of the data and / or feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, supervised learning techniques may involve learning a function that maps inputs to outputs based on one or more labeled training examples. A training example (e.g., each training example) may be a pair including an input and a corresponding output. Unsupervised learning techniques may involve detecting patterns in existing unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning techniques may involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize a cumulative reward. In some examples, machine learning algorithms may be applied using a combination and / or interpolation of machine learning techniques. For example, semi-supervised learning techniques may use a combination of (e.g., a small amount of) labeled data with (e.g., a large amount of) unlabeled data during training. Semi-supervised learning can fall between unsupervised learning (e.g., without labeled training data) and supervised learning (e.g., with only labeled training data).

[0077] Deep learning (DL) may refer to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (e.g., deep neural networks (DNNs)) that may be inspired by biological systems. Deep neural networks (DNNs) may be a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain. DNN inputs may be linearly transformed and passed through nonlinear activation functions multiple times. DNNs may include multiple layers. (E.g., each) layer may include linear transformations and / or one or more nonlinear activation functions. DNNs may be trained, for example, by using training data via a backpropagation algorithm. DNNs may provide state-of-the-art performance in various machine learning settings (e.g., supervised, unsupervised, and / or semi-supervised) in various domains, such as speech, video, and natural language. The term AIML-based method / process may refer, for example, to the realization of behavior and / or compliance with requirements by learning based on data without (e.g., explicit) configuration of a sequence of steps or actions. AIML-based methods can enable learning complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement using other (e.g., legacy) methods.

[0078] The WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or a reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term "beam" may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0079] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using a spatial domain filter, e.g., the same spatial domain filter used to receive an RS (e.g., channel state information (CSI)-RS) or synchronization signal (SS) block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as a target. The received RS or SS block may be referred to as a reference or source. The WTRU may transmit (e.g., may be said to) the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relationship with the reference to the RS or SS block.

[0080] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to a spatial domain filter, e.g., the same spatial domain filter used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as a target and a reference (e.g., or source), respectively. The WTRU may transmit (e.g., may be said to) the first (e.g., target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relationship with the reference to the second (e.g., reference) physical channel or signal.

[0081] The spatial relationship may be implicit, configured by RRC, signaled by a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI), etc. For example, the WTRU may (e.g., implicitly) transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and / or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) for the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated in the DCI or indicated by an SRS resource indicator (SRI) configured by RRC. In some examples, the spatial relationship may be configured by RRC for the SRI or signaled by a MAC CE for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). The spatial relationship may (e.g., also) be referred to as a beam indication.

[0082] The WTRU may receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameters as a second (e.g., reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, an association may exist between a physical channel, such as a PDCCH or PDSCH, and the physical channel's respective DM-RS. An association may exist between corresponding antenna ports, for example, when the first and second signals are reference signals and / or when the WTRU is configured with quasi-co-location (QCL) assumption type D. The association may be configured as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may be indicated the association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS, for example, by an index into a set of TCI states configured by RRC and / or signaled (e.g., by MAC CE). An indication of the association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS may (e.g., also) be referred to as a beam indication.

[0083] A transmitting / receiving point (TRP) may be used interchangeably with one or more of a transmitting point (TP), a receiving point (RP), a radio remote head (RRH), a distributed antenna (DA), a base station (BS), a sector (e.g., of a BS), and / or a cell (e.g., a geographic cell area served by a BS). A multi-TRP may be used interchangeably with one or more of an MTRP, an M-TRP, and / or multiple TRPs.

[0084] The WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, which may correspond to one or more of a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), an SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of the panel used for reception at the WTRU (e.g., panel identity or group identity), measurements such as Layer 1 (L1)-Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), L1 Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio (SINR) taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and / or other channel state information such as a rank indicator (RI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a layer index (LI), etc.

[0085] Channel and / or interference measurements may be performed. The WTRU may receive synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) blocks. The SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or decode (e.g., attempt to) the SSBs, for example, during one or more of initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, etc.

[0086] The WTRU may measure and report channel state information (CSI). The CSI for a connected mode (e.g., each connected mode) may include or be configured with one or more of a CSI reporting configuration, a CSI-RS resource set, or non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources.

[0087] The CSI reporting configuration may include one or more of a CSI reporting quantity (e.g., a channel quality indicator (CQI), a rank indicator (RI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a layer indicator (LI), etc.), a CSI reporting type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic), a CSI reporting codebook configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.), or a CSI reporting frequency.

[0088] The CSI-RS resource set may include one or more of a CSI resource configuration of NZP-CSI-RS resources for channel measurements, NZP-CSI-RS resources for interference measurements, or CSI interference measurement (CSI-IM) resources for interference measurements.

[0089] The NZP CSI-RS resource may include one or more of an NZP CSI-RS resource identifier (ID), a periodicity and / or offset, QCL information and / or TCI state, or a resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0090] The WTRU may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following parameters may be included in the reference signal measurements: SS-RSRP, CSI-RSRP, SS-SINR, CSI-SINR, RSSI, CLI-RSSI, or SRS-RSRP.

[0091] The SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured, for example, based on a synchronization signal (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in the PBCH or SSS). The SS-RSRP may be defined as a linear average over the power contributions of resource elements (REs) carrying each synchronization signal. Power scaling for the reference signal may be used (e.g., required) when measuring RSRP. The SS-RSRP measurement may be achieved, for example, based on a CSI reference signal and a synchronization signal (e.g., when used for L1-RSRP).

[0092] The CSI-RSRP may be measured based on a linear average over the power contributions of the REs carrying each CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within the measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasion.

[0093] The SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) may be measured based on a synchronization signal (e.g., PBCH or DMRS in SSS). SS-SINR may be defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the REs carrying the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. The noise and interference power measurement may be achieved based on resources configured by higher layers, for example, if / when SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR.

[0094] The CSI-SINR may be measured, for example, based on a linear average over the power contributions of the REs carrying each CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. The noise and interference power measurement may be achieved, for example, based on resources configured by higher layers if / when CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR. The noise and interference power may be measured, for example, based on resources carrying each CSI-RS if / when CSI-SINR is not used for L1-SINR.

[0095] The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured, for example, based on the average of the total power contributions within the configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth, which may be received from different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0096] A cross-layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured, for example, based on an average of (e.g., total) power contributions among configured OFDM symbols of configured time and / or frequency resources. The power contributions may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0097] The sounding reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured, for example, based on a linear average over the power contributions of the REs carrying each SRS.

[0098] A beam / CSI reporting configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a (e.g., single) Bandwidth Part (BWP) (e.g., indicated by a BWP-Id), in which one or more of the following parameters may be configured: CSI-RS resources and / or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurements; CSI-RS reporting configuration type (e.g., including periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic); CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reporting; CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic CSI reporting; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reporting; time limit for channel and interference measurements; reporting frequency band configuration (e.g., wideband / subband CQI, PMI, etc.); calculation threshold and mode for reporting quantity (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); codebook configuration; group-based beam reporting; CQI table; subband size; non-PMI port indication; port index;

[0099] The CSI-RS resource configuration may be determined and / or given. A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig). The WTRU may be configured with one or more of: a CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS resources among the CSI-RS resources; a CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number, density, CDM type, OFDM symbols, and / or subcarrier occupancy of CSI-RS ports; a bandwidth portion to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; or criteria for the TCI state (e.g., including the QCL source RS and the corresponding QCL type).

[0100] An RS resource set may be configured. One or more configurations may be used for the RS resource set. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. The RS resource set configuration may include one or more of an RS resource set ID, one or more RS resources for the RS resource set, repetition (e.g., on or off), aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one of 0 to 6 slots), or TRS information (e.g., true or false).

[0101] RS resources may be configured. One or more configurations may be used for RS resources. The WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of an RS resource ID, a resource mapping (e.g., RE in PRB), a power control offset (e.g., one value of 8,...,15), a power control offset with SS (e.g., 3dB, 0dB, 3dB, 6dB), a scrambling ID, a period and offset, or QCL information (e.g., based on TCI state).

[0102] A grant or assignment may have one or more properties, which may include, for example, one or more of the following: frequency allocation, time allocation aspects such as duration, priority, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), transport block size, number of spatial layers, number of transport blocks, TCI state, CRI and / or SRI, number of repetitions, an indication of whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B, an indication of whether the grant is a configured grant Type 1, Type 2, or a dynamic grant, an indication of whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduled (e.g., configured) assignment, a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index, a periodicity of the configured grant or assignment, a channel access priority class (CAPC), or (e.g., any) parameter provided (e.g., in a DCI, by MAC, or by RRC) to schedule the grant or assignment.

[0103] The indication by DCI may include, for example, one or more of an indication (e.g., explicit) by a DCI field used to mask the CRC of the PDCCH or by the RNTI, and / or an indication (e.g., implicit) by properties such as DCI format, DCI size, CORESET or search space, aggregation level, first resource element (e.g., index of the first control channel element) of the received DCI, where the mapping between properties and values ​​may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0104] A reference signal (RS) may be used interchangeably with one or more of an RS resource, an RS resource set, an RS port, an RS port group, or a beam group. An RS may (for example) also be used interchangeably with one or more of a sounding reference signal (SRS), a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), a timing reference signal (TRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0105] The channel may be used interchangeably with one or more of a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), a physical random access channel (PRACH), etc.

[0106] Signals, channels, and / or messages may be used interchangeably (eg, as in DL or UL signals, channels, and / or messages).

[0107] Beam reporting may be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, CSI reporting, and / or beam measurement.

[0108] Examples (e.g., described herein) for beam resource prediction may be used for beam resources belonging to one or more (e.g., single or multiple) cells and / or one or more (e.g., single or multiple) TRPs.

[0109] Set A may be used interchangeably with one or more sets of RS resource sets, beams, beam pairs, beam RS resources, RS resources, and / or beam patterns. In an example, set A may be the set of all beams.

[0110] Set B may be used interchangeably with one or more sets of RS resource sets, beams, beam pairs, beam RS resources, RS resources, and / or beam patterns. In an example, set B may be a set of measured beams (e.g., set B may be a subset of set A).

[0111] The measurement beam resource set (Set B) may be selected / indicated, for example, during initial access. The WTRU may have a (pre-)defined initial / default Set B and / or Set B size. For example, a random Set B may have a (e.g., default) size of N beams. For example, a fixed Set B may include common (e.g., non-WTRU-specific) gNB beams.

[0112] For example, if the ID / QCL-TypeD information of a measured beam matches a beam in a (pre-)configured Set B, the WTRU may switch to another Set B type (e.g., fixed Set B, random Set B) based on the initial measurement (e.g., initial beam RSRP, indicated beam ID) and / or the availability of a (pre-)defined / (pre-)configured Set B. The measured beam may match a beam in Set B associated with the AI / ML model. The WTRU may send an indication to the gNB regarding the selection of a beam in Set B, e.g., a WTRU-specific pre-configured Set B. The WTRU may report the supported Set B types (e.g., fixed, random, etc.), e.g., as part of its WTRU capabilities. The WTRU may, e.g., determine / indicate a future preferred Set B (e.g., measurement RS resources) according to the WTRU's reported capabilities.

[0113] The terms initial access and random access may be used interchangeably to refer to one or more procedures associated with establishing connectivity between a WTRU and a network.

[0114] The random access procedure may be implemented in a network (e.g., an NR network). Figures 2A to 2D show an example of the random access procedure.

[0115] Multiple (e.g., two) types of random access procedures may be supported (e.g., a four-step RA type using MSG1 and a two-step RA type using MSGA). One or more (e.g., both) types of RA procedures may support contention-based random access (CBRA) and / or contention-free random access (CFRA), for example, as shown in Figures 2A-2D.

[0116] The WTRU may select the type of random access at the start of the random access procedure based on the network configuration. For example, if / when CFRA resources are not configured, the RSRP threshold may be used by the WTRU to select between a two-step RA type and a four-step RA type. For example, if / when CFRA resources for a four-step RA type are configured, the WTRU may perform random access using the four-step RA type. For example, if / when CFRA resources for a two-step RA type are configured, the WTRU may perform random access using the two-step RA type.

[0117] A RACH opportunity (RO) may be a space in the time and / or frequency domain for reception of a RACH preamble.

[0118] In some examples (e.g., in LTE), there may be (e.g., only) one RACH opportunity specified by an RRC message (e.g., in SIB2) for (e.g., all) possible RACH preambles. In some examples (e.g., in NR), the SSBs may be associated with different beams, and / or the WTRU may select a beam and send a preamble using the selected beam.

[0119] A mapping may be defined / configured by the gNB between SSBs and RACH opportunities. SSBs (e.g., each SSB) may be associated with a different beam. The WTRU may select a beam and send a preamble using the selected beam. The gNB may know which beam / SSB the WTRU selected based on, for example, the configuration between SSBs and RACH opportunities and / or the RACH opportunity selected by the WTRU to transmit the preamble. The initial / default set B may be indicated (e.g., implicitly) by the WTRU to the gNB based, for example, on the RACH opportunity selected by the WTRU to transmit the preamble.

[0120] The WTRU may have an initial / default Set B and / or Set B size (e.g., predefined). The initial / default Set B and / or Set B size may be, for example, a random Set B with a default size of N beams. The initial / default Set B and / or Set B size may be, for example, a fixed Set B with common (e.g., non-WTRU-specific) beams. The WTRU may explicitly or implicitly send an indication regarding the initial / default Set B and / or Set B size to the gNB (e.g., by selecting a preamble accordingly, e.g., as described herein).

[0121] For example, if the ID / QCL-TypeD information of a measured beam matches a beam in a preconfigured Set B, the WTRU may switch to another Set B type (e.g., fixed Set B, random Set B) based on the initial measurement (e.g., initial beam RSRP, indicated beam ID) and / or the availability of a predefined / preconfigured Set B. The measured beam may match a beam in Set B associated with an AI / ML model. The WTRU may send an indication to the gNB regarding the selection of a beam in Set B, e.g., a WTRU-specific preconfigured Set B. The indication may be sent implicitly or explicitly. For example, the indication may be sent implicitly via a preamble selection (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may, for example, report the supported Set B types (e.g., fixed, random, etc.) as part of an initial capability exchange with the network (e.g., during RRC (re)configuration). The WTRU may, for example, determine / indicate a future preferred Set B (e.g., RS resources / beam) according to the WTRU's reported capabilities.

[0122] The WTRU may report information about Set B, for example, via an initial access preamble. The initial access preamble (e.g., referred to as a random access preamble or preamble) may be sent from the WTRU to the gNB (e.g., in Msg1, Msg3, Msg5, and / or MsgA). The preamble may be selected by the WTRU in a contention-based manner. The preamble may be a dedicated preamble designated / reserved by the gNB in ​​a contention-free manner. The preamble may be transmitted as part of a (e.g., but not limited to) random access procedure (e.g., CBRA with a 4-step RA type, CBRA with a 2-step RA type, CFRA with a 4-step RA type, CFRA with a 2-step RA type).

[0123] In some examples, the gNB may provide a list of preambles that can be contention-free for the WTRU to perform initial access. The contention-free preambles may correspond to the same or a different set of resources (e.g., RACH opportunities in the time domain, PRACH opportunities in the frequency domain, SSBs corresponding to one or more beams in the spatial domain) as the contention-based preambles. For example, the WTRU may select a contention-free preamble. The WTRU may send the contention-free preamble on a RACH opportunity to the gNB. The gNB may know which beam / SSB the WTRU selected based on, for example, the RACH opportunity used by the WTRU, which may represent an initial / default set B for the WTRU.

[0124] In some examples, the preamble may serve (e.g., additional) purposes as opposed to (e.g., only) serving, for example, to achieve uplink synchronization. The preamble may (e.g., implicitly) provide additional information about set B. For example, if the size of set B of RS resources / beams=S1, the WTRU may select preamble 1 or 2. For example, if the size of set B of RS resources / beams=S2, the WTRU may select preamble 3 or 4, and so on. For example, if set B is a fixed set, the WTRU may select preamble 5 or 6. For example, if set B is a random set, the WTRU may select preamble 7 or 8, and so on.

[0125] The preamble may provide additional information, e.g., as described herein, regarding Set B, e.g., through the addition of additional bits to the legacy preamble (e.g., explicitly) to convey more information. The indication may be, e.g., a flag. For example, the presence of a flag may indicate the type of Set B (e.g., fixed Set B vs. random Set B). The indication may be more complex, e.g., by providing additional bits to indicate the number of RS resources / beams in Set B at the WTRU.

[0126] In some examples, there may be multiple (e.g., two) types of preambles. A first (e.g., legacy) type preamble may serve to achieve UL synchronization between the WTRU and the network (NW). A second (e.g., extended / special) type preamble may (e.g., also) serve to provide additional information. For example, a WTRU that wishes to (e.g., only) perform initial access (e.g., legacy-style) may use a first (e.g., legacy) type preamble. A WTRU that is AI / ML-capable and / or wishes to transmit additional information (e.g., regarding Set B) to the gNB may use a second (e.g., special) type preamble.

[0127] In some examples, a preamble (e.g., regular, special, dedicated, contention-based, contention-free) that can be used for initial access may be indicated to the WTRU, for example, via a SIB. The SIB may be SIB1, a subsequent (e.g., requested) SIB, a subsequent periodic SIB, an AI / ML-specific SIB, and / or a beam measurement specific SIB. For example, an AI / ML-capable WTRU may use one of the preambles indicated via the AI / ML-specific SIB to provide AI / ML-specific gNB information (e.g., an indication of AI / ML capabilities, etc.).

[0128] The WTRU may measure and / or report information about Set B during or associated with one or more of the following events: contention-based random access (CBRA), contention-free random access (CFRA), four-step random access, two-step random access, initial access from RRC IDLE, RRC connection re-establishment procedure, arrival of DL or UL data in RRC_CONNECTED (e.g., if / when UL synchronization status is unsynchronized), arrival of UL data in RRC_CONNECTED (e.g., if / when PUCCH resources for SR are not available), a request by RRC upon synchronization reconfiguration (e.g., handover), RRC connection resumption procedure from RRC_INACTIVE, establishing time alignment for secondary TAG, request for other system information, beam failure recovery (BFR), or consistent UL LBT failure on the SpCell.

[0129] A measurement beam resource set (Set B) may be determined / indicated. The WTRU may perform (e.g., be configured to) one or more of the following actions: The WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include one or more of a reference signal (RS) resource set, where each RS resource may be associated with a respective RS beam, RS resource selection conditions / rules, and / or fallback RS (e.g., CSI-RS) resource selection conditions / rules.

[0130] The WTRU may measure (e.g., perform measurements) on one or more RS resources of the RS resource set (e.g., each received RS resource set). The WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as the WTRU's set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B), for example, based on the RS resource set (e.g., received RS resource set) and / or one or more RS resource selection conditions (e.g., received RS resource selection conditions) being satisfied.

[0131] The WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as the WTRU's set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B) based on satisfaction of RS resource selection conditions and / or fallback RS (e.g., CSI-RS) resource selection conditions. For example, if none of the RS resource selection conditions are satisfied, the WTRU may select the measured resource subset based on the fallback RS resource selection conditions. The WTRU may transmit (e.g., to the network) an indication of the resource subset and / or resource selection conditions (e.g., satisfied resource selection conditions). For example, the WTRU may transmit an indication indicating the RS selection conditions used by the WTRU to select the measured RS resource subset as the WTRU's set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may transmit an indication (e.g., a report) of the measured RS resource subset selected to form the measurement RS resource set (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may receive (e.g., via a CSI-Report) a configuration of the RS resource set and / or RS resource measurement report belonging to configured Set B.

[0132] The WTRU may determine power-related parameter values ​​(e.g., SS-RSRP, CSI-RSRP, SS-SINR, RSSI, CLI-RSSI) associated with RS resources of a subset of resources. For example, the WTRU may measure the L1-RSRP of one or more RS resources belonging to configured set B. The WTRU may estimate beam parameters (e.g., beam direction, beam width) of a beam based on the determined parameters associated with the RS resources of the subset of resources. For example, the WTRU may determine a measured L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam and / or an estimated L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam (e.g., based on the measured L1-RSRP of at least one RS resource belonging to configured set B).

[0133] The WTRU may determine a beam set based on the determined and / or estimated beam parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine a set of K beams with the highest L1-RSRP based on at least one measured and / or estimated L1-RSRP. The WTRU may report the determined beam set. For example, the WTRU may report the set of K beams with the highest L1-RSRP (e.g., via a CSI report). The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating the TCI state of one of the configured beams. The WTRU may use the indicated TCI state to receive future PDCCH and PUSCH resources.

[0134] This specification describes RS and / or set B selection configuration for a WTRU. The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets. An RS set (e.g., each RS set) may correspond to set B. RS resources within a resource set may be associated with different beams. For example, an RS resource (e.g., each RS resource) may be associated with a beam. The RS resource sets (e.g., each RS resource set) may be of different sizes (e.g., associated with varying numbers of beams, such as 4, 8, 16, etc.). The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more common RS resource sets (e.g., common to multiple (e.g., all) WTRUs) and / or one or more WTRU-specific RS resource sets (e.g., based on (e.g., subsequent to) the WTRU indicating a preferred set B).

[0135] The WTRU may identify an association between beams (e.g., between an RS associated with a beam and a pre-configured beam in Set B selection criteria) based on one or more of a QCL type D, beam ID, beam angle, or other beam identifier (e.g., based on QCL type D information of an RS that matches a beam in Set B associated with the AI / ML model).

[0136] The WTRU may determine one or more conditions for RS resources / beams in set B. The WTRU may receive a bitmap indication indicating supported criteria for RS resource / beam selection for set B. The WTRU may receive a configuration of conditions / rules to be used for beam selection for set B, which may include one or more of uniform beam selection with period N, random set B, predefined / preconfigured set B, etc. The WTRU may select (e.g., one) selection condition from among the supported selection conditions. The WTRU may report the selected condition, for example, as part of a CSI-Report.

[0137] The WTRU may select / determine Set B. The WTRU may select all or a subset of beams from the RS resource set as preferred Set B beams based on the determined selection criteria. The one or more criteria may be or may be based on one or more of a (pre-)defined or (pre-)configured Set B, beam quality, LOS rate, prediction accuracy, uniform beam selection, random beam selection, and / or other rules / selection criteria.

[0138] The beam quality may be determined after measuring RS resources (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, etc.). The beam quality criteria may select (e.g., be used to select), for example, the top N beams, the top M beams, the bottom K beams, etc.

[0139] The LOS rate criterion may, for example, select (e.g., be used to select) the top N beams in terms of LOS rate. The LOS rate criterion may, for example, select the top N beams if the LOS rate is greater than a (e.g., pre-configured) los_threshold and / or the top N+M beams in terms of quality. The LOS rate criterion may, for example, select every Nth beam if the LOS rate is greater than los_threshold, or (e.g., if not) select every (NM)th beam in a beam sweep. The LOS rate criterion may, for example, select N random beams if the LOS rate is greater than los_threshold, or (e.g., if not) select N+M random beams.

[0140] The prediction accuracy may be based on accuracy calculations of past predictions of the AI / ML model. The prediction accuracy criterion may, for example, select (e.g., be used to select) the top N beams if the accuracy is greater than a (e.g., pre-configured) ac_threshold, or select (e.g., be used to select) the top N+M beams in terms of quality (e.g., if not). The prediction accuracy criterion may, for example, select every Nth beam if the accuracy is greater than the ac_threshold, or, for example, select every (NM)th beam in a beam sweep if not. The prediction accuracy criterion may, for example, select N random beams if the accuracy is greater than the ac_threshold, or select N+M random beams (e.g., if not).

[0141] The uniform beam selection criteria may, for example, select (e.g., be used to select) every Nth beam among (e.g., all) beams measured by the WTRU during a gNB beam sweep. The uniform beam selection criteria may, for example, select every Nth RS resource associated with an RS resource set.

[0142] The random beam selection criteria may, for example, select (e.g., be used to select) N random beams among (e.g., all) beams associated with the RS resource set.

[0143] The WTRU may report / indicate Set B. The WTRU may indicate / request preferred Set B beams and / or Set B size (e.g., number of beams in Set B). The WTRU may send periodic / semi-persistent / aperiodic indications (e.g., through CSI-Reports) indicating the selection criteria for Set B beams. For example, an indication (e.g., an integer with value 0) may indicate all beams associated with the RS resource set. An indication (e.g., integer value 1) may indicate beams selected based on a predefined / preconfigured Set B. An indication (e.g., integer value 2) may indicate beams selected based on uniform beam selection. Other selection criteria may be indicated in the same or similar manner.

[0144] The WTRU may indicate the beam in various ways (e.g., via CRI, beam ID) based on, for example, the WTRU's indication of the selection criteria for the Set B beams. The WTRU may indicate that the RS resource set is part of the CSI report, for example, if the WTRU indicates that (e.g., all) beams associated with the RS resource set are to be selected. The WTRU may indicate the periodicity (e.g., every Nth) CRI of at least one RS resource associated with a beam in Set B, for example, if the WTRU indicates uniform selection criteria. The WTRU may indicate the size of Set B (e.g., N beams), for example, if the WTRU indicates random selection criteria. The WTRU may indicate (e.g., all) RS resources of (e.g., all) beams associated with Set B through the CRI, for example, if the WTRU indicates a predefined / preconfigured Set B and / or other selection conditions. The WTRU may indicate the CRI of the beams in Set B through successive CSI-RS reports until all beams in Set B have been reported.

[0145] In some examples (e.g., for LOS rate based selection criteria), the WTRU may, for example, send an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication) indicating the LOS rate and / or that the LOS rate is greater than los_threshold in addition to indicating a beam of set B. In some examples (e.g., for accuracy based selection criteria), the WTRU may, for example, send an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication) indicating the accuracy and / or that the accuracy is greater than ac_threshold in addition to indicating a beam of set B. In some examples, the selection criteria for each set may be (pre-)configured by the gNB.

[0146] The WTRU may, for example, report / indicate set B based on the AI / ML model input specifications. The WTRU may request additional information (e.g., beam ID) from the gNB. The WTRU may, for example, report additional information to the gNB in ​​addition to beam quality (e.g., Rx beam ID).

[0147] The WTRU may report the beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, CQI, RI) of one or more beams in set B.

[0148] The WTRU may be configured with an RS and a measurement beam resource set (Set B).

[0149] Measurement and estimation sets may be configured. A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources, beams, and / or beam pairs. RS resources (e.g., each RS resource), beams, and / or beam pairs may be associated with transmissions from beams with (e.g., specific) beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and beam width). A WTRU may be configured with the associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0150] In one example, a WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs that may cover (e.g., in their entirety) the RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. The WTRU may determine or select Set A and Set B. The union of Set A and Set B may cover (e.g., in their entirety) the RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. In one example, Set A and Set B may be mutually exclusive. In one example, Set B may include RS resources on which the WTRU may perform measurements to obtain one or more of: (1) direct measurements for the first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a one-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs) and / or (2) estimated measurements for the second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a many-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs using an AI / ML estimation model, as the case may be).

[0151] A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of RS resources associated with (e.g., each) beam. For example, a WTRU may be configured with a first beam associated with two sets of RSs, e.g., a first set including a single RS resource and a second set including multiple RS resources. The WTRU may determine beam-related measurements, for example, via direct measurements of RS resources (e.g., in the first set) or via estimates obtained from measurements of RS resources (e.g., in the second set).

[0152] The WTRU may determine a measurement set of RS resources (e.g., set B). For example, set B may include at least one of multiple (e.g., two) sets of RS resources associated with (e.g., each) beam for which the WTRU obtains measurements (e.g., directly or via estimation).

[0153] A WTRU may be configured with one or more group-common RS resource sets and / or one or more WTRU-specific RS resource sets. The WTRU may determine set B as the union between the group-common RS resource set and at least one WTRU-specific RS resource set.

[0154] The WTRU may determine a set of parameters. The WTRU may perform measurements on at least one RS from at least one set of RS resources, for example, to determine a desired set of RS resources (e.g., desired set B) and / or a desired set of estimated beams (e.g., desired set A). For example, the WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources (e.g., a set different from set A and set B). The WTRU may perform measurements on the RS resources of the first set of RS resources. The WTRU may determine or select one or more parameters of the set (e.g., based on the measurements). The WTRU may be configured with one or more parameters of the set that the WTRU may determine or select (e.g., based on the measurements).

[0155] The parameters of the set may include, for example, one or more of the size of set A, the size of set B, the elements of set A, the elements of set B, or the distribution of elements in set A or set B.

[0156] The set parameters may include the size of Set A and / or the size of Set B. For example, the parameters may indicate the number of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs in Set A and / or Set B. In some examples, the parameters may indicate a maximum or minimum set size.

[0157] The parameters of a set may include elements of set A and / or elements of set B. For example, the parameters may indicate RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs in set A or set B.

[0158] The parameter of the set may include a distribution of the elements in Set A or Set B. For example, the parameter may indicate whether the elements in the set are uniformly distributed (e.g., covering RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space in a uniform manner), randomly distributed (e.g., covering RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space in a random manner), and / or clustered (e.g., covering RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space in a clustered manner). In some examples, the parameter may indicate whether the elements in the set cover the entire RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space or a subspace of the entire RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space.

[0159] The WTRU may determine at least one parameter of the set according to at least one of measurements (e.g., measurements performed on different sets of RS resources), configuration or indication (e.g., from the gNB), transmission requirements (e.g., priority, reliability requirements, and / or latency requirements), and performance of previously used parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine estimated performance of a first set B with a first set of parameters. The WTRU may decide to update at least one parameter to improve performance of a second set B. For example, the WTRU may increase the size of set B (e.g., to improve estimated performance).

[0160] The WTRU may determine or select Set A and / or Set B, for example, depending on at least one of set determination, selection, or configured parameters, a group-common Set B, at least one configured WTRU-specific Set B, transmission requirements, performance of previously used sets, and / or selection criteria.

[0161] The WTRU may determine or select set A and / or set B according to group-common set B. For example, the WTRU may determine a set B that includes at least (e.g., all) elements of group-common set B.

[0162] The WTRU may determine or select set A and / or set B according to at least one configured WTRU-specific set B. For example, the WTRU may be configured with multiple possible WTRU-specific sets B. The WTRU may determine set B that includes at least one element of the configured WTRU-specific sets B.

[0163] The WTRU may determine or select Set A and / or Set B depending on the transmission requirements, for example, depending on priority or reliability or latency requirements.

[0164] The WTRU may determine or select Set A and / or Set B depending on the performance of previously used sets. For example, the WTRU may use the first set B to obtain measurements for a first set of beams and / or to estimate measurements for a second set of beams. The WTRU may, for example, determine the second set B such that the estimated performance is better than the estimated performance of the first set B. For example, the second set B may have a larger size than the first set B.

[0165] The WTRU may determine or select set A and / or set B according to a selection criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine or select a set that satisfies at least one of the following criteria: the smallest set (e.g., set B), the largest set (e.g., set A), the smallest estimation error for the elements in the set (e.g., set A), and / or similarity to the configured or used set. For example, the WTRU may determine or select the second set such that the most (e.g., least) elements of the second set are also in the first set.

[0166] Triggers may be used to verify the sets or parameters of the sets. The WTRU may be configured with triggers to verify one or more sets and / or to verify one or more parameters of the sets. Verification may be performed, for example, by testing whether estimated measurements (e.g., for elements of set A) match actual measurements.

[0167] For example, a WTRU may be configured with or may determine / select a first set of RS resources (Set B). The RS resources of Set B may be (e.g., directly) associated with a first set of beams (e.g., the RS resources may be transmitted using a beam). The WTRU may perform measurements on the RS resources to obtain (e.g., directly) measurements of the first set of beams. The WTRU may be configured with a second set (e.g., Set A) consisting of a second set of beams (or beam IDs). The WTRU may estimate measurements of the second set of beams, e.g., by using one or more measurements on one or more RS resources of the first set and, e.g., an AI / ML model. The WTRU may verify the sets or their parameters, e.g., by performing measurements on the second set of RS resources (e.g., Set C) to obtain direct measurements of one or more elements of the second set of beams. The WTRU may determine the validity of a set (e.g., Set A or Set B) and / or its parameters based, e.g., on a comparison of the direct measurements of one or more elements of the second set of beams with the estimated measurements.

[0168] The trigger for the WTRU to perform the verification may include at least one of receiving an indication from the gNB, receiving RS resources to be used (e.g., or configured) for the verification, performing an associated transmission, changing the measurement, changing the best beam or set of best beams, changing from a directly measured beam to an estimated beam for transmission, and / or using an estimated beam for transmission.

[0169] The trigger for the WTRU to perform verification may be the receipt of RS resources used (e.g., or configured) for verification. For example, the WTRU may be configured with RS resources (e.g., periodic, aperiodic, or semi-persistent) on which to perform verification measurements.

[0170] The trigger for the WTRU to perform the verification may be the performance of an associated transmission. The WTRU may be triggered to verify the set and / or its parameters, for example, if the HARQ-ACK rate goes below a threshold.

[0171] The trigger for the WTRU to perform the verification may be a change in measurements. For example, the WTRU may be triggered to verify a set or its parameters if one or more measurements for RS resources of a first set (e.g., set B) change by more than a threshold.

[0172] The trigger for the WTRU to perform the verification may be the use of an estimated beam for transmission. For example, the WTRU may decide to use a beam estimated by QCL or TCI state information in the scheduling DCI.

[0173] The WTRU may, for example, request the gNB to transmit RS resources to enable validation testing if / when the WTRU is triggered to perform a set of validations.

[0174] Triggers may be used to (re)select a set or parameters of a set. The WTRU may be configured with triggers to select, determine, and / or reselect a set or parameters of a set. The triggers may include, for example, at least one of: a determination that a set or parameters of a set are not valid; receipt of an indication from a gNB; receipt of RS resources to be used for determining or selecting a new set or parameters thereof; performing an associated transmission; an estimated performance requirement; a change in a measurement; a change in the best beam or set of best beams; a change from a directly measured beam to an estimated beam for transmission; and / or use of an estimated beam for transmission.

[0175] The trigger for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting a set or parameters of a set may include the performance of an associated transmission. The WTRU may be triggered to (re)select a set and / or its parameters, for example, if the HARQ-ACK rate goes below a threshold.

[0176] Triggers for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting a set or parameters of a set may include estimated performance requirements. The WTRU may be triggered to (re)select a set and / or its parameters, for example, if estimated performance (e.g., of elements in set A) goes below or above a threshold. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the estimation is better than needed, which may trigger the WTRU to select a new (e.g., smaller) set B. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the estimation is worse than needed, which may trigger the WTRU to select a new (e.g., larger) set B.

[0177] A trigger for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting a set or parameters of a set may include a change in measurements. The WTRU may be triggered to reselect a set or parameters thereof, for example, if one or more measurements for RS resources of a first set (e.g., set B) change by more than a threshold.

[0178] The trigger for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting the set or parameters of the set may include using an estimated beam for transmission. The WTRU may determine the use of the estimated beam based on (e.g., by) QCL or TCI state information in the scheduling DCI, for example.

[0179] The WTRU may select / determine a measurement beam resource set (Set B).

[0180] The beam resource set (e.g., set B beam, measurement beam set) selected for the beam measurements that provide input to the AI / ML model may affect the accuracy and / or performance of the AI / ML model. The WTRU may select an appropriate measurement beam set using one or a combination of: the WTRU may be configured / indicated to measure and / or report beam measurements and / or the WTRU may determine the measurement beam set.

[0181] The WTRU may be configured / indicated to measure (e.g., beams) and / or report beam measurements. The WTRU may be configured or indicated by the gNB to measure and / or report one or more beam measurements associated with one or more beam resource sets (e.g., CSI-RS-ResouceSet, csi-SSB-ResourceSet, CSI-IM-ResourceSet, etc.). For example, the WTRU may receive one or more beam resource set configurations (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) that configure the WTRU with one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may (e.g., also) receive one or more beam measurement report configurations (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) to measure and / or report one or more beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP, RI, PMI, CQI, one or more beam indices selected based on the beam measurements, CRI of the top K L1-RSRP beams, CSI-RS-ResourceIDs of higher L1-RSRP beams, SSB index of the highest L1-RSRP SSB, etc.). The WTRU may (e.g., also) receive an indication from the gNB (e.g., via a DCI indication or a MAC-CE indication) to activate one or more beam measurement reporting configurations.

[0182] The WTRU may determine a measurement beam set. The beam resource set (e.g., beam set B) selected for beam measurement for the WTRU may be configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via an RRC configuration, and / or a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication).

[0183] The WTRU may select set B beams based on beam measurements of one or more (e.g., configured or indicated) beam resource sets (e.g., by the gNB). The WTRU may be configured with one or more beam resource sets to perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI). The WTRU may perform beam measurements of beams of one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select a subset of beams as set B beams based on, for example, one or preconfigured criteria.

[0184] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select the N beams with the highest beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP). N may be configured or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication. The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select the N beams with the highest beam measurements (e.g., the N beams with the highest L1-RSRP).

[0185] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication) to select the M beams with the highest beam measurements (e.g., highest L1-RSRP) and / or select the K beams with the lowest beam measurements (e.g., lowest L1-RSRP) as set B beams. The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select the M beams with the highest beam measurements (e.g., the M beams corresponding to the highest L1-RSRP) and / or the K beams with the lowest beam measurements (e.g., the K beams corresponding to the lowest L1-RSRP). M and / or K may be configured and / or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication.

[0186] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select beams with beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) above a preconfigured threshold as set B beams. The beam measurement threshold may be configured, for example, via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication. The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more beam resource sets configured or indicated for selecting set B beams. The WTRU may select the set of beams with beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) above a preconfigured threshold as set B beams.

[0187] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select beams with beam measurements above a preconfigured first threshold for set B beams and / or to select beams with beam measurements below a preconfigured second threshold (e.g., the fifth and second thresholds may be configured by RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more beam resource sets configured and / or indicated to select set B beams. The WTRU may select the set of beams with beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) above the preconfigured first threshold as set B beams and / or may select the set of beams with beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) below the preconfigured second threshold.

[0188] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select N beams uniformly based on beam measurements (e.g., where N may be configured or indicated via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may, for example, list the beams based on ascending or descending order of the beam measurements for each beam. The WTRU may, for example, uniformly select the N beams from among the ascending list of beams or the descending list of beams based on the index of the beam in the ordered list for set B beams. The WTRU may (e.g., alternatively) select the first and last beams in the ordered list of beams as set B beams, for example, based on the index of the beam in the ordered list, and uniformly select N−2 beams from the remaining beams.

[0189] In some examples, the WTRU may select a set B beam from among one or more (e.g., configured or indicated) beam resource sets by the gNB based on the beam's LoS ratio. The WTRU may determine the LoS ratio of the beams in the one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select a beam that satisfies a criterion, which may be (pre-)configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0190] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select the N beams with the highest LoS ratios as set B beams.

[0191] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured or indicated by the gNB to select the M beams with the highest LoS rates and / or select the K beams with the lowest LoS rates as set B beams, where M and / or K may be configured and / or indicated via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication.

[0192] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured to select beams with LoS ratios above a (e.g., (pre)configured) threshold as set B beams (e.g., indicated or configured by RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0193] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select N beams uniformly based on the LoS rates. The WTRU may determine the LoS rates of beams of one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may, for example, list the beams based on ascending or descending order of the beams' LoS rates. The WTRU may, for example, uniformly select N beams from the ascending list of beams or the descending list of beams based on the index of the beam in the ordered list as set B beams. The WTRU may (e.g., alternatively) select the first and last beams in the ordered list of beams based on the index of the beam in the ordered list, and uniformly select N−2 beams from the remaining beams as set B beams.

[0194] In some examples, the WTRU may select Set B beams based on, for example, the LoS rate of the beams from among a beam resource set (e.g., configured or indicated) by the gNB and beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP). The WTRU may determine the LoS rate. The WTRU may measure beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSR) of the beams in the beam resource set. The WTRU may select beams for Set B beams based on one or more criteria, which may be configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). Criteria for selecting Set B beams, such as one or more of the following, may be described herein:

[0195] For example, if the LoS rates of all beams or a configured number of beams in a beam resource set (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling) exceed an LoS threshold, the WTRU may be configured or indicated to select the N beams with the highest LoS rates or highest beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP), where the LoS threshold may be (pre-)configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). For example, if all LoS rates or all beams or a configured number of beams in a beam resource set do not exceed an LoS threshold (e.g., pre-)configured by the gNB, the WTRU may be configured to select the N+M beams with the highest beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP). N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication.

[0196] For example, if the LoS ratio of all beams or a configured number of beams in a beam resource set (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling) exceeds an LoS threshold, the WTRU may be configured or indicated to select every Nth beam based on a beam index (e.g., CRI, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceID, SSB-index, etc.), and the LoS threshold may be (pre-)configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). For example, if the LoS ratio of all beams or a configured number of beams in a beam resource set does not exceed an LoS threshold (pre-)configured by the gNB, for example, the WTRU may be configured to select every (NM)th beam based on a beam index. N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication.

[0197] For example, if the LoS ratio of all beams or a configured number of beams in the beam resource set (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling) exceeds an LoS threshold, the WTRU may be configured or indicated to select N beams based on a pseudo-random selection procedure (e.g., a pseudo-random selection procedure initiated by a WTRU-specific seed (e.g., C-RNTI) or a cell-specific seed (e.g., SI-RNTI)), where the LoS threshold may be (pre-)configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). For example, if the LoS ratio of all beams or a configured number of beams in the beam resource set does not exceed an LoS threshold (pre-)configured by the gNB, for example, the WTRU may be configured to select (N+M) beams.

[0198] In some examples, the WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication configuration indicating the prediction accuracy. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy, for example, by measuring RS resources associated with a beam. The WTRU may determine beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, RSSI), for example, by measuring RS signals associated with a predicted beam. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy, for example, as a percentage difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality of one or more beams.

[0199] In some examples, the WTRU may select a set B beam based on the accuracy of past predictions and / or a (e.g., (pre)configured) threshold for prediction accuracy (e.g., configured via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication). For example, the WTRU may select a set B beam based on the accuracy of the last beam prediction, based on the average accuracy of the last P predictions (e.g., P may be configured via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication), and / or based on the average accuracy of predictions during the immediately preceding T duration (e.g., T may be configured via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication). The WTRU may, for example, select a set B beam (e.g., taking into account the prediction accuracy and a threshold for the prediction accuracy) from among the (e.g., configured or indicated) beam resource set as described herein (e.g., based on one or more of the following):

[0200] For example, if the prediction accuracy exceeds a threshold, the WTRU may select N beams in the beam resource set with the highest beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP). For example, if the prediction accuracy does not exceed a threshold, the WTRU may select (N+M) beams in the beam resource set with the highest beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP). N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, for example, by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0201] For example, if the prediction accuracy exceeds a threshold for prediction accuracy, the WTRU may select every Nth beam based on a beam index (e.g., CRI, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceID, SSB-index, etc.). For example, if the prediction accuracy does not exceed a threshold, the WTRU may select every (NM)th beam based on a beam index. N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, for example, by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0202] For example, if the prediction accuracy exceeds a threshold for prediction accuracy, the WTRU may select N beams based on a pseudo-random selection procedure (e.g., a pseudo-random selection procedure initiated by a WTRU-specific seed (e.g., C-RNTI) or a cell-specific seed (e.g., SI-RNTI)). For example, if the prediction accuracy does not exceed a threshold, the WTRU may select (N+M) beams based on the pseudo-random selection procedure. N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, for example, by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0203] In some examples, the WTRU may select every Nth beam based on a beam index (e.g., CRI, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceID, SSB-index, etc.) from among the (e.g., configured or indicated) beam resources for set B beams. The beam resource set and N may be configured or indicated (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling) as set B beams.

[0204] The WTRU may select N beams from among the beam resources for the set B beams based on a pseudo-random selection procedure (e.g., a pseudo-random selection procedure initiated by a WTRU-specific seed (e.g., C-RNTI) or a cell-specific seed (e.g., SI-RNTI)). The beam resource set and / or N may be configured or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication.

[0205] The WTRU may report / indicate the measurement beam resource set (Set B).

[0206] The WTRU may determine, indicate, report, and / or request a preferred beam and / or Set B size for Set B. The beam may be associated with a beam measurement reference signal (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS) and / or measurements, which may be estimated based on measurements of neighboring beams. One or more of the following may apply: the preferred beam for Set B, the WTRU may report the preferred beam for Set B in a periodic, aperiodic, and / or semi-persistent manner, one or more of Set B beam selection schemes may be used, and / or the WTRU may report the beam quality of one or more beams in Set B.

[0207] The preferred beams for set B may be one or more of beams associated with the RS resource set (e.g., all beams), beams determined or selected based on a predefined or preconfigured set B, a set of beam indices determined by the WTRU, and / or a beam set associated with the index.

[0208] The preferred beams for set B may be beams associated with the RS resource set (e.g., all beams). The beams may be defined or used. A subset of the beams may be associated with a reference signal. Other beams (e.g., remaining beams) may not be associated with a reference signal. The WTRU may indicate or report beams that may be associated with a reference signal as preferred beams for set B.

[0209] A preferred beam for set B may be a beam determined or selected based on a (pre-)defined or (pre-)configured set B. For example, a WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of beams. The WTRU may determine, report, or indicate a set of beams as a preferred beam for set B. The (e.g., each) set of beams may be associated with an index. The WTRU may report an index associated with a preferred set of beams.

[0210] The preferred beams for set B may be a set of beam indices determined by the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may determine, indicate, and / or report a bitmap that may indicate a subset of the beam indices as preferred beams for set B.

[0211] The preferred beam for set B may be the beam set associated with the index. The WTRU may report the index associated with the preferred beam set for set B.

[0212] The WTRU may report the preferred beam for set B in a periodic, aperiodic, and / or semi-persistent manner. One or more of different types of reporting and / or aperiodic reporting may be applied.

[0213] For example, the first type of reporting quantity for preferred beams for set B may be reported in a periodic and / or semi-persistent manner. The second type of reporting quantity for preferred beams for set B may be reported in an aperiodic manner. The first type of reporting quantity for preferred beams for set B may be, for example, an index related to the set of beams. The second type of reporting quantity for preferred beams for set B may be, for example, a bitmap, which may indicate the set of beams in the list of beams.

[0214] For example, aperiodic reporting may be triggered if / when one or more of the following conditions are met: the WTRU receives a trigger indication (e.g., during an UL grant); the WTRU determines a preferred beam for set B that may differ from the most recent report of the preferred beam for set B; the quality of a beam measurement, prediction, or estimation based on (e.g., current) set B falls below a threshold; the WTRU's location changes more than a threshold (e.g., the associated zone-id changes, the serving cell changes, and / or the serving TRP changes); or the beam quality of the supervisory control channel (e.g., PDCCH) falls below a threshold.

[0215] One or more Set B beam selection schemes may be used, which may include at least one of a uniform selection scheme, a random selection scheme, a (pre)defined / (pre)configured Set B, or a WTRU autonomous selection scheme.

[0216] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a uniform selection scheme, which may be used to select every Nth beam in the set of beams for Set B. The WTRU may report or indicate a preferred value of N for uniform selection as a preferred Set B beam. The value of N may be determined, for example, based on an LoS rate. For example, if / when the LoS rate is below a threshold, a first value may be used for N. For example, if not, a second value may be used for N. The value of N may be determined, for example, based on the performance of an AI / ML model, which may be used for beam prediction based on Set B. For example, if the performance of the AI / ML model is below a threshold, a first value may be used for N. For example, if not, a second value may be used for N.

[0217] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a random selection scheme, which may be used to randomly select M beams in the set of beams for Set B. The WTRU may report or indicate a preferred value of M for random selection as a preferred Set B beam. The value of M may be determined, for example, based on an LoS rate. For example, if / when the LoS rate is below a threshold, a first value may be used for M. For example, if not, a second value may be used for M. The value of M may be determined, for example, based on the performance of an AI / ML model, which may be used for beam prediction based on Set B. For example, if the performance of the AI / ML model is below a threshold, a first value may be used for M. For example, if not, a second value may be used for M.

[0218] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a predefined / preconfigured Set B, which may be used, for example, when the gNB determines one or more sets of beams that may be determined, configured, or (pre)defined by the gNB. One or more configured Set Bs may be used. At least one of the configured Set Bs may be determined based on, for example, the LoS rate and / or the performance of an AI / ML model. For example, if the LoS rate is below a threshold, the first configured Set B may be determined or indicated. For example, if not, the second configured Set B may be determined or indicated. For example, if the performance of an AI / ML model used for beam prediction based on Set B is below a threshold, the first configured Set B may be determined or indicated. For example, if not, the second configured Set B may be determined or indicated.

[0219] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a WTRU autonomous selection scheme, which may be used, for example, if / when the WTRU determines the set of beams for Set B.

[0220] The WTRU may report beam quality of one or more beams in set B. One or more of the following apply: the beam quality may include at least one of L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, CQI, SINR, RI, CRI, etc., and / or the WTRU may be requested to report the beam quality of the beams in set B. The WTRU may report (e.g., if / when requested) the beam quality of (e.g., only) the beam's associated reference signal. The WTRU may skip reporting beam quality for beams that may not be associated with a reference signal in set B.

[0221] In some examples, the WTRU may request or report assistance information to determine a beam for set B. The WTRU may request beam identification information. The beam identification information may be referred to as an index associated with a reference signal. The WTRU may report assistance information using a beam for set B. For example, the WTRU may report Rx beam information (e.g., an Rx beam ID that may be used to determine a set B beam) using the determined set B beam.

[0222] The measurement beam resource set size (e.g., Set B size) may be switched, for example, for an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) system. The WTRU may perform (e.g., be configured to perform) one or more of the following: The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets, thresholds, and / or sizes (e.g., a first configured Set B size, a second configured Set B size) of sets of Set B (e.g., sets of measurement RS resources). The WTRU may determine a prediction accuracy associated with (e.g., of) the first configured Set B size and / or a prediction accuracy associated with a second configured Set B size (e.g., smaller than the first configured Set B size). The WTRU may determine a set size (e.g., a third Set B size) based on at least one of whether the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set size satisfies a threshold or whether the prediction accuracy associated with the second configured set size satisfies a threshold. The WTRU may send a transmission associated with the determined set size.

[0223] The WTRU may determine that the set size is a third Set B size (e.g., larger than the first configured Set B size) (e.g., on the condition that the prediction accuracy with the first configured Set B size is less than a configured threshold). For example, the WTRU may determine that the set size is a third Set B size based on the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set B size not satisfying a threshold, where not satisfying the threshold comprises the prediction accuracy with the first configured set size being less than the threshold. The WTRU may transmit an indication indicating the third Set B size. The WTRU may determine a set B of the indicated third Set B size consisting of one or more configured RS resources and / or transmit a report indicating one or more RS resources belonging to the determined set B.

[0224] The WTRU may determine that the set size is the second configured Set B size (e.g., smaller than the first configured Set B size) (e.g., on the condition that the prediction accuracy with the first configured Set B size is greater than a configured threshold and / or the prediction accuracy with the second configured Set B is greater than a configured threshold). For example, the WTRU may determine that the set size is the second configured Set B size based on the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set size satisfying a threshold and the prediction accuracy associated with the second configured set size satisfying a threshold (e.g., where satisfying the threshold comprises the prediction accuracy associated with the configured set size being equal to or greater than a threshold). The WTRU may transmit an indication indicating the second configured Set B size. The WTRU may determine a set B of the indicated second configured Set B size comprising one or more configured RS resources and / or transmit a report indicating one or more RS resources belonging to the determined set B.

[0225] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets, where the RS resources (e.g., each RS resource in the RS resource set) may be associated with a (e.g., a respective) beam.

[0226] The WTRU may determine that a trigger condition for initiating a change in the measurement RS resource set size is met, where the set size determination is based on the trigger condition being satisfied. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication, size_type_priority) from the gNB (e.g., via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI-based signaling) to indicate the priority of changing Set B size over (e.g., over) changing Set B type (e.g., from random to a predefined fixed). For example, an indication (e.g., a value of 1) may indicate that changing Set B size is of higher priority than (e.g., takes precedence over) changing Set B type. For example, if the prediction accuracy is less than ac_threshold and size_type_priority==1, the WTRU may request to increase the size of Set B (e.g., the WTRU may indicate a new Set B size for a random set or a new Set B with a larger number of beams than the previous Set B).

[0227] The WTRU may indicate a change in Set B size (eg, the number of beams in Set B) based on one or more of the prediction accuracy, the RS measurement, or the beam measurement.

[0228] For example, if the prediction accuracy (e.g., of the current AI / ML model) is less than ac_threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: send an indication requesting a pre-configured Set B size larger than the current Set B size; trigger a fine-tuning of the currently active AI / ML model (e.g., as described herein); and / or indicate a new, larger, preferred Set B to the gNB (e.g., if / when the WTRU's current Set B is not of a random type).

[0229] For example, if the prediction accuracy (e.g., of the currently active AI / ML model) is greater than ac_threshold and the prediction accuracy (e.g., of the AI / ML model) with a smaller Set B size is greater than ac_threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: send an indication requesting a pre-configured Set B size that is smaller than the current Set B size; and / or indicate a smaller preferred Set B (e.g., a new smaller preferred Set B) to the gNB (e.g., if / when the WTRU's current Set B is not of a random type).

[0230] The WTRU may change the Set B size based on the number of available RS and / or beam measurements. For example, if the current Set B size == N and the number of RS measurements is smaller than N, the WTRU may select a Set B of size smaller than N based on a rule (e.g., matching a pre-configured Set B, predicted accuracy, etc.). For example, if the current Set B size == N and the number of RS measurements is larger than N, the WTRU may select a Set B of size larger than N based on a rule.

[0231] The WTRU may send an indication to the gNB to indicate a preferred Set B size and / or Set B.

[0232] Measurement and / or estimation sets may be configured. A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and / or beams (or beam pairs). RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs (e.g., each RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair) may be associated with transmissions from beams associated with (e.g., specific) beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and / or beam width). A WTRU may be configured with associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0233] In one example, a WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs that may cover (e.g., in their entirety) the RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. The WTRU may determine or select Set A and Set B. The union of Set A and Set B may cover (e.g., in their entirety) the RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. In one example, Set A and Set B may be mutually exclusive. In one example, Set B may include RS resources on which the WTRU may perform measurements to obtain one or more of: (1) direct measurements for the first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a one-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs) and / or (2) estimated measurements for the second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a many-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs using an AI / ML estimation model, as the case may be).

[0234] The WTRU may be configured with, for example, one or more of: a priority for modifying Set B size based on (e.g., upon) receiving a confirmation / indication from the gNB; a trigger for initiating a modification of Set B size; a rule for determining Set B size; one or more methods for indicating the determined Set B size to the gNB; and / or a configuration for using the new Set B configuration.

[0235] The WTRU may be configured with prioritization for modifying Set B size. The WTRU may be configured with rules for determining prioritization conditions for changing Set B size.

[0236] For example, the WTRU may prioritize between changing the Set B size versus changing the Set B type. The Set Type may include, for example, a fixed Set B, a Set B with a preconfigured pattern, a Set B with a random pattern, etc. For example, the WTRU may receive a (e.g., 1-bit) priority indication to indicate the relative priority of changing the Set B size versus changing the Set B type. The WTRU may receive the indication, for example, in an RRC configuration, a MAC control element, and / or in a DCI. For example, if the (e.g., 1-bit) priority indication value is high (e.g., a value of 1), the WTRU may prioritize changing the Set B size. For example, if the priority indication value is low (e.g., a value of 0), the WTRU may prioritize changing the Set B type.

[0237] In some examples, the priority indication may be WTRU-specific. For example, the WTRU may apply the same priority indication for some or all of Set B. In some examples, the WTRU may be configured with multiple priority indications. (e.g., each) priority indication may be specific to Set B. For example, the WTRU may apply prioritization between changing Set B size versus changing Set B type based on the priority indication associated with (e.g., the current) Set B.

[0238] In some examples, the WTRU may monitor a trigger for modifying Set B size based on a priority indication. For example, if a change in Set B size is prioritized, the WTRU may monitor trigger conditions for modifying Set B size. For example, if a change in Set B type is prioritized, the WTRU may monitor trigger conditions for modifying Set B value type. For example, if a change in Set B type is prioritized and the change in Set B type does not improve prediction accuracy, the WTRU may monitor trigger conditions for modifying Set B size.

[0239] The modification of Set B size may be initiated based on a trigger. The WTRU may be configured to monitor one or more trigger conditions for initiating a change in the modification of Set B size. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more parameter configurations associated with the trigger conditions from the gNB.

[0240] In some examples, the WTRU may initiate a modification of Set B size based on the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may be pre-configured with an accuracy threshold related to AI / ML model performance. For example, if the prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model is less than the accuracy threshold, the WTRU may initiate a modification of Set B size to increase the size of Set B. Initiating the modification of Set B size may include, for example, determining a larger value for Set B size and / or sending an indication to the gNB.

[0241] For example, if the prediction accuracy of a current AI / ML model with a (e.g., current) Set B size is greater than an accuracy threshold, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification procedure to reduce the size of Set B. For example, if the prediction accuracy of a (e.g., current) AI / ML model with a smaller Set B size is greater than an accuracy threshold, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification to reduce the size of Set B. For example, if / when the current Set B size is greater than an accuracy threshold and the prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model with the smaller Set B size is greater than the accuracy threshold, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification. Initiating a Set B size modification may include, for example, determining a smaller Set B size and / or sending an indication to the gNB.

[0242] In some examples, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification based on the number of available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements. For example, the WTRU may be (pre-)configured with rules based on the number of available RS measurements and / or the current Set B size. For example, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification if / when the configured / available number of RS measurements is smaller than the current Set B size. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification to decrease the Set B size (e.g., in this case). For example, the WTRU may indicate a new (e.g., smaller) Set B size, e.g., such that the performance of the AI / ML model exceeds a preconfigured accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification to increase the Set B size if / when the number of configured / available RS measurements is greater than the current Set B size. For example, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification if the performance of the AI / ML model with the current Set B size falls below a preconfigured threshold. For example, the WTRU may indicate a new (e.g., larger) Set B size, e.g., such that the performance of the AI / ML model with the new Set B size exceeds a preconfigured accuracy threshold.

[0243] A rule may be used to determine the Set B size. The WTRU may be configured to determine the Set B size based on a preconfigured rule. For example, the WTRU may determine the Set B size if / when a modification of the Set B size is triggered.

[0244] In some examples, the WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication configuration indicating the prediction accuracy. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy, for example, by measuring RS resources associated with a beam. The WTRU may determine beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, RSSI), for example, by measuring RS signals associated with a predicted beam. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy as a percentage difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality of one or more beams.

[0245] In some examples, the WTRU may determine the Set B size as the smallest Set B size that satisfies a preconfigured condition. For example, the WTRU may determine the smallest Set B size that can achieve a prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model that is greater than a preconfigured accuracy threshold. For example, given the smallest subset of configured RS measurements, the WTRU may determine the smallest Set B size that can (e.g., may be required to) achieve a prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model that is greater than a preconfigured accuracy threshold.

[0246] In some examples, the WTRU may indicate a determined Set B size to the gNB. In some examples, the WTRU may indicate a preferred beam to be added to Set B. A preferred beam may be a beam that, when added to Set B, achieves an accuracy of the AI / ML model above a preconfigured threshold. In some examples, the WTRU may indicate a Set B size and a preferred beam to the gNB. The terms beam and RS may be used interchangeably. Examples (e.g., described herein) may (e.g., also) apply to cases of reducing Set B size. For example, the WTRU may indicate a beam / RS that can be removed from the current Set B while still maintaining an accuracy of the AI / ML model above a preconfigured threshold.

[0247] In some examples, the WTRU may determine a set B (e.g., target set B) different from the current set B and / or a size (e.g., larger or smaller) for the target set B. The size may be the smallest size delta for the target set B that achieves a preconfigured accuracy threshold. The WTRU's determination may minimize RS overhead. The WTRU may indicate the target set B and / or the size of the target set B. In some examples, the WTRU may indicate the target set B, the size of the target set B, and / or a preferred beam in the target set B.

[0248] For example, if / when the WTRU is unable to determine a set B size that meets a preconfigured accuracy threshold, the WTRU may be configured to perform one or more (e.g., specific) actions. For example, the WTRU may be configured to trigger a fine-tuning of the (e.g., currently active) AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may be configured to switch to a different AI / ML model that meets or exceeds the accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may be configured to download a different AI / ML model that meets or exceeds the accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may be configured to fall back to another (e.g., legacy) beam management procedure. For example, the WTRU may be configured to use another (e.g., legacy) beam management procedure until an AI / ML model is successfully trained, downloaded, and / or switched.

[0249] A modification of the Set B size may be indicated. The WTRU may be configured to transmit an indication related to the modification of the Set B size to the gNB. For example, the WTRU may indicate a preferred Set B size (e.g., larger or smaller) than the current Set B size. For example, the WTRU may indicate additional information, for example, when applicable. For example, the WTRU may indicate a preferred Set B. For example, the WTRU may indicate a preferred Set B type. For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more RSs / beams that may be added to or removed from Set B.

[0250] In some examples, the WTRU may be configured to transmit a Set B size indication in the UL control information. For example, the WTRU may be configured with PUCCH resources to transmit the Set B size indication. For example, the WTRU may transmit a Set B size indication in a CSI report. In some examples, the WTRU may transmit an incremental Set B size indication. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a current Set B with size N. The WTRU may transmit an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication) for the Set B size. For example, a first code point (e.g., a value of 1) may indicate that the Set B size may be increased (e.g., by 1). For example, a second code point (e.g., a value of 0) may indicate that the Set B size may be decreased (e.g., by 1). The examples may be extended for increment steps of K. In some examples, the WTRU may transmit an indication in the MAC CE. For example, the WTRU may be configured to indicate the Set B size from a preconfigured set of values. For example, the WTRU may be configured to indicate the Set B size from a preconfigured set of increments. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a size restriction for modifying Set B size. For example, the size restriction may be expressed as a maximum and / or minimum value for Set B size. For example, Set B and / or Set B type specific Set B size restrictions may be configured.

[0251] In some examples, the WTRU may be configured to receive a reconfiguration of Set B size. The WTRU may, for example, apply a modified Set B for inference based on (e.g., upon) receiving the reconfiguration. For example, the reconfiguration may be received during MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may be modeled as an activation command or a deactivation command. For example, Set B may be configured with one or more inactive beams / RS. The WTRU may receive an activation command (e.g., MAC CE) associated with an increase in Set B size (e.g., in response to a WTRU recommendation of Set B size). The WTRU may receive a deactivation command (e.g., MAC CE) associated with a decrease in Set B size (e.g., in response to a WTRU recommendation of Set B size). In some examples, the WTRU may receive the reconfiguration of Set B size via a DCI message. In some examples, the WTRU may receive the reconfiguration of Set B size in an RRC reconfiguration message.

[0252] The measurement beam resource set (set B) type may be switched. The WTRU may implement (e.g., be configured to) one or more of the following: The WTRU may receive one or more configurations of one or more RS resource sets, where RS resources (e.g., each RS resource) of the one or more RS resource sets are associated with a beam, RS resource selection conditions, and / or an indication of the order of priority among the RS resource selection conditions. For example, the WTRU may receive a reference signal (RS) resource set, two RS resource selection conditions, and an indication of the priority of each RS resource selection condition (e.g., relative to each other).

[0253] The WTRU may measure one or more RS resources (e.g., each RS resource) of the RS resource set (e.g., each RS resource set). The WTRU may determine a subset of the measured RS resources as a set of measurement RS resources (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may select a first RS resource selection condition (e.g., of the received RS resource selection conditions) based on, for example, an indicated priority (e.g., order of priority).

[0254] The WTRU may determine whether a subset of the measured RS resources satisfies a first RS resource selection condition. For example, if the subset of the measured RS resources does not satisfy the selected first RS resource selection condition, the WTRU may select a second RS resource selection condition based on two or more configured RS resource selection conditions and the indicated priority. The WTRU may repeat the determination step using the second RS resource condition. The subset of the measured RS resources may satisfy (e.g., may be determined to do so) the selected first RS resource selection criterion. The WTRU may determine the set of measurement RS resources as the subset of measured RS resources. The WTRU may transmit (e.g., to a network entity) one or more indications indicating the satisfied RS selection condition, an indication indicating the size of the determined subset of measured RS resources that satisfy the indicated RS selection condition, and / or a report indicating RS resources belonging to the indicated subset of measured RS resources that satisfy the indicated RS selection condition.

[0255] The WTRU may repeat the decision step (e.g., for a subset of resources, Set B) using other RS ​​resource conditions, e.g., based on the respective priority of each RS resource condition. For example, if the WTRU is unable to determine a subset of measured RS resources that satisfies any of the configured (e.g., received) RS selection conditions, the WTRU may send an indication requesting a fallback to legacy beam management mode.

[0256] The WTRU may determine that a trigger condition (e.g., a channel parameter of the WTRU or a status of the WTRU) is satisfied. The WTRU may be configured to determine a subset of resources based on the trigger condition being satisfied.

[0257] A set B type switching configuration may be provided. The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets. (Eg, each) RS resource may be associated with a beam.

[0258] The WTRU may receive a (e.g., 1-bit) indication (e.g., size_type_priority) from the gNB (e.g., via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI-based signaling) to indicate the priority of changing Set B size over changing Set B type (e.g., multiple Set Bs / fixed Set B / Set B among a pre-configured set including random Set Bs). For example, a value (e.g., 0) may indicate that changing Set B type has priority over changing Set B size.

[0259] The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., type_precedence) indicating a priority order for selecting a set B type. For example, a value of type_precedence (e.g., 0) may indicate a priority order as a fixed set B being greater than one or more sets B in a preconfigured set including multiple sets B > random set B. A value of type_precedence (e.g., 1) may indicate a priority order as a random set B being greater than one or more sets B in a preconfigured set including multiple sets B being greater than a fixed set B.

[0260] Set B types can be switched, reported, and / or fallback can be performed. The WTRU can switch to different Set B types, for example, based on the type_precedence indication and / or the mobility of the WTRU, or can fallback to (e.g., legacy) beam management procedures. For example, if the mobility (e.g., speed) of the WTRU is less than mb_threshold1, the WTRU can select a fixed Set B. The WTRU can indicate a fixed Set B suitable for the gNB. For example, if mb_threshold1 is less than the mobility of the WTRU which is less than mb_threshold2, the WTRU can select one or more Set Bs from a pre-configured set including multiple Set Bs (e.g., where mb_threshold1 < mb_threshold2). The WTRU can indicate one or more suitable Set Bs to the gNB. For example, if the mobility of the WTRU is greater than mb_threshold2, the WTRU can select a random Set B. The WTRU can indicate the Set B size to the gNB.

[0261] The WTRU can switch to different Set B types, for example, based on the type_precedence indication and / or available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements, or can fallback to (e.g., legacy) beam management procedures.

[0262] For example, the WTRU may search a predefined / preconfigured fixed set B that is a subset of the beams whose beams were measured. For example, if the WTRU is successful in searching for it, the WTRU may indicate a preferred fixed set B to the gNB. The WTRU may (e.g., if the WTRU fails to search for the fixed set B) perform one or more of: triggering training a new fixed set B AI / ML model (e.g., as described herein with reference to training / fine-tuning) and / or searching for one or more sets B from among a preconfigured set that includes multiple sets B whose beams may be subsets of the beams whose beams were measured. For example, if the WTRU is successful in searching, the WTRU may indicate one or more preferred sets B to the gNB. The WTRU (e.g., if the WTRU fails to search) may perform one or more of: triggering training an AI / ML model with a set that includes multiple sets B (e.g., as described herein with reference to training / fine-tuning) and / or switching to a random set B (e.g., if supported by the gNB and / or WTRU). The WTRU may indicate the Set B size to the gNB.

[0263] The WTRU may be unable to find a preferred Set B (e.g., based on accuracy, WTRU capabilities, and / or Set B type supported by the gNB). A WTRU (e.g., unable to find a preferred Set B) may switch back to (e.g., legacy) beam management and may send an indication to the gNB indicating, for example, switching to (e.g., legacy) beam management due to unavailability of preferred Set B.

[0264] A set B type switching configuration may be provided. Measurement and / or estimation sets may be configured. A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and / or beams (e.g., or beam pairs). (E.g., each) RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair may be associated with transmissions from a beam with particular beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and / or beam width). A WTRU may be configured with the associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0265] In some examples, a WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs that may cover (e.g., in their entirety) the RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. The WTRU may determine or select Set A and Set B. The union of Set A and Set B may cover (e.g., in their entirety) the RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. In some examples, Set A and Set B may be mutually exclusive. In some examples, Set B may include RS resources on which the WTRU may perform measurements to obtain one or more of: (1) direct measurements for the first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a one-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs), and / or (2) estimated measurements for the second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a many-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs using an AI / ML estimation model, as the case may be).

[0266] The WTRU may switch Set B size or Set B type, for example, by using one or more indications to trigger, report, and / or receive a Set B size or type switching configuration. Switching Set B size may change the number of beams in the measurement beam set. Switching Set B type may change the selection of beams in the measurement beam set. For example, the Set B type may be fixed (e.g., the members of the measurement beam set may be fixed), may follow one of multiple preconfigured sets (e.g., Set B may follow one of multiple predetermined sets of measurement beams), or may be random (e.g., the members of the measurement beam set may be randomly selected). The WTRU may receive an indication, for example, from the gNB (e.g., via DCI-based signaling, MAC-CE, or RRC signaling).

[0267] In some examples, the WTRU may receive an indication to prioritize switching Set B size over switching Set B type, or vice versa. For example, the indication may be a 1-bit indication (e.g., size_type_priority) that may be set. A first value (e.g., 1) may indicate the priority of changing Set B size over changing Set B type. A second value (e.g., 0) may indicate that changing Set B type takes priority over changing Set B size.

[0268] Another type of indication (e.g., type_precedence) may be used to set a priority order from among possible options for set type switching. The indication may assume multiple values ​​for some / all possible orders of priority. For example, the indication may be a 1-bit indication. A first value (e.g., value 0) may indicate a priority order as a fixed set B that is much larger than a random set B. A second value (e.g., value 1) may indicate a priority order as a random set B that is larger than a pre-configured set B from a predetermined set that is larger than a fixed set B. In some examples, the indication may refer to multiple orders of priority (e.g., may include multiple bits to do so).

[0269] Set B type switching, reporting, and fallback procedures may be implemented.

[0270] Set B type switching and / or selection criteria may be determined and / or indicated. The WTRU may change, modify, and / or switch (e.g., decide to) the configured and / or determined Set B type based on one or more parameters, priorities (e.g., type_precedence), RS measurements, etc. For example, the WTRU may switch (e.g., decide to) the beam Set B type to a fixed Set B. The WTRU may switch (e.g., decide to) the beam Set B to one or more Set Bs from a pre-configured set including multiple Set Bs. The WTRU may switch (e.g., decide to) the Set B type to a random Set B, and so on.

[0271] The WTRU may switch set B types (e.g., may decide to do so) based on, for example, one or more of priority and / or type priority, channel parameters, and / or available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements.

[0272] The WTRU may switch (e.g., decide to do so) Set B types based on priority and / or type precedence. For example, the WTRU may determine or receive (e.g., from the gNB) one or more type precedences (e.g., type_precedence) for selecting or switching Set B types. For example, if a first type precedence is selected by the WTRU or configured by the gNB, the WTRU may switch Set B types to the type associated with the first type precedence. For example, if a second type precedence is selected by the WTRU or configured by the gNB, the WTRU may switch Set B types to the type associated with the second type precedence, and so on.

[0273] The WTRU may switch (e.g., decide to) the set B type based on the channel parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine the set B type based on the channel parameters and / or status of one or more WTRUs. For example, if the WTRU determines that the WTRU's mobility status is in a first range (e.g., low mobility), the WTRU may select (e.g., decide to) and / or switch to a fixed beam set B. For example, if the WTRU's velocity is lower than a first threshold, the WTRU may select (e.g., decide to) and / or switch to a fixed beam set B. For example, if the WTRU's velocity is higher than a first threshold and lower than a second threshold, the WTRU may select (e.g., decide to) and / or switch to one or more beam sets B from among a pre-configured beam set including multiple beam sets B. For example, if the WTRU's velocity is higher than a second threshold, the WTRU may select and / or switch to (e.g., decide to) a random beam set B, and so on. The WTRU may report and / or indicate (e.g., to the gNB) the selected set B type.

[0274] The WTRU may switch (e.g., decide to) set B type based on available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine the set B type based on one or more reference signals (RS) that are available (e.g., as part of a measurement beam set) and / or configured to be measured. For example, if the beam resources in the selected beam set B include one or more (e.g., a subset) of the measured (e.g., RS) beam resources, the WTRU may select or switch to (e.g., decide to) the set B type.

[0275] The Set B type may be switched and / or reported. The WTRU may search for a Set B type to select or switch to. One or more of the following may apply:

[0276] The WTRU may search for (e.g., decide to) a (pre-)defined and / or (pre-)configured beam set B having a first set B type (e.g., a fixed set B). The WTRU may determine the type for beam set B based on one or more set B type switching and / or selection criteria (e.g., based on determined or configured type preferences, channel parameters, available RS measurements, etc., as described herein).

[0277] For example, if the WTRU successfully discovers and / or selects a Set B type having a first type (e.g., a fixed Set B), the WTRU may report and / or indicate the selected Set B type to the gNB.

[0278] For example, if the WTRU fails to discover and / or select a beam set B having a first type (e.g., a fixed set B), the WTRU may trigger training of a new beam set B AI / ML model based on the first type (e.g., a fixed set B) (e.g., as described herein with respect to training / fine-tuning). The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) search for (pre-)defined and / or (pre-)configured beam sets B having (e.g., alternatively) a second set B type (e.g., one or more sets B among a pre-configured set including multiple sets B). The WTRU may search for one or more sets B among a pre-configured set including multiple sets B. The (e.g., Tx) beams in beam set B may be a subset of measured (e.g., RS) (e.g., Tx) beams. For example, if the WTRU successfully discovers and / or selects a beam set B having a second type, the WTRU may report and / or indicate one or more of the selected beam sets B to the gNB. For example, if the WTRU fails to find and / or select a beam set B having the second type, the WTRU may trigger training of a new beam set B AI / ML model based on the second type (e.g., as described herein with respect to training / fine-tuning). The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) search for (pre-)defined and / or (pre-)configured beam set B with a third set B type (e.g., a random set B) (e.g., as an alternative). The WTRU may report and / or indicate the size of the selected set B type to the gNB.

[0279] The Set B type switch may fail. The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B type is suitable and / or whether performance requirements are met. The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B type is suitable based on, for example, one or more of accuracy, WTRU capabilities, gNB support for Set B type, etc.

[0280] The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B type is suitable based on the accuracy. For example, the WTRU may determine and / or calculate the accuracy of the selected Set B type based on one or more (e.g., measured) parameters (e.g., RSRP, BLER, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). For example, if the determined accuracy (e.g., measurement parameter) is within a first range (e.g., higher than a corresponding threshold), the WTRU may determine that the selected Set B type is suitable. For example, if the determined accuracy (e.g., measurement parameter) is not within a first range (e.g., lower than a corresponding threshold), the WTRU may determine that the selected Set B type is not suitable.

[0281] The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B type is preferred based on the capabilities of the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may determine the capabilities of the WTRU and / or whether the selected Set B type is supported by the WTRU. For example, if the selected Set B type is supported by the WTRU, the WTRU may determine that the selected Set B type is preferred. For example, if the selected Set B type is not supported by the WTRU, the WTRU may determine that the selected Set B type is not preferred.

[0282] The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B type is preferred based on gNB support for the Set B type. For example, the WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B type is supported by the gNB. The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) of the Set B types that may be supported by the gNB. For example, if the selected Set B type is supported by the gNB, the WTRU may determine that the selected Set B type is preferred. For example, if the selected Beam Set B type is not supported by the gNB, the WTRU may determine that the selected Beam Set B type is not preferred.

[0283] For example, if the Set B AI / ML model does not meet performance requirements, the WTRU may be configured to fall back to a legacy beam management procedure (e.g., without an AI / ML model). In one example, the WTRU may determine that none of the selected and / or supported Set B types are suitable (e.g., the WTRU may determine that the WTRU was unable to find any suitable beam Set B (types)). The WTRU may fall back or switch back to another (e.g., legacy) beam management scheme (e.g., accordingly). The WTRU may send a report or indication to the gNB to indicate a switch to another (e.g., legacy) beam management. The WTRU may (e.g., additionally and / or alternatively) indicate that the reason for switching back is unavailability of a suitable Set B.

[0284] The WTRU may implement the AI / ML model training / fine-tuning procedure.

[0285] The WTRU may receive a configuration of supported training types from the gNB via RRC / MAC-CE (e.g., CSI-Config). For example, the WTRU may receive a (e.g., 4-bit) configuration parameter (e.g., training_config), which may indicate supported training procedure types, e.g., with a first value (e.g., 1) indicating supported and a second value (e.g., 0) indicating otherwise. Online training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch within a time window) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 1). Offline training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch without time limits) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 2). Online fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already-trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 3). Offline fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already-trained AI / ML model without time limits) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 4).

[0286] The WTRU may send an indication (e.g., via a CSI-Report) requesting a type of training procedure within the types supported by the gNB. For example, the WTRU may send a (e.g., 2-bit) indication (e.g., training_ind) that may indicate the type of training procedure requested (e.g., where 00 may indicate online training, 01 may indicate offline training, 10 may indicate online fine-tuning, and 11 may indicate offline fine-tuning). The WTRU may (e.g., also) indicate a time window for online training / fine-tuning, for example, based on the WTRU indication (e.g., training_ind). The time window may be determined in part from the specifications / capabilities of the AI / ML model, configuration by the gNB, and / or capabilities of the WTRU.

[0287] The WTRU may indicate, for example, one or more of the Set B size (for random Set B) from the gNB, the preferred Set B, additional information from the gNB (e.g., beam ID, QCL-TypeD), and / or the number of required RS measurements (e.g., periodic beam sweeps of Set B). The WTRU may determine the number of required RS measurements based on, for example, raining_ind (e.g., a small number of measurements for fine-tuning compared to training) and / or the specifications of the AI / ML model.

[0288] For example, if / when one or more of the following occurs: the WTRU completes online training / fine-tuning of the AI / ML model within the time window and / or the WTRU collects (e.g., sufficient) measurements for offline training / fine-tuning of the AI / ML model, the WTRU may send an indication that RS measurements (e.g., periodic beam sweeps) are no longer required.

[0289] The WTRU may send an indication that RS measurements (e.g., periodic beam sweeps) are no longer required if / when the WTRU completes online training / fine-tuning of the AI / ML model within the time window. The WTRU may, for example, stop receiving RS resources after the training / fine-tuning time window has elapsed regardless of the outcome (e.g., even if the training / fine-tuning is not complete).

[0290] The WTRU may indicate its capabilities for one or more supported training types. The WTRU may indicate the supported training procedure types via, for example, one or more of the RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

[0291] For example, the WTRU may indicate its capabilities (e.g., using 4 bits). The indication may indicate supported training procedure types, e.g., using a bit value of 1 to indicate supported and a bit value of 0 to indicate otherwise. Online training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1). Offline training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch without time limits) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2). Online fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already-trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 3). Offline fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already-trained AI / ML model without time limits) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 4).

[0292] The WTRU may indicate its capabilities (e.g., using two bits). The indication may indicate supported training procedure types. Support for online and offline training may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1, where a value of 1 may indicate support for online and offline training and a value of 0 may indicate support for offline training (e.g., only)). Support for online and offline fine-tuning may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2, where a value of 1 may indicate support for online and offline fine-tuning and a value of 0 may indicate support for offline fine-tuning (e.g., only)). In some examples, Bit 2 may be enabled if (e.g., only if) the value of Bit 1 is 1. Otherwise (e.g., if Bit 1 is 0), fine-tuning may not be supported, e.g., regardless of Bit 2, or offline fine-tuning (e.g., only) may be supported.

[0293] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more supported training types (e.g., based on the WTRU's reported capabilities) from the gNB, e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC-CE (e.g., CSI-Config), and / or DCI. The WTRU may receive an indication or configuration of the supported training procedure types.

[0294] For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration parameter (e.g., training_config) and / or an indication (e.g., using 4 bits) indicating supported training procedure types (e.g., with a bit value of 1 indicating supported and 0 indicating otherwise). Online training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1). Offline training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch without time limits) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2). Online fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already-trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 3). Offline fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already-trained AI / ML model without time limits) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 4).

[0295] For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration and / or indication (e.g., using two bits) indicating supported training procedure types. Support for online and offline training may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1, where a value of 1 may indicate support for both online and offline training, and a value of 0 may indicate support for offline training (e.g., only)). Bit 2:1: Support for online and offline fine-tuning may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2, where a value of 1 may indicate support for both online and offline fine-tuning, and a value of 0 may indicate support for offline fine-tuning (e.g., only)). In some examples, Bit 2 may be enabled if (e.g., only if) the value of Bit 1 is 1. Otherwise (e.g., if the value of Bit 1 is 0), fine-tuning may not be supported, e.g., regardless of Bit 2, or offline fine-tuning (e.g., only) may be supported.

[0296] The WTRU may, for example, send an indication requesting additional training procedures and / or types of training procedures within the supported types indicated / configured by the gNB. The indication may be based on one or more of: an AI / ML model type (e.g., CSI or BM), an AI / ML model ID, a beam pattern type, a CSI configuration ID, etc., a 1-bit indication, a 2-bit indication, a time window for training / fine-tuning (e.g., online or offline), one or more resources for measurements, and / or the number and / or duration of (e.g., required) RS measurements.

[0297] The WTRU may send a one-bit indication requesting additional training procedures and / or the type of training procedures. For example, a first value (e.g., 0) may indicate that no additional training is required, and a second value (e.g., 1) may indicate that additional training is required. In some examples, the indication may be based on toggling. For example, if the new indication is the same as the previous indication (e.g., no toggling), the new indication may indicate that no additional training is required. If the new indication is different from the previous indication (e.g., toggling), the new indication may indicate that additional training is required.

[0298] The WTRU may send a 2-bit indication (e.g., training_ind) indicating the type of additional and / or requested training procedure. For example, a value of 00 may indicate online training, a value of 01 may indicate offline training, a value of 10 may indicate online fine-tuning, and a value of 11 may indicate offline fine-tuning.

[0299] The WTRU may indicate a time window for training / fine-tuning (e.g., online or offline) to request additional training procedures and / or the type of training procedure. The time window may be determined in part from the specifications / capabilities of the AI / ML model, as configured by the gNB, and / or the capabilities of the WTRU.

[0300] The WTRU may indicate one or more resources for measurement to request additional training procedures and / or types of training procedures.

[0301] The WTRU may indicate a preferred size (e.g., number) of beams (e.g., size of set B). For example, an indication may be present or applied if (e.g., only if) the WTRU indicates a random selection of measurement beams (e.g., random set B).

[0302] The WTRU may indicate a preferred set of measurement beams (e.g., preferred set B). For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more preferred sets of measurement beams. The indication may be based on indicating one or more of a time / frequency resource, a CSI-RS resource set ID, a CSI-RS resource ID, a beam ID, a beam pair ID, a beam group ID, a CSI resource configuration ID, etc.

[0303] The WTRU may indicate additional information to the gNB. The WTRU may indicate additional information for the training procedure. For example, the additional information may be one or more of a beam ID, QCL information (e.g., QCL type A and / or D), etc.

[0304] The WTRU may indicate (e.g., needed) additional information from the gNB. The WTRU may indicate additional information for a training procedure. For example, the WTRU may request to receive additional information from the gNB. The additional information may be one or more of a beam ID, QCL information (e.g., QCL type A and / or D), etc. The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., beam ID, QCL information) via one or more of a PDCCH (e.g., via a DCI and / or a received PDCCH in an associated CORESET / SearchSpace with the relevant information), a PDSCH, and / or an RS transmission (e.g., an associated RS resource / resource set with the relevant information and / or a received RS in an associated RS sequence (with a sequence ID)).

[0305] The WTRU may indicate the number and / or duration of (e.g., required) RS measurements. The WTRU may indicate the number and / or duration of (e.g., required) RS measurements for the training procedure. The indication may be based on one or more of a time window (e.g., one or more of milliseconds, nanoseconds, symbols, slots, frames, etc.), a period, an offset, a number of beam sweeps (e.g., for periodic / semi-persistent RS).

[0306] The WTRU may determine the set of parameters based on, for example, an indicated type of training procedure. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a set of parameters for (e.g., required) RS measurements. The set of parameters may be (pre-)defined, (pre-)configured, and / or determined based on, for example, the indicated type of training procedure. In some examples, a set of parameters may be associated with online training / fine-tuning and another set of parameters may be associated with offline training / fine-tuning. In some examples, a set of parameters may be associated with each (e.g., each) type (e.g., a set for each of online training, online fine-tuning, offline training, and offline fine-tuning).

[0307] The WTRU may receive one or more RS resources (e.g., within an indicated time window and / or duration). The WTRU may, for example, train and / or fine-tune one or more AI / ML models based on the received one or more RS resources. The WTRU may indicate one or more of completed or incomplete training / fine-tuning to the gNB (e.g., based on the received one or more RS resources).

[0308] The WTRU may indicate that it has completed training / fine-tuning, e.g., based on its request and / or the requested RS resources. The WTRU may stop receiving the requested RS resources. For example, if a PDSCH is scheduled during a time / frequency resource, the WTRU may assume that the requested RS resources are not transmitted and / or that a PDSCH is transmitted.

[0309] The WTRU may indicate that training / fine-tuning is not complete. The WTRU may support one or more of the following procedures (e.g., after an indication): The WTRU may indicate additional training / fine-tuning to the gNB based on the WTRU's indication and / or continue the training / fine-tuning procedure. If a PDSCH is scheduled during the time / frequency resource, for example, the WTRU may assume that the requested RS resource is not transmitted and / or that a PDSCH is transmitted. The WTRU may decide whether to continue the training / fine-tuning procedure. For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more parameters. For example, if one or more parameters are greater than one or more thresholds, the WTRU may continue training / fine-tuning. For example, if the parameters are less than (e.g., or equal to) one or more thresholds, the WTRU may stop training / fine-tuning. The one or more parameters may be one or more of a training / fine-tuning completeness rate, a training / fine-tuning rate (e.g., rate / time window or duration), a WTRU recommendation (e.g., to continue or stop training / fine-tuning), an LOS probability (e.g., a rate or an LOS probability in 1 bit, where 0 indicates NLOS and 1 indicates LOS), and / or a quality parameter (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, virtual PDCCH BLER, etc.).

[0310] The WTRU's indication may be based on one or more of a PUCCH, a PUSCH, a PRACH, an RS transmission (eg, an SRS), and / or a CSI report.

[0311] A common method may be used for beam prediction, reporting, and / or application.

[0312] The WTRU may, for example, perform one or more of: receiving a configuration of RS resource sets associated with a number of beams equal to or greater than the size of Set B based on an indicated preferred Set B size (e.g., the number of beams / RS resources in Set B) and / or preferred beams / RS resources in Set B; receiving a configuration of RS resource sets associated with the indicated beams of Set B; measuring RS resources associated with Set B beams to determine beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP); using the measured beam quality values ​​to predict the K best beams (e.g., via an AI / ML model); reporting one or more top predicted beams to the gNB; and / or receiving a configuration of new DL beams (e.g., an indication of the top predicted DL beams via a TCI state).

[0313] A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and / or beams (e.g., or beam pairs). (E.g., each) RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair may be associated with transmissions from a beam with (e.g., particular) beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and / or beam width). A WTRU may be configured with the associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0314] For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of RS resources based on at least one of a preconfigured Set B (e.g., beam or beam measurement RS resources) and / or Set B size, the WTRU's indicated Set B or Set B size, and / or a preconfigured Set B type and / or decision / selection rules / criteria.

[0315] The WTRU may measure one or more RS resources to determine beam quality measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, RI, SINR, RSSI). For example, the WTRU may measure RS resources belonging to set B.

[0316] The WTRU may receive a configured beam / beam RS resource report (e.g., via RRC CSI-ReportConfig). It may receive an indication (e.g., 1 bit) indicating to report an AI / ML predicted beam (e.g., via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI). For example, the WTRU may be configured with a beam reporting parameter (e.g., K) indicating the number of beams to be reported.

[0317] The WTRU may predict the top K beams using an AI / ML model based on, for example, RS resource measurements (e.g., beam quality, e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, RSSI) and / or one or more of Set B size, Set B type, and / or RS resources associated with Set B.

[0318] The WTRU may send a report indicating predicted beams based on the received beam reporting configuration. For example, the WTRU may indicate the CRI of the RS associated with one or more (e.g., top K) predicted beams. For example, the WTRU may indicate the beam ID and / or beam angle of one or more predicted beams. For example, the WTRU may indicate the beam angle of one or more predicted beams.

[0319] The WTRU may receive an indication of the TCI state (e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI), for example, based on the WTRU's indication of RS resources / beams (e.g., AI / ML predicted beams, CRI of RS resources associated with the predicted beams), and the WTRU may receive (e.g., future) PDSCH and / or PDCCH resources using the indicated TCI state.

[0320] Although the features and elements described above are described in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone or in various combinations with or without other features and elements in the preferred embodiments.

[0321] While the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP-specific protocols, it should be understood that the implementations described herein are not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems. For example, while the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), or 5G-specific protocols, it should be understood that the solutions described herein are not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems.

[0322] The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted via wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, ROM, RAM, registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and / or optical media such as compact disc (CD)-ROM disks and / or digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, a terminal, a base station, an RNC, and / or any host computer.

Claims

1. 1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: receiving configuration information, the configuration information indicating a reference signal (RS) resource set and a first RS resource selection condition; performing measurements on RS resources associated with the RS resource set; determining a subset of resources based on whether the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, wherein the subset of resources is a subset of the measured RS resources; and transmitting an indication of the subset of resources; determining power-related parameter values ​​associated with RS resources of the subset of resources; estimating beam parameters of a beam based on the determined power-related parameter values ​​associated with RS resources of the subset of resources; reporting a beam set based on the estimated beam parameters; 10. A WTRU comprising: a processor configured to execute:

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is met, and the measured RS resource subset is determined based on the first RS resource selection condition being met.

3. 2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not met, a second RS resource selection condition is met, and the measured subset of RS resources is based on the second RS resource selection condition being met.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is met, and the processor is further configured to transmit an indication of the first RS resource selection condition.

5. 10. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not met and a second RS resource selection condition is met, and the processor is further configured to transmit an indication of the second RS resource selection condition.

6. The WTRU of claim 5 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is based on a respective RSRP of each of the measured RS resources.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to determine a beam set based on at least one of the determined power-related parameter value or the estimated beam parameters.

8. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection criterion is based on one or more of the measured line-of-sight (LoS) rates of RS resources.

9. 1. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: receiving configuration information, the configuration information indicating a reference signal (RS) resource set and a first RS resource selection condition; performing measurements on RS resources associated with the RS resource set; determining a subset of resources based on whether the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, wherein the subset of resources is a subset of the measured RS resources; and transmitting an indication of the subset of resources; determining power-related parameter values ​​associated with RS resources of the subset of resources; estimating beam parameters of a beam based on the determined power-related parameter values ​​associated with RS resources of the subset of resources; reporting a beam set based on the estimated beam parameters; A method comprising:

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is met, and the subset of measured RS resources is determined based on the first RS resource selection condition being met.

11. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not met, a second RS resource selection condition is met, and the measured subset of RS resources is based on the second RS resource selection condition being met.

12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising: transmitting an indication of the first RS resource selection condition, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is met.

13. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: transmitting an indication of a second RS resource selection condition, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not met and the second RS resource selection condition is met.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is based on a respective RSRP of each of the measured RS resources.

15. The method of claim 9 , further comprising determining a beam set based on at least one of the determined power-related parameter values ​​or the estimated beam parameters.

Images