Joint communication and detection

Abstract

A method for operating a radio node in a wireless communication network is disclosed, the radio node being adapted for wireless communication, for sensing and / or for radar operation, the method comprising transmitting and / or receiving sensing signaling, the sensing signaling comprising one or more zero-tail signals, and transmitting the sensing signaling based on processing a frequency-domain representation of at least one signaling sequence based on a frequency-domain filter window function. The disclosure also relates to the devices and methods concerned.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This disclosure relates, in particular, to wireless communication and radar technologies for high frequencies. [Background technology]

[0002] For future wireless communication systems, there is discussion about combining wireless communication and sensing (radar), particularly using the same spectrum and / or hardware for both. This is sometimes called Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS). Combining these functions presents several challenges. [Overview of the project]

[0003] The object of this disclosure is to provide a method for handling JCAS, particularly with respect to the multiplexing of communication signaling and detection signaling. The method described may be used for one or more different frequency ranges. For example, the method described may be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and / or system bandwidth) for detection signaling and / or communication signaling, such as above 1 GHz, above 2 GHz, above 5 GHz, above 6 GHz, or above 10 GHz, and / or for millimeter-wave communication, particularly for high radio frequencies (high frequencies) and / or radio carrier frequencies above approximately 52.6 GHz and / or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered millimeter waves. One or more carrier frequencies are between 52.6 and 140 GHz, with, for example, lower boundaries between 52.6, 55, 60, and 71 GHz and / or upper boundaries between or higher than 71, 72, 90, 114, and 140 GHz, and in particular between 55 and 90 GHz or between 60 and 72 GHz, but higher frequencies can be considered, in particular, above 71 GHz or 72 GHz and / or above 100 GHz and / or above 140 GHz. Carrier frequency may, in particular, refer to the center frequency or maximum frequency of the carrier. Radio nodes and / or networks described herein may operate with a wideband, for example, a carrier bandwidth (or bandwidth or carrier aggregation) of 400 MHz or more, in particular above 1 GHz or above 2 GHz, or even greater, for example above 6 GHz or above 8 GHz, and the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be that carrier bandwidth or smaller, depending, for example, the channel and / or procedure. In some cases, the operation may be based on OFDM waveforms or SC-FDM waveforms (e.g., downlink and / or uplink), particularly FDF-SC-FDM base waveforms.However, operation based on a single-carrier waveform, such as SC-FDE (which can be pulse-shaped or frequency-domain filtered, for example, based on the modulation scheme and / or MCS), can be considered for downlink and / or uplink. Generally, different waveforms can be used for different communication directions. Communicating using or utilizing carriers and / or beams can correspond to operating using or utilizing carriers and / or beams, and / or including transmitting on carriers and / or beams and / or receiving on carriers and / or beams. Operation can be based on and / or associated with a numerology that can indicate the subcarrier spacing and / or duration of the assigned unit and / or their equivalents, for example, compared to an OFDM-based system. The subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency spacing can correspond to, for example, 960 kHz or 1920 kHz, and can represent, for example, the bandwidth of the subcarrier or equivalent.

[0004] This method is particularly advantageous to implement in future 6th generation (6G) communication networks or 6G radio access technologies or networks (RAT / RAN), especially according to 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project, a standardization body). Suitable RANs may include those based on NR, e.g., Release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, this method can also be used with other RATs, e.g., future 5.5G systems or IEEE-based systems.

[0005] A (third) method for operating a radio node in a wireless communication network is considered, the radio node being adapted for wireless communication, for detection, and / or for radar operation. This (third) method includes transmitting and / or receiving a detection signaling, the detection signaling comprising one or more zero-tail signals. The detection signaling is transmitted based on processing a frequency-domain representation of at least one signaling sequence based on a frequency-domain filter window function. This (third) method may include and / or implement the (first) and / or (third) methods, or one or more features thereof.

[0006] A (third) radio node for a wireless communication network is disclosed. This (third) radio node is adapted for wireless communication, and adapted for detection and / or radar operation. This radio node is further adapted for transmitting and / or receiving detection signaling, the detection signaling comprising one or more zero-tail signals, and the detection signaling is transmitted based on processing the frequency domain representation of the signaling sequence based on a frequency domain filter window function. This (third) radio node may include and / or implement the (first) and / or (second) radio nodes, or one or more features thereof.

[0007] A frequency-domain representation may be based on performing an FFT (Fast-Fast Transform) on the signaling sequence (in the time domain). Processing the frequency-domain representation of a signaling sequence based on a frequency-domain filter window function may involve applying the window function to the representation, and one or more intermediate processing steps may be considered. Generally, the FFT function and / or IFFT function and / or window function may be implemented in software and / or hardware and / or firmware, and in some cases, the processing steps may be combined and / or aggregated with each other. The FFT or IFFT may have a size that corresponds to the number of samples in the time-domain interval to be processed, e.g., 4096, 2048, or 8192, and the time-domain interval to be processed may correspond to the duration of a symbol proper that follows a numerology used for and / or set up for use for communication signaling.

[0008] The window function may be based on and / or correspond to the Hamming window and / or Hanning window and / or Bartlett window and / or Blackman window. Such windows may be suitable for the desired application. The window function may be based on and / or derived from a combination of different windows.

[0009] A window function can be thought of as restricting the frequency-domain representation to a number of subcarriers, N windows, which can be smaller than the size of the FFT or IFFT used. This can reduce sidelobes.

[0010] At least one signaling sequence may represent, and / or be based on, a sequence root, particularly a Barker code and / or a gold sequence and / or a complementary sequence. This may enable AFC optimization.

[0011] Detect signaling is transmitted based on power compensation. Power compensation may be based on the signal duration and / or symbol duration and / or symbol body time interval, for example, according to numerology.

[0012] Sensing signaling may be transmitted (or received) on the basis of omitting a CP addition procedure. Communication circuits may be adapted to perform CP addition (or elimination on the basis of omitting a CP removal procedure), and radio nodes may be adapted to omit such procedures and / or circuits based on signals that may, for example, indicate sensing signaling and / or CP addition and / or removal to be turned off or avoided. Communication circuits may be thought to include switches and / or bypasses for CP addition circuits and / or CP removal circuits.

[0013] Detection signaling can be handled by OFDM-based circuits used for wireless communication.

[0014] Detect signaling can be considered to be transmitted based on performing an inverse FFT on a windowed frequency-domain representation of the signaling sequence. This may enable signaling by analog circuitry for actual transmission.

[0015] A (first) method for operating a radio node in a wireless communication network is disclosed, the radio node may be adapted for wireless communication, for detection and / or for radar operation. The method may include transmitting and / or receiving a detection signaling, the detection signaling may include one or more zero-tail signals.

[0016] A (first) radio node for a wireless communication network is considered. This radio node may be adapted for wireless communication, for detection, and / or for radar operation. This radio node may be further adapted for transmitting and / or receiving detection signaling, which may include one or more zero-tail signals.

[0017] Generally, wireless communication is obtained based on OFDM-based waveforms, and / or, wireless nodes may be adapted to communicate based on OFDM-based waveforms, for example, on OFDM or SC-FDM. OFDM-based waveforms correspond to and / or have a numerology that can define symbol time intervals and / or symbol body time intervals and / or cyclic prefixes (and / or their durations). The numerology and / or waveforms for communication may be set or configurable. Sensing signaling may be transmitted and / or received using communication circuits such as wireless circuits and / or processing circuits and / or antenna circuits used for wireless communication, and / or may be multiplexed with communication signaling in time and / or frequency. Thus, circuits can be shared and costs can be saved. The circuits may, in particular, include FFT processing circuits, and / or one or more filters that implement a filter function in the frequency domain, for example, as described herein, and / or power circuits such as power amplifiers. A detection signaling system can generally consist of multiple signals or pulses, such as short pulses, and / or sequences of signals and / or (short) pulses. It should be noted that a receiver may be assumed to be informed of the characteristics of the detection signaling and / or the signals used, and may adapt accordingly to process the received detection signaling.

[0018] A zero-tail signal can be considered a signal that has a signal duration and an associated zero-tail with a longer duration than the cyclic prefix of OFDM-based symbols used for radio communications. This could extend the radar / detection range.

[0019] The signal duration of a zero-tail signal can be shorter than the signal duration (symbol body) of an OFDM-based symbol used for wireless communication. Therefore, the signal can be adapted to a single symbol time interval and / or easily processed using available communication circuits.

[0020] It may be considered that one zero-tail signal can be carried and / or transmitted in one symbol time interval. The interference to subsequent signals of the detection signaling can be limited.

[0021] In some cases, two or more zero-tail signals can be carried and / or transmitted in one symbol time interval, particularly, two or an integer multiple of two. The two can be paired with each other, for example, pairwise complementary. Pairwise complementary can refer to that each signal of the pair is based on a different sequence, and each sequence is one of a complementary sequence pair. This can enable an optimized use of signaling resources in terms of time, especially considering communication resource requirements.

[0022] Generally, the zero-tail signal represents a sequence or sequence root, such as a Barker code and / or a Gold sequence, and / or a complementary sequence such as a Golay complementary sequence, and / or can be based on a sequence or sequence root, such as a Barker code and / or a Gold sequence, and / or a complementary sequence such as a Golay complementary sequence. This enables optimizing the AFC. In some cases, the zero-tail signal can be considered to represent a modulation symbol sequence representing data signaling, which can be selected based on its AFC, and / or can be based on its modulation symbol sequence. The modulation symbol sequence can be reserved for detection signaling.

[0023] It can be considered that different zero-tail signals can be based on the same or different sequences or sequence roots, and / or represent the same or different sequences or sequence roots. Different sequences and / or sequence roots can be used for complementary pairs and / or when there are two or more signals in a symbol time interval. This can facilitate the use of a desired AFC.

[0024] The zero-tail signal may be considered to be transmitted without a cyclic prefix and / or with a zeroed cyclic prefix.

[0025] The techniques described herein may facilitate improving the range of detection signaling and / or enable reuse of available communication circuitry, which may provide a cost-efficient JCAS operation.

[0026] As an alternative or addition to the (first) method, a (second) method of operating a wireless node in a wireless communication network may be contemplated. The wireless node may be adapted for wireless communication and may be adapted for sensing and / or for radar operation. The (second) method may include transmitting and / or receiving sensing signaling, which may include two or more signals that are based on complementary sequences. The (second) method may include and / or implement the (first) and / or (third) method or one or more features thereof.

[0027] A (second) wireless node for a wireless communication network, which may be an alternative to the (first) wireless node, may be contemplated. The (second) wireless node may be adapted for wireless communication and may be adapted for sensing and / or for radar operation. The wireless node may be further adapted to transmit and / or receive sensing signaling, which may include two or more signals that are based on complementary sequences. The (second) wireless node may include and / or implement the (first) and / or (third) wireless node or one or more features thereof.

[0028] In particular, the signals may be based on Golay complementary sequences, which enables optimization of the AFC.

[0029] Signals can be thought to be based on pairwise complementary sequences. Generally, a pair of pairwise complementary signals may only be temporally complementary to one of its neighbors. However, each signal can be thought to be paired with its predecessors and successors in the time domain, providing, for example, an alternating sequence of sequences represented by the signals.

[0030] A pair of signals based on pairwise complementary sequencing can be assumed to be transmitted at the same symbol time interval. This can optimize the use of time resources.

[0031] A pair of signals based on a pairwise complementary sequence may be transmitted at different symbol time intervals. These symbol time intervals may be adjacent in the time domain or separated by one or more symbol time intervals. Generally, a sense signaling, and / or one instance of a sense signaling, can be thought to cover one or more symbol time intervals that are temporally continuous and / or that do not have scattered symbol time intervals lacking signals from the sense signaling.

[0032] Two or more signals can be considered zero-tail signals. This allows for improved ranging.

[0033] Detective signaling may include multiple pairs of signals based on pairwise complementary sequences, where different pairs may be transmitted at different symbol time intervals. Each pair may be associated with and / or transmitted at the same symbol time interval.

[0034] Detection operations and / or radar operations may be used interchangeably. Detection operations may be performed in detection mode. Communication may be performed in communication mode. Different antenna configurations and / or different nodes may operate in different modes, and in some cases, different antenna configurations of the same radio node may operate in different modes, for example, using frequency-domain multiplexing (in addition to and / or superimposed on time-domain multiplexing). Detection operations may include transmitting and / or receiving detection signaling. Detection signaling may be signaling intended to bounce back from one or more targets to determine, for example, the presence, and / or location, and / or velocity, and / or speed of a target from reflected signaling. Detection operations may be monostatic, or in some cases bistatic or multistatic.

[0035] Communication signaling may be based on multicarrier waveforms, such as OFDM waveforms, such as DFT-s-OFDM-based waveforms (also called SC-FDM), and / or communication signaling may be based on waveforms with cyclic appendixes. A cyclic appendix can generally be a cyclic prefix or a cyclic suffix. The appendix may be attached to the opposite side (end or beginning) of a symbol and may represent a repetition of a portion of the signaling carried by the symbol at its beginning (suffix) or end (prefix). For example, a cyclic prefix may be thought of as a repetition of the signaling at the end of the symbol to which it relates. A cyclic appendix may be associated with a particular symbol and may have a duration shorter than the symbol duration, for example, less than 1 / 4 or less than 1 / 6 of the symbol duration.

[0036] A wireless node operates in TDD mode and can switch between, for example, DL periods and UL periods. A DL period may be a period during which the wireless node operates using DL transmission, and a UL period may be a period during which the wireless node operates using UL transmission (for example, a network node may transmit during DL and receive during UL, and vice versa for wireless devices). Between DL and UL periods and / or between UL and DL periods, there may be TDD guard periods, which may consist of several symbol time intervals, e.g., 10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols, and it may be conceivable that the guard periods for DL / UL and the guard periods for UL / DL have the same duration or different durations. Guard periods may allow the circuit to switch between different communication directions and / or allow interference handling (especially considering that DL signaling tends to be much stronger than (received) UL signaling). Time-domain multiplexing of sensing signaling and communication signaling means, and / or includes, and / or comprises, and / or represents, switching between communication mode and sensing mode so that different modes are used for at least a portion of the circuitry and / or antenna configuration and / or signaling associated with the radio node at different times. An antenna configuration may comprise one or more antenna elements and / or subarrays and / or panels, and different antenna configurations may comprise different antenna elements and / or subarrays and / or panels. Different antenna configurations and / or panels and / or subarrays and / or elements may be controlled separately from each other or adapted to be controllable separately.There may be the same number of DL and UL periods, and / or the same duration associated with DL and UL, (for example, alternating over at least a fixed time interval, such that one DL period is followed by one UL period, and vice versa), or different numbers or durations, e.g., (approximately) 3:1 (e.g., three DL periods followed by a TDD guard period and one UL period), or (approximately) 2:1, or even (approximately) 1:2 or 1:NU in the case of a high-volume UL scenario, where NU is 3 or greater. The duration of a UL period may be the same as or different from the duration of a DL period. The distribution and / or duration of DL and UL periods may be called a TDD pattern, and a TDD pattern may be dynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signaling) and / or set or configurable with higher-layer signaling such as RRC signaling or RLC signaling, and / or semi-statically configurable or configurable. A TDD pattern may represent, for example, the smallest time-domain distribution of temporally repeating DL periods and / or UL periods and / or TDD guard periods in one or more frames and / or subframes and / or slots and / or durations covering multiple iterations of the TDD pattern. Operating in detection mode can be considered to include both transmission and reception by the same radio node, independent of the TDD periods associated with the communication mode. Detection modes and / or detection intervals can be considered to be inserted into and / or embedded in and / or multiplexed with time periods and / or TDD guard periods nominally associated with DL and / or UL, particularly DL / UL guard periods.

[0037] Sensing signaling and communication signaling may be transmitted by the same transmitting node, e.g., a radio node, or by different nodes. In particular, a radio node may transmit both communication signaling and sensing signaling, and, for example in a monostatic scenario, may also monitor and / or receive reflections of sensing signaling. In some cases, a radio node may receive both communication signaling and sensing signaling, and / or, for example in a monostatic scenario, may also transmit sensing signaling. In some cases, a radio node may transmit communication signaling and receive (and / or monitor) sensing signaling, and may also transmit sensing signaling, and vice versa. Receiving sensing signaling should be considered to include and / or be based on monitoring sensing signaling, for example, by utilizing one or more received beams and / or beam sweeps. Received or monitored detection signaling may represent reflected and / or diffracted detection signaling, for example, after impact with a target object and / or obstacle. Operations using detection and communication signaling may relate to specific time periods, for example, joint operation intervals in which both communication and detection are performed. There may be operational states of a radio node that focus on only one type of operation, such as communicating or detecting. Frequency multiplexing of detection signaling with communication signaling (also known as frequency domain multiplexing or frequency duplication) may mean that the detection signaling has a different location in the frequency domain than the communication signaling, for example, in the non-overlapping portion of the spectrum (non-overlapping bandwidth). In particular, detection signaling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth, communication signaling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth, and the first and second frequency bandwidths may not overlap and / or be separated and / or distinct in the frequency domain.

[0038] A wireless node could be, for example, a wireless device, user equipment, or terminal, or a network node, signaling wireless node, or base station. Therefore, detection capabilities may be provided by general participants in a wireless communication network.

[0039] A radio node may be considered adapted to utilize NP antenna subarrays and / or panels, where NP can be 4 or a larger integer. An antenna subarray may comprise multiple antenna elements, e.g., four or more, or ten or more, or fifty or more, or one hundred or more. An antenna subarray, and / or antenna elements associated with and / or contained within an antenna subarray, may be associated with and / or connected to or connectable to one and / or the same antenna circuit, and / or be controllable together for analog and / or digital beamforming, and / or be operable for joint transmission or reception. A panel may comprise a support structure for supporting one or more antenna subarrays, e.g., plastic and / or metal materials and / or wood, which may further support additional circuits such as antenna circuits and / or interface circuits. Each antenna subarray may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., receive or transmit) and / or one function, e.g., sensing or communication. Antenna elements of an antenna subarray may be considered to share the same polarization, e.g., horizontal polarization or vertical polarization. In some cases, NP can be even, and NP / 2 antenna subarrays (and / or their antenna elements) can be associated with a first polarization (e.g., horizontal or vertical polarization or left circular polarization or right circular polarization, or any other suitable polarization), and the remaining NP / 2 antenna subarrays can be associated with a second polarization that may be orthogonal to the first polarization. For example, the first polarization may be horizontal polarization and the second polarization may be vertical polarization, or the first polarization may be left circular polarization and the second polarization may be right circular polarization. This allows multiple beams to be operated with good flexibility and / or large signaling capacity. Generally, an antenna configuration associated with a radio node may comprise one or more antenna subarrays, particularly an even number of antenna subarrays.Generally, different antenna subarrays and / or panels may be used for different functions, such as transmission or reception, and / or detection or communication, at different times. The polarization of antenna elements may be associated with a specific operating direction, for example, for transmission or reception. Depending on the signaling direction (transmission or reception), the polarization may differ. For example, an antenna subarray may be associated with a first polarization for transmission and a second polarization for reception, and vice versa. This can be achieved, for example, by providing cross-linear antenna elements for subarrays with associated connections / circuits that follow polarization.

[0040] In particular, detection signaling can be thought of as being transmitted and / or received by, for example, a radio node using a first set of antenna elements and / or antenna subarrays and / or antenna panels, and communication signaling can be thought of as being transmitted and / or received by, for example, a radio node using a second set of antenna elements and / or antenna subarrays and / or antenna panels. The first set may comprise subarrays and / or antenna elements and / or antenna panels that are different from those of the second set. The first set may comprise one or more antenna subarrays and / or panels, for example, NC, in particular an even number of subarrays and / or panels. The second set can be thought of as comprising one or more antenna subarrays and / or panels, for example, NS, in particular an even number of subarrays. It can be thought that NC + NS = NP. In some cases, NC and / or NS subarrays and / or panels may comprise an equal number of antenna subarrays and / or panels associated with a first polarization and a second polarization (generally, an antenna subarray can be thought of as associated with a polarization if all of its antenna elements are associated with the same polarization). Different antenna subarrays are used to transmit and receive detection signaling, and it is conceivable that the same polarization could be associated with the transmission and reception of detection signaling.

[0041] Sensing signaling and communication signaling can be thought of as being transmitted and / or received in operating time intervals, such as slots, or in integer N symbol time intervals or allocation units or block symbols. Operating time intervals may correspond to less than 1 ms, or less than 0.5 ms, or less than 0.1 ms, and / or N may be less than 1000, or less than 300, or less than 200, or less than 100, or less than 20. Thus, a radio node can operate both signaling types on short time scales. Within an operating time interval, sensing signaling and communication signaling may operate in time multiplexed, simultaneously, or both (in different sub-intervals).

[0042] In some variants, detection signaling and communication signaling may be transmitted and / or received in a time interval that overlaps at least partially or completely, for example, within an operating time interval or one or more sub-intervals thereof. Partial temporal overlap may mean that part of the detection signaling does not overlap with the communication signaling, while complete overlap may mean that all of the detection signaling overlaps with the communication signaling (in the time domain, particularly within an operating time interval and / or one or more sub-intervals thereof).

[0043] In particular, detection signaling may generally be transmitted during detection time intervals, and reflections of detection signaling may be monitored (and / or received) during monitoring time intervals; and the detection time intervals and monitoring time intervals may overlap temporally, at least partially, or completely. The detection time intervals and / or monitoring time intervals are part of the operating time interval, and may be included within them or cover the operating time interval, for example, as sub-intervals. Thus, joint operations on short time scales are facilitated.

[0044] A first antenna subarray and / or antenna panel may be used to transmit a sensing signal, and a second antenna subarray and / or antenna panel may be used to monitor and / or receive reflections of the sensing signal. Two or more antenna subarrays and / or panels may be used to communicate using a communication signal, for example, during an operating time interval. The first subarray and / or panel and the second subarray and / or panel may have different polarizations. In particular, for large NPs (e.g., 8 or greater), this may facilitate sensing operations with relatively low impact on communication operations.

[0045] Generally, detection signaling and communication signaling occupy the same frequency spectrum, for example, the same carrier. Frequency multiplexing generally refers to allocating different locations in the frequency spectrum to detection signaling and communication signaling, for example, different parts of the carrier bandwidth, and furthermore, different bandwidths may be allocated to detection signaling and communication signaling. Thus, spectrum reuse may be provided. This may refer to the operating time interval.

[0046] It can be considered that detection signaling may occupy a bandwidth (first frequency bandwidth or first bandwidth) of 350 MHz or 300 MHz or less and / or 10% or 5% of the carrier or system bandwidth and / or 10% or 7% of the bandwidth used for communication signaling (second frequency bandwidth or second bandwidth) and / or 7% of the bandwidth used for communication signaling. This may refer to the operating time interval, and in addition to such, different bandwidth sizes may be used, for example, if only communication signaling is used for a longer period (e.g., more than 5 times the duration of the operating time interval, or more than 10, 20, or 50 times the duration of the operating time interval), the full carrier / system bandwidth may be applied for communication signaling. Thus, bandwidth limits may be improved.

[0047] In some variants, detection signaling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth (or first bandwidth), communication signaling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth (second bandwidth), and furthermore, a frequency gap may exist, exist, or be located between the first and second frequency bandwidths. The second frequency bandwidth may be larger in size than the first frequency bandwidth; for example, the second frequency bandwidth may be SM times the size, where SM may be 3 or greater, or 5 or greater, or 10 or greater, or 15 or greater. The gap may correspond to a bandwidth smaller than the second frequency bandwidth and / or smaller than the first frequency bandwidth. The gap may correspond to, for example, a guard bandwidth that limits interference between the first and second frequency bandwidths.

[0048] Generally, communication signaling can be based on OFDM waveforms, such as DFT-s-OFDM-based waveforms. This can facilitate reliable communication with high capacity.

[0049] The techniques described herein facilitate the use of communication radio node hardware for radar or detection with limited overhead or reduced efficiency.

[0050] Sensor signaling can generally be represented by reference signaling. Different types of sensing signaling may differ with respect to numerology and / or waveform and / or modulation symbol sequence and / or sequence root and / or duration and / or frequency bandwidth and / or density (e.g., in the time domain and / or frequency domain) and / or code and / or timing (particularly with respect to periodicity) and / or beam shape or beam size.

[0051] Communication signaling and / or sensing signaling may be based on OFDM waveforms, e.g., OFDM and / or SC-FDM. Transmitting and / or receiving sensing signaling may be considered as operating using sensing signaling. Operating using communication signaling and / or communicating using communication signaling may be considered as including transmitting and / or receiving communication signaling. Different use cases and types of setups (monostatic or multistatic) may be considered.

[0052] In some cases, operating with detection signaling may include transmitting and / or receiving detection signaling. Generally, receiving detection signaling may include receiving a reflection of detection signaling, which may be temporally shifted relative to the transmission of the signaling (due to propagation delay), and the temporal shift may be less than or equal to two symbol time intervals, or less than or equal to one symbol time interval, or less than or equal to the duration of a cyclic prefix. The range of detection signaling may be set accordingly. Generally, operating with detection signaling may include performing detection and / or determining the presence (or absence) of an object, and / or determining one or more properties of one or more objects (detection targets).

[0053] Communication signaling can be based on OFDM waveforms, such as OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM. Such waveforms are particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and / or with high communication loads. In some cases, sensing signaling can be based on OFDM waveforms, such as OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM, or OFTS-based waveforms. The sensing signaling waveform can be based on the same waveform as the communication signaling, which allows for easy configuration and circuit reuse. In some cases, the sensing signaling waveform can be based on a different waveform, allowing for flexibility, for example, for different use cases and functions.

[0054] A radio node may be a radio device or a user device or terminal. Alternatively, a radio node may be a network node or a signaling radio node. A radio node adapted for radio communication may be a radio node adapted to transmit and / or receive communication signaling. Communication signaling may be and / or include data signaling and / or control signaling and / or reference signaling, for example, according to a radio communication standard such as a 3GPP standard or an IEEE standard. A radio node adapted for sensing operations and / or radar operations may be adapted and / or configured or configurable to transmit and / or receive signaling for sensing or radar functions, in particular according to the configuration for sensing and / or processing signaling. A radio node may share circuits such as processing circuits and / or radio circuits and / or antenna circuits, as well as / or antenna elements and / or subarrays, between communication signaling and sensing operations and / or sensing signaling. Sensing operations may be monostatic and / or multistatic. Sensing signaling can be reference signaling, and / or signaling dedicated to communication signaling and / or sensing. Sensing signaling may have different types of signaling based on, for example, use and / or object and / or sensing function (e.g., which parameters of an object should be determined). Multiplexing communication signaling and sensing signaling in a multiplexed time interval may correspond to the communication signaling and sensing signaling being transmitted in a multiplexed time interval, for example, by the same node or different nodes. Operating with communication signaling may include transmitting and / or receiving communication signaling. Operating with sensing signaling may include transmitting and / or receiving sensing signaling. Wireless nodes may be adapted for monostatic operation.In this case, the radio node may be adapted for full-duplex operation, transmitting and receiving in fully or at least partially overlapping time intervals (e.g., corresponding to and / or at least partially overlapping with the multiplexing time interval), and thus the radio node may receive reflected sense signaling transmitted by the radio node itself (due to the high speed of radio waves, reflected sense signaling is often received while the radio node is still transmitting sense signaling). The radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry and / or antenna circuitry of the radio node may be adapted to handle both communication signaling and sense signaling. Full-duplex may refer to transmitting and receiving simultaneously, for example, using the same or different circuitry and / or using different antenna subarrays or separately operating antenna subarrays or antenna elements.

[0055] Detection signaling can be beamformed. Communication signaling can be beamformed. For detection signaling, a different beam from that of communication signaling, in particular a narrower beam than that of communication signaling, may be used. In some cases, the beam shape of detection signaling may differ with respect to the different occurrences and / or signaling types and / or functions of detection signaling. Beam switching may be performed when switching from communication signaling to detection signaling, and vice versa. Detection signaling may be transmitted with a detection beam and / or isotropically or with a default beam, and detection signaling may be received with a receiving beam or with default or isotropic reception. The detection beam may be swept through a spatial angle, for example, according to a sweep scheme for performing detection in a spatial angle.

[0056] A DFT-s-OFDM-based waveform may be a waveform constructed by performing a DFT spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to frequency intervals (e.g., subcarriers) to provide, for example, a time-variable signal. DFT-s-OFDM-based waveforms are sometimes also called SC-FDM waveforms. These waveforms may be considered to provide good PAPR characteristics, particularly for high frequencies, enabling optimized operation of power amplifiers. Generally, the techniques described herein may also be applicable to single-carrier-based waveforms, such as FDE-based waveforms. For example, communications on data channels and / or control channels may be based on and / or utilize DFT-s-OFDM-based or single-carrier-based waveforms.

[0057] Communication can be, in particular, over multiple communication links and / or beams, and / or with multiple targets (e.g., TRPs, or other forms of transmitting sources that also receive) and / or multiple layers simultaneously, and different reference signalings for multiple transmits or receives can be based on different sequence routes and / or combs and / or cyclic shifts. Thus, high throughput can be achieved with low interference. Generally, different reference signalings (e.g., of the same type) can be associated with different transmitting sources and / or beams and / or layers, especially when transmitted simultaneously and / or overlapping in time (e.g., considering different timing advance values ​​if transmitted on an uplink). For example, there may be a first reference signaling transmitted using a first transmitting source and / or a first beam and / or a first layer, and a second reference signaling transmitted using the first transmitting source and / or a first beam and / or a first layer.

[0058] Program products comprising instructions causing a processing circuit to control and / or perform the methods described herein are also described. Furthermore, carrier medium configurations for transporting and / or storing the program products described herein are considered. Information systems comprising and / or connected to or connectable to wireless nodes are also disclosed.

[0059] The drawings are provided to illustrate the concepts and techniques described herein and are not intended to limit their scope. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0060] [Figure 1] This is a diagram illustrating an exemplary signaling scenario. [Figure 2] This figure shows further exemplary signaling scenarios. [Figure 3] This figure shows an exemplary signaling process scenario. [Figure 4] This figure shows an exemplary signal processing scenario. [Figure 5] This is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device. [Figure 6] This diagram shows an exemplary network node. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0061] Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) is emerging as one of the use cases for future wireless cellular communications, such as 6G. In one approach, JCAS could be thought of using cellular communications (radio) nodes (base stations / UEs) to sense the environment by using either communication-specific signals and / or dedicated sensing signals, and to provide information such as the location, shape, and speed of objects in the surroundings. Some possible applications of sensing using cellular communications systems include traffic monitoring and collision avoidance, gesture / motion detection, object or person presence detection, vital sign detection, environmental mapping, and particle / contamination detection. In general, joint communications and sensing may involve and / or be based on utilizing radio nodes for communications networks for sensing and / or radar operations, for example, by sharing radio circuits and / or antennas and / or resources.

[0062] A tighter integration of communications and detection can be provided. Detection can be added at low cost by reusing existing macro infrastructure. Detection can be used to both improve network performance and add new features, such as traffic monitoring and supervision. If the same hardware is used for radar and communications, the performance and capacity of both systems may be degraded. In this description, radar signaling can be considered detection signaling, and vice versa. For example, to monitor an intersection and detect approaching vehicles and their speed, a large portion of available resources is used for radar operation, reducing the resources available for communications. The techniques described herein facilitate the efficient operation of joint communications and detection, limiting the impact of detection operation on communications capability.

[0063] Detection can be performed using a single node, i.e., the transmitter and receiver are co-located and / or associated with the same radio node (monostatic), or using multiple nodes, in which case (one or more) transmitters and (one or more) receivers may be in different locations (multistatic), and in some variations of the multistatic method, one or more nodes may have both transmitters and receivers and / or operate for both transmission and reception. One particular challenge with monostatic scenarios in joint communications and detection is that if the same radio node is used for simultaneous transmission and reception, that radio node must be capable of full-duplex communication (the received signal is temporally shifted relative to the transmitted signal, but usually there is temporal overlap). This can be particularly troublesome because the received signal level in cellular communications can be several orders of magnitude lower than the transmitted signal, and the reception of such signals can be facilitated by some techniques or designs that are thought to reduce interference. In a monostatic radar setup, simultaneous transmission and reception (and therefore full-duplex) is unavoidable if it should be possible to detect targets close to the base station (from this perspective, targets far enough away may not be so troublesome, as echoes (reflected signals) may arrive after the base station has stopped transmitting).

[0064] Multistatic scenarios may not require simultaneous transmission and reception from the same node. However, one challenge in using communication nodes in multistatic scenarios is that adjacent nodes must be in different duplexing directions (uplink and downlink, or sidelink, or transmit and receive modes), which means that different time-division duplexing (TDD) settings may be used in two cells. This is also quite problematic because downlink signaling typically has a significantly higher power level than uplink signaling, and using different TDD settings in adjacent cells can result in significant inter-cell interference, particularly from downlink transmissions in one cell to uplink receptions in the other.

[0065] In some applications, detection can improve network performance and / or add new features, such as traffic monitoring and supervision. When the same hardware is used for radar and communications, the performance and capacity of both systems may be degraded compared to using separate, dedicated equipment for both. For example, if an intersection is monitored to detect approaching vehicles and their speed, a significant portion of the available resources (e.g., half) may be required for radar operation.

[0066] The available carrier or system bandwidth for 6G at high frequencies is expected to be extremely broad, covering, for example, above 1 GHz, and especially above 5 GHz. There are several regions with approximately 6 GHz continuous spectrum (bandwidth) available for high frequencies (above 90 GHz).

[0067] Detection, also known as active detection, can generally refer to transmitting a signaling signal and / or receiving a reflection of such signaling, for example, radar signaling and / or communication signaling, and detection can include and / or be based on processing the received (reflected) signaling signaling to determine one or more properties of a target object, for example, the position and / or speed of the reflecting object (for example, the total speed or its components toward the receiver) and / or shape and / or size and / or velocity (total or its components) and / or surface structure and / or reflectivity, based on one or more signaling characteristics of the transmitted (radar) signaling and / or one or more signaling characteristics of the received (radar) signaling and / or one or more signaling characteristics of the received (radar) signaling and / or one or more changes and / or shifts and / or differences and / or deltas (for example, some value subtracted from another value) between one or more signaling characteristics of the transmitted and / or received signaling. In a multistatic case, the receiving node may be notified of one or more signaling characteristics based on its configuration (for example, higher-layer signaling such as RRC signaling or MAC layer signaling, or F1 signaling, or X2 signaling, or physical layer signaling).

[0068] Detection signal processing is described below. In active detection, a signal or signaling such as radar signaling is transmitted to probe the environment, and the received reflection is used, for example, to estimate the position and / or speed and / or velocity of an object within the range covered by the signaling. Depending on the required accuracy and range for the position and speed of the object, there are several requirements regarding the duration, bandwidth, and periodicity of the signaling or signal to be used.

[0069] In typical pulse radar, periodic T rChip duration T and T with i A sequence of waveforms or symbols or signals (e.g., spreading codes) having an integration duration of the signal of nt and a duration T f is transmitted during the duration T (one transmission or signaling event occurs at each T r ). The selection of these parameters determines the range (detection range if the waveforms are equivalent), range resolution, speed or velocity (speed or velocity range), and speed / velocity resolution for detecting the target. L and M can represent integers (the number of chip or symbol occurrences during the period corresponding to periodicity, respectively, and the number of transmission events at T f ).

[0070] Depending on the use case, the detection signal design can be adapted to meet the following basic requirements: the range resolution (R r ) representing the minimum distinguishable distance between two objects, and / or the (clear) range (R u ) representing the maximum distance at which an object can be located for detection (e.g., within a guaranteed and / or desired error range), and / or the speed or velocity range (v u ) representing the maximum range of the speed or velocity of a moving object that can be measured, and / or the speed or velocity resolution (v r ) representing the minimum change in the speed or velocity of a moving object that can be measured.

[0071] (Generally, also sometimes called detection signaling, or radar signal, or radar signaling) The parameters of the detection signal can include bandwidth such as minimum bandwidth, and / or duration such as minimum duration of the detection signal, and / or minimum and / or maximum repetition periodicity, and / or minimum duration of the detection frame (the time interval during which detection signaling can be transmitted), and can be designed to meet the above detection requirements. Table 1 below shows the relationship between the detection requirements and the detection signal parameters, where c represents the speed of light and fc This represents the carrier frequency. TIFF2026509771000002.tif27170

[0072] In the receiver, reflected signals (e.g., reflected from one or more objects and / or the surroundings) are received and may be matched and / or filtered with the transmitted waveform to give a delay (e.g., representing the distance of the objects) and / or a phase rotation between consecutive waveforms representing, for example, a Doppler shift due to the movement of the objects. In general, the signal generation and receiver processing described above can be common to all types of sensing methods and signals and are not limited to pulse radar. In joint communication and sensing scenarios, the selection of waveforms may depend on which waveform is better suited to both communication and sensing, but this is not a requirement, and the waveforms for the two systems may be different. The following description of receiver processing is waveform type independent and is equally applicable to any common communication waveform, as well as OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, etc. As an example, a waveform may include, and / or be based on, and / or represent, and / or represent, one or more OFDM or DFT-S-OFDM symbols (and even sub-symbols) and / or block symbols, such that the waveform is a common waveform used in most existing radio access links (used for radio and / or cellular communications). A detection signal may be obtained as detection signaling, based on OFDM symbols, in particular a sequence of OFDM symbols, such a sequence may be repeated multiple times, for example, in one or more detection frames, for example, according to periodicity. A sequence of symbols may represent a sequence of symbols, each of which may carry and / or represent a sequence of modulated symbols (for example, for an OFDM-based waveform) that can be mapped to the frequency domain, and each symbol may carry the same or different sequence. In some cases, a sequence may initially be mapped to multiple symbols, for example, on frequency.Typical receiver processing may involve and / or be based on performing an FFT per sequence occurrence, e.g., per symbol column, which converts the delay domain to the subcarrier (frequency) domain, and an IFFT per subcarrier across the sequence occurrence, e.g., which converts the time domain to the Doppler domain. Peaks, e.g., all peaks exceeding a threshold, may then be identified, and the delay and Doppler values ​​associated with each peak (representing the target) may be thought to correspond to the delay and velocity or speed of the target.

[0073] Detection using OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) is limited in range by the CP. Correlation properties degrade when the echo of the furthest echo arrives after the duration of the CP. A signal design is proposed that implements a waveform that can approach zero towards its end (which can be implemented using an OFDM / base transmitter). The length of this zero tail can be a design parameter and can set the radar range.

[0074] The radar range can be extended beyond the range given by the CP duration.

[0075] Figure 1 shows an exemplary signaling scenario. The first, top row shows a typical OFDM-based signal or symbol being transmitted (TX). During the symbol time interval, as defined by numerology, for example, the symbol body is transmitted, preceded by a cyclic prefix (CP) representing a copy of the tail of the symbol body. The CP + symbol body is sometimes called an OFDM symbol (or, for example, an OFDM-based symbol in the case of SC-FDM used as a waveform).

[0076] The second row shows an exemplary zero-tail signal in a transmission as proposed herein. The signal is OFDM-based and / or can be processed by an OFDM or OFDM-based processing chain. A CP may be omitted, for example, CP addition may be avoided in the processing chain, and the signal in the duration corresponding to the CP may be zero or quasi-zero. The signal is associated with a symbol time interval and may begin, for example, at a temporal point corresponding to the end of the time provided to the (optional) CP. The signal may cover the middle portion of the symbol time interval and end before the end of the symbol time interval, and therefore may have a tail or gap, for example, zero or quasi-zero. The duration of the tail or gap may correspond to the CP duration and / or multiples of the CP duration, particularly integer multiples, and / or may be longer than the CP duration and / or multiples of the CP duration, particularly integer multiples.

[0077] The signals (of the detection signaling) generally represent a signaling sequence, and / or may be based on and / or a sequence route, and the signals can be thought of as signaling peaks or peak occurrences within a symbol time interval, for which the signaling amplitude and / or power exceed a lower limit (which may correspond to or be higher than an upper limit, if considered to be zero), and may continuously exceed the lower limit, for example. Thus, resource elements in a symbol time interval (carrying symbols or signals) may carry modulated symbols representing one or more elements of the sequence. The sequence is a sequence with good aperiodic autocorrelation and may be based on, for example, one or more Barker codes, or a Gold sequence, or other sequences (see below). A zero tail can be represented, for example, by a zero or near-zero amplitude and / or power level that attenuates to and / or falls below the upper limit, which is small compared to the maximum amplitude or power level of the signal, and may be, for example, less than 1 / 10, or less than 1 / 20, or less than 1 / 50, or less than 1 / 100. This may depend on the duration of the zero tail and / or gap, as well as / or the capabilities of the electronics used, such as filters and / or power amplifiers. Generally, this can be thought of as creating an OFDM or OFDM-based symbol that becomes zero towards its end, and the CP may also be zero. Ranges with very good correlation properties may no longer be determined by the CP length (duration), but by the length of the zero portion at the end of the symbol (this may also be power-limited or energy-limited so that the total power transmitted over the symbol time interval is lower than in the case of an OFDM-based symbol, and this may be compensated for).

[0078] Generally, signaling during a duration that carries a signal with power and / or amplitude exceeding the lower limit, and / or followed by a zero tail, may be called a peak, signal, or symbol, and different such peaks may be separated by a zero tail. A zero tail may be thought of as being associated with and / or part of a peak, signal, or symbol that directly precedes and / or is adjacent to the zero tail in the time domain, particularly earlier in the time domain. A zero tail may be followed by another zero signal duration, e.g., a gap, and / or a CP duration with a zero signal, which may be thought of as an addition to and / or separate from the zero tail. Zero tails of different signals, symbols, or peaks may have the same or different durations, and their zero tails may have a longer duration than the CP duration, which follows the numerology used for communication signaling. A peak / signal / symbol with a zero tail may be thought of as a short pulse and / or as a zero tail signal.

[0079] The third row shows a scenario in which the OFDM symbol in the first row is received with a delay (RX). In the case of long-range detection, for example in a monostatic scenario, the signal may be delayed so that the delay is longer than the CP. In this case, the periodic ACF may be degraded because a portion of the symbol body may not be received within the FFT window used (which is intended to cover the CP and the symbol body so that the complete symbol content is within that window).

[0080] In the fourth row, a similar delay scenario is shown for zero-tail symbols. As long as the delay is shorter than the zero portion (e.g., longer than the zero portion, e.g., the tail if the delay is longer than the CP), the ACF is not degraded because the entire signal can be received. As long as the delay is shorter than the zero portion at the end of the symbol, the FFT output can correspond to linear correlation.

[0081] Figure 2 shows further exemplary signaling scenarios. The first and third rows correspond to the first and third rows in Figure 1. The second row shows a zero-tail signal with two signaling peaks separated by a gap and / or zero tail within a single symbol time interval. The first peak may begin at a time corresponding to the end of the time interval corresponding to the CP (which may be omitted and / or have zero power or amplitude). The signal may generally be thought to have multiple (e.g., two or more) peaks or zero-tail symbols or signals within a single symbol time interval (or, in some cases, spread over longer time intervals, e.g., multiple symbol time intervals, with, for example, one or more peaks / symbols / signals per symbol time interval). The zero tail or gap of each signal or symbol or peak may have the same or different durations. Each peak or signal or symbol may represent and / or be based on a sequence or sequence root. Different peaks may be based on and / or represent the same or different sequences or sequence roots. In particular, adjacent pairs of peaks / symbols / signals may represent and / or be based on a complementary sequence, such that, for example, each peak in the pair may represent and / or be based on a distinct complementary sequence, and the complementary sequence may occur in pairs and / or be pairwise complementary. For example, the different peaks of a pair of peaks may be based on and / or represent a Goley complementary sequence.

[0082] Therefore, the proposed design may be particularly suitable for sequences with good aperiodic autocorrelation, such as complementary sequences like the Goley complementary sequence.

[0083] To avoid cross-correlation between complementary sequences and / or the peaks and / or signals and / or symbols representing them, they may be separated by gaps or zero tails. When fitting multiple signals / peaks / symbols, or one or more pairs of signals / peaks / symbols, within an on-symbol time interval (as defined by numerology), the duration of a peak / signal / symbol may be considerably shorter than the duration of the symbol body of the corresponding OFDM-based symbol. Alternatively, this can be thought of using the previous construction (in the figure) in two symbol time intervals (which may be adjacent and / or consecutive in the time domain), with each of the two symbol time intervals carrying one peak or symbol or signal, with a zero tail in some examples. The zero tail of each peak / signal / symbol may have a duration equal to or longer than the duration of the peak / symbol / signal, and when spread across multiple symbol time intervals, this may include the duration provided to the CP (which may be set to zero or quasi-zero, or may be omitted).

[0084] The fourth row illustrates a delayed scenario for multi-peak signals. Ranges with extremely good correlation properties are no longer determined by the CP length, but by the length of the zero portion (specifically, the zero tail associated with each peak / signal / symbol). The delay can be longer than the CP, and it can be assumed that the zero tail of each peak / signal / symbol has a longer duration than the duration allocated to the CP. As long as the delay is shorter than the zero portion, the ACF is not degraded. As long as the delay is shorter than the zero portion at the end of the symbols, the FFT output corresponds to linear correlation.

[0085] The useful pulse duration (and therefore energy) may be reduced (unless compensated), which may lead to less coverage if noise is limited, but clutter may be better suppressed. In general, power compensation may be considered. For example, amplitude and / or transmit power may depend on the zero-tail and / or peak / signal / symbol duration for the symbol body duration and / or symbol duration for OFDM-based symbols used for communication, for example. Amplitude and / or transmit power may be considered to be scaled by the communication transmit power, for example, multiplied by the communication transmit power, particularly with respect to the communication transmit power. For example, amplitude and / or transmit power may be scaled by and / or based on (symbol body duration / peak duration) or (symbol time interval / peak duration), for example, taking into account one or more corrections and / or correction factors and / or limits, for example, an upper transmit power limit. This may be useful in particular when operating below the maximum transmit power for communication.

[0086] Figure 3 shows an exemplary technique for constructing short pulses using the OFDM framework. In this example, a waveform is constructed for a complementary sequence, which in this case contains two pulses within one symbol time (of the symbol body, prefixed with CP and / or extending the duration to the symbol time interval), with one pulse for each sequence in the pair. OFDM-based processing can operate on such symbol times, for example, by using an FFT that covers the symbol time.

[0087] The first, top row shows the time-domain representation of an ideal sequence, where the time index corresponds to the number of samples (for an FFT size of 4096 in this example) and the signal on the Y axis corresponds to the normalized amplitude. An ideal time-limited pulse is the target sequence. As a pulse sequence, a complementary Goley sequence is considered. However, a single pulse or peak within a time interval may be used (as illustrated in Figure 1), which may be based on one of a pair of complementary sequences or on another sequence or sequence root. The FFT can map the samples / sequence of the symbol time interval to subcarriers in the frequency domain. Generally, DFT spread can be used, for example, for SC-FDM based signaling. In the first row, the first pulse / sequence operates between samples 0-1023, and the second pulse / sequence starts from 2048, with each pulse or signal of 1024 samples associated with it a zero tail of the same duration corresponding to 1024 samples. This is shown for an FFT size of 4096, and other FFT sizes with correspondingly adapted structures may be considered.

[0088] The second row shows the frequency-domain representation of the ideal sequence in the first row. This can correspond to performing an FFT on the signal sequence on which the signal should be based.

[0089] A window function (frequency-domain window) as shown in the third row may be used on the frequency-domain representation. The window function may restrict the expansion of the frequency-domain distribution / representation to provide a buffer or gap in the frequency domain to limit interference or interference. Different window functions may be used depending on the requirements of the application. Different window functions may lead to different attenuation of side lobes and expansion of the main lobe in the time domain (when the window is applied in the frequency domain). Examples of window functions that may be used include one or more of the Hamming window, Hanning window, Bartlett window, and Blackman window. The window function may generally depend on the FFT size and / or the number of samples (within the symbol time interval) and / or the number of available subcarriers and / or the size of the frequency-domain gap. In particular, the window may restrict the frequency-domain distribution to a number of subcarriers, N windows, for example, at the center of the distribution. N windows may correspond to 3600 or less or 3300 or less.

[0090] The fourth row shows the frequency domain representation of the windowed signal (in this example, a Blackman window limiting the number of subcarriers to 3300 was used).

[0091] The fifth row shows the time-domain representation of the windowed signal, for example, after performing an IFFT. It can be seen that a zero tail is reliably produced as desired. Alternatively or additionally, a zero tail can be produced by powering down a power amplifier during the zero tail duration, but this may introduce interference, which may need to be filtered out.

[0092] Figure 4 shows an exemplary signaling scenario in which zero-tail symbols are used in different consecutive symbol time intervals, with one peak / symbol / signal for each symbol time interval. Thus, a series of pulses covering multiple symbol time intervals may be used, and the complete symbol can be captured by the FFT as long as the zero tail used for the symbol (see upper row) is longer than the delay at reception (see lower row). A symbol may represent a sequence, as described with reference to, for example, Figure 1 or Figure 2. Thus, extensions to multiple symbols can be considered, with each symbol constructed as a zero-tail OFDM symbol. The signal design can be extended to multiple symbols, and the maximum range may still be determined by the duration of the zero tail of the individual symbol / peak. The sequences transmitted in different OFDM symbols may be the same or different. For delays greater than CP, only the zero tail (nearly zero) interferes with the next symbol, and thus the same or different sequences may be used.

[0093] Figure 5 schematically shows a wireless node, in particular a wireless device or terminal 10 or UE (User Equipment). The wireless node 10 comprises a processing circuit 20 (sometimes called a control circuit), which may comprise a controller connected to memory. Any module of the wireless node 10, such as a communication module or a decision module, may be implemented in and / or run by the processing circuit 20, in particular as a module in the controller. The wireless node 10 also comprises a wireless circuit 22 that provides receiving and transmitting or transceiver functions (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers), which is connected to or connectable to the processing circuit. An antenna circuit 24 of the wireless node 10 is connected to or connectable to the wireless circuit 22 to collect or transmit and / or amplify signals. The radio circuit 22 and the processing circuit 20 that controls the radio circuit 22 are configured for cellular communication with a network, such as a RAN, as described herein, and / or for sidelink communication (which may be within or outside the coverage of a cellular network, and / or may be considered non-cellular communication and / or may be associated with a non-cellular wireless communication network). The radio node 10 may generally be adapted to operate a radio node such as a terminal or UE disclosed herein, in particular the radio node 10 may comprise corresponding circuits, such as processing circuits, and / or modules, such as software modules. The radio node 10 may comprise a power source and / or may be considered to be connected to or connectable to a power source. The DFE may be considered to be part of the radio circuit, and the analog front end may be associated with the radio circuit and / or antenna circuit.

[0094] Figure 6 schematically illustrates a radio node 100, which may be implemented as a network node 100, for example, an eNB or gNB or similar for NR, or a base station or similar. The radio node 100 comprises a processing circuit 120 (sometimes called a control circuit), which may include a controller connected to memory. Any module of node 100, such as a transmit module and / or a receive module and / or a configuration module, may be implemented in and / or run by the processing circuit 120. The processing circuit 120 is connected to control the radio circuit 122 of node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and / or transceiver functions (for example, comprising one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers). An antenna circuit 124 may be connected to or connectable to the radio circuit 122 for signal reception or transmission and / or amplification. Node 100 may be adapted to perform any of the methods for operating a wireless node or network node disclosed herein, in particular, node 100 may include corresponding circuits, such as processing circuits and / or modules. Antenna circuit 124 may be connected to and / or include an antenna array. Each node 100, the circuit of node 100 may be adapted to perform any of the methods for operating a network node or wireless node described herein, in particular, node 100 may include corresponding circuits, such as processing circuits and / or modules. Wireless node 100 may generally include communication circuits for communication with other network nodes, such as wireless nodes, and / or with core networks and / or the Internet or local networks, in particular with information systems that can provide information and / or data to be transmitted to user equipment. The DFE may be considered part of the wireless circuit, and the analog front end may be associated with the wireless circuit and / or antenna circuit.

[0095] In general, wireless devices and / or network nodes may operate in TDD mode, and / or communication signaling may be in TDD mode. Note that the transmission of signaling from the transmitting source may be synchronized and simultaneous, and temporal shifts may occur, for example, due to different propagation times, for example, different beams and / or source locations.

[0096] A signaling sequence or a sequence (for example, of an allocation unit or block symbol or symbol time interval, and / or carried or transmitted over an allocation unit or block symbol or symbol time interval) may be based on a sequence root, e.g., a root sequence and / or root parameters and / or root index and / or seed. A sequence root may generally represent or indicate the basis for deriving or determining a signaling sequence, and that root may be directly associated with and / or represent a sequence, and / or indicate or represent a base sequence and / or seed. Examples of sequence roots may include a Zadoff Chu root sequence, a sequence seed, e.g., a seed for a gold sequence, or a Gorey complementary sequence. A signaling sequence may be derived from or derivable from a sequence root, and / or based on a sequence root, e.g., based on a code, e.g., a code, e.g., a shift or operation or processing on a root sequence, or on a sequence indicated by the sequence root, e.g., to provide a signaling sequence, and the signaling sequence may be based on such a shift or operation or operation on the root sequence. The code may, in particular, represent a cyclic shift and / or a phase shift and / or a phase ramp (for example, an amount for such a thing). The code may assign one operation or shift for each assignment unit.

[0097] Generally, the signaling sequences associated with one and / or more assignment units associated with control signaling (and / or reference signaling) may be based on a root sequence that may be an M sequence, a Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a Gold or Gorey sequence, or on another sequence with favorable properties with respect to correlation and / or interference (e.g., self-interference and / or interference with other or adjacent transmitters). Different sequences may be used as root sequences for different signaling sequences, or the same sequence may be used. If different sequences are used, those sequences may be of the same type (e.g., Gold, Gorey, M, or Zadoff-Chu). The (signaling and / or root) sequences may correspond to or be time-domain sequences, such as time-domain Zadoff-Chu and / or time-domain M sequences.

[0098] In some cases, shifted objects, such as signaling or signals or sequences or information, may be shifted, for example, for a previous one (e.g., one is shifted and the shifted version is used) or for another one (e.g., one associated with one signaling or assignment unit may be shifted to another associated with a second signaling or assignment unit, and both may be used). One possible way of shifting is to operate code on it, for example, by multiplying each element of the object to be shifted by a factor. Ramping (e.g., multiplying by a monotonically increasing or periodic factor) can be considered an example of shifting. Another is a cyclic shift in a domain or interval. A cyclic shift (or circular shift) may correspond to a reorganization of elements in the object to be shifted, corresponding to moving one or more final elements to a first position, while shifting all other entries to the next position, or performing the reverse operation (so that the shifted object will consequently have the same elements as the object being shifted, but in a similar order). Shifting can generally be specific to intervals in a domain, such as allocation units in the time domain, or bandwidth in the frequency domain. For example, one might consider that signals or modulation symbols within an allocation unit are shifted, and therefore the order of those modulation symbols or signals is shifted within the allocation unit. In another example, allocation units may be shifted, for example, over larger time intervals, which may leave the signals within the allocation unit unshifted with respect to the individual allocation units, but may change the order of the allocation units. The domains for shifting may be, for example, the time domain and / or the phase domain and / or the frequency domain. Multiple shifts can be performed in the same or different domains, and / or at the same or different intervals (e.g., differently sized intervals).

[0099] A complementary sequence is defined as follows: two sequences a k and b k k=0,1,...,N-1 are said to form complementary sequence pairs if the sum of their aperiodic autocorrelations is non-zero at zero time lag and otherwise zero, ρ a(k) +ρ b(k) = 2N × δ(k), TIFF2026509771000003.tif7170 Aperiodic autocorrelation (for a maximum value of 2 × N, it can be assumed that the sequence elements have a unit size). An example of complementary sequences is the Goley complementary sequence.

[0100] A data block may refer to a transport block, or a code block or code block bundle. A code block comprises and / or may comprise several (information) bits representing information (e.g., data or control information), to which bits for error detection coding, such as CRC, may be associated, and / or may further comprise bits for error detection coding, such as CRC. The bits for error detection coding may be determined based on (information) bits, and / or may be error detection bits for (information) bits. A code block bundle may comprise one or more code blocks, each code block may have error correction bits associated with it, and / or may comprise error correction bits. Each error correction bit in a code block bundle may relate to its associated code block, and the error correction bits are specific to only one code block, and may be determined based on the bits of only one code block, for example. Different bits and / or groups of bits may be associated with different code blocks. Error correction bits associated with a code block may be associated with a single code block, which may indicate the validity / invalidity of a single code block and / or refer to error correction bits calculated and / or determined based solely on the (information) bits of a single code block. Information bits may represent data and / or control information, for example, associated with data channels (data information / bits) and / or control channels (control information / bits), and a code block bundle may be a data block without error correction coding relating to two or more code blocks. A transport block may have error detection coding relating to multiple code blocks, for example, a transport block covering a code block consisting of them. A transport block may comprise one or more code blocks.A data block can be thought of as corresponding to, one, and / or a single acknowledgment process, for example, a specific HARQ process that corresponds to and / or can be represented by a HARQ identifier, and / or receives and / or corresponds to that process. A code block can correspond to a subpattern of the acknowledgment information bit pattern. In some cases, a data block can correspond to and / or relate to and / or receive multiple acknowledgment processes, for example, if there is one acknowledgment process for each code block of the data block.

[0101] A data block comprises and / or may represent information bits that may be data bits (e.g., user data) and / or control information bits, the information bits may be associated with one or more data or control channels, such as transport channels and / or logical channels, and / or may be mapped to a specific and / or single physical channel, in particular a physical data channel, or in some cases a physical control channel (in which case the information bits may or may not be associated with a higher layer channel such as a transport channel or logical channel). A data block represents bits intended for transmission and may encapsulate, for example, one or more higher layer data packets, such as one or more MAC layer data packets, such as one or more PDUs (protocol data units) and / or SDUs (service data units), and error correction bits, such as CRC, may be added in physical layer processing. The bits of a data block may be considered to undergo physical layer processing such as coding (e.g., forward error coding and / or additional error correction coding) and / or rate matching and / or scrambling, and / or modulation. Modulation can correspond to the mapping of bits in a processed data block to modulation symbols, for example, according to the modulation scheme and / or modulation space. Modulation symbols can be represented as bit sequences until they undergo analog conversion (or vice versa in the case of reception).

[0102] Wireless devices may generally include processing circuits and / or wireless circuits, particularly receivers and / or transceivers and / or transmitters, for performing measurements and / or controlling beam switching and / or beamforming and / or receiving and / or transmitting signaling such as communication signaling and / or sensing signaling. Wireless devices may be implemented in particular as terminals or user equipment. However, in some cases, for example in relay and / or backlink and / or IAB scenarios, wireless devices may be implemented as network nodes or network wireless nodes. Network nodes may generally include processing circuits and / or wireless circuits, particularly receivers and / or transceivers and / or transmitters, for transmitting reference signaling and / or beam switching instructions and / or for beam switching and / or controlling beam switching and / or beamforming and / or receiving and / or transmitting signaling such as communication signaling and / or sensing signaling. The second radio node may be implemented as a network node, such as a network radio node, and / or a base station, relay node, or IAB node. However, in some cases, such as in side-link scenarios, the second radio node may be implemented as a radio device or terminal, such as user equipment.

[0103] Generally, detection signaling can be based on the same waveform as communication signaling. However, in some variations, detection signaling can be based on a different waveform. Detection signaling can be OFDM-based, e.g., regular OFDM, or spread OFDM such as DFT-s-OFDM, and / or pulse-shaped OFDM, or filter bank-based, or single carrier-based. Communication signaling can be OFDM-based, e.g., regular OFDM, or spread OFDM such as DFT-s-OFDM, and / or pulse-shaped OFDM, or filter bank-based, or single carrier-based. Detection signaling is transmitted in a transmit timing structure corresponding to the transmit timing structure associated with communication signaling, e.g., a frame structure, and / or based on the same or different numerology as communication signaling. The timing structure (e.g., symbol duration or assigned unit duration) and / or type of the modulation symbols carried by the signaling can be based on the waveform used.

[0104] Generally, block symbols may represent and / or correspond to extensions in the time domain, such as time intervals. The duration of a block symbol (length of a time interval) may correspond to the duration of an OFDM symbol or its corresponding duration, and / or may be based on and / or defined by the subcarrier interval or equivalent used (e.g., based on numerology), and / or may correspond to the duration of a modulation symbol (e.g., for OFDM or similar frequency-domain multiplexed types of signaling). Block symbols may be thought to comprise multiple modulation symbols, for example, based on subcarrier intervals and / or numerology or equivalents, for time-domain multiplexed types of signaling (at the symbol level for a single transmitter), such as single-carrier-based signaling, such as SC-FDE or SC-FDMA (especially FDF-SC-FDMA or pulse-shaped SC-FDMA). The number of symbols is based on and / or determined by the number of subcarriers to be spread via DFTS (for SC-FDMA), and / or derived based on the number of FFT samples, and / or predetermined and / or set or configurable, for example, for spreading and / or mapping and / or equivalents. A block symbol in this context may comprise and / or contain multiple individual modulation symbols, which may be, for example, 1000 or more, or 3000 or more, or 3300 or more. The number of modulation symbols in a block symbol may be based on and / or depend on the bandwidth scheduled for the transmission of signaling in the block symbol. Some block symbols and / or several block symbols (an integer less than 20, e.g., 14 or 7 or 4 or 2 or a flexible number equal to or less than that) may be units (e.g., allocation units) used for scheduling and / or allocating resources, particularly in the time domain.A block symbol and / or block symbol group and / or assignment unit (for example, a scheduled or assigned) may be associated with a frequency range and / or frequency domain assignment and / or bandwidth assigned for transmission.

[0105] An allocation unit, and / or block symbol, may be associated with a particular (e.g., physical) channel and / or a particular type of signaling, such as a reference signaling. In some cases, a block symbol may be associated with a channel, and that channel may also be associated with a reference signaling and / or pilot signaling and / or tracking signaling associated with that channel, for example for timing and / or decoding purposes (such signaling may comprise a small number of modulation symbols and / or resource elements of the block symbol, e.g., less than 10%, less than 5%, or less than 1% of the block symbol's modulation symbols and / or resource elements). A resource element may be associated with a block symbol, and the resource element may be represented in the time / frequency domain, for example, by the smallest frequency unit that carries or maps to (e.g., a subcarrier) in the frequency domain and the duration of the modulation symbol in the time domain. A block symbol may have a structure, and / or such structure may be associated with a block symbol, which includes several modulation symbols and / or associations to one or more channels (and / or the structure may depend on the channel to which the block symbol is associated and / or assigned or used for that purpose), and / or reference signaling (e.g., as described above), and / or one or more guard periods and / or transitions, and / or one or more affixes (e.g., a prefix and / or suffix and / or one or more infixes (which are placed within the block symbol)), in particular allowing and / or comprising cyclic prefixes and / or suffixes and / or infixes.A cyclic affix may represent a repetition of signaling and / or modulation symbols used in a block symbol, with possible slight corrections to the signaling structure of the affix, to provide a smooth, and / or continuous, and / or distinguishable connection between the affix signaling and the signaling of modulation symbols associated with the content of the block symbol (e.g., channel and / or reference signaling structures). In some cases, particularly in some OFDM-based waveforms, the affix may be contained within the modulation symbol. In other cases, for example in some single-carrier-based waveforms, the affix may be represented by a sequence of modulation symbols within the block symbol. In some cases, the block symbol may be considered to be defined and / or used in the context of the associated structure.

[0106] Communicating may include transmitting and / or receiving. Communicating, such as transmitting signaling, may be thought to correspond to SC-FDM-based waveforms and / or frequency-domain filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM waveforms. However, this technique may be applied to single-carrier-based waveforms, e.g., SC-FDM or SC-FDE waveforms that can be pulse-shaped / FDF-based. Note that SC-FDM may be thought of as DFT spread OFDM, and therefore SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may be used interchangeably. Alternatively or additionally, the signaling (e.g., the first signaling and / or the second signaling) and / or the beam (in particular, the first received beam and / or the second received beam) may be based on waveforms with CP or equivalent guard times. The received and transmitted beams of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions, and the received and transmitted beams of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions. The received and / or transmitted beams of the first and / or second beam pairs may have an angular extension of 20 degrees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 degrees or 5 degrees or less, in at least one or both of the horizontal and / or vertical directions, and different beams may have different angular extensions. The extension guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration that essentially corresponds to or corresponds to at least N cyclic prefix (CP) durations or equivalent durations, where N may be 2, 3, or 4. The equivalent of a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated with a CP-accompanied signaling (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a waveform without a CP, with the same or similar symbol duration as the CP-accompanied signaling.For example, pulse shaping (and / or performing an FFT for) a modulation symbol and / or signaling associated with a first subcarrier or bandwidth may include mapping the modulation symbol (and / or the samples associated with it after the FFT) to a portion of the associated second subcarrier or bandwidth, and / or applying shaping operations on the power and / or amplitude and / or phase of the modulation symbol on the first and second subcarriers, the shaping operations may be subject to a shaping function. Pulse shaping signaling may include pulse shaping one or more symbols, and pulse shaping signaling may generally include at least one pulse shaped symbol. Pulse shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist filter. Pulse shaping is performed by periodically extending the frequency distribution of the modulation symbols (and / or associated samples after FFT) across a first number of subcarriers to a larger second number of subcarriers, where a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is added at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.

[0107] In some variants, communication may be based on numerology (represented, for example, by subcarrier intervals and / or symbol time lengths, and / or corresponding to and indicative of subcarrier intervals and / or symbol time lengths), and / or on SC-FDM-based waveforms (including FDF-DFTS-FDM-based waveforms), or single-carrier-based waveforms. Whether pulse shaping or FDF should be used on SC-FDM or SC-based waveforms may depend on the modulation scheme used (e.g., MCS). Such waveforms may utilize cyclic prefixes and / or, in particular, benefit from the techniques described. Communication may be based on beamforming, e.g., transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming, respectively. A beam may be thought to be created by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to that beam, e.g., a reference beam. Thus, signaling may be adapted, for example, based on the movement of the communication partner. A beam may be created, for example, by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference beam. This enables efficient post-processing of digitally formed beams without requiring changes to the digital beamforming chain and / or changes to the standards defining the beamforming precoder. Generally, beams can be created by hybrid beamforming and / or digital beamforming, for example, based on a precoder. This facilitates easy beam processing and / or limits the number of power amplifiers / ADCs / DACs required for antenna configurations. Beams can be thought of as being created by hybrid beamforming, for example, by a beam representation formed based on digital beamforming or by analog beamforming performed on the beam.Cell search monitoring and / or implementation may be based on receive beamforming, for example, analog, digital, or hybrid receive beamforming.

[0108] Numerology can determine the length of the symbol time interval and / or the duration of the cyclic prefix. The techniques described herein are particularly suitable for SC-FDM to ensure orthogonality, especially subcarrier orthogonality, in the corresponding systems, but can be used for other waveforms. Communication may involve utilizing a waveform with a cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix can be derived from numerology and can help keep the signaling orthogonal. Communication may involve, for example, performing a cell lookup for a wireless device or terminal, and / or being derived from performing a cell lookup, or including transmitting cell identification signaling and / or selection instructions, on which a wireless node receiving the selection instructions may select a signaling bandwidth from a set of signaling bandwidths to perform a cell lookup.

[0109] A beam or beam pair can generally target one radio node, a group of radio nodes, and / or an area containing one or more radio nodes. Often, a beam or beam pair can be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specific), and therefore only one radio node is served per beam / beam pair. Beam pair switching, or switching of received beams (e.g., by using different received beams), and / or switching of transmit beams, can be performed at or within the boundaries of the transmit timing structure, e.g., slot boundaries, or between symbols. Some tuning of the radio circuitry may be performed, e.g., for receiving and / or transmitting. Beam pair switching may include switching from a second received beam to a first received beam, and / or from a second transmit beam to a first transmit beam. Switching may include inserting a guard period to cover retuning time, but the circuitry can be adapted to switch quickly enough to be essentially instantaneous, which can occur in particular when digital receive beamforming is used to switch received beams to receive beams.

[0110] A reference beam (or reference signaling beam) may be a beam containing reference signaling, on which beam signaling characteristics may be determined, for example, by measurement and / or estimation. A signaling beam may contain signaling such as control signaling and / or data signaling and / or reference signaling. A reference beam may be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or more beam signaling characteristics may be reported from a receiver, for example, a radio device, to the source or transmitting radio node. However, in some cases, a reference beam may be received by a radio node from another radio node or radio device. In this case, one or more beam signaling characteristics may be determined by the radio node. A signaling beam may be a transmitting beam or a receiving beam. A set of signaling characteristics may include multiple subsets of beam signaling characteristics, each subset relating to a different reference beam. Thus, a reference beam may be associated with different beam signaling characteristics.

[0111] Beam signaling characteristics, each such set of characteristics, may represent and / or indicate the signal intensity and / or signal quality and / or delay characteristics of a beam, and / or be associated with received and / or measured signaling carried on the beam. Beam signaling characteristics and / or delay characteristics may, in particular, relate to and / or indicate the number and / or list and / or order of beams with the best timing or delay spread (e.g., the lowest mean delay and / or the lowest spread / range) and / or the strongest and / or best quality beams with associated delay spread. Beam signaling characteristics may be based on measurements performed on reference signaling carried on the reference beam to which they relate. These measurements may be performed by a radio node, or another node or radio device. The use of reference signaling enables improved accuracy and / or gaging of measurements. In some cases, beams and / or beam pairs may be represented by beam identification information indications, such as beam or beam pair numbers. Such indications may be represented by one or more signaling sequences that can be transmitted on beams and / or beam pairs (e.g., one or more specific reference signaling sequences), and / or signaling characteristics, and / or resources used (e.g., time / frequency and / or code), and / or specific RNTIs (e.g., used to scramble the CRC for some message or transmission), and / or by information provided on beams and / or beam pairs in signaling, such as control signaling and / or system signaling, encoded and / or provided as information elements in some form of signaling message, such as DCI and / or MAC and / or RRC signaling, for example, in an information field.

[0112] A reference beam can generally be one of a set of reference beams, and a second set of reference beams is associated with a set of signaling beams. Association of sets means that at least one beam from the first set is associated with the second set, and / or corresponds to (or is based on) the second set, for example, by performing additional analog beamforming, having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and / or precoder, and / or the same shape prior to analog beamforming, and / or a modified form thereof. The set of signaling beams may be called the first set of beams, and the corresponding set of reference beams may be called the second set of beams.

[0113] In some variants, one and / or more reference beams and / or reference signaling may correspond to and / or carry random access signaling, such as a random access preamble. Such reference beams or signaling may be transmitted by another radio node. The signaling may indicate which beam is to be used for transmission. Alternatively, the reference beam may be a beam that receives random access signaling. Random access signaling may be used for initial connection to a cell provided by a radio node and / or radio node, and / or for reconnection. Utilizing random access signaling facilitates rapid and early beam selection. Random access signaling may be on a random access channel based on broadcast information provided by a radio node (the radio node performing beam selection), for example, accompanied by synchronous signaling (e.g., an SSB block and / or associated signals). The reference signaling may correspond to synchronous signaling transmitted by a radio node in multiple beams, for example. The characteristics may be reported by the node receiving the synchronization signaling, for example in a random access process, for example in a msg3 for contention resolution, which may be transmitted over the physical uplink shared channel based on the resource allocation provided by the wireless node.

[0114] Delay characteristics and / or measurement reports (which may correspond to delay-spread information) may represent and / or indicate at least one of the following: mean delay and / or delay-spread and / or delay distribution and / or delay-spread distribution and / or delay-spread range and / or relative delay-spread and / or energy (or power) distribution and / or impulse response to received signaling and / or power-delay profile of the received signal and / or power-delay profile relation parameters of the received signal. Mean delay may represent the mean and / or averaged value of delay-spread, which may be weighted or unweighted. Distribution may be, for example, the distribution of received power and / or energy of the signal over time / delay. Range may indicate the interval of the delay-spread distribution over time / delay, which may cover a predetermined percentage of each delayed-spread received energy or power, e.g., 50% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, or 100%. Relative delay spread can indicate, for example, the relationship of the mean delay to the threshold delay, and / or the expected and / or set timing, such as the shift to the timing at which signaling would be expected based on scheduling, and / or the relationship to the cyclic prefix duration (which may be considered in terms of the form of the threshold). Energy distribution or power distribution can relate to the energy or power received over the time interval of delay spread. Power delay profile can relate to the representation of the received signal, or the received signal energy / power, over time / delay. Power delay profile relation parameters can relate to metrics derived from the power delay profile. Different values ​​and forms of delay spread information and / or reporting may be used, which can enable a wide range of capabilities. The types of information represented by measurement reports may be predetermined, set, or configurable, for example, with measurement settings and / or reference signaling settings, and in particular with higher-layer signaling such as RRC or MAC signaling and / or physical-layer signaling such as DCI signaling.

[0115] Generally, different beam pairs may differ in at least one beam; for example, a beam pair using a first received beam and a first transmitted beam may be considered different from a second beam pair using a first received beam and a second transmitted beam. A transmitted beam that does not use precoding and / or beamforming, for example, using a natural antenna profile, may be considered a special form of a transmitted beam in a transmitted beam pair. A beam may be directed to a radio node by a transmitter with beam directing and / or settings, which may indicate, for example, the beam parameters and / or time / frequency resources associated with that beam, and / or the transmitted mode and / or antenna profile and / or antenna port and / or precoder associated with that beam. Different beams may serve different content; for example, different received beams may carry different signaling, but there may be cases where different beams carry the same signaling, for example, the same data signaling and / or reference signaling. Those beams may be transmitted by the same node and / or transmission point and / or antenna configuration, or by different nodes and / or transmission points and / or antenna configurations.

[0116] Communicating using a beam pair or beams may include receiving signaling on a received beam (which may be one of the beams in a beam pair) and / or transmitting signaling on a beam, for example, one of the beams in a beam pair. The following terms should be interpreted from the perspective of the referenced radio node, where the received beam may be the beam carrying the received signaling by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use, for example, a received beam directed to the received beam, or it may be non-beamforming). The transmitting beam may be the beam used by the radio node to transmit signaling. A beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmitting beam. The transmitting beam and the received beam in a beam pair may be related to and / or correspond to each other, for example, the signaling on the received beam and the signaling on the transmitting beam may travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), for example, at least in a steady or near-steady state. Note that the terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily indicate a temporal order, and the second signaling may be received and / or transmitted before the first signaling, or in some cases simultaneously with the first signaling, and vice versa. The received and transmitted beams of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth portion, for example in TDD operation, but variations with FDD may also be considered. Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency range or carrier or bandwidth portion (for example, the transmitted beam may operate on the same frequency range or carrier or bandwidth portion, and the received beam may operate on the same frequency range or carrier or bandwidth portion (the transmitted and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWP)). Communicating using the first beam pair and / or the first beam may be based on and / or involve switching from the second beam pair or the second beam to the first beam pair or the first beam in order to communicate.Switching may be controlled by a network node, for example, a network node (which may be the source or transmitter of the received beams in the first and / or second beam pairs, or an associated transmit point or node in dual connectivity, for example, associated with that source or transmitter). Such control may include transmitting control signaling, for example, physical layer signaling and / or higher layer signaling. In some cases, switching may be performed by a radio node without additional control signaling, for example, based on measurements of the signal quality and / or signal strength of the beam pairs (for example, the first and second received beams), particularly the first and / or second beam pairs. For example, communication may be switched to the first beam pair (or the first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or the second beam) is considered insufficient and / or worse than indicated by the corresponding measurements on the first beam pair. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may include, in particular, measurements performed on the received beam of the beam pair. Timing indications can be considered to be determined before switching from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communication. Thus, when initiating communication using the first beam pair or the first beam, synchronization may be complete and / or timing indications may be available for synchronization. However, in some cases, timing indications may be determined after switching to the first beam pair or the first beam. This may be particularly useful, for example, when the first signaling is expected to be received only after the switch, based on the periodicity or scheduled timing of a preferred reference signaling on the first beam pair, e.g., the first received beam.Generally, a node's receive beam may be associated with and / or correspond to a node's transmit beam, for example, such that the (spatial) angle of reception of the receive beam and the (spatial) angle of transmission of the transmit beam overlap and / or coincide, at least partially, essentially, or completely, particularly with respect to TDD operation and / or regardless of frequency. Spatial correspondence between beams may be considered in some cases, for example, that a beam pair (e.g., the transmit beam of a transmitting node and the receive beam of a receiving node) may be considered to contain a corresponding beam (e.g., the receive beam is suitable for receiving a transmit on the transmit beam, and / or is the best beam for that purpose, based on, for example, threshold signal quality and / or signal intensity and / or measurement), and each of such beams may have an associated or corresponding complementary beam of the respective node (e.g., the transmit beam of the transmitting node may be associated with the receive beam of the transmitting node, and / or the receive beam of the receiving node may be associated with the transmit beam of the receiving node), and in some cases, if the beams overlap (e.g., in spatial angles) (e.g., at least essentially or substantially), a beam pair may be considered to point to four beams (or actually two beam pairs).

[0117] In some cases, one or more beams, signals, or signaling may be associated with quasi-colocation (QCL) characteristics or sets of characteristics, or QCL classes (also called QCL types), or QCL identification information, and beams, signals, or signaling that share such characteristics may be considered quasi-colocated. Quasi-colocated beams, signals, or signaling may be considered (by a receiver, for example) as the same beam or originating from the same transmitter or transmission source, at least with respect to and / or sharing QCL characteristics or sets or classes or identification information. QCL characteristics may relate to signaling propagation, and / or one or more delay characteristics, and / or path loss, and / or signal quality, and / or signal strength, and / or beam direction, and / or beam shape (in particular, angle or area, e.g., coverage area), and / or Doppler shift, and / or Doppler spread, and / or delay spread, and / or time synchronization, and / or frequency synchronization, and / or, for example, propagation channel and / or spatial RX parameters (which may refer to the received beam and / or transmitted beam, e.g., shape or coverage or direction). QCL characteristics may relate to a specific channel (e.g., a physical layer channel such as a control channel or data channel) and / or reference signaling type and / or antenna port. Different QCL classes or types may relate to different QCL characteristics or sets of characteristics, and a QCL class may define one or more criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more QCL characteristics that a beam must perform in order to be considered pseudo-colocated according to that class, and / or relate to them, and QCL identification information may refer to and / or represent all beams that are pseudo-colocated according to the QCL class.Different classes may relate to one or more of the same characteristics (for example, different classes may have different criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more characteristics) and / or relate to different characteristics. A QCL indication can be considered a form of beam indication relating, for example, to all beams belonging to a single QCL class and / or QCL identification information, and / or pseudo-collated beams. QCL identification information can be indicated by a QCL indication. In some cases, a beam and / or beam indication can be considered to point to and / or represent QCL identification information, and / or represent a pseudo-collated beam or signal or signaling.

[0118] Multilayer transmission can refer to the simultaneous transmission of communication signaling and / or reference signaling in one or more beams and / or using multiple transmission sources controlled, for example, by one network node or one wireless device. These layers can refer to transmission layers, and each layer can be thought of as representing a single data or signaling stream. Different layers may carry different data and / or data streams, for example, to increase data throughput. In some cases, the same data or data stream may be transported over different layers, for example, to increase reliability. Multilayer transmission can provide diversity, such as transmission diversity and / or spatial diversity. Multilayer transmission can be thought of as involving two or more layers, and the number of transmission layers can be represented by rank or rank designation.

[0119] A transmit source may include, and / or be represented by, and / or associated with, an antenna, or a group of antenna elements, or an antenna subarray, or an antenna array, or a transmit point, or a TRP, or TP (transmit point), or an access point. In some cases, a transmit source may be represented or representable by, and / or correspond to, and / or associated with, an antenna port or layer of the transmit, for example, for multilayer transmission. Different transmit sources may, in particular, comprise different and / or separately controllable antenna elements or (sub)arrays, and / or be associated with different antenna ports. In particular, analog beamforming may be used with separate analog controls for different transmit sources. An antenna port may indicate the transmit source and / or one or more transmit parameters, in particular, of a reference signaling associated with the antenna port. In particular, the transmit parameters relating to and / or instructing the frequency domain distribution or mapping of the modulation symbols of the reference signaling (e.g., which combs to use, and / or which subcarriers or frequency offsets to use, or similar), and / or which cyclic shifts to use (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from a root sequence), and / or which cover codes to use (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from a root sequence). In some cases, the transmit source may represent a target for reception, for example, if the transmit source is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point).

[0120] In some variants, the reference signaling may be, and / or include, CSI-RS and / or PT-RS and / or DMRS, transmitted, for example by a network node. In other variants, the reference signaling may be transmitted by a UE, for example to a network node or other UE, in which case the reference signaling may include, and / or be, a sounding reference signaling. Other, for example, new forms of reference signaling may be considered and / or used. Generally, the modulation symbols of the reference signaling, each with its own resource element, may be associated with a cyclic prefix.

[0121] Data signaling may be on a data channel, for example, on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a separate data channel, for example, on a URLLC channel for low latency and / or high reliability. Control signaling may be on a control channel, for example, on a common control channel or on a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or may include one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. Reference signaling may be associated with control signaling and / or data signaling, for example, DM-RS and / or PT-RS.

[0122] Reference signaling may include, for example, DM-RS, and / or pilot signaling, and / or discovery signaling, and / or synchronization signaling, and / or sounding signaling, and / or phase tracking signaling, and / or cell-specific reference signaling, and / or user-specific signaling, particularly CSI-RS. Reference signaling may generally be a signaling with one or more signaling characteristics, in particular a sequence of transmit power and / or modulation symbols and / or resource distribution and / or phase distribution known to the receiver. Thus, the receiver may use the reference signaling as a reference, and / or for training, and / or for compensation. The receiver may be notified of a reference signaling by a transmitter that has control signaling configured, particularly physical layer signaling and / or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI and / or RRC signaling), and / or signals in conjunction with those signaling, and / or determine the corresponding information itself, such as which network node configures the UE to transmit the reference signaling. The reference signaling may be a signaling that includes one or more reference symbols and / or structures. The reference signaling may be adapted to measure, and / or estimate, and / or represent transmission conditions, such as channel conditions and / or transmission path conditions and / or channel (or signal or transmission) quality. The transmission characteristics of the reference signaling (e.g., signal strength and / or format and / or modulation and / or timing) may be considered available for both the transmitter and receiver of the signaling (e.g., due to being predetermined and / or set or configurable and / or communicated).For example, different types of reference signaling may be considered, relating to uplink, downlink, or sidelink; cell-specific (especially for entire cells, e.g., CRS); or device or user-specific (directed to a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS); demodulation relationships (e.g., DMRS); and / or signal strength relationships, e.g., power relationships, energy relationships, or amplitude relationships (e.g., SRS or pilot signaling); and / or phase relationships.

[0123] References to specific resource structures such as allocation units and / or block symbols and / or block symbol groups and / or transmit timing structures and / or symbols and / or slots and / or minislots and / or subcarriers and / or carriers may relate to a specific numerology, which may be predefined and / or set or configurable. A transmit timing structure may represent a time interval that can cover one or more symbols. Some examples of transmit timing structures are transmit time intervals (TTI), subframes, slots, and minislots. A slot may contain a predetermined number of symbols, for example, a predefined and / or set or configurable number, e.g., 6 or 7 or 12 or 14. A minislot may contain a number of symbols smaller than the number of symbols in the slot (especially configurable or configurable), in particular one, two, three or four, or more symbols, e.g., fewer symbols than the symbols in the slot. A transmit timing structure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may depend on the symbol time length and / or cyclic prefix used. A transmit timing structure may relate to and / or cover a specific time interval in a time stream, for example, synchronized for communication. Timing structures used and / or scheduled for transmission, such as slots and / or minislots, may be scheduled with respect to and / or synchronized with timing structures provided and / or defined by other transmit timing structures. Such a transmit timing structure may define a timing grid, for example, by the symbol time intervals within individual structures representing the smallest timing units. Such a timing grid may be defined, for example, by slots or subframes (in some cases, a subframe may be considered a specific variation of a slot). A transmit timing structure may, in some cases, have a duration (length of time) determined based on the duration of the symbols in the transmit timing structure, in addition to the cyclic prefix used.Symbols in a transmit timing structure may have the same duration, or in some variations, they may have different durations. The number of symbols in a transmit timing structure may be predetermined and / or set or configurable and / or depend on numerology. Mini-slot timing may be set or configurable, generally and in particular, by the network and / or network nodes. Timing may be configurable to start and / or end in any symbol of one or more slots in the transmit timing structure.

[0124] Transmit quality parameters may generally correspond to the number of retransmissions R, and / or the total number of transmissions T, and / or coding (e.g., the number of coding bits for error detection coding and / or error correction coding, such as FEC coding) and / or coding rate, and / or BLER and / or BER requirements, and / or transmit power levels (e.g., minimum level and / or target level and / or base power level P0 and / or transmit power control command (TPC) step size), and / or signal quality, such as SNR and / or SIR and / or SINR, and / or power density, and / or energy density.

[0125] A buffer status report (or buffer status report (BSR)) may contain information representing the existence and / or size of data to be transmitted (for example, available in one or more buffers provided by a higher layer). The size may be explicitly indicated and / or indexed into a range of sizes, and / or relating to one or more different channels and / or acknowledgment processes and / or higher layers and / or channel groups, for example, one or more logical channels and / or transport channels and / or groups thereof. The structure of a BSR may be predetermined and / or configurable or configurable, for example, with higher layer signaling, for example, RRC signaling, to invalidate and / or correct a predetermined structure. Different forms of BSRs may exist, with different levels of resolution and / or information, for example, longer BSRs with more detail and shorter BSRs with less detail. A short BSR may concatenate and / or combine information from a long BSR, for example, to provide a sum for data available for one or more channels and / or channel groups and / or buffers that may be individually represented in the long BSR, and / or index a less detailed range scheme for available or buffered data. BSRs may be used, for example, by a network node scheduling or allocating (uplink) resources for a transmitting radio node such as a radio device or UE or IAB node, instead of scheduling requests.

[0126] Generally, program products are considered that include instructions adapted to cause processing circuits and / or control circuits to perform and / or control any of the methods described herein, particularly when executed on processing circuits and / or control circuits. Also considered are carrier medium configurations for transporting and / or storing the program products described herein.

[0127] A carrier medium configuration may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and / or readable and / or receivable by a processing circuit or control circuit. Storing data and / or program products and / or code may be considered part of transporting data and / or program products and / or code. A carrier medium may generally comprise an inductive / transport medium and / or a storage medium. An inductive / transport medium may be adapted to transport and / or store signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and / or electrical signals and / or magnetic signals and / or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular an inductive / transport medium, may be adapted to induce and transport such signals. A carrier medium, in particular an inductive / transport medium, may comprise an electromagnetic field, e.g., radio waves or microwaves, and / or a light-transmitting material, e.g., glass fibers, and / or cables. A storage medium may comprise at least one of the following memories, which may be volatile or non-volatile, buffers, caches, optical disks, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc.

[0128] This specification describes a system comprising one or more wireless nodes, in particular a network node and user equipment. The system is a wireless communication system and / or may provide and / or represent a wireless access network.

[0129] Furthermore, generally, methods for operating an information system may be considered, which include providing information. Alternatively or additionally, information systems adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing information may include providing information for and / or to a target system, the target system comprising a wireless access network and / or wireless nodes, particularly network nodes or user equipment or terminals, and / or being implemented as a wireless access network and / or wireless nodes, particularly network nodes or user equipment or terminals. Providing information may include transferring information, and / or streaming information, and / or sending information, and / or passing information through, and / or providing information for such purposes and / or for downloading, and / or triggering such provision by triggering different systems or nodes to stream information, and / or transfer information, and / or send information, and / or pass information through. The information system comprises a target, and / or may be connected to or connectable to the target via, for example, one or more intermediate systems, such as a core network, and / or the internet, and / or a private or local network. Information may be provided using and / or via such intermediate systems. Providing information may be for radio transmission, and / or for transmission via an air interface, and / or utilizing a RAN or radio node as described herein. Connecting an information system to a target, and / or providing information, may be based on and / or adapted to a target instruction. A target instruction may indicate a target, and / or one or more parameters of a transmission relating to the route or connection through which the target and / or information are provided to the target.Such parameters may relate particularly to air interfaces and / or radio access networks and / or radio nodes and / or network nodes. Exemplary parameters may indicate, for example, the type and / or nature of the target, and / or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate), and / or latency, and / or reliability, and / or cost, and one or more estimates thereof, respectively. Target indication may be provided by the target or determined by the information system based on, for example, information and / or historical information received from the target, and / or provided by a user, for example, a user operating a device communicating with the target via the target, or for example, the RAN and / or air interface. For example, a user may indicate that information should be provided via the RAN by selecting from a selection provided by the information system on a user application or user interface, which may be, for example, a web interface, on user equipment communicating with the information system. The information system may comprise one or more information nodes. Information nodes may generally comprise processing circuits and / or communication circuits. In particular, information systems and / or information nodes can be implemented as computers and / or computer configurations, such as host computers or host computer configurations, and / or servers or server configurations. In some variants, an interactive server of an information system (e.g., a web server) may provide a user interface and, based on user input, may trigger the transmission and / or streaming of information from another server to the user (and / or target), and the other server may be connected to or connectable to the interactive server and / or be part of the information system or connected to or connectable to the information system.The information may be any type of data, particularly user-oriented data for use in a terminal, such as video data and / or audio data and / or location data and / or interactive data and / or game-related data and / or environmental data and / or technical data and / or traffic data and / or vehicle data and / or situational data and / or operational data. The information provided by the information system may be mapped to and / or mappable to and / or targeted to communication or data signaling and / or one or more data channels described herein (which may be signaling or channels used in an air interface and / or within a RAN and / or for radio transmission). The information may be formatted based on target indications and / or targets, for example, with respect to data volume and / or data rate and / or data structure and / or timing, which may be particularly relevant to mapping to communication or data signaling and / or data channels. Mapping information to data signaling and / or data channels can be understood as using signaling / channels to carry data, for example, on a higher layer of communication, through signaling / channels that form the basis of transmission. Target indications may generally include different components, which may have different sources, and / or may indicate different characteristics of the target and / or the communication path to the target. The format of the information may be selected in detail, for example, from a set of different formats, for information to be transmitted over the air interface and / or by the RAN described herein. This may be particularly appropriate because air interfaces may be limited in terms of capacity and / or predictability, and / or potentially cost-sensitive.The format may be selected to suit the transmit instruction, which may, in particular, indicate that a RAN or radio node, as described herein, is on a path (which may be an indicated and / or planned and / or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. The (communication) path of information may represent interfaces (e.g., air interfaces and / or cable interfaces) and / or (if any) intermediate systems between the information system and / or the node providing or forwarding the information and the target, through which the information passes or should pass. The path may be (at least partially) undetermined when the target instruction is provided, and / or the information is provided / forwarded by an information system which may have multiple dynamically selected paths, for example, if the internet is involved. The information and / or the format used for the information may be packet-based, and / or mappable to packets, and / or intended to be mapped to packets. Alternatively or additionally, methods for operating a target device may be considered, including providing a target to indicate to the information system. As a further alternative or addition, a target device may be considered, which is adapted to provide target instructions to an information system. Another approach may be a target instruction tool, which is adapted to provide target instructions to an information system and / or comprises instruction modules for providing target instructions to an information system. A target device may generally be the target described above. A target instruction tool comprises and / or a software application or app and / or a web interface or user interface, and / or may be implemented as software and / or an application or app and / or a web interface or user interface, and / or may comprise one or more modules for implementing actions performed and / or controlled by the tool.The tool and / or target device may be adapted to receive user input, and / or the Method may include receiving user input, and based on that user input, the target may decide and / or provide instructions. Alternatively or additionally, the tool and / or target device may be adapted to receive information and / or communication signaling carrying the information, and / or act with respect to the information, and / or present the information (e.g., on a screen, and / or as audio, or as instructions in other forms), and / or the Method may include receiving information and / or communication signaling carrying the information, and / or acting with respect to the information, and / or presenting the information (e.g., on a screen, and / or as audio, or as instructions in other forms). The information may be obtained based on the received information and / or communication signaling carrying the information. Presenting the information may include processing the received information, for example, decoding and / or converting it between different formats and / or for the hardware used to present it. Acting with respect to information may not depend on, or involve, presenting and / or indicating continuation or success, and / or not involve user interaction or user reception, for example, for automated processes or target devices without (e.g., normal) user interaction, such as MTC devices for automotive, transportation, or industrial applications. Information or communication signaling may be expected and / or received based on target instructions. Presenting information and / or acting with respect to information may generally involve one or more processing steps, in particular, decoding information and / or executing information and / or interpreting information and / or transforming information.Acting with respect to information may generally involve relaying and / or transmitting information, for example, over an air interface, and relaying and / or transmitting information may involve mapping information onto signaling (such mapping may generally relate to one or more layers, for example, one or more layers of an air interface, for example, the RLC (Radio Link Control) layer and / or the MAC layer and / or the physical layer). Information may be transcribed (or mapped) onto communication signaling based on target instructions, which may make the information particularly suitable for use in the RAN (for example, for target devices such as network nodes or especially UEs or terminals). Tools may generally be adapted for use with target devices such as UEs or terminals. Generally, tools may be for, for example, providing and / or selecting target instructions, and / or for presenting, for example, video and / or audio. , and / or, may provide multiple functions for operating with respect to received information and / or for storing received information. Providing target instructions may include, for example, transmitting or forwarding instructions as signaling and / or instructions carried on signaling in the RAN, if the target device is a UE or a tool for a UE. Note that such provided information may be forwarded to an information system via one or more additional communication interfaces and / or routes and / or connections. Target instructions may be upper-layer instructions, and / or, information provided by an information system may be upper-layer information, such as application layer or user layer, and above the radio layer, particularly the transport layer and physical layer. Target instructions may be mapped, for example, on physical layer radio signaling related to or on the user plane, and / or, information may be mapped (particularly in the reverse communication direction) on physical layer radio signaling related to or on the user plane. The described method enables the provision of target indications and facilitates the provision of information in a specific format that is particularly suitable for efficient use of the air interface and / or adapted for efficient use of the air interface. User input may represent, for example, a selection from multiple possible transmission modes or formats and / or routes in terms of data rate and / or packaging and / or size of the information to be provided by the information system.

[0130] Generally, numerology and / or subcarrier spacing can indicate the bandwidth (in the frequency domain) of a carrier's subcarriers, and / or the number of subcarriers in a carrier, and / or the numbering of subcarriers in a carrier, and / or the symbol time length. Different numerologies can differ, in particular, in the bandwidth of subcarriers. In some variants, all subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated with them. Numerology and / or subcarrier spacing can differ between carriers, particularly with respect to subcarrier bandwidth. The symbol time length, and / or the time length of timing structures related to a carrier, can depend on the carrier frequency, and / or subcarrier spacing, and / or numerology. In particular, different numerologies can have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier.

[0131] Signaling generally may include one or more (e.g., modulated) symbols and / or signals and / or messages. A signal may include or represent one or more bits. An instruction may represent signaling and / or be implemented as one or more signals. One or more signals may be included in and / or represented by a message. Signaling, in particular control signaling, may include multiple signals and / or messages, and multiple signals and / or messages may be transmitted on different carriers and / or associated with different signaling processes, for example, representing one or more such processes and / or corresponding information, and / or relating to one or more such processes and / or corresponding information. Instructions may include signaling and / or multiple signals and / or messages, and / or be contained within signaling and / or multiple signals and / or messages, and the signaling and / or multiple signals and / or messages may be transmitted on different carriers and / or associated with different acknowledgment signaling processes, for example, representing and / or relating to one or more such processes. Signaling associated with a channel may be transmitted to represent signaling and / or information for that channel, and / or so that the signaling is interpreted by the transmitter and / or receiver as belonging to that channel. Such signaling may generally conform to the transmission parameters and / or format for the channel.

[0132] An antenna configuration may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating elements) that can be combined in an antenna array. An antenna array or subarray may comprise one antenna element or multiple antenna elements that can be configured, for example, two-dimensionally (e.g., a panel) or three-dimensionally. Each antenna array or subarray or element may be independently controllable, and each of its different antenna arrays may be considered independently controllable. A single antenna element / radiator may be considered the smallest example of a subarray. An example of an antenna array includes one or more multi-antenna panels or one or more individually controllable antenna elements. An antenna configuration may comprise multiple antenna arrays. An antenna configuration may be associated with (a specific and / or single) radio node, for example, a configuration radio node, or an announcement radio node, or a scheduling radio node, and may be considered to be controlled or controllable by the radio node, for example. An antenna configuration associated with a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in terms of the size and / or number of antenna elements or arrays) than an antenna configuration associated with a network node. Antenna elements in an antenna configuration may be configurable for different arrays, for example, to change beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formed by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or sub-arrays. Beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variations by digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming, which combines analog and digital beamforming. The mode of beam transmission may be configured by transmitting a corresponding indicator or instruction to a notice radio node, for example, as a beam identification instruction. However, a case may be considered where such information is not configured to the notice radio node and / or it operates transparently without knowing the method of beamforming to be used.Antenna configurations can be considered separately controllable with respect to the phase and / or amplitude / power and / or gain of the signal feed to the antenna configuration for transmission, and / or separately controllable antenna configurations can be provided with independent or separate transmit and / or receive units, and / or ADCs (analog-to-digital converters, alternatively ADC chains) or DCAs (digital-to-analog converters, alternatively DCA chains) for converting digital control information to analog antenna feeds for the entire antenna configuration (ADCs / DCAs can be considered as part of the antenna circuitry, and / or connected to or connectable to the antenna circuitry), and vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is directly controlled for beamforming can be considered an analog beamforming scenario, and such control can be performed after encoding / decoding, and / or after the modulation symbols have been mapped to resource elements. This can be at the level of an antenna configuration using the same ADC / DCA, for example, one antenna element or group of antenna elements associated with the same ADC / DCA. Digital beamforming can address scenarios in which beamforming processes are provided, for example, before mapping modulation symbols to resource elements and / or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements, for example, by using one or more precoders and / or by precoding information, before supplying signaling to the ADC / DCA. Such precoders for beamforming may provide, for example, weights for amplitude and / or phase, and / or may be selected from a codebook, for example, based on a (precoder) codebook. A precoder may relate to one beam or more beams, for example, defining one or more beams. The codebook may be set or configurable and / or predefined. DFT beamforming can be considered a form of digital beamforming in which a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams.Hybrid beamforming configurations may be considered.

[0133] A beam can be defined by the spatial distribution and / or angular distribution and / or spatial angular distribution of radiation into which radiation is transmitted (in the case of transmit beamforming) or into which radiation is received (in the case of receive beamforming), as well as / or the spatial angular distribution or spatial (solid) angular distribution (also called solid angle). Receive beamforming may include accepting only signals coming into the receive beam (for example, using analog beamforming so as not to receive an external receive beam), and / or classifying signals that do not come into the receive beam, for example in digital post-processing, for example in digital beamforming. A beam can have a solid angle equal to or less than 4*πsr (where 4*π corresponds to a beam covering all directions), particularly less than 2*π, or π, or π / 2, or π / 4, or π / 8, or π / 16. Smaller beams may be used, especially at high frequencies. Different beams can have different directions and / or sizes (e.g., solid angle and / or reach). A beam may have a principal direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (the center of the main lobe, relating to signal intensity and / or solid angle, which may be averaged and / or weighted to determine its direction), and the beam may have one or more side lobes. The lobes may generally be defined to have a continuous or continuous distribution of transmitted and / or received energy and / or power, defined by one or more continuous or continuous regions of zero energy (or virtually zero energy). The main lobe may contain the lobe with the greatest signal intensity and / or energy and / or power content. However, side lobes usually appear due to beamforming limitations, some of which may carry signals of considerable intensity and can cause multipath effects. Side lobes may generally have a different direction from the main lobe and / or other side lobes, but due to reflection, side lobes may still contribute to transmitted and / or received energy or power.The beam may be swept and / or switched over time, for example, so that the (primary) direction of the beam is changed, but the shape of the beam around the primary direction (angle / solid angle distribution) does not change, for example, from the transmitter's viewpoint for the transmitting beam, or from the receiver's viewpoint for the receiving beam. Sweeping may correspond to a continuous or nearly continuous change in the primary direction (for example, so that after each change, the primary lobe from before the change covers at least partially, for example, at least 50 percent, 75 percent, or 90 percent, of the primary lobe after the change). Switching may correspond to a discontinuous change in direction (for example, so that after each change, the primary lobe from before the change covers at most 50 percent, 25 percent, or 10 percent, of the primary lobe after the change).

[0134] Signal intensity can be a representation of signal power and / or signal energy, for example, as observed from a transmitting or receiving node. A beam with higher transmission intensity than other beams (for example, due to the beamforming used) may not necessarily have higher intensity at the receiver, due to interference and / or disruption and / or dispersion and / or absorption and / or reflection and / or attenuation or other effects affecting the beam or the signaling it carries, and vice versa. Signal quality can generally be a representation of how well a signal can be received through noise and / or interference. A beam with better signal quality than other beams may not necessarily have higher beam intensity than other beams. Signal quality may be represented, for example, by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, energy per resource element across noise / interference, or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and / or signal intensity may relate to and / or be measured in relation to the beam, and / or the specific signaling carried by the beam, such as a reference signaling, and / or a specific channel, such as a data channel or a control channel. Signal strength can be expressed, for example, by the received signal strength and / or relative signal strength compared to a reference signal (strength).

[0135] Uplink or sidelink signaling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signaling. Downlink signaling may, in particular, be OFDMA signaling. However, signaling such as communication signaling and / or sensing signaling is not limited to these (filter bank-based signaling and / or single-carrier-based signaling, such as SC-FDE signaling, may be considered alternatives).

[0136] A wireless node can generally be thought of as a device or node adapted for wireless and / or radio (and / or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and / or for communication utilizing an air interface, for example, according to a communication standard.

[0137] A radio node may be a network node, or a user device or terminal. A network node may be any radio node in a radio communication network, for example, a base station, and / or a g node B (gNB), and / or an e node B (eNB), and / or a relay node, and / or a micro / nano / pico / femto node, and / or a transmit point (TP), and / or an access point (AP), and / or other nodes for a RAN or other radio communication network as described herein.

[0138] The terms User Equipment (UE) and Terminal may be considered interchangeable in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, User Equipment, or Terminal represents an end device for communications utilizing a wireless communication network and / or may be implemented as User Equipment according to standards. Examples of User Equipment may include phones such as smartphones, personal communication devices, mobile phones or terminals, computers, in particular laptop computers, sensors or machines with wireless capabilities (and / or adapted for air interfaces) in particular for MTC (Machine-to-Machine Communication, sometimes called M2M (Machine-to-Machine)), or vehicles adapted for wireless communication. User Equipment or Terminals may be mobile or stationary. A wireless device generally comprises processing circuits and / or wireless circuits and / or may be implemented as processing circuits and / or wireless circuits, and the processing circuits and / or wireless circuits may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips. One and / or more circuits may be packaged, for example, in a chip housing and / or may have one or more physical interfaces for interacting with other circuits and / or for power supply. Such wireless devices may be intended for use in User Equipment or Terminals.

[0139] A wireless node may generally include processing circuits and / or wireless circuits. A wireless node, particularly a network node, may in some cases include cabling circuits and / or communication circuits, through which the wireless node may be connected to or connectable to other wireless nodes and / or the core network.

[0140] A circuit may comprise an integrated circuit. A processing circuit may comprise one or more processors and / or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and / or ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), and / or FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays), or similar. A processing circuit may comprise one or more memories or memory configurations, and / or be considered to be (operably) connected to or connectable to one or more memories or memory configurations. A memory configuration may comprise one or more memories. Memories may be adapted to store digital information. Examples of memories include volatile and non-volatile memories, and / or random-access memory (RAM), and / or read-only memory (ROM), and / or magnetic and / or optical memory, and / or flash memory, and / or hard disk memory, and / or EPROM or EEPROM (erasable programmable ROM or electrically erasable programmable ROM).

[0141] A radio circuit may comprise one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers (the transceiver may operate the transmitter and receiver, or be capable of operating as both, and / or may comprise joint or isolated circuits for receiving and transmitting, for example, in a single package or housing), and / or one or more amplifiers and / or oscillators and / or filters, and / or an antenna circuit and / or one or more antennas and / or antenna arrays, and / or may be connected to or connectable to the antenna circuit and / or one or more antennas and / or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, one or more antennas may consist of a dimensional array, for example, a 2D or 3D array, and / or an antenna panel. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may also be implemented as a network node, depending on the type of circuitry and / or functionality implemented in the RRH.

[0142] The communication circuit may comprise a wireless circuit and / or a cable circuit. The communication circuit may generally comprise one or more interfaces, one or more of which may be an air interface and / or a cable interface and / or, for example, a laser-based optical interface. The interfaces may be packet-based in particular. The cable circuit and / or cable interface may comprise one or more cables (for example, fiber-optic-based and / or wire-based) and / or may be connected to or connectable to one or more cables, one or more of which may be connected to or connectable directly or indirectly (for example, via one or more intermediate systems and / or interfaces) to a target controlled, for example, the communication circuit and / or processing circuit.

[0143] Any or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and / or firmware and / or hardware. Different modules may be associated with different components of a radio node, e.g., different circuits or different parts of circuits. Modules may be considered to be distributed across different components and / or circuits. Program products described herein may comprise modules related to a device (e.g., user equipment or network node) on which the program product is intended to run (execution may be performed on and / or controlled by the associated circuits).

[0144] Wireless communication networks include, or may include, radio access networks and / or backhaul networks (e.g., relay or backhaul networks or IAB networks), and / or radio access networks (RANs), in particular, those conforming to communication standards. Communication standards may be those by 3GPP and / or 5G, such as NR or LTE, and especially LTE Evolution.

[0145] The wireless communication network is and / or may include a radio access network (RAN), the RAN being any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio network, and / or including any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio network, the cellular and / or wireless radio network being connected to or connectable to a core network. The techniques described herein are particularly suitable for 5G networks, e.g., LTE Evolution and / or NR (New Radio), and their successors, respectively. The RAN may comprise one or more network nodes and / or one or more terminals and / or one or more radio nodes. The network nodes may be radio nodes adapted in particular for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication to or within a RAN, such as a user device (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicle communication device or device for machine-type communication (MTC). A terminal may be mobile or, in some cases, stationary. A RAN or wireless communication network may comprise at least one network node and UE, or at least two radio nodes. In general, a RAN or RAN system may be considered, comprising, for example, at least one radio node and / or at least one network node and at least one terminal.

[0146] Transmitting on a downlink may relate to transmission from a network or network node to a terminal. Transmitting on an uplink may relate to transmission from a terminal to a network or network node. Transmitting on a sidelink may relate to (direct) transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink, and sidelink (e.g., sidelink transmit and receive) can be thought of as directions of communication. In some variations, uplink and downlink may also be used to describe wireless communication between network nodes, for example, between base stations or similar network nodes, as well as wireless backhaul and / or relay communications and / or (wireless) network communications, especially for communications terminating in such communications. Backhaul and / or relay communications and / or network communications can be thought of as being implemented in the form of sidelink or uplink communications or similar.

[0147] Control information or control information messages or corresponding signaling (control signaling) may be transmitted over a control channel, such as a physical control channel, which may be a downlink channel (or in some cases a sidelink channel, e.g., one UE scheduling another). For example, control information / assignment information may be signaled by a network node over the PDCCH (physical downlink control channel) and / or PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel) and / or HARQ-specific channel. For example, acknowledgment signaling, as a form of control information or signaling such as uplink control information / signaling, may be transmitted by a terminal over the PUCCH (physical uplink control channel) and / or PUSCH (physical uplink shared channel) and / or HARQ-specific channel. Multiple channels may apply to multi-component / multi-carrier instructions or signaling.

[0148] Transmitting an acknowledgment signaling may generally be based on and / or in response to a subject transmission and / or a control signaling that schedules the subject transmission. Such control signaling and / or subject signaling may be transmitted by a signaling radio node (which may be a network node and / or a node associated with a network node, for example, in a dual connectivity scenario). Subject transmission and / or subject signaling may be transmissions or signaling in which ACK / NACK or acknowledgment information is involved, for example, to indicate incorrect reception and / or decoding of the subject transmission or signaling. Subject signaling or transmissions may include, in particular, data signaling on, for example, a PDSCH or PSSCH for a specific format, or several forms of control signaling on, for example, a PDCCH or PSSCH, and may be represented by them.

[0149] Signaling characteristics may be based on the type or format of scheduling grants and / or scheduling allocations, as well as the type of allocation, as well as the timing of acknowledgment signaling and / or scheduling grants and / or scheduling allocations, and / or the resources associated with the acknowledgment signaling and / or scheduling grants and / or scheduling allocations. For example, a first or second communication resource may be used if a specific format is used or detected for a scheduling grant (scheduling or allocating allocated resources) or a scheduling allocation (scheduling subject transmissions for acknowledgment signaling). The type of allocation may relate to dynamic allocation (e.g., using DCI / PDCCH) or semi-static allocation (e.g., for established grants). The timing of acknowledgment signaling may relate to the slot and / or symbol to which the signaling should be transmitted. The resources used for acknowledgment signaling may relate to allocated resources. The timing and / or resources associated with a scheduling grant or allocation may represent the search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for receiving PDCCH transmissions) from which that grant or allocation is received. Therefore, which transmission resource should be used may be based on implicit conditions that require low signaling overhead.

[0150] Scheduling may involve directing one or more scheduling opportunities for a configuration intended to carry data signaling or subject signaling, using control signaling such as DCI or SCI signaling, and / or signaling on a control channel such as PDCCH or PSCCH. The configuration may be represented or representable by a table, and / or correspond to a table. A scheduling allocation may point to an opportunity in a receive allocation configuration, for example, indexing a table of scheduling opportunities. In some cases, a receive allocation configuration may include 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities. The configuration may, in particular, represent temporal allocations. A receive allocation configuration may be thought to be related to data signaling, particularly on a physical data channel such as PDSCH or PSSCH. Generally, a receive allocation configuration may be related to downlink signaling, or in some scenarios, sidelink signaling. Control signaling that schedules subject transmissions, such as data signaling, may point to and / or index, and / or indicate, and / or direct, scheduling opportunities in a receive assignment configuration. A receive assignment configuration may be configured or configurable for higher-layer signaling, such as RRC or MAC layer signaling. A receive assignment configuration may apply, and / or be applicable, and / or be valid for multiple transmission timing intervals, for example, so that for each interval, one or more opportunities may be directed or assigned for data signaling. These techniques allow for efficient and flexible scheduling that may be semi-static, but may be updated or reconfigured on a useful timescale in response to changes in operating conditions.

[0151] In this context, for example, control information in a control information message may be implemented and / or represented as scheduling allocations that can instruct subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgment signaling), as well as reporting timings and / or frequency resources and / or code resources. Reporting timings may instruct timings for scheduled acknowledgment signaling, such as slots and / or symbols and / or resource sets. Control information may be carried by control signaling.

[0152] A subject transmission may consist of one or more individual transmissions. A scheduling allocation may consist of one or more scheduling allocations. Generally, in a distributed system, it should be noted that subject transmissions, configurations, and / or schedulings may be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject transmissions may be on the same or different carriers (e.g., in carrier aggregation) and / or on the same or different bandwidth portions, and / or on the same or different layers or beams in a MIMO scenario, and / or to the same or different ports. Generally, subject transmissions may relate to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different subprocesses in MIMO with different beams / layers, for example, associated with the same process identifier but not with different subprocess identifiers such as swap bits). A scheduling allocation and / or HARQ codebook may indicate a target HARQ structure. The target HARQ structure may indicate, for example, whether to provide an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g., the number of bits, and / or a code block group level response. However, it should be noted that the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, for example, if the total size of the target structure for the subpattern is larger than a given size.

[0153] Transmitting acknowledgment information or feedback information, or simply acknowledgment signaling, also called ARQ or HARQ feedback or feedback or reporting feedback, may include, and / or be based on, determining whether a subject transmission is correctly or incorrectly received, for example, based on error coding and / or scheduling allocations that schedule subject transmissions. Transmitting acknowledgment information may include, and / or be based on, a structure for the acknowledgment information to be transmitted, for example, a structure of one or more subpatterns, based on which subject transmissions are scheduled for associated subdivisions. Transmitting acknowledgment information may include, for example, in one instance, and / or in one message and / or one channel, in particular in a physical channel which may be a control channel, transmitting the corresponding signaling. In some cases, the channel may be a shared channel or a data channel that, for example, utilizes rate matching for acknowledgment information. Acknowledgment information may generally relate to multiple subject transmissions which may be on different channels and / or carriers, and / or may include data signaling and / or control signaling. Acknowledgment information is obtained based on a codebook, which is obtained based on one or more size instructions and / or allocation instructions (representing a HARQ structure), which may be received, for example, in the same or different transmission timing structures and / or in the same or different (target) sets of resources, along with multiple control signalings and / or control messages. Transmitting acknowledgment information may involve determining the codebook, for example, based on one or more control information messages and / or control information being set. The codebook may relate to transmitting acknowledgment information in a single and / or specific moment, for example, in a single PUCCH or PUSCH transmission, and / or in a single message, or together with jointly coded and / or modulated acknowledgment information.Generally, acknowledgment information may be transmitted along with other control information, such as scheduling requests and / or measurement information.

[0154] In some cases, acknowledgment signaling may include, following the acknowledgment information, other information, such as control information, particularly uplink or sidelink control information like scheduling requests and / or measurement information, or similar, as well as / or error detection and / or correction information, each associated with bits. The payload size of the acknowledgment signaling may represent the number of bits of the acknowledgment information, and / or in some cases, the total number of bits carried by the acknowledgment signaling, and / or the number of resource elements required. The acknowledgment signaling and / or information may be involved in ARQ and / or HARQ processes, the ARQ process may provide ACK / NACK feedback (and possibly additional feedback), decoding may be performed separately for each (re)transmission without soft buffering / soft synthesis intermediate data, and HARQ may include soft buffering / soft synthesis of decoding intermediate data for one or more (re)transmissions.

[0155] Subject transmissions can be data signaling or control signaling. The transmission can be on a shared channel or a separate channel. Data signaling can be on a data channel, e.g., on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a separate data channel, e.g., on a URLLC channel for low latency and / or high reliability. Control signaling can be on a control channel, e.g., on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or may include one or more DCI or SCI messages. In some cases, subject transmissions may include or represent reference signaling. For example, reference signaling may include DM-RS, and / or pilot signaling, and / or discovery signaling, and / or sounding signaling, and / or phase tracking signaling, and / or cell-specific reference signaling, and / or user-specific signaling, particularly CSI-RS. A subject transmission may involve one scheduling allocation and / or one acknowledgment signaling process (for example, according to an identifier or sub-identifier), and / or one subdivision. In some cases, a subject transmission may traverse subdivision boundaries in time by being scheduled to, for example, begin in one subdivision and extend to another, and even traverse two or more subdivisions. In this case, a subject transmission may be considered associated with the subdivision in which it ends.

[0156] In particular, the transmission of acknowledgment information can be considered to be based on determining whether the subject transmission was received correctly, for example, based on error coding and / or reception quality. Reception quality may be based, for example, on determined signal quality. Acknowledgment information may generally be transmitted to the signaling radio node and / or node configuration, and / or the network and / or network nodes.

[0157] Bits in acknowledgment information, or a subpattern structure of such information (e.g., an acknowledgment information structure), may represent and / or contain one or more bits, in particular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits relating to a data structure or substructure, or a message such as a control message, may be considered a subpattern. The structure or configuration of acknowledgment information may indicate the order, and / or meaning, and / or mapping, and / or bit patterns (or bit subpatterns) of that information. The structure or mapping may, in particular, indicate one or more data block structures, such as code blocks and / or code block groups and / or transport blocks and / or messages, such as command messages, and / or which bits or bit subpatterns are associated with which data block structures. In some cases, the mapping may relate to one or more acknowledgment signaling processes, such as processes with different identifiers, and / or one or more different data streams. The configuration or structure or codebook may indicate which processes and / or data streams the information relates to. Generally, acknowledgment information may contain one or more subpatterns, each of which may relate to a data block structure, such as a code block or code block group or transport block. A subpattern may be configured to indicate an acknowledgment or denial, or another retransmission state for the associated data block structure, such as unscheduled or unreceived. A subpattern may contain one bit, or in some cases two or more bits. It should be noted that acknowledgment information may undergo considerable processing before being transmitted using acknowledgment signaling. Different configurations may indicate different sizes and / or mappings and / or structures and / or patterns.

[0158] The acknowledgment signaling process (which provides acknowledgment information) is a HARQ process and / or may be identified by a process identifier, such as a HARQ process identifier or sub-identifier. The acknowledgment signaling and / or associated acknowledgment information may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgment feedback. Note that the data block or structure to which the subpattern may relate may be intended to carry data (e.g., information and / or systemic and / or coding bits). However, depending on the transmission conditions, such data may or may not be received (or not received correctly), which may be indicated in the feedback accordingly. In some cases, the subpattern of acknowledgment signaling may include padding bits, for example, if the acknowledgment information about the data block requires fewer bits than indicated by the size of the subpattern. Such a thing may happen, for example, if its size is indicated by a unit size larger than required for the feedback.

[0159] Acknowledgment information can generally indicate at least an ACK or NACK related to an acknowledgment signaling process, or a data block structure such as a data block, subblock group or subblock, or an element of a message, particularly a control message. Generally, one particular subpattern and / or data block structure may be associated with an acknowledgment signaling process, and acknowledgment information may be provided for that one particular subpattern and / or data block structure. Acknowledgment information can include multiple pieces of information represented in multiple ARQ and / or HARQ structures.

[0160] The acknowledgment signaling process may determine whether a data block, and / or a substructure of a data block, is correctly or incorrectly received, and / or corresponding acknowledgment information, based on coding bits associated with a data block, and / or coding bits associated with one or more data blocks and / or subblocks and / or subblock groups. The acknowledgment information (determined by the acknowledgment signaling process) may relate to a data block as a whole, and / or to one or more subblocks or subblock groups. A code block can be considered an example of a subblock, while a code block group can be considered an example of a subblock group. Thus, an associated subpattern may contain one or more bits indicating the reception status or feedback of a data block, and / or one or more bits indicating the reception status or feedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups. Each subpattern, or the bits of that subpattern, may be associated with and / or mapped to a particular data block or subblock or subblock group. In some variants, correct reception for a data block may be indicated if all subblocks or subblock groups are correctly identified. In such cases, the subpattern as a whole may represent acknowledgment information about the data block, reducing overhead compared to providing acknowledgment information about a subblock or subblock group. The smallest structure (e.g., subblock / subblock group / data block) to which the subpattern provides acknowledgment information, and / or to which the subpattern is associated, can be considered the (highest) resolution of that subpattern. In some variants, the subpattern may provide acknowledgment information with respect to some elements of the data block structure and / or at different resolutions, for example, to enable more specific error detection.For example, even if a subpattern as a whole indicates acknowledgment signaling relating to a data block, some variants may provide a higher resolution (e.g., subblock resolution or subblock group resolution) through the subpattern. A subpattern may generally include one or more bits indicating ACK / NACK for a data block, and / or one or more bits indicating ACK / NACK for a subblock or subblock group, or for two or more subblocks or subblock groups.

[0161] Subblocks and / or subblock groups may contain information bits (representing data to be transmitted, e.g., user data and / or downlink / sidelink data or uplink data). Data blocks and / or subblocks and / or subblock groups may also contain one or more error detection bits, which may relate to and / or be determined based on the information bits (for subblock groups, the error detection bits may be determined based on the information bits and / or error detection bits and / or error correction bits of the subblocks of the subblock group). A data block, or a substructure such as a subblock or subblock group, may contain error correction bits, which may be determined based on the information bits and error detection bits of the block or substructure, particularly using error correction coding schemes for forward error correction (FEC), e.g., LDPC or polar coding and / or turbo coding. Generally, the error correction coding (and / or associated bits) of a data block structure may cover and / or relate to the information bits and error detection bits of that structure. A subblock group may represent one or more code blocks, each representing a corresponding combination of bits. A data block may represent a code block or a group of code blocks, or a combination of two or more groups of code blocks. A transport block may be divided into code blocks and / or groups of code blocks based, for example, on the bit size of the information bits of the higher-layer data structure provided for error coding, and / or on size requirements or preferences for error coding, particularly error correction coding. Such higher-layer data structures are sometimes also called transport blocks, and in this context, a transport block represents information bits without the error coding bits described herein, although in Internet protocols such as TCP, for example, it may include higher-layer error handling information.However, such error handling information represents information bits in the context of this disclosure, since the acknowledgment signaling procedure described handles the error handling information accordingly.

[0162] In some variants, subblocks, such as code blocks, may contain error correction bits, which may be determined based on the subblock's information bits and / or error detection bits. Error correction coding schemes may be used to determine the error correction bits based on, for example, LDPC, polar coding, or Reed-Muller coding. In some cases, a subblock or code block may be considered defined as a block or pattern of bits, including information bits, error detection bits determined based on the information bits, and error correction bits determined based on the information bits and / or error detection bits. In a subblock, such as a code block, the information bits (and, optionally, error correction bits) may be considered protected and / or covered by an error correction scheme or corresponding error correction bits. A code block group may contain one or more code blocks. In some variants, additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits are not applied, but the application of either or both may be considered. A transport block may contain one or more code block groups. Additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits may not be applied to transport blocks, but the application of either or both may be considered. In some specific variants, a code block group may not include an additional layer of error detection or correction coding, and a transport block may include only additional error detection coding bits and not additional error correction coding. This may be particularly true if the transport block size is larger than the code block size and / or the maximum size for error correction coding. Subpatterns of acknowledgment signaling (in particular indicating ACK or NACK) may relate to code blocks and may indicate, for example, whether the code block was received correctly. Subpatterns may be thought to relate to subgroups such as code block groups, or to data blocks such as transport blocks.In such cases, a subpattern may indicate an ACK if all subblocks or code blocks, or data / transport blocks, in the group have been received correctly (for example, based on a logical AND operation), and a NACK, or another state of non-correct reception, if at least one subblock or code block has not been received correctly. Note that a code block may be considered received correctly not only if it has actually been received correctly, but also if it can be correctly reconstructed based on soft synthesis and / or error-correction coding.

[0163] A subpattern / HARQ structure may relate to one acknowledgment signaling process and / or one carrier, such as a component carrier, and / or a data block structure or data block. In particular, one (e.g., specific and / or single) subpattern may relate to one (e.g., specific and / or single) acknowledgment signaling process, such as a specific and / or single HARQ process, and may be thought to be mapped to that process by, for example, a codebook. In bit patterns, a subpattern may be thought to map one-to-one to an acknowledgment signaling process and / or a data block or data block structure. In some variants, for example, if multiple data streams transmitted on the same component carrier are subject to an acknowledgment signaling process, there may be multiple subpatterns (and / or associated acknowledgment signaling processes) associated with that carrier. A subpattern may contain one or more bits, and the number of those bits may be thought to represent the size or bit size of the subpattern. N sets of different bits (where n is 1 or greater) of a subpattern may be associated with different elements of a data block structure (e.g., a data block, a subblock, or a group of subblocks) and / or may represent different resolutions. Only one resolution may be considered for variations represented by the bit pattern, e.g., a data block. The n sets of bits may represent acknowledgment information (also called feedback), in particular ACK or NACK, and optionally, (if n>1) DTX / DRX or other received states. ACK / NACK may be represented by one bit or by two or more bits, for example, to improve deambiguation of bit sequences representing ACK or NACK and / or to improve transmission reliability.

[0164] Acknowledgment or feedback information may relate to multiple different transmissions, and these multiple different transmissions may be associated with and / or represented by data block structures, each associated with a specific data block or data signaling. Data block structures, and / or corresponding blocks and / or signalings, may be scheduled for simultaneous transmission, for example, for the same transmission timing structure, particularly within the same slot or subframe, and / or on the same symbol. However, alternatives involving scheduling for non-simultaneous transmissions may be considered. For example, acknowledgment information may relate to data blocks scheduled for different transmission timing structures, for example, different slots (or minislots, or slots and minislots) or similar, and the data blocks may, correspondingly, be received (or not received, or may be misreceived). Scheduling signaling may generally involve directing resources, for example, time and / or frequency resources, for receiving or transmitting scheduled signaling.

[0165] Signaling can generally be thought of as representing an electromagnetic wave structure (e.g., over time and frequency intervals), which is intended to transmit information to at least one specific or general target (e.g., one from which the signaling can be picked up). The signaling process may include transmitting the signaling. Transmitting a signaling, particularly a control signaling or communication signaling, which may include or represent acknowledgment signaling and / or resource request information, may include coding and / or modulation. Coding and / or modulation may include error detection coding and / or forward error correction coding and / or scrambling. Receiving a control signaling may include corresponding decoding and / or demodulation. Error detection coding may include and / or be based on parity or checksum techniques, such as CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may include, for example, turbo coding, and / or Reed-Muller coding, and / or polar coding, and / or LDPC coding (low-density parity check), and / or be based on such coding. The type of coding used may be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) to which the coded signal is associated. The coding rate may represent the ratio of the number of information bits before coding to the number of coded bits after coding, taking into account that coding adds coding bits for error detection coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also called systematic bits) and coding bits.

[0166] Communication signaling includes, and / or represents data signaling and / or user plane signaling, and / or can be implemented as data signaling and / or user plane signaling. Communication signaling can be associated with a data channel, for example, a physical downlink channel or a physical uplink channel or a physical sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel can be a shared channel or a separate channel. Data signaling can be signaling associated with a data channel and / or on a data channel.

[0167] Instructions can generally explicitly and / or implicitly indicate the information they represent and / or indicate. Implicit instructions may be based, for example, on location and / or resources used for transmission. Explicit instructions may be based on parameterization, for example, one or more parameters and / or one or more indices and / or one or more bit patterns representing information. In particular, control signaling described herein, based on the resource sequence used, can be considered to implicitly indicate a control signaling type.

[0168] Resource elements can generally describe the smallest individually available and / or codecable and / or decodeable and / or modulated time-frequency resources, as well as / or time-frequency resources covering symbol time length in time and subcarriers in frequency. Signals are and / or can be assigned to resource elements. Subcarriers may be subbands of a carrier, for example, as defined by a standard. Carriers may define frequencies and / or frequency bands for transmission and / or reception. In some variants, a (jointly coded / modulated) signal may cover two or more resource elements. Resource elements can generally be those defined by the corresponding standard, for example, NR or LTE. Since symbol time length and / or subcarrier spacing (and / or numerology) may differ between different symbols and / or subcarriers, different resource elements have different extensions (length / width) in the time and / or frequency domains, and in particular, resource elements may relate to different carriers.

[0169] Resources can generally represent time-frequency and / or code resources, over which signaling following a specific format, for example, is communicated, for example, transmitted and / or received, and / or intended to be transmitted and / or received.

[0170] Boundary symbols can generally represent start or end symbols for transmission and / or reception. Start symbols may, in particular, be start symbols for uplink or sidelink signaling, such as control signaling or data signaling. Such signaling may be on a data channel or control channel, such as a physical channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel or sidelink data or shared channel (such as PUSCH), or a physical uplink control channel or sidelink control channel (such as PUCCH). When a start symbol is associated with a control signaling (for example, on a control channel), the control signaling is a response to a received signaling (on a sidelink or downlink) and may represent, for example, an acknowledgment signaling associated with a received signaling, which may be a HARQ or ARQ signaling. End symbols may represent (in time) end symbols for downlink or sidelink transmission or signaling that are directed to or can be scheduled for a radio node or user equipment. Such downlink signaling may, in particular, be data signaling on a physical downlink channel, such as a shared channel, e.g., a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel). A start symbol may be determined based on and / or in relation to such an end symbol.

[0171] Configuring a radio node, particularly a terminal or user equipment, may refer to the radio node being adapted to operate, operated, set to operate, and / or commanded to operate according to its configuration. Configuration may be performed by another device, such as a network node (e.g., a base station or e-node B, a radio node in the network) or the network, in which case configuration may include transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured. Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and / or include one or more instructions relating to the configuration, for example, the configuration for transmitting and / or receiving on allocated resources, particularly frequency resources. A radio node may configure itself based on configuration data received, for example, from a network or network node. A network node may utilize and / or adapt to utilize the circuitry of a network node for configuration. Allocation information may be considered a form of configuration data. Configuration data may include and / or be represented by configuration information and / or one or more corresponding instructions and / or messages.

[0172] Generally, configuring a radio node may involve determining configuration data that represents the configuration and providing, for example, transmitting, that configuration data to one or more other nodes (in parallel and / or sequentially), which one or more other nodes may then transmit that configuration data to the radio node (or to another node, which may be repeated until the configuration data reaches the radio device). Alternatively or additionally, configuring a radio node by, for example, a network node or other device may involve receiving configuration data and / or data related to the configuration data from another node, such as a network node which may be a higher-level node in the network, and / or transmitting the received configuration data to the radio node. Thus, determining the configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the radio node may be performed by different network nodes or entities that can communicate via a suitable interface, for example, the X2 interface in the case of LTE, or the corresponding interface for NR. Configuring a terminal may include scheduling downlink and / or uplink transmissions for the terminal, such as downlink data and / or downlink control signaling and / or DCI and / or uplink control or data or communication signaling, particularly acknowledgment signaling, as well as configuring / or resources and / or resource pools for those resources.

[0173] A resource structure can be considered adjacent to another resource structure in the frequency domain if that resource structure and another resource structure share a common boundary frequency, for example, one as the upper frequency boundary and the other as the lower frequency boundary. Such a boundary may be represented, for example, by the upper end of the bandwidth allocated to subcarrier n, which also represents the lower end of the bandwidth allocated to subcarrier n+1. A resource structure can be considered adjacent to another resource structure in the time domain if that resource structure and another resource structure share a common boundary time, for example, one as the upper (or right-hand in the figure) boundary and the other as the lower (or left-hand in the figure) boundary. Such a boundary may be represented, for example, by the end of the symbol time interval allocated to symbol n, which also represents the beginning of the symbol time interval allocated to symbol n+1.

[0174] Generally, when one resource structure is adjacent to another resource structure in a domain, this is sometimes referred to as being adjacent to and / or touching another resource structure in that domain.

[0175] Resource structures generally represent structures in the time and / or frequency domains, and in particular may represent time intervals and frequency intervals. Resource structures may include and / or consist of resource elements, and / or the time intervals of resource structures may include and / or consist of symbolic time intervals, and / or the frequency intervals of resource structures may include and / or consist of subcarriers. Resource elements may be considered examples of resource structures, slots or minislots or physical resource blocks (PRBs), or parts of them may be considered others. Resource structures may be associated with specific channels, such as PUSCH or PUCCH, in particular with resource structures smaller than slots or PRBs.

[0176] An example of a resource structure in the frequency domain includes bandwidth or bandwidth, or bandwidth portion. A bandwidth portion may be, for example, a portion of the bandwidth available for a radio node to communicate, due to circuitry and / or configuration and / or regulations and / or standards. A bandwidth portion may be configured for a radio node or be configurable. In some variants, a bandwidth portion may be a portion of the bandwidth used by the radio node to communicate, for example, to transmit and / or receive. A bandwidth portion may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be the device bandwidth defined by the device's circuitry / configuration and / or the system bandwidth available for, for example, the RAN). A bandwidth portion may be thought to include one or more resource blocks or groups of resource blocks, in particular one or more PRBs or groups of PRBs. A bandwidth portion may relate to and / or include one or more carriers.

[0177] A carrier generally represents a frequency range or bandwidth and / or may relate to a center frequency and associated frequency interval. A carrier can be thought of as containing multiple subcarriers. A carrier may be assigned a center frequency or center frequency interval represented, for example, by one or more subcarriers (each subcarrier may generally be assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriers may not overlap and / or may be adjacent in the frequency domain.

[0178] The term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to relate to wireless communications in general, and in particular may include wireless communications using millimeter waves with thresholds exceeding one of the following: 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communications may utilize one or more carriers, for example, in FDD and / or carrier aggregation. The upper frequency limit may correspond to any threshold greater than 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz, or the threshold representing the lower frequency limit.

[0179] A wireless node, particularly a network node or terminal, can generally be any device adapted to transmit and / or receive radio and / or wireless signals and / or data, particularly communication data, especially over at least one carrier. The at least one carrier may include carriers accessed under the LBT procedure (sometimes called LBT carriers), such as unlicensed carriers. A carrier can be thought of as part of a carrier aggregate.

[0180] Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting using the frequency (bandwidth) or spectrum associated with the cell or carrier. A cell generally includes one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission (referred to as a UL carrier) and at least one carrier for DL ​​communication / transmission (referred to as a DL carrier), and / or may be defined by or with respect to those carriers. A cell may be thought to include a different number of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively or additionally, a cell may include, for example, at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission and DL communication / transmission in a TDD-based approach.

[0181] A channel can generally be a logical channel, a transport channel, or a physical channel. A channel may include one or more carriers, in particular multiple subcarriers, and / or be composed of one or more carriers, in particular multiple subcarriers. A channel that carries and / or transports control signaling / control information may be considered a control channel, in particular if the channel is a physical layer channel and / or if the channel carries control plane information. Similarly, a channel that carries and / or transports data signaling / user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if the channel is a physical layer channel and / or if the channel carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for a particular communication direction or for two complementary communication directions (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelinks in two directions), in which case it may be considered to have two component channels, one component channel for each direction. Examples of channels may be for control and / or data, for low-latency and / or high-reliability transmission, including channels for ultra-high-reliability low-latency communication (URLLC).

[0182] Generally, a symbol may represent and / or be associated with a symbol time length, and the symbol time length may depend on the carrier and / or subcarrier intervals and / or numerology of the associated carrier. Thus, a symbol can be considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length in the frequency domain. The symbol time length may depend on the carrier frequency and / or bandwidth and / or numerology and / or subcarrier interval of or associated with the symbol. Thus, different symbols may have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrier intervals may have different symbol time lengths. Generally, the symbol time length may be based on and / or include guard time intervals or cyclic extensions, such as prefixes or postfixes.

[0183] A sidelink can generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) between two UEs and / or terminals, where data is transmitted between participants (UEs and / or terminals) via the communication channel, for example, directly and / or without being relayed through network nodes. Sidelinks can be established directly via a sidelink communication channel, only via the participants' air interfaces, and / or directly via those air interfaces. In some variants, sidelink communication can be carried out without interaction by network nodes, for example, over fixedly defined resources and / or over resources negotiated between participants. Alternatively or additionally, network nodes may be considered to provide some control function, for example, by configuring resources for sidelink communication, particularly one or more resource pools, and / or by monitoring sidelinks for charging purposes, for example.

[0184] Sidelink communication is sometimes called D2D (device-to-device) communication, for example in the context of LTE, and / or ProSe (neighborhood service) communication in some cases. Sidelink can be implemented in the context of V2x communication (vehicle-to-vehicle), such as V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure), and / or V2P (vehicle-to-person). A device adapted for sidelink communication can be considered a user device or terminal.

[0185] A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may include one or more (e.g., physical or logical) channels, such as a PSCCH (e.g., a physical sidelink control channel that can carry control information such as acknowledgment position indications) and / or a PSSCH (e.g., a physical sidelink shared channel that can carry data signaling and / or acknowledgment signaling). A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may relate to and / or use a carrier and / or frequency range associated with and / or used by a cellular communication, for example, according to a specific license and / or standard. Participants may share (physical) channels and / or resources of a sidelink, particularly in the frequency domain and / or relating to frequency resources such as carriers, and so on (physical) channels and / or resources, two or more participants may transmit, for example, simultaneously and / or time-shifted, and / or a particular channel and / or resource may be associated with a particular participant, and so on, for example, on a particular channel in the frequency domain and / or relating to one or more carriers or subcarriers, or on one particular resource or more particular resources, only one participant may transmit.

[0186] Sidelinks may conform to and / or be implemented in accordance with specific standards, such as LTE-based standards and / or NR standards. Sidelinks may utilize TDD (Time Division Duplex) and / or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technologies, for example, set up by network nodes and / or pre-configured and / or negotiated between participants. User equipment may be considered adapted for sidelink communication if the user equipment and / or the user equipment's radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry are adapted to utilize sidelinks on one or more frequency ranges and / or carriers and / or in one or more formats, for example, particularly in accordance with specific standards. Generally, a radio access network may be considered defined by two participants in sidelink communication. Alternatively or additionally, a radio access network may be represented and / or defined with and / or relating to network nodes and / or communication with such nodes.

[0187] Communication or communicating can generally include transmitting and / or receiving signaling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signaling) can include utilizing the sidelink for communication (for signaling, respectively). Sidelink transmission and / or transmitting on a sidelink can be considered to include transmission utilizing the sidelink, e.g., associated resources and / or transmission format and / or circuitry, and / or air interface. Sidelink reception and / or receiving on a sidelink can be considered to include reception utilizing the sidelink, e.g., associated resources and / or transmission format and / or circuitry, and / or air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g., SCI) can generally be considered to include control information transmitted using the sidelink.

[0188] Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) refers to the concept of a radio connection and / or communication link between a radio and / or cellular communication network and / or between a network node and a terminal, or on a sidelink involving multiple carriers for at least one direction of transmission (e.g., DL and / or UL), and may also refer to an aggregate of carriers. The corresponding communication link may be called a carrier-aggregated communication link, or CA communication link, and the carriers in the carrier aggregate may be called component carriers (CCs). On such a link, data may be transmitted over two or more carriers and / or all of the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the carrier aggregate). A carrier aggregation may include one (or more) dedicated control carriers and / or primary carriers (sometimes called primary component carriers or PCCs), over which control information may be transmitted, and the control information may refer to the primary carriers and other carriers, which may be called secondary carriers (or secondary component carriers (SCCs)). However, in some methods, control information can be transmitted across two or more carriers of the aggregate, for example, one or more PCCs and one or more PCCs and one or more SCCs.

[0189] A transmission may generally relate to a specific channel and / or resource, particularly having a start and end symbol in time, and covering the interval between the start and end symbols. A scheduled transmission may be a scheduled and / or expected transmission, and / or a transmission for which resources are scheduled, provided, or reserved. However, not all scheduled transmissions must be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted, due to power limitations or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier being occupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timing substructure within a transmission timing structure, such as a slot (e.g., a minislot, and / or one covering only a portion of the transmission timing structure). Boundary symbols may indicate symbols in the transmission timing structure that start or end a transmission.

[0190] In the context of this disclosure, "pre-defined" may mean that the information in question is defined, for example, in a standard, and / or is available without specific configuration from the network or network node, is stored, for example, in memory, and is independent of being configured. "Configured" or "configurable" may be thought to mean that the corresponding information is set / configured, for example, by the network or network node.

[0191] Settings or schedules, such as mini-slot settings and / or structural settings, can schedule transmissions for, for example, the time / transmissions during which the setting is active, and / or transmissions can be scheduled by separate signaling or separate settings, such as separate RRC signaling and / or downlink control information signaling. A scheduled transmission may represent signaling that should be transmitted by the device on which the scheduled transmission is scheduled, or signaling that should be received by the device on which the scheduled transmission is scheduled, depending on which side of the communication the device is on. Note that downlink control information, or more specifically DCI signaling, can be thought of as physical layer signaling, in contrast to higher layer signaling such as MAC (Media Access Control) signaling or RRC layer signaling. The higher the signaling layer, the less frequently the signaling may occur, and the more time and resources it may consume, at least partially, because the information contained within such signaling must be passed through several layers, and each layer requires processing and handling.

[0192] Scheduled transmissions, and / or transmission timing structures such as minislots or slots, may relate to specific channels, in particular physical uplink shared channels, physical uplink control channels, or physical downlink shared channels, such as PUSCH, PUCCH, or PDSCH, and / or specific cells and / or carrier aggregations. Corresponding settings, such as scheduling settings or symbol settings, may relate to such channels, cells, and / or carrier aggregations. Scheduled transmissions can be thought of as representing transmissions on physical channels, in particular shared physical channels, such as physical uplink shared channels or physical downlink shared channels. For such channels, semi-persistent settings may be particularly preferred.

[0193] Generally, a setting is a setting that directs timing and / or is represented with corresponding setting data, or may be set with corresponding setting data. Settings can be embedded and / or included in messages or settings or corresponding data that direct and / or schedule resources, particularly semi-persistently and / or semi-statically.

[0194] The control region of a transmit timing structure may be an interval in the time and / or frequency domain that is intended, scheduled, or reserved for control signaling, particularly downlink control signaling, and / or for a specific control channel, such as a physical downlink control channel like a PDCCH. The interval may include and / or consist of several symbols in time, which may be set or configurable by (UE-specific) dedicated signaling (which is singlecast and, for example, addressed to or targeting a specific UE), such as on a PDCCH or RRC signaling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel. Generally, a transmit timing structure may include a control region covering a configurable number of symbols. Generally, boundary symbols may be considered to be set to be after the control region in time. The control area may be associated, for example, through settings and / or decisions, with one or more specific UEs, and / or PDCCH and / or DCI formats, and / or identifiers, such as UE identifiers and / or RNTI or carrier / cell identifiers, and / or represented and / or associated with CORESET and / or search spaces.

[0195] The duration (symbol duration or interval) of symbols in a transmission timing structure may generally depend on the numerology and / or carrier, which may be configurable. The numerology may be one that is to be used for scheduled transmissions.

[0196] A transmit timing structure may include multiple symbols and / or define intervals containing several symbols (each with their associated time intervals). Note that, in the context of this disclosure, unless it is evident from the context that frequency domain components must also be considered, references to symbols for the sake of simplicity may be interpreted as referring to the time domain projection or time interval or time component or duration or length of time of the symbol. Examples of transmit timing structures include slots, subframes, minislots (which may also be considered substructures of slots), and slot aggregations (which may include multiple slots and may be considered hyperstructures of slots), each including their time domain components. A transmit timing structure generally defines a time domain extension of a transmit timing structure (e.g., interval or length or duration) and may include multiple symbols arranged adjacent to one another in a numbered sequence. A timing structure (which may also be considered, or can be implemented, as a synchronous structure) may be defined by a sequence of such transmit timing structures, for example, which may define a timing grid with symbols representing the smallest grid structure. The transmit timing structure, and / or boundary symbols or scheduled transmits, may be determined or scheduled with respect to such a timing grid. The receive transmit timing structure may be a transmit timing structure, for example with respect to a timing grid, where scheduling control signaling is received. The transmit timing structure may be a slot or subframe, or in some cases a minislot.

[0197] Feedback signaling can be considered a form of control signaling, such as uplink or sidelink control signaling, like UCI (uplink control information) signaling or SCI (sidelink control information) signaling. Feedback signaling may, in particular, include and / or represent acknowledgment signaling and / or acknowledgment information and / or measurement reports.

[0198] Signaling that utilizes and / or is on and / or associated with a resource or resource structure is signaling that covers the resource or structure and may be signaling on the associated frequency and / or in the associated time interval. A signaling resource structure may be thought to include and / or contain one or more substructures, each substructure being associated with one or more different channels and / or one or more types of signaling, and / or including one or more holes (resource elements not scheduled for transmission or reception of transmission). A resource substructure, such as a feedback resource structure, may generally be continuous in time and / or frequency within the associated interval. A substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure, may be thought to represent a rectangle filled with one or more resource elements in time / frequency space. However, in some cases, a resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may represent a discontinuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, such as time and / or frequency. Resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for associated signaling.

[0199] Exemplary types of signaling include signaling for a specific direction of communication, in particular uplink signaling, downlink signaling, sidelink signaling, as well as reference signaling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signaling, control signaling, and / or signaling associated with a specific channel such as PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH.

[0200] In the context of this disclosure, a distinction may be made between dynamically scheduled or aperiodic transmit and / or configure and semi-static, semi-persistent, or periodic transmit and / or configure. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally relate to a (relatively) short time scale, and / or a number of occurrences (e.g., a predetermined and / or configured and / or limited and / or explicit), and / or a transmit timing structure, such as one or more transmit timing structures like slots or slot aggregation, and / or a transmit / occurrence of one or more (e.g., a specific number). Dynamic configures may be based on low-level signaling, such as control signaling on the physical layer and / or MAC layer, particularly in the form of DCI or SCI. Periodic / semi-static may relate to a longer time scale, such as several slots and / or two or more frames, and / or an unspecified number of occurrences, such as until incompatibility occurs due to a dynamic configure or until a new periodic configure is reached. Periodic or semi-static settings may be based on higher-layer signaling, particularly RCL layer signaling and / or RRC signaling and / or MAC signaling, and / or their higher-layer signaling may be configured.

[0201] This disclosure includes specific details (such as particular network functions, processes, and signaling steps) for illustrative purposes, rather than limitation, in order to provide a complete understanding of the techniques presented herein. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts and embodiments may be implemented in other variations, and in variations that deviate from these specific details.

[0202] For example, this concept and its variants are described in part within the context of mobile or wireless communication technologies such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), or New Radio, but this does not exclude the use of this concept and its variants in relation to additional or alternative mobile communication technologies, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards such as IEEE 802.11ad or IEEE 802.11ay. The variants described may relate to several Technical Specifications (TS) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), but it should be understood that this method, concept, and its variants may also be implemented in relation to different Performance Management (PM) specifications.

[0203] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the services, functions, and steps described herein can be implemented using software that works with a programmed microprocessor, or using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or general-purpose computers. While the variations described herein are clarified in the context of methods and devices, the concepts and embodiments presented herein can also be embodied in program products, and in systems comprising control circuits, such as a computer processor, and memory coupled to that processor, where the memory is encoded in one or more programs or program products that perform the services, functions, and steps disclosed herein.

[0204] The advantages of the embodiments and variations presented herein will be fully understood from the above description, and it will be clear that various modifications can be made in the form, structure, and configuration of these exemplary embodiments without deviating from the scope of the concepts and embodiments described herein, or without sacrificing all of their advantageous effects. The embodiments presented herein can be modified in many ways.

[0205] Some useful abbreviations include the following: Abbreviations and Explanations ABF Analog Beamformer, Fan-Out for Antenna + Beamforming ACF Autocorrelation Function ACK / NACK Acknowledgment / Negative Response Antenna ARQ Automatic Resend Request BB Bassband Beam Index IF (Beam Index Interface) BER (Bit Error Rate) BI Beam Index BLER Block Error Rate BPSK 2 Phase Shift Keying BWP bandwidth portion CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross-Correlation CB Code Block CBB Codeblock Bundle CBG Code Block Group CDM code division multiplexing CM Cubic Metric Comm RXBB Communication Receiver Baseband CORESET Control Resource Set CP cyclic prefix CP rem CP removal CQI Channel Quality Information CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Common Reference Signal (CRS) CSI Channel Status Information CSI-RS Channel Status Information Reference Signal DAI Downlink Allocation Indicator DCI Downlink Control Information DFE Digital Frontend DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) DFTS-FDM DFT diffusion-FDM DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal (signaling) eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) FDD Frequency Division Duplexing FDE frequency domain equalization FDF Frequency Domain Filtering FDM frequency division multiplexing FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) GPIO (General Purpose Input / Output) HARQ Hybrid Automated Resend Request IAB Wireless Access Backhaul Integrated Transmission IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) For example, the imaginary part of π / 2*BPSK modulation. IR impulse response ISI Intersymbol Interference JCAS Joint Communication and Detection MBB Mobile Broadband MCS Modulation Encoding Scheme MIMO Multi-Input Multi-Output MRC Maximum Ratio Combination MRT maximum ratio transmission MU-MIMO Multi-User Multi-Input Multi-Output OFDM / A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing / Multi-Access PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel PRACH Physical Random Access Channel PRB (Physical Resource Block) PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel (P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel PSS Primary Synchronization Signal (Signaling) PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference Signaling (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel QAM (Quaternary Amplitude Modulation) OCC orthogonal cover code QPSK 4 Phase Shift Keying PSD Power Spectral Density RAN (Radio Access Network) RAT (Radio Access Technology) RB Resource Block RE Resource Element Re modulation of the real part (for example, about π / 2*BPSK) RF radio frequency RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identifier) RRC (Radio Resource Control) RX receiver, reception, reception-related / side SA scheduling allocation SC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization SC-FDM / A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing / Multi-Access SCI Sidelink Control Information SINR (Signal-to-Interference Ratio plus Noise Ratio) SIR signal-to-interference ratio SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) SPI series-parallel interface SR scheduling request SRS Sounding Reference Signal (Signaling) SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal (Signaling) SVD Singular Value Decomposition TB transport block TDD time division duplex TDM time division multiplexing T-RS Tracking Reference Signaling or Timing Reference Signaling TX transmitter, transmission, transmission-related / side UCI Uplink Control Information Up / down converter for mixing from UDC BB-RF UE User Equipment URLLC: Ultra-low latency, high-reliability communication VL-MIMO: Extremely large multi-input, multi-output WD Wireless Devices Wfg waveform generator ZC Zadoff-Chu ZF Zero Force ZP Zero Power, e.g., muted CSI-RS symbols

[0206] Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage where applicable.

Claims

1. A method for operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, wherein the radio node is adapted for wireless communication, for detection and / or for radar operation, and the method includes transmitting and / or receiving a detection signaling, wherein the detection signaling comprises one or more zero-tail signals, and the detection signaling is transmitted on the basis of processing a frequency domain representation of at least one signaling sequence based on a frequency domain filter window function.

2. A radio node for a wireless communication network, wherein the radio node is adapted for wireless communication, adapted for detection and / or radar operation, and further adapted for transmitting and / or receiving detection signaling, wherein the detection signaling comprises one or more zero-tail signals, and the detection signaling is transmitted on the basis of processing a frequency domain representation of the signaling sequence based on a frequency domain filter window function.

3. The method or device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the window function is based on and / or corresponds to the Hamming window and / or the Hanning window and / or the Bartlett window and / or the Blackman window.

4. The method or device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the window function restricts the frequency domain representation to a number of subcarriers Nwindows which may be lower than the size of the FFT or IFFT used.

5. The method or device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one signaling sequence represents a sequence route, in particular a Barker code and / or a gold sequence and / or a complementary sequence, and / or is based on the sequence route, in particular the Barker code and / or the gold sequence and / or the complementary sequence.

6. The method or device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the detection signaling is transmitted based on power compensation.

7. The method or device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the detection signaling is transmitted based on the omission of the CP addition procedure.

8. The method or device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the detection signaling is processed by an OFDM-based circuit used for wireless communication.

9. The method or device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the detection signaling is transmitted based on performing an inverse FFT on a windowed frequency domain representation of the signaling sequence.

10. A program product comprising instructions for a processing circuit to control and / or perform the method according to any one of claims 1 or 3 to 9.

11. A carrier medium configuration for transporting and / or storing the program product described in claim 10.

Images