Display device with uniform reduction in off-axis luminance

Abstract

A display device is provided that includes a spatial light modulator having a display polarizer disposed on one side of the spatial light modulator, an additional polarizer disposed on the same side as the display polarizer, and a polarity-controlled retarder between the additional polarizer and the display polarizer. The polarity-controlled retarder includes a liquid crystal retarder having two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to a layer of liquid crystal material on either side. The surface alignment layers provide alignment of in-plane components in the adjacent liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane components varying monotonically along a predetermined axis across the display device to provide luminance reduction in directions offset from the viewing axis and to enhance the uniformity of the luminance reduction in directions offset from the viewing axis.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates generally to luminance uniformity in display devices. [Background technology]

[0002] A display device may be configured to reduce brightness in a direction offset from the viewing axis, typically perpendicular to the display device. Such off-axis brightness reduction serves a variety of purposes. In one example, off-axis brightness reduction may be applied to a privacy display to provide visibility of the displayed image to a primary user at an on-axis location and reduce visibility of the displayed image to voyeurs at off-axis locations. In another example, off-axis brightness reduction may be applied to reduce stray light that may cause undesirable reflections in the environment surrounding the display device, for example, in an automobile.

[0003] Privacy functionality can be provided by microlouvre optical films that transmit high luminance on-axis from the display device, with low luminance off-axis, however such films are not switchable, limiting the display to a privacy-only functionality.

[0004] Switchable privacy displays can be provided by implementing control of off-axis light output. Off-axis privacy control can be provided by contrast reduction, for example by adjusting the liquid crystal bias tilt in an in-plane switching LCD.

[0005] Control can be further provided by off-axis brightness reduction. Brightness reduction can be achieved by a switchable backlight for a liquid crystal display (LCD) spatial light modulator. Off-axis brightness reduction can also be provided by switchable liquid crystal retarders and compensation retarders arranged to modulate the input and / or output directional brightness profile of the spatial light modulator.

[0006] Further control can be provided by increasing the off-axis reflectance, which can be achieved by a switchable liquid crystal retarder, a compensating retarder arranged to control the polarization of the ambient light that strikes the reflective polarizer.

[0007] However, during operation, such off-axis brightness reduction can present brightness non-uniformity across the area of ​​the display device for the display viewer. In many applications, it would be desirable to increase the perceived uniformity. Summary of the Invention

[0008] According to the present disclosure, there is provided a display device comprising a spatial light modulator, a display polarizer disposed on a side of the spatial light modulator, the display polarizer being a linear polarizer, an additional polarizer disposed on the same side of the spatial light modulator as the display polarizer, the additional polarizer being a linear polarizer, and at least one polarity-controlled retarder disposed between the additional polarizer and the display polarizer, the at least one polarity-controlled retarder comprising a liquid crystal retarder, the liquid crystal retarder comprising a layer of liquid crystal material, and two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material, at least one of the surface alignment layers being arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that is in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material varying monotonically along a predetermined axis across at least a portion of the display device. Advantageously, a display device can be provided that reduces the variation in luminance across at least a portion of the display device as perceived by a viewer at a predetermined position in at least one state of the liquid crystal material. For example, for an off-axis viewer, e.g., a voyeur, the display device can provide a more uniform brightness across at least a portion of the display, e.g., across the entire width of the display. In such a case, the brightness can be a uniformly reduced brightness such that the off-axis viewer cannot observe the image output by the display device at any point along the display device. In a similar manner, for an on-axis viewer, e.g., who is the primary user of the display device, the display device can also provide a more uniform brightness across at least a portion of the display for the on-axis viewer. Such a uniform brightness across at least a portion of the display device can be a non-reduced or observable brightness such that the on-axis viewer can observe the image output by the display. This can thus reduce the "roll-off" that occurs in prior art displays, whereby for an on-axis viewer, the brightness is reduced towards the edge of the display.

[0009] The angle of the in-plane component of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal materials may vary monotonically along a given axis across at least a portion of the display device, and may not vary along a further axis perpendicular to the given axis.

[0010] The in-plane component of orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material may have an average direction parallel or orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction of at least one of the display polarizer and the additional polarizer. Advantageously, a front user may experience improved brightness and image uniformity.

[0011] The display polarizer and the additional polarizer have parallel electric vector transmission directions, which advantageously increases the transmission at desired viewing angles from the display.

[0012] Alternatively, the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material may vary monotonically along a predetermined axis across at least a portion of the display device, and may vary along a further axis perpendicular to the predetermined axis. Advantageously, it may be possible to reduce the variation in luminance across at least a portion of the display device in two mutually perpendicular directions. This may, for example, make it possible to create uniform luminance for off-axis viewers in two different directions relative to the display device, for example, for off-axis viewers to the side of the display device, and for off-axis viewers at angles above or below the display device. Thus, when used to provide uniformly reduced luminance, this may improve the privacy achieved by the display device.

[0013] At least one of the surface alignment layers can be arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, and each of the surface alignment layers can be arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.

[0014] At least one of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with a pretilt providing the in-plane component.

[0015] One of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent to the one of the surface alignment layers may vary monotonically along a predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device, and the other of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent to the other of the surface alignment layers may not vary monotonically along a predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device. Advantageously, the complexity of the structure can be reduced. Homogeneous alignment layers can be provided more conveniently with controlled alignment directions. An increase in the size of the polar regions with reduced brightness and increased reflectance can be achieved.

[0016] Each of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to provide alignment in adjacent liquid crystal materials with a respective in-plane component that lies in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in adjacent liquid crystal materials varying monotonically along a predetermined axis across at least a portion of the display device.

[0017] The angles of the in-plane components of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal materials may vary monotonically along a predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device, such that the directions of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer, the additional polarizer, and the at least one polarity-controlled retarder from a point on the at least a portion of the display device may be directed toward a common optical window in front of the display device. Advantageously, image uniformity may be increased for a display user and a level of security may be increased for a voyeur.

[0018] The angle of the in-plane component of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal materials may vary monotonically along a given axis across the display device, advantageously reducing complexity and cost and increasing uniformity across the display device.

[0019] The angle of the in-plane component of orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material may vary monotonically along a predetermined axis across the first portion of the display device. Advantageously, this may provide increased uniformity across the first portion of the display device for a user of that portion of the display device. Furthermore, this may provide increased uniformity of security for a voyeur of the first portion of the display device.

[0020] The angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material may also vary monotonically along a predetermined axis across the second portion of the display device. The angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material may vary monotonically along a predetermined axis across the first portion of the display device, such that a direction of maximum light emission from a point in the first portion of the display device may be directed toward a first common optical window in front of the display device, and the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material may vary monotonically along a predetermined axis across the second portion of the display device, such that a direction of maximum light emission from a point in the second portion of the display device may be directed toward a second common optical window in front of the display device that is different from the first common optical window. Advantageously, the uniformity across the second portion of the display device may be increased for users of that portion of the display device. Furthermore, the uniformity of the security level may be increased for voyeurs of the second portion of the display device. A central display for an automobile may be arranged with first and second privacy areas for passengers and the driver.

[0021] The additional polarizer and the at least one polarity-controlled retarder may be curved with a concave curvature. The spatial light modulator may be curved with a concave curvature. The additional polarizer, the at least one polarity-controlled retarder, and optionally the spatial light modulator may be curved with a concave curvature. Advantageously, the variation in luminance across the display device can be further reduced for both off-axis and on-axis viewers.

[0022] The liquid crystal retarder may be a switchable liquid crystal retarder further comprising electrodes arranged to apply a voltage to control the liquid crystal layer.

[0023] The display device may further comprise a control system arranged to control the voltage applied across the electrodes of the switchable liquid crystal retarder.

[0024] The at least one polarity controlled delay may further comprise at least one passive compensation delay.

[0025] The spatial light modulator may be a light-emitting spatial light modulator and the display polarizer may be an output polarizer disposed on the output side of the light-emitting spatial light modulator.

[0026] The spatial light modulator may be a transmissive spatial light modulator, and the display polarizer may be an output polarizer disposed on the output side of the transmissive spatial light modulator.

[0027] The display device may further comprise a reflective polarizer disposed between the output polarizer and the at least one polarity-controlled retarder, the reflective polarizer being a linear polarizer disposed to pass the same linearly polarized polarization component as the output polarizer.

[0028] The display device may further comprise an input polarizer disposed on an input side of the spatial light modulator, the input polarizer being a linear polarizer, a further additional polarizer disposed on the input side of the input polarizer, and at least one further polarity-controlled retarder disposed between the output polarizer and the further additional polarizer, the at least one polarity-controlled retarder comprising a liquid crystal retarder comprising a layer of liquid crystal material and two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material, at least one of the surface alignment layers being arranged to provide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that is in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material varying monotonically along a predetermined axis across at least a portion of the display device.

[0029] Advantageously, the use of additional polarity-controlled retarders and associated polarizers may further reduce the brightness of light to off-axis viewers, thereby further improving the privacy function of the display device. Each polarity-controlled retarder, together with its associated polarizer, can independently reduce the brightness in the off-axis direction. Two polarity-controlled retarders and their associated polarizers together may have a synergistic effect in reducing the brightness off-axis. This can therefore significantly reduce the brightness to off-axis viewers.

[0030] The embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in a variety of optical systems. The embodiments can include or operate with a variety of projectors, projection systems, optical components, displays, microdisplays, computer systems, processors, self-contained projection systems, visual and / or audiovisual systems, and electrical and / or optical devices. Aspects of the present disclosure can be used with virtually any apparatus related to optical and electrical devices, optical systems, presentation systems, or any apparatus that may include any type of optical system. Thus, the embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in optical systems, devices used in visual and / or optical presentations, visual peripherals, and the like, as well as in numerous computing environments.

[0031] Before proceeding to details of the disclosed embodiments, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application or construction to the details of the particular arrangements shown, since other embodiments are possible. Moreover, aspects of the disclosure can be described in different combinations and arrangements to define unique embodiments in themselves. Also, the terminology used herein is for purposes of description and not of limitation.

[0032] These and other advantages and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present disclosure in its entirety. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0033] Embodiments are illustrated by way of example in the accompanying figures, in which like reference numbers indicate similar parts, and in which:

[0034] [Figure 1A] FIG. 13 is a side perspective view of a transmissive display device that provides uniform luminance reduction in a direction. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B is a front view of the layer stack of the display device of FIG. 1A. [Diagram 2] 1 is a side perspective view of a light emitting display device that provides uniform luminance reduction in a direction. [Figure 3A] FIG. 1B is a front view of a surface alignment layer of the display device of FIG. 1A, where the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment varies along a first axis and a second axis. [Figure 3B] FIG. 1B is a front view of a surface alignment layer of the display device of FIG. 1A, where the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment varies along a first axis. [Figure 4] 3B is a graph of the in-plane component of the angle of alignment provided by the surface alignment layer of FIG. 3A. [Figure 5A] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a polarity-controlled retarder applicable in FIG. 1, which comprises a homogeneously oriented switchable LC retarder and a passive crossed A-plate retarder; [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a perspective view of the liquid crystal orientation in the liquid crystal retarder of FIG. 5A. [Figure 6] 5B is a graph of LC director angle across thickness for the homogeneously aligned switchable LC of FIG. 5A. [Figure 7] FIG. 1B is a side view of the propagation of output light from the SLM through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacy mode. [Figure 8] FIG. 1B is a side view of the propagation of ambient illumination light through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacy mode. [Figure 9A] 1 is a schematic top view of a display device showing the observation viewing angles of a privacy display. [Figure 9B] 1B is a graph of the output luminance of the display device of FIG. 1A at different viewing angles. [Figure 9C] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a viewer and a surface alignment layer of a display device of a prior art device. [Figure 10A] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 90° orientation. [Figure 10B]FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of orientation of 85°. [Figure 10C] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 80° orientation. [Figure 10D] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 70° orientation. [Figure 10E] 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of 90° orientation. [Figure 10F] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of 95° orientation. [Figure 10G] 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of orientation of 100°. [Figure 10H] 5B is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of orientation of 110°. [Figure 11A]FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 90° orientation. [Figure 11B] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 85° orientation. [Figure 11C] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 80° orientation. [Figure 11D] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with an in-plane component angle of 70° orientation. [Figure 11E] 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of 90° orientation. [Figure 11F] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of 95° orientation. [Figure 11G] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of orientation of 100°. [Figure 11H]FIG. 5B is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device on the left side of the display with an in-plane component angle of orientation of 110°. [Figure 12A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a viewer in front of a flat-panel display device. [Figure 12B] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a viewer in front of a curved display device. [Figure 13A] FIG. 1 is a top view of a center stack display for an automobile. [Figure 13B] FIG. 13B is a top view of the alignment layer for displaying FIG. 13A. [Figure 13C] FIG. 1 is a top view of an alternative center stack display for an automobile; [Figure 13D] FIG. 13D is a top view of an alignment layer for the display of FIG. 13C. [Figure 13E] FIG. 13D is a schematic top view of a display device showing the observation viewing angles of the display of FIG. 13C. [Figure 13F] 13D is a graph showing the variation in luminance with polarity direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 13C at different positions across the display. [Figure 13G] 13D is a graph showing the variation in luminance with polarity direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 13C at different positions across the display. [Figure 13H] 13D is a graph showing the variation in luminance with polarity direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 13C at different positions across the display. [Figure 14A] 1A and 1B are top and perspective views of a pair of tiled display devices angled relative to each other. [Figure 14B] 1A and 1B are top and perspective views of a pair of tiled display devices angled relative to each other. [Figure 15A] 1A and 1B show top and perspective views of a pair of tiled display devices in-plane with respect to each other. [Figure 15B]1A and 1B show top and perspective views of a pair of tiled display devices in-plane with respect to each other. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a polarity-controlled retarder applicable in FIG. 1, which comprises a homogeneously aligned switchable LC retarder and a negative C-plate retarder; [Figure 17A] 17 is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 at different points on the display device with an in-plane component angle of 80° orientation. [Figure 17B] 17 is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 at different points on the display device with an in-plane component angle of 90° orientation. [Figure 17C] 17 is a graph showing the change in brightness with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 at different points on the display device with an in-plane component angle of 100° orientation. [Figure 17D] 17 is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 at different points on the display device with an in-plane component angle of 80° orientation. [Figure 17E] 17 is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 at different points on the display device with an in-plane component angle of 90° orientation. [Figure 17F] 17 is a graph showing the change in reflectance with polar orientation of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 at different points on the display device with an in-plane component angle of 100° orientation. [Figure 18A]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a polarity-controlled retarder applicable in FIG. 1, which comprises a switchable LC retarder with homeotropic alignment and a negative C-plate retarder in privacy operation mode. [Figure 18B] 18B is a graph of LC director angle across thickness for the homeotropically aligned switchable LC of FIG. 18A. [Figure 19A] A perspective view of a polarity-controlled retarder applicable to Figure 1, which comprises a switchable LC retarder with homeotropic and homogeneous alignment and a negative C-plate retarder, in which the alignment direction of the homeotropic alignment layer is common across the lateral direction and the alignment direction of the homogeneous alignment layer changes across the lateral direction. [Figure 19B] 19B is a graph of LC director angle across thickness for the homeotropic and homogeneous aligned switchable LCs of FIG. 19A. [Figure 19C] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a polarity-controlled retarder applicable to FIG. 1, which comprises a switchable LC retarder with homeotropic and homogeneous alignment between a negative C-plate retarder, in which the alignment directions of the homogeneous alignment layer and the homeotropic alignment layer each vary across the lateral direction. [Figure 20A] FIG. 1B is a side perspective view of a display device that is modified compared to the display device of FIG. 1A. [Figure 20B] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of two sets of polarity-controlled retarders applicable in FIG. 1, each comprising a homogeneously aligned switchable LC retarder and a negative C-plate retarder. [Figure 21] FIG. 2 is a side view of an apparatus for producing a surface alignment layer having varying alignment angles over its area. [Figure 22] 22A-22C are front views showing the mask of the device seen in FIG. 21 in different positions and the polarization of the light rays in their corresponding positions. [Figure 23A] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a retarder layer with off-axis light. [Figure 23B]FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a retarder layer with off-axis light of a first linear polarization state at 0 degrees. [Figure 23C] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a retarder layer with off-axis light of a first linear polarization state at 90 degrees. [Figure 23D] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a retarder layer with off-axis light of a first linear polarization state at 45 degrees. [Figure 24A] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a C-plate retarder with off-axis polarized light with a positive elevation angle. [Figure 24B] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a C-plate retarder with off-axis polarized light with a negative lateral angle. [Figure 24C] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a C-plate retarder with off-axis polarized light with positive elevation and negative lateral angles. [Figure 24D] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a C-plate retarder with off-axis polarized light with positive elevation and positive lateral angles. [Figure 24E] 24A-24D are graphs showing the variation in output transmission with polar orientation of the transmitted light beam. [Figure 25A] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a crossed A-plate retarder layer by off-axis polarized light with a positive elevation angle. [Figure 25B] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a crossed A-plate retarder layer by off-axis polarized light with a negative lateral angle. [Figure 25C] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a crossed A-plate retarder layer with off-axis polarized light with positive elevation and negative lateral angles. [Figure 25D] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of illumination of a crossed A-plate retarder layer with off-axis polarized light with positive elevation and positive lateral angles. [Figure 25E] 25A-25D are graphs showing the change in output transmission depending on the polar direction of the transmitted light beam. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0035] We now explain the terminology associated with optical retarders for the purposes of this disclosure.

[0036] In a layer comprising a uniaxially birefringent material, there is a direction that dominates the optical anisotropy, but all directions perpendicular to it (or at a given angle relative to it) have equivalent birefringence.

[0037] The optical axis of the optical retarder refers to the direction of propagation of light rays in a uniaxially birefringent material where no birefringence occurs, which is different from the optical axis of the optical system, which may be, for example, parallel to a line of symmetry or perpendicular to the display surface through which the chief ray propagates.

[0038] For light propagating perpendicular to the optic axis, the optic axis is the slow axis when linearly polarized light with the electric vector parallel to the slow axis travels at the slowest speed. The slow axis direction is the direction in which the refractive index is highest at the design wavelength. Similarly, the fast axis direction is the direction in which the refractive index is lowest at the design wavelength.

[0039] For uniaxial birefringent materials with positive dielectric anisotropy, the slow axis direction is the extraordinary axis of the birefringent material. For uniaxial birefringent materials with negative dielectric anisotropy, the fast axis direction is the extraordinary axis of the birefringent material.

[0040] The terms half-wave and quarter-wave refer to the operation of the retarder relative to a design wavelength λ0, which may typically be between 500 nm and 570 nm. In this embodiment, exemplary retardation values ​​are provided for a wavelength of 550 nm, unless otherwise specified.

[0041] A retarder provides a phase shift between the two perpendicularly polarized components of a light wave incident on it and is characterized by the amount of relative phase it imparts to the two polarization components, Γ, which is related to the birefringence Δn and the retarder thickness d as follows: Γ=2.π.Δn.d / λ0 Equation 1

[0042] In Equation 1, Δn is defined as the difference between the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices, i.e. Δn=n e -n o formula 2

[0043] For a half-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ0 is chosen such that the phase shift between the polarization components is Γ=π. For a quarter-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ0 is chosen such that the phase shift between the polarization components is Γ=π / 2.

[0044] The term half-wave retarder herein typically refers to light propagating perpendicular to the retarder and perpendicular to the spatial light modulator.

[0045] We now describe some aspects of the propagation of light rays through a transparent retarder between a pair of polarizers.

[0046] The state of polarization (SOP) of a beam of light is represented by the relative amplitude and phase shift between any two orthogonally polarized components. A transparent retarder does not change the relative amplitude of these orthogonally polarized components, but only affects their relative phase. Providing a net phase shift between the orthogonally polarized components changes the SOP, while maintaining the net relative phase preserves the SOP. In this description, the SOP may be referred to as the state of polarization.

[0047] A linear SOP has a non-zero amplitude polarization component and an orthogonal polarization component with zero amplitude.

[0048] A linear polarizer transmits a unique linear SOP that has a linear polarization component parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the linear polarizer and attenuates light with a different SOP.

[0049] An absorbing polarizer is one that absorbs one polarization component of incident light and transmits a second, orthogonal polarization component. An example of an absorbing linear polarizer is a dichroic polarizer.

[0050] A reflective polarizer is a polarizer that reflects one polarization component of incident light and transmits a second orthogonal polarization component. Examples of reflective polarizers that are linear polarizers include multilayer polymer film stacks such as DBEF™ or APF™ manufactured by 3M, or wire grid polarizers such as ProFlux™ manufactured by Moxtek. A reflective linear polarizer may further comprise a cholesteric reflective material and a quarter-wave plate arranged in series.

[0051] A retarder placed between a linear polarizer and a parallel linear analyzing polarizer, which introduces no relative net phase shift, provides complete transmission of light except for residual absorption in the linear polarizer.

[0052] A retarder, which provides a relative net phase shift between the orthogonal polarization components, changes the SOP and provides attenuation at the analyzing polarizer.

[0053] In this disclosure, "A-plate" refers to an optical retarder that utilizes a layer of birefringent material whose optic axis is parallel to the plane of the layer.

[0054] A "positive A-plate" refers to a positively birefringent A-plate, i.e., an A-plate with a positive Δn.

[0055] In this disclosure, a "C-plate" refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of birefringent material whose optic axis is perpendicular to the plane of the layer. A "positive C-plate" refers to a positively birefringent C-plate, i.e., a C-plate with positive Δn. A "negative C-plate" refers to a negatively birefringent C-plate, i.e., a C-plate with negative Δn.

[0056] "O-plate" refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of birefringent material whose optic axis has a component parallel to the plane of the layer and a component perpendicular to the plane of the layer. "Positive O-plate" refers to a positively birefringent O-plate, i.e., an O-plate with a positive Δn.

[0057] An achromatic retarder can be provided, the retarder material being provided with a retardation characteristic Δn.d that varies with wavelength λ. Δn.d / λ=K Equation 3

[0058] Here, K is substantially constant.

[0059] Examples of suitable materials include modified polycarbonates manufactured by Teijin Films, Inc. In this embodiment, an achromatic retarder may be provided to advantageously minimize color shifts between polar angle viewing directions with less luminance reduction and those with increased luminance reduction, as described below.

[0060] Various other terms used in this disclosure in connection with retarders and liquid crystals will now be explained.

[0061] A liquid crystal cell has a retardation characteristic given by Δn.d, where Δn is the birefringence of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal cell and d is the thickness of the liquid crystal cell, which is independent of the orientation of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal cell.

[0062] Uniform alignment refers to the alignment of liquid crystals in a switchable liquid crystal display where the molecules are aligned substantially parallel to the substrates. Uniform alignment is sometimes called planar alignment. Uniform alignment can typically be provided with a small pretilt, such as 2 degrees, so that the molecules at the surface of the alignment layer of the liquid crystal cell are slightly tilted, as explained below. The pretilt is arranged to minimize degeneracy in switching the cell.

[0063] In this disclosure, vertical alignment is the state in which rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially perpendicular to the substrate. For discotic liquid crystals, vertical alignment is defined as the state in which the axis of the column structure formed by the disc-shaped liquid crystal molecules is aligned perpendicular to the surface. In vertical alignment, the pretilt is the tilt angle of the molecules close to the alignment layer, which is usually close to 90 degrees, and can be, for example, 88 degrees.

[0064] In twisted liquid crystal layers, a twisted configuration (also known as a helical structure or helix) of nematic liquid crystal molecules is provided. The twist can be achieved by non-parallel alignment of the alignment layers. In addition, cholesteric dopants can be added to the liquid crystal material to eliminate the degeneracy of the twist direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) and to further control the pitch of the twist in the relaxed (usually undriven) state. Supertwisted liquid crystal layers have a twist of more than 180 degrees. Twisted nematic layers used in spatial light modulators typically have a twist of 90 degrees.

[0065] Liquid crystal molecules with positive dielectric anisotropy can be switched from a uniform alignment (such as an A-plate retarder alignment) to a perpendicular alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plate retarder alignment) by an applied electric field.

[0066] Liquid crystal molecules with negative dielectric anisotropy can be switched from a vertical alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plate retarder alignment) to a uniform alignment (such as an A-plate retarder alignment) by an applied electric field.

[0067] Rod-like molecules have positive birefringence, so n e >n o Since discotic molecules have negative birefringence, n e <n o It is.

[0068] Positive retarders such as A-plates, positive O-plates, and positive C-plates can usually be provided by stretched films or rod-like liquid crystal molecules. Negative retarders such as negative C-plates can be provided by stretched films or discotic-like liquid crystal molecules.

[0069] Parallel liquid crystal cell alignment refers to the alignment direction of the uniform alignment layer being parallel or, more commonly, antiparallel. In the case of a pretilted vertical alignment, the alignment layer may have components that are substantially parallel or antiparallel. A hybrid alignment liquid crystal cell may have one uniform alignment layer and one vertical alignment layer. A twisted liquid crystal cell may be provided by alignment layers that do not have parallel alignment, for example oriented at 90 degrees to each other.

[0070] The transmissive spatial light modulator may further include a retarder between the input and output viewing polarizers, for example as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 8,237,876, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Such a retarder (not shown) is in a different location than the passive retarder of the present embodiment. Such a retarder compensates for contrast reduction for off-axis viewing positions, which is a different effect than the brightness reduction for off-axis viewing positions of the present embodiment.

[0071] The private operating mode of a display is one in which the observer sees a low contrast sensitivity so that the image is not clearly visible. Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to distinguish different levels of luminance in a still image. Inverse contrast sensitivity can be used as a measure of visual security, in that a high visual security level (VSL) corresponds to low image visibility.

[0072] For a privacy display that presents an image to a viewer, visual security is obtained as follows. V=(Y+R) / (YK) Equation 4

[0073] where V is the visual security level (VSL), Y is the luminance of the white state of the display at the voyeur's viewing angle, K is the luminance of the black state of the display at the voyeur's viewing angle, and R is the luminance of the reflected light from the display.

[0074] The contrast ratio of the panel is given by: C=Y / K formula 5

[0075] So the visual security level can further be given as: V=(PY max +I.ρ / π) / (P.(Y max -Y max / C)) Equation 6

[0076] Here, Y max is the maximum luminance of the display, P is the off-axis relative luminance, usually max is defined as the ratio of luminance at the voyeur angle to the luminance at the voyeur angle, C is the image contrast ratio, p is the surface reflectance, and I is the illuminance. max The units of are the units of I divided by the solid angle in steradians.

[0077] The brightness of the display varies with angle, so the maximum brightness of the display, Y max occurs at a particular angle depending on the display configuration.

[0078] For most displays, the maximum brightness Y max occurs at the front, i.e. perpendicular to the display. Any display device disclosed herein has a maximum luminance Y max In that case, the maximum luminance of the display device, Y max may be replaced by a reference to the luminance perpendicular to the display device.

[0079] Alternatively, any display described herein may have a maximum luminance Y occurring at a polar angle relative to the normal of the display device that is greater than 0°. max As an example, the maximum brightness Y maxmay occur at non-zero polar angles and azimuth angles, for example, with a zero lateral angle, so that maximum brightness is for an on-axis user looking down at the display device. The polar angle may be, for example, 10 degrees, and the azimuth angle may be northward (90 degrees counterclockwise from east). Thus, desirably, a viewer can see high brightness at normal non-vertical viewing angles.

[0080] The off-axis relative luminance P is sometimes referred to as the privacy level, however such privacy level P describes the relative luminance of a display at a given polar angle compared to the luminance at the front, and is not a measure of the appearance of privacy.

[0081] Illuminance I is the luminous flux per unit area that is incident on the display and reflected from the display towards the observer's position. For Lambertian illuminance and for displays with Lambertian front diffuser illuminance, I is invariant with polar and azimuth angles. For configurations with a display with a non-Lambertian front diffuser placed in an environment with directional (non-Lambertian) ambient light, illuminance I varies with polar and azimuth angles of observation.

[0082] Thus, in a completely dark environment, a high-contrast display has a VSL of approximately 1.0. As ambient illuminance increases, the perceived image contrast deteriorates, the VSL increases, and a private image is perceived.

[0083] For a typical LCD display, the panel contrast C exceeds 100:1 at almost all viewing angles, so the visual security level can be roughly calculated as follows: V = 1 + I.ρ / (π.PY max ) Equation 7

[0084] In this embodiment, in addition to the exemplary definition of Equation 4, other measures V of visual security level may be provided to include, for example, the effect of the voyeur's location, image contrast, image color and white point, and dependent image feature sizes on image visibility to a voyeur. Thus, the visual security level may be a measure of the degree of privacy of a display, but may not be limited to the parameter V.

[0085] The security of the perceived image can be determined from the logarithmic response of the eye, which is S=log 10 (V) Equation 8

[0086] The desired limits of S were determined as follows: In a first step, a privacy display device was provided. Measurements of the change in privacy level P(θ) of the display device with polar viewing angles and the change in reflectance ρ(θ) of the display device with polar viewing angles were made using a photopic measurement instrument. A light source, such as a light box of substantially uniform luminance, was positioned to provide illumination to a viewer position at a polar angle greater than 0° relative to the normal to the display device from an illumination area positioned to illuminate the privacy display device along a direction of incidence for reflection. The change in illuminance I(θ) of the substantially Lambertian luminance light box with polar viewing angles was determined by measuring the change in the recorded reflected luminance with polar viewing angles, taking into account the change in reflectance ρ(θ). The measurements of P(θ), r(θ), and I(θ) were used to determine the change in security factor S(θ) with polar viewing angles along the zero elevation axis.

[0087] In a second step, a series of high-contrast images were presented to the privacy display, including (i) small text images with a maximum font height of 3 mm, (ii) large text images with a maximum font height of 30 mm, and (iii) a moving image.

[0088] In the third step, each observer (using vision correction for viewing at 1000 mm if necessary) viewed each of the images from a distance of 1000 m and adjusted the polar coordinate angle at zero altitude until the image was no longer visible with one eye from a location on the display at or near the centerline of the display. The polar positions of the observer's eyes were recorded. From the relationship S(θ), the security factor at that polar position was determined. Measurements were made for a variety of images, a variety of display luminances Y max , was repeated for different light box illuminances I(q=0), different background lighting conditions, and different observers.

[0089] From the above measurements, S<1.0 provides low or no visual security, 1.0≦S<1.5 provides visual security that depends on the contrast, spatial frequency, and temporal frequency of the image content, 1.5≦S<1.8 provides acceptable image invisibility (i.e., no image contrast is observable) for most images and most observers, and S≧1.8 provides complete image invisibility for all observers, regardless of image content.

[0090] On a real display device, this means that S ≥ S min This means that it is desirable to provide values ​​of S for off-axis viewers who are voyeurs and satisfy the relationship min A value of 1.0 or more achieves the effect that off-axis viewers cannot perceive the displayed image, and S min A value of 1.5 or greater achieves the effect that the displayed image is invisible, i.e., for most images and most observers, the viewer cannot perceive that an image is being displayed, or min Values ​​of 1.8 or greater achieve the effect that the displayed image is invisible to all observers, regardless of image content.

[0091] Compared to privacy displays, the desirable wide-angle displays are easily viewed in standard ambient lighting conditions. One measure of image visibility is given by contrast sensitivity, such as the Michelson contrast, given by the following formula: M=(I max -I min ) / (I max +I min ) Equation 9

[0092] So, M=((Y+R)-(K+R)) / ((Y+R)+(K+R))=(YK) / (Y+K+2.R) Equation 10

[0093] Therefore, the visual security level (VSL) is equivalent (but not identical) to 1 / M and V. In this study, for a given off-axis relative luminance P, the visibility W of a wide-angle image is approximated as follows: W=1 / V=1 / (1+I.ρ / π.PY max )) Equation 11

[0094] While the above discussion focuses on reducing the visibility of the displayed image to an off-axis viewer who is a voyeur, similar considerations also apply to the visibility of the displayed image to an intended user of a display device that is typically on-axis. In this case, a reduction in the level of the visual security level (VSL) V corresponds to an increase in the visibility of the image to the viewer. During observation, S<0.1 may provide acceptable visibility of the displayed image. For practical display devices, this may be achieved with a minimum of S≦S max This means that it is desirable to provide values ​​of S for on-axis viewers who are intended users of a display device that satisfy the relationship max The value of is 0.1.

[0095] In this study, the desired white point (u w ',v w Output color from (u w '+Δu',v wThe color change Δε of λ / (λ′+Δv′) can be determined by the CIELUV color difference metric, assuming a typical display spectral illuminant, as given by: Δε = (Δu' 2 +Δv' 2 ) 1 / 2 Formula 12

[0096] For example, switchable directional display devices comprising a plurality of retarders disposed between a display polarizer and an additional polarizer for use in privacy displays are described in US Patent Publication No. 2019 / 0086706, US Patent Publication No. 2019 / 0250458, US Patent Publication No. 2020 / 0225402, and WIPO Publication No. 2019 / 055755, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Directional display devices further comprising a reflective polarizer disposed between the display polarizer and the retarders are described in US Patent Publication No. 2019 / 0250458 and US Patent Publication No. 2019 / 0227366, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. A directional display polarizer including a passive retarder disposed between the display polarizer and an additional polarizer is described in US Patent Publication No. 2018 / 0321553, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0097] Curvature is a property of a curved line, and in this disclosure, it is the inverse radius of curvature. A plane has zero curvature.

[0098] The structure and operation of various directional display devices will now be described. In this description, common elements have common reference numbers. It should be noted that the disclosure regarding any element applies to each device in which the same or corresponding element is provided. Therefore, for the sake of brevity, such disclosure will not be repeated.

[0099] Figure 1A is a side perspective view of a display device 100 that provides uniformity of luminance reduction in a direction, and Figure 1B is a front view of a stack of layers of the display device of Figure 1A. Features of the embodiment of Figure 1B that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers in Figure 1A, including any potential variations of the features.

[0100] 1A shows a display device 100 for use with ambient illumination 604, which includes a spatial light modulator (SLM) 48 arranged to output light 400. The SLM 48 includes an input polarizer 210 arranged on an input side of the SLM 48 and an output polarizer 218 arranged on an output side of the SLM 48, the input polarizer 210 and the output polarizer 218 being the two display polarizers of the SLM. The input polarizer 210 and the output polarizer 218 are each linear polarizers.

[0101] The display device 100 also includes an additional polarizer 318 disposed on the same output side of the output polarizer 218 as the output polarizer 218, and a reflective polarizer 302 disposed between the output polarizer 218 and the additional polarizer 318. The additional polarizer 318 and the reflective polarizer 302 are each linear polarizers. Exemplary polarizers 210, 218, 318 can be polarizers such as dichroic polarizers.

[0102] The display device 100 also comprises at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300 disposed between the additional polarizer 318 and the output polarizer 218, the polarity-controlled retarder 300 including a liquid crystal retarder 301. The polarizer-controlled retarder 300 is also disposed between the reflective polarizer 302 and the additional polarizer 318. Furthermore, the reflective polarizer 302 is disposed between the output polarizer 218 and the polarity-controlled retarder 300. The electric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polarizer 302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polarizer 318. That is, the reflective polarizer 302 is a linear polarizer disposed to pass the same linear polarization component as the output polarizer 218. The electric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polarizer 302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 219 of the output polarizer 218.

[0103] The electric vector transmission direction 211 of the input polarizer 210 is orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction 219 of the output polarizer 218. Advantageously, the transmission of partially polarized light from the waveguide 1 through the input polarizer 210 can be increased.

[0104] In this disclosure, the SLM 48 may comprise a liquid crystal display comprising substrates 212, 216, a liquid crystal layer 214, and red, green, and blue pixels 220, 222, 224. The output polarizer 218 may be configured to provide a high extinction ratio for light from the pixels 220, 222, 224 of the SLM 48 and to prevent back reflections from the reflective polarizer 302 back into the pixels 220, 222, 224.

[0105] The backlight 20 can be arranged to illuminate the SLM 48, thereby providing a transmissive SLM 48, and can include an input light source 15, a waveguide 1, a rear reflector 3, and an optical stack 5 including diffusers, optical turning films, and other known optical backlight structures. Although a plurality of first light sources 15 is shown as a non-limiting example, generally there can be any number of one or more light sources 15. For example, an asymmetric diffuser, which can include asymmetric surface relief features, can be provided in the optical stack 5 to increase diffusion in the elevation direction compared to the lateral direction. Advantageously, image uniformity can be increased.

[0106] The display may further comprise a reflective recirculating polarizer 208 disposed between the backlight 20 and the SLM 48. The reflective recirculating polarizer 208 is different from the reflective polarizer 302 of this embodiment. The reflective recirculating polarizer 208 provides reflection of polarized light from the backlight 20 having a polarization orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction of the dichroic input polarizer 210. The reflective recirculating polarizer 208 does not reflect ambient light 604 to a voyeur.

[0107] Alternatively, the SLM 48 may be provided by other display types that provide the output light 400 by emitting light, such as an organic LED display (OLED) with an output polarizer 218. The output polarizer 218 may provide a reduction in brightness of the light reflected from the OLED pixel plane by one or more retarders 518 inserted between the output display polarizer 218 and the OLED pixel plane. The one or more retarders 518 may be quarter wave plates and are different from the retarders 330 of the present disclosure.

[0108] 1 embodiment, the polarity controlled delay 300 comprises a passive polarity controlled delay 330, i.e., at least one passive compensation delay and a layer of liquid crystal material provided by a switchable liquid crystal retarder. In general, the polarity controlled delay 300 may comprise any configuration of at least one retarder, some examples of which are present in the devices described below.

[0109] The at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300 can simultaneously introduce no net relative phase shift to the orthogonally polarized components of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302 along an axis along the normal to the plane of the at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300 and introduce a relative phase shift to the orthogonally polarized components of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302 along an axis tilted to the normal to the plane of the at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300. The polarity-controlled retarder 300 does not affect the intensity of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302, the polarity-controlled retarder 300, and the additional polarizer 318 along an axis along the normal to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 300. However, the polarity-controlled retarder 300 reduces the intensity of light passing through it along an axis tilted to the normal to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 300 in at least one of the switchable states of the switchable retarder 301. The principles behind this effect are explained in more detail below with reference to Figures 23A-25E and result from the presence or absence of a phase shift introduced by the polarity controlled retarder 300 to light along axes that are differently angled relative to the liquid crystal material of the polarity controlled retarder 300. A similar effect is achieved in all of the devices described below.

[0110] The polarity controlled retarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material and substrates 312, 316 arranged between a reflective polarizer 302 and an additional polarizer 318. Thus, at least one polarity controlled retarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414, and the at least one polarity controlled retarder 300 is arranged in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 such that, simultaneously, it introduces no net relative phase shift to the orthogonally polarized components of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302 along an axis normal to the plane of the at least one polarity controlled retarder 300, and it introduces a net relative phase shift to the orthogonally polarized components of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302 along an axis tilted to the normal to the plane of the at least one polarity controlled retarder.

[0111] The substrates 312, 316 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 are provided with electrodes 413, 415 (shown in Figure 5A) arranged to provide a voltage across the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 to control the layer 314. A control system 352 is arranged to control the voltage applied across the electrodes 413, 415 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 by a voltage driver 350.

[0112] The polarity controlled retarder further comprises two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414. Each of the surface alignment layers 419A, 419B is arranged to provide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 with in-plane components 417Ap, 417Bp, respectively, that lie in the plane of the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414.

[0113] In the region to the left of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417ALp on the first alignment layer 419A has an orientation angle 617AL. In the region near the center of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417ACp on the first alignment layer 419A has an orientation angle 617AC. In the region to the right of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417ARp on the first alignment layer 419A has an orientation angle 617AR.

[0114] As explained further below, in the region to the left of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417BLp on the second alignment layer 419B has an orientation angle 617BL. In the region near the center of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417BCp on the second alignment layer 419B has an orientation angle 617BC. In the region to the right of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417BRp on the second alignment layer 419B has an orientation angle 617BR.

[0115] In this embodiment, at least one of the angles 617A, 617B of the in-plane components of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along a given axis across at least a portion of display device 100, as described further below, e.g., with reference to Figure 4 below.

[0116] 1B where the SLM 48 is a liquid crystal display, the input electric vector transmission direction 211 at the input polarizer 210 may be transformed by the liquid crystal layer 214 to provide an output polarization component determined by the electric vector transmission direction 219 of the output polarizer 218. The electric vector transmission direction of the reflective polarizer 302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polarizer 218. Furthermore, the electric vector transmission direction of the output polarizer 218 and the electric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polarizer 302 are parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polarizer 318 in this example.

[0117] At least one passive retarder 330 of the at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300 is positioned to introduce no net relative phase shift to the orthogonally polarized components of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302 along an axis along the normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder, and to introduce a net relative phase shift to the orthogonally polarized components of light passing through the reflective polarizer 302 along an axis tilted to the normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder.

[0118] For example, as described in the example of FIG. 5A below, the liquid crystal material 414 is aligned with its in-plane components in the plane of the layer 314 of the liquid crystal material 414. FIG. 1B shows the orientation of the liquid crystal material 414 in the alignment layer 417A. The angles 617AL, 617AC, 617AR of the in-plane components 417ALp, 417ACp, 417ARp of the alignment of adjacent liquid crystal material 414 in the alignment layer 417A of the liquid crystal layer 314 vary monotonically along a predetermined axis 500 across at least a portion of the display device 100, providing the liquid crystal material 414 molecules 414ALp, 414ACp, and 414ARp with various orientations across the alignment layer 417A. When viewed from left to right, the angle 617 of the in-plane components of the material 414B increases from about 70 degrees for the material 414ALp, to 90 degrees for the material 414ACp, to about 110 degrees for the material 414ARp. In this case, angles are being determined for the in-plane component of liquid crystal material 414 from axis 500 rotating counterclockwise. Determining angles 617AL, 617AC, 617AR in this manner results in monotonically increasing angles. Alternatively, angles may be determined for the in-plane component of liquid crystal material in a clockwise direction from axis 500. In this case, the angles are monotonically decreasing.

[0119] The passive polarity controlled retarder 330 may comprise a retardation layer with a solid birefringent material 430, as described below, while the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 may comprise a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414.

[0120] Next, a light-emitting display device will be described.

[0121] 2 is a side perspective view of a light emitting display device 100 that provides uniformity of luminance reduction in a direction. Features of the embodiment of FIG. 2 that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0122] 2 is an alternative embodiment in which the spatial light modulator 48 is a light-emitting spatial light modulator and the display polarizer 218 is an output polarizer disposed on the output side of the transmissive spatial light modulator 48. The pixels 220, 222, 224 may be provided by light-emitting elements such as OLEDs, micro LEDs or other known light-emitting elements. Advantageously, the thickness may be reduced compared to the embodiment of FIG.

[0123] 1A and 1B, Fig. 2 also shows an alternative arrangement in which the electric vector transmission directions 219, 303, 319 of the output polarizer 218, the reflective polarizer 302, and the additional polarizer 318 may be orthogonal to the orientation direction with the in-plane component 417ACp. The operation of this embodiment is substantially the same for parallel or orthogonal orientation of the electric vector transmission directions 219, 303, 319 with the in-plane component 417ACp of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414AC. Advantageously, the transmission of light through sunglasses with a transmission direction parallel to the x-axis can be increased.

[0124] Next, the arrangement of the alignment layers 419A, 419B will be further described.

[0125] Figure 3A is a front view of the first surface alignment layer 419A of the display device 100 of Figure 1A, where the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment varies along first and second axes 500, 502. Features of the embodiment of Figure 3A that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0126] The surface alignment layer 419A may comprise materials that provide different alignment orientations across the surface alignment layer 419A, as described further below.

[0127] The top left material has an orientation 417ALU at an angle 617ALU relative to axis 500. The top center material has an orientation 417ACU at an angle 617ACU relative to axis 500. The rightmost material has an orientation 417ARU at an angle 617ARU relative to axis 500. As can be seen, the in-plane material angle 617AU of alignment layer 419A increases monotonically from left to right along axis 500. This alignment layer 419A thus causes the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414, liquid crystal layer 314, to vary monotonically along a given axis across at least a portion of display device 100, which corresponds to axis 500 of alignment layer 419A.

[0128] In the lower left portion of the orientation layer 419A, the material has an orientation 417ALD at an angle 617ALD relative to the axis 500.

[0129] At the bottom center of alignment layer 419A, the material has the same orientation 417ACD for orientation 417ACU at angle 617ACU and the same angle 617ACD relative to axis 500. In alternative embodiments, angles 617ACU, 617ACD may be different to provide brightness control in the vertical axis 502, as described further below.

[0130] Additionally, the material 414 in the lower right portion of alignment layer 419A has an orientation 417ARD at an angle 617ARD relative to axis 500. As shown, angle 617ALU is greater than angle 619ALD, which is greater than angle 619ARD. Thus, in addition to varying monotonically along axis 500, the angle of the in-plane component of alignment layer 419A, and thus the orientation of the adjacent liquid material, also varies monotonically along a further axis, indicated by axis 502 perpendicular to axis 500.

[0131] Advantageously, as will be explained below, this can increase the uniformity of illumination to the on-axis viewer.

[0132] Figure 3B is a front view of the surface alignment layer 419A of the display device of Figure 1A, where the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment 417A varies along the first axis 500 but not along the second axis 502. Features of the embodiment of Figure 3B that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0133] Thus, the orientation does not change along a further axis perpendicular to the given axis 500. Advantageously, an orientation layer can be provided to achieve improved brightness uniformity along the axis 500. The orientation layers 419A, 419B can be manufactured more conveniently than the arrangement of Figure 3A, as will be further described below with reference to Figures 21 and 22.

[0134] The second surface alignment layer 419B (not shown) may be the same as the first surface alignment layer 419A, or alternatively, it may be different. The alignment direction 417B on the second surface alignment layer 419B may be generally parallel or anti-parallel to the alignment direction 417A on the first alignment layer. As will be explained further below, this may advantageously increase uniformity laterally along the axis 500.

[0135] Some twist between the alignment directions 417A, 417B may be provided in the first and second alignment layers 419A, 419B. Advantageously, the rotational symmetry of the output profile may be increased. Furthermore, the number of substrates with varying alignment directions may be reduced, reducing cost and complexity.

[0136] Next, variations in the orientation angle 617 will be described.

[0137] FIG. 4 is a graph of the in-plane component of the angle of orientation 617 provided by the surface alignment layer 419A of FIG. 3A in a given direction 500 across the width of the active area of ​​the display device 100. The alignment directions shown by the profiles 504, 506, 508 vary monotonically across at least a portion of the display 100. The profiles 504, 506 show a linear variation of the alignment angle 617. In manufacturing, the slope of the profile can be changed to provide maximum uniformity for different nominal viewing distances of the primary viewer from the display device 100. For example, a high slope can be used for short viewing distances, while a display arranged to operate at a longer viewing distance can be provided with a lower slope of the profile 506. Advantageously, uniformity can be optimized.

[0138] Profile 508 illustrates a non-linear variation with angle 617 in a given direction 500. Such a profile may be provided to compensate for the non-linear variation of the luminance profile with viewing angle, for example, as further described with reference to Figures 10A-10H below.

[0139] In these examples, the in-plane component of at least one of the angles 617A, 617B of the in-plane components of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along a given axis, with an average direction parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polarizer 218 and the reflective polarizer 302 and the additional polarizer 318, and an average direction parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polarizer 218, the reflective polarizer 302 and the additional polarizer 318. More generally, if the electric vector transmission directions of the output polarizer 218, the reflective polarizer 302 and the additional polarizer 318 are not parallel, the average direction can be parallel or orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction of at least one of the output polarizer 218, the reflective polarizer 302 and the additional polarizer 318. However, this is not required. In other examples, the average direction can be at a non-zero acute angle with respect to one or more of the electric vector transmission directions of the output polarizer 218, the reflective polarizer 302 and the additional polarizer 318.

[0140] In the above examples, at least one of the angles 617A, 617B of the in-plane components of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal materials 414 varies monotonically along a predetermined axis across the entire display device 100. In other examples described below, at least one of the angles 617A, 617B of the in-plane components of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal materials 414 varies monotonically along a predetermined axis across a portion of the display device 100, in which case the technical effect is achieved in that portion.

[0141] Next, an exemplary polarity controlled delay arrangement is described.

[0142] FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a polarity controlled retarder 330, 301 that can be applied in FIG. 1, which comprises a homogeneously aligned switchable LC retarder 301 and passive crossed A-plate retarders 308A, 308B, and FIG. 5B is a perspective view of the orientation of the liquid crystal material 414 in the liquid crystal layer 314 of the liquid crystal polarity controlled retarder 301 of FIG. 5A.

[0143] In Figures 5A and 5B below and in other schematic diagrams, some layers of the optical stack have been omitted for clarity. For example, switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 is shown without substrates 312, 316. Features of the embodiment of Figure 5A that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0144] The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 with positive dielectric anisotropy.

[0145] The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B disposed adjacent to and on either side of a layer of liquid crystal material 421, each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 421 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material 414 with positive dielectric anisotropy. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 may have retardation characteristics for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in the range of 500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in the range of 600 nm to 850 nm, most preferably in the range of 700 nm to 800 nm. The passive polarity controlled retarder 330 further comprises a pair of passive retarders 308A, 308B having an optical axis in the plane of the retarder, i.e. they are crossed A-plates. Each of the pair of passive delays 308A, 308B has a delay characteristic for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in the range of 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in the range of 350 nm to 650 nm, and most preferably in the range of 450 nm to 550 nm.

[0146] In this embodiment, "crossing" refers to an angle of substantially 90° between the optical axes of the two retarders 308A, 308B in the plane of the retarders 308A, 308B. To reduce the cost of the retarder material, it is desirable to provide the material with some variation in retarder orientation, for example due to stretching errors during film manufacturing. Moving the retarder orientation away from the preferred direction may reduce the front brightness and increase the minimum transmission. Preferably, the angle 310A is at least 35° and at most 55°, more preferably at least 40° and at most 50°, most preferably at least 42.5° and at most 47.5°. Preferably, the angle 310B is at least 125° and at most 145°, more preferably at least 130° and at most 135°, most preferably at least 132.5° and at most 137.5°.

[0147] The passive retarders 308A, 308B can be implemented using stretched films to advantageously achieve low cost and high uniformity, further increasing the field of view of the liquid crystal retarders with homogeneous alignment and providing restoring power to the visibility of the flow of liquid crystal material during pressure application.

[0148] It may be desirable to provide the additional polarizer 318 with an electric vector transmission direction that is different from the electric vector transmission directions of the output polarizer 218 and the reflective polarizer 302 .

[0149] The liquid crystal retarder 301 further comprises transparent electrodes 413, 415 disposed across the layer 314 for controlling the liquid crystal material 414 and thereby the liquid crystal retarder. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 is switchable by adjusting the voltage applied to the electrodes 413, 415. The electrodes 413, 415 are on either side of the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and may be, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes.

[0150] Alignment layers 419 A, 419 B may be formed between the electrodes 413 , 415 and the liquid crystal material 414 of the layer 314 .

[0151] Next, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules 414 will be further described.

[0152] Considering the molecules 414A adjacent to the first alignment layer 417A, the optic axis direction 417A is determined by the pretilt angle 619A of the alignment layer 417A. For a non-zero pretilt angle 619A, a component 417Az of the optic axis alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 414A is provided, which is out of the plane in which the liquid crystal retarder 301 extends. The optic axis direction 417A is also determined by the orientation direction 617A of the alignment layer 417A in the region in which the molecules 414A are located (which may also be referred to as the rubbing direction). The component 417Ap of the liquid crystal molecules 414A is provided with an optic axis alignment direction that is in the plane in which the liquid crystal retarder 301 extends.

[0153] Considering the molecules 414B adjacent to the second alignment layer 417B, the optic axis direction 417B is determined by the pretilt angle 619B of the alignment layer 417B. For a non-zero pretilt angle 619B, a component 417Bz of the optic axis alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 414B is provided, which is out of the plane in which the liquid crystal retarder 301 extends. The optic axis direction 417B is also determined by the orientation direction 617B of the alignment layer 417B in the region in which the molecules 414B are located (which may also be referred to as the rubbing direction). The component 417Bp of the liquid crystal molecules 414B is provided with an optic axis alignment direction that is in the plane in which the liquid crystal retarder 301 extends.

[0154] In other words, the orientation angles 617A, 617B are determined by the pretilt directions 619A, 619B of the alignment layers 419A, 419B such that each alignment layer 419A, 419B has a pretilt. In the embodiment of Figure 5A, the pretilt of each alignment layer 419A, 419B has a pretilt direction with components 417Ap, 417Bp in the plane of the layer 314 that are parallel, anti-parallel or orthogonal to each other.

[0155] In the embodiment of Figure 5A, each of the surface alignment layers 419A, 419B is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. Such homogeneous alignment layers 419A, 419B may have a pretilt angle 619A, 619B, for example, of 2°.

[0156] A driver 350 provides a voltage V to electrodes 413, 415 across the layer 314 of switchable liquid crystal material 414 such that the liquid crystal molecules tilt at a tilt angle to the vertical, forming an O-plate. The plane of the tilt is determined by the pretilt direction of alignment layers 419A, 419B formed on the electrodes 413, 415 which are formed on the inner surfaces of the substrates 312, 316 (seen in Figure 1).

[0157] In typical use, to switch between a public mode and a privacy mode, the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 can be switched between two states. The first state is a public mode so that the display 100 can be used by multiple users, and the second state is a privacy mode for use by a primary user with minimal visibility by voyeurs. Switching can be by a voltage applied between the electrodes 413, 415.

[0158] In general, such a display 100 may be considered to have a first wide-angle state and a second reduced off-axis brightness state. Such a display 100 may provide a privacy display. In another application, or to provide controlled brightness to off-axis observers, for example in an automotive environment where a passenger or driver may desire some visibility of the displayed image without being completely obscured by intermediate voltage levels. In nighttime operation, stray light may be reduced. The display 100 may also provide a more uniform brightness reduction across at least a portion of the display 100 for off-axis viewers, while providing a more uniform brightness across at least a portion of the display for on-axis viewers.

[0159] The embodiment of Figure 5B further illustrates the variation in alignment direction with position along the horizontal axis 500. The alignment layers 419A, 419B have pre-tilts 619A, 619B, respectively, that are the same magnitude and are arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414.

[0160] At the left side of the display in the first alignment layer 419A, the liquid crystal molecules 414AL have an alignment direction 417AL with an out-of-plane component 417ALz and an in-plane component 417ALp at an acute angle 617AL from the axis 500. In the second alignment layer 419B, the liquid crystal molecules 414BL have an alignment direction 417BL with an out-of-plane component 417BLz and an in-plane component 417BLp at an acute angle 617BL from the axis 500. The directions 417ALp, 417BLp are anti-parallel.

[0161] At the right side of the display in the first alignment layer 419A, the liquid crystal molecules 414AR have an alignment direction 417AR with an out-of-plane component 417ARz and an in-plane component 417ARp at an acute angle 617AR from the axis 500. In the second alignment layer 419B, the liquid crystal molecules 414BR have an alignment direction 417BR with an out-of-plane component 417BRz and an in-plane component 417BRp at an obtuse angle 617BR from the axis 500. The directions 417ARp, 417BRp are anti-parallel.

[0162] At the center of the display, on the first alignment layer 419A, the liquid crystal molecules 414AC have an alignment direction 417AC with an out-of-plane component 417ACz and an in-plane component 417ACp at an acute angle 617AC from the axis 500. For the second alignment layer 419B, the liquid crystal molecules 414BC have an alignment direction 417BC with an out-of-plane component 417BCz and an in-plane component 417BCp at a right angle 617BC from the axis 500. The directions 417ACp, 417BCp are anti-parallel.

[0163] Next, the change in the orientation of liquid crystal molecules 414 passing through liquid crystal layer 314 will be described.

[0164] FIG. 6 is a graph of the LC director angle over its thickness for the homogeneously aligned switchable LC of FIG. 5A, showing the liquid crystal director angle 407 versus the position 440 of the fraction through the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 for a variety of different applied voltages. Profile 441 shows the tilt angle of the liquid crystal material 414 with no applied voltage, tilt profile 443 shows the director orientation for a first applied voltage used in the privacy mode, and tilt profile 445 shows the director orientation for a higher applied voltage used in the wide angle mode of operation. Thus, the liquid crystal layer is normally spread out in the desired switching state and compensated for by the compensation retarder 330. Increasing the voltage gradually reduces the thickness of the retarder 301 where the spread exists, advantageously increasing the polar viewing field where the transmission is at a maximum once the level of privacy operation is exceeded.

[0165] The spreading shown in FIG. 6 by profiles 443 , 445 is through the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 314 and is distinct from the change in the angle 617 of the alignment direction in the alignment layer 419 .

[0166] Next, consider the propagation of polarized light from the output polarizer 218 in both on-axis and off-axis directions.

[0167] 7 is a side view of the propagation of output light from the SLM 48 through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in privacy mode. When the layer 314 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 is in the second of its two states, seen in FIG. 5A, the polarity-controlled retarder 300 does not provide an overall transformation of the polarization component 360, and outputs a ray 400 passing through it along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder. However, the polarity-controlled retarder does provide an overall transformation of the polarization component 361 for a ray 402 passing through it at some polar angles that are acute perpendicular to the plane of the retarder. Features of the embodiment of FIG. 7 that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0168] Polarization component 360 from the output polarizer 218 is transmitted by the reflective polarizer 302 and enters the polarity controlled retarder 300, which comprises a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 and a passive polarizer controlled retarder 330. On-axis light has a polarization component 362 that is unaltered from component 360 when it leaves the polarity controlled retarder 300. Off-axis light has a polarization component 364 that is transformed by the polarity controlled retarder 300 when it leaves the polarity controlled retarder 300. Polarization component 361 may be transformed into a linear polarization component 364 that is absorbed by the additional polarizer 318. More generally, polarization component 361 may be transformed into an elliptically polarized component that is partially absorbed by the additional polarizer 318.

[0169] Thus, a polar representation of the transmission through the polar controlled retarder 300 and the additional polarizer 318 in privacy mode at different polar angles provides areas of high transmission and areas of low transmission.

[0170] The polar distribution of light transmission modifies the polar distribution of the underlying luminance output of the SLM 48. If the SLM 48 comprises a directional backlight 20, the off-axis luminance can be further reduced as described above.

[0171] Advantageously, a privacy display is provided that has low brightness for off-axis voyeurs while maintaining high brightness for on-axis observers.

[0172] Fig. 8 is a side view of the propagation of ambient illumination light through the optical stack of Fig. 1A in a privacy mode. Features of the embodiment of Fig. 8 that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0173] An ambient light source 604 illuminates the display device 100 with unpolarized light. The additional polarizer 318 transmits the light ray 410 perpendicular to the display surface with a first polarization component 372 that is a linear polarization component parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polarizer 318.

[0174] As shown, light ray 410 passes through polarity-controlled retarder 300 before entering reflective polarizer 302. In both operating conditions, polarization component 372 remains unaltered by retarder 300, such that the transmitted polarization component 382 is parallel to the transmission axes of reflective polarizer 302 and output polarizer 218. Thus, ambient light passes through SLM 48 and is lost.

[0175] In comparison, for the off-axis light ray 412, the additional polarizer 318 transmits a portion of the light ray 412 with a first polarization component 372, which is a linear polarization component parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polarizer. The off-axis light ray 412 is directed through the polarity-controlled retarder 300, and its first polarization component 372 is altered to become an altered polarization component 374. The light ray 412 with the altered polarization component 374 is incident on the reflective polarizer 302. Since the altered polarization component 374 is different from the transmission axis of the reflective polarizer 302, the light ray 412 can be reflected by the reflective polarizer 302. After passing through the retarder 300, the altered polarization component 374 is converted back to a polarization component 376 and transmitted through the additional polarizer 318.

[0176] Thus, when the layer 314 of liquid crystal material is in this state, the polarity-controlled retarder 300 does not generally convert the polarization component 372 to ambient light rays 410 that pass through the additional polarizer 318 and then pass through the polarity-controlled retarder 300 along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder. Thus, the reflective polarizer 302 does not provide a reflection of the ambient light rays 410 that pass through the additional polarizer 318 and then pass through the polarity-controlled retarder 300 along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 300. However, the polarity-controlled retarder 300 does generally convert the polarization component 372 to ambient light rays 412 that pass through the absorptive polarizer 318 and then pass through the polarity-controlled retarder 300 at several polar angles that are acute perpendicular to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 300. This causes reflected ambient light rays 412 to pass through the additional polarizer 318 and then through the polarity-controlled retarder 300 at several polar angles that are acute angles perpendicular to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 300, and the light rays 412 reflected by the reflective polarizer 302 pass back through the polarity-controlled retarder 300 and are then transmitted by the additional polarizer 318.

[0177] Advantageously, the polar distribution of light reflections provides high reflectance at typical voyeur positions, via the privacy state of the polarity-controlled retarder 300, while maintaining low reflectance for on-axis observers. Thus, in the privacy mode of operation, reflectance at off-axis viewing positions is increased, reducing the brightness of off-axis light from the SLM. As noted above, such increased reflectance increases the visual security level of the display in ambiently lit environments.

[0178] Next, the operation of the privacy display for viewers and voyeurs will be further described.

[0179] Figure 9A is a schematic top view of display device 100 showing the change in viewing angle of display device 100 across its width. Figure 9B is a graph showing the change in luminance with polar direction of light output from a center point of display device 100 including polarity controlled retarder 300 of Figure 5A. Figure 9C is a perspective view of user 45 and surface alignment layer of prior art display device 1.

[0180] The display 100 comprises a liquid crystal polarity controlled retarder 301, where the angle 617 of the in-plane component 417 of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along a given axis 500 across at least a portion of the display device, as shown elsewhere in this document.

[0181] In the alternative embodiment of FIG. 9A, the angle of the in-plane component 417 of orientation in adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along a given axis across the display device 100.

[0182] The directions indicated by the rays 450R, 450C, 450L of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer 218, the additional polarizer 318, and the at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300 from points 470R, 470C, 470L of the at least one portion of the display device 100 are directed toward a common optical window 26 in front of the display device 100. In operation, the optical window 26 in the window surface 197 may be provided at a window distance Zw that is typically equal to or greater than the nominal viewing distance 480. Alternatively, the optical window 26 may be referred to as an optical pupil, and the output of the display 100 may be described as pupil-formed. Advantageously, a desired uniformity variation across the display 100 may be provided to the user 45.

[0183] 9A, an on-axis observer 45, centrally positioned with respect to the display 100, is aligned with the optical axis 199 perpendicular to the display. Thus, a light ray 450C with a polar angle of 0 degrees from a central location point 470C is directed in the normal direction towards the primary user 45.

[0184] A first light ray 450R propagating from a point 470R on the right side of the display 100 propagates into the display 100 towards the user 45 at a first angle 453 with respect to the normal 199. For a voyeur 47 positioned at a distance to the right of the display 100, a second light ray 456 propagating from a point 470L on the left edge of the display 100 towards the voyeur 47 propagates into the display 100 at a second angle 457 with respect to the normal 199.

[0185] As shown, the first angle 453 and the second angle 457 can be relatively similar in size.

[0186] Referring to FIG. 9B, in a display device 100 with a large viewing angle 460 for a primary user 45, where the angle of the in-plane component of the liquid crystal in the plane of the retarder is uniform across the display, as shown in FIG. 9C, the luminance 463 of a point 470R on the display where light ray 450R is emitted at angle 453 is the same or similar to the luminance 467 of a voyeur 47 of light ray 456 at angle 457 from point 470L, which is undesirable to the user 45.

[0187] 9C, this also results in a brightness roll-off across the display 100, with the brightness being brightest at the center of the display and gradually decreasing to a minimum at the edges of the display 100. The change in brightness across the display 100 may be noticed by the observer 45 and may be undesirable.

[0188] 9C, it is generally desirable for light ray 450R to be observable by user 45 and for light ray 456 to have low brightness and high reflectivity to voyeur 47. Furthermore, it is desirable for the brightness across at least a portion of display device 100 to be provided with high uniformity to user 45 at nominal viewing distance 480.

[0189] In this embodiment, the display 100 provides an alignment of adjacent liquid crystal material 414 with an in-plane component that is in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material 314, and the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material varies monotonically along a given axis across at least a portion of the display device 100. Different angle-dependent brightness is achieved at different points 470C, 470R, 470L across at least a portion of the display. Thus, with the appropriate in-plane angle of the liquid crystal material 314, the first light ray 450R may have a brightness that is observable by the user 45, and a light ray 456 traveling at an angle 457 similar to the angle 453 of the first light ray 450R may have a reduction in brightness that is not observable by the voyeur 47. This may be achieved across the full width of the display 100 by the liquid crystal material 314 adjacent to two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B, having an in-plane component with an angle that varies monotonically along an axis across at least a portion of the display device 100.

[0190] As can be seen, the luminance of a central point on the display decreases from a maximum value at a lateral angle of 0° to a minimum value at a lateral angle of approximately 45°. Thus, an on-axis user will see a maximum luminance from the center of the display device 100, while a voyeur positioned at a lateral angle of approximately 45°, i.e., an off-axis observer, will see a minimum luminance from the center of the display device 100. Thus, the minimum luminance may be small enough that a voyeur will not be able to observe the display device 100.

[0191] The pole output of an illustrative embodiment will now be described.

[0192] 10A-10D are graphs showing the change in luminance with polar direction of light output from the display device 100 of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with in-plane component angles 617L oriented at 90°, 85°, 80°, and 70°, respectively, and FIGS. 10E-10H are graphs showing the change in luminance with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with in-plane component angles 617R oriented at 90°, 95°, 100°, and 110°, respectively.

[0193] Exemplary embodiments are provided for the properties in Table 1. [Table 1]

[0194] It would be further desirable to provide a low reflectance to the primary user 45 while providing a high reflectance to the voyeur 47 .

[0195] 11A-11D are graphs showing the change in reflectance with polar direction of light reflected from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with in-plane component angles 617L oriented at 90°, 85°, 80°, and 70°, respectively, and FIGS. 11E-11H are graphs showing the change in reflectance with polar direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 5A at different points on the display device to the left of center of the display with in-plane component angles 617R oriented at 90°, 95°, 100°, and 110°, respectively.

[0196] Each graph shows the change in luminance at a given point on the display 100 with polar orientation from axis 199. Each graph is labeled with the orientation angle 617. Furthermore, the angle at which the luminance falls below a certain level, i.e., the angle at which the point is not visible to a voyeur, varies across the width of the display. This therefore means that at a given position of the voyeur, different parts of the display will have different luminances.

[0197] Each of the profiles further indicates the angular size of the display of the primary user 45, as indicated by polar contour 490. The profiles further indicate a polar position 492 of maximum brightness at zero elevation angle, and a position 494 of maximum brightness at the elevation angle of the light at the top of the display device 100 as seen by the user 45.

[0198] As the angle 617 varies from 90 degrees, the polar location 492, 496 of maximum brightness shifts in a polar direction. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 3A, the angle 617 varies with spatial location, and therefore the direction of peak brightness also varies with spatial location. Advantageously, the display brightness to the primary user 45 is increased. Additionally, the reduction to the peeper is increased at points across at least a portion of the display. Additionally, the uniformity of the brightness reduction to the peeper 47 is increased. The visual security level of the display is improved.

[0199] Figures 11A-11H show the polar locations of points 490, 492 of Figures 10A-10H, thus providing reflectivity as seen by primary user 45. Advantageously, reflectivity to the primary user may be reduced and reflectivity to a voyeur may be increased.

[0200] In combination, the minimum visual security level VSL as seen by a voyeur 47 may be increased at points across at least a portion of the display device 100, and the uniformity of the VSL may be increased.

[0201] Next, the arrangement of the alignment directions of the planar display and the curved display will be described.

[0202] Figure 12A is a perspective view of a user 45 in front of a planar display device 100 comprising a polarity controlled retarder 300 comprising a liquid crystal retarder 301 with an alignment layer 417A. Features of the embodiment of Figure 12A that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0203] In embodiments herein where only one of the two alignment layers 419A, 419B is shown and not the other alignment layer, they may be arranged with corresponding alignment directions as shown elsewhere herein, for example, in Figures 5A, 5B, 16, 18A, 19A, 19C or 20B.

[0204] In Figure 12A, display device 100 has a planar structure such that it is flat. For any point on display 100, an on-axis user 45 views each point at different lateral and elevation angles, as shown in Figure 9A. As seen in Figures 10A-10H and 11A-11H above, these angles affect the luminance and reflectance of each point to the on-axis observer.

[0205] Thus, the different orientation directions 417ALp, 417ACp, 417Arp with orientation angles 617AL, 617AC, 617AR, respectively, are arranged to provide a directional change in maximum brightness across the angular size of the display, as described elsewhere herein. Advantageously, the varying orientation directions achieve improved uniformity across the display device 100 in both brightness and reflectance as observed by a user 45 at a viewing distance 480. Visual security for off-axis voyeurs 47 is also improved.

[0206] In other words, compared to the arrangement of FIG. 9C, FIG. 12A shows that uniformity is increased by varying the polar angle of maximum luminance at different lateral positions across display device 100.

[0207] Alternative configurations of the curved display 100 will now be described.

[0208] Figure 12B is a perspective view of a user 45 in front of a curved display device 100 comprising a polarity controlled retarder 300 comprising a liquid crystal retarder 301 with an alignment layer 417A. The display device 100 is curved about the y-axis with a center of curvature on the same side of the display device 100 as the user 45. Features of the embodiment of Figure 12B that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of the features.

[0209] In the alternative of Figure 12B, the display 100 comprises an arrangement as shown in Figure 1A, where the additional polarizer 318A and the at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300 are curved with a concave curvature. The spatial light modulator 48 and the backlight 20 are also curved with a concave curvature.

[0210] 12B shows an alternative configuration in which the display device 100 is curved. In such a case, the additional polarizer 318, at least one polarity-controlled retarder 300, and optionally the spatial light modulator 48 are curved with a concave curvature. Other components of the device 100 may be curved with a concave curvature, as described above.

[0211] A curved display device 100 can further improve brightness for an on-axis viewer of the display device because the lateral angle of an individual point across the display can be reduced.

[0212] In this case, the in-plane component of the liquid crystal material 414 adjacent to the alignment layers 419A, 419B may not need to be as large to produce the desired effect. The alignment directions 417ALp', 417ARp' differ from the alignment directions 417ALp, 417ARp in that they have a reduced deviation of the angles 617AL', 617AR' from 90 degrees (i.e., perpendicular to the axis 500). Advantageously, this can improve the uniformity of the display and reduce the visibility of the display to off-axis voyeurs.

[0213] Fig. 13A is a top view of a center stack display of an automobile 650. The display 100 comprises a first portion 101P that is provided with an altered orientation that is most suitable for a passenger, the user 45, while a second portion 101D is provided with an altered orientation that is most suitable for a driver, the user 47. Compared to the embodiments shown elsewhere herein, the alternative of Fig. 13A shows that the display 100 comprises first and second portions 101D, 101P.

[0214] Compared to the embodiment of Fig. 9A, the left portion 101D of the display 100 provides an optical window 26D in the area of ​​the driver 47, and the right portion 101P of the display 100 provides an optical window 26P in the area of ​​the passenger 45. Advantageously, the luminance uniformity for the driver 47 to view the portion 101D is increased, and the uniformity for the passenger 45 to view the portion 101P is increased. Furthermore, the uniformity of the security factor for the driver 47 to view the portion 101P is increased, and the uniformity of the security factor for the passenger 45 to view the portion 101D is increased.

[0215] In other embodiments (not shown), the first and second portions 101P, 101D may be interleaved, for example to provide a camouflage effect, for example with features that are a few millimeters wide or less. Advantageously, the blurring of the image data may be increased.

[0216] Figure 13B is a top view of the alignment layer 419A of the display 100 of Figure 13A, comprising the arrangement of Figure 1A, and further comprising first and second portions 101P, 101D. Features of the embodiment of Figure 13B that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0217] Considering one alignment layer 417A of a pair of alignment layers 419A, 419B, the angles 617DAL, 617DAC, 617DAR of said in-plane components 417DALp, 417DACp, 417DARp of alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 vary monotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across a first portion 101D of the display device 100. The angles 617PAL, 617PAC, 617PAR of said in-plane components 417PALp, 417PACp, 417PARp of alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 404 also vary monotonically along the predetermined axis across a second portion of the display device.

[0218] 13A , the angle 617D of the in-plane component of the orientation 417Dp in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across the first portion 101D of the display device 100, such that the direction of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer 218, the additional polarizer 318, and the at least one polarity controlled retarder 300 from points 470DL, 470DC, 470DR of the first portion of the display device 100 is directed toward the first common optical window 26D in front of the display device 100. and the angle 617P of the in-plane component 417Pp of orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across the second portion 101P of the display device 100, so that the direction of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer 218, the additional polarizer 318, and the at least one polarity controlled retarder 300 from a point in the second portion 101P of the display device 100 is directed towards a second common optical window 26P in front of the display device 100, which is different from the first common optical window 26D.

[0219] FIG. 13B illustrates the alignment directions 417PALp, 417PACp, 417PARp of the alignment layer 418A with angles 617PAL, 617PAC, 617PAR in the first portion 101P. Such alignment advantageously achieves improved uniformity from the right side of the display 100 to the passenger user 45. FIG. 13B further illustrates the alignment directions 417DALp, 417DACp, 417DARp of the alignment layer 418A with angles 617DAL, 617DAC, 617DAR in the second portion 101D. Such alignment advantageously achieves improved uniformity from the right side of the display 100 to the driver user 47.

[0220] Thus, in two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material 414, at least one of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component 417 that is in the plane of the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414, such that the angle 617 of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 varies monotonically along a predetermined axis across a first portion 101D of the display device 100, and varies monotonically along a predetermined axis across a second portion 101P of the display device 100.

[0221] As shown in FIG. 13B, in this example, in each of the first portion 101D and the second portion 101P, the average direction of each of the in-plane components of orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material is at a non-zero acute angle with respect to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polarizer 218, the reflective polarizer 302, and the additional polarizer 318.

[0222] Next, an alternative switchable privacy display for off-axis viewing is described.

[0223] Figure 13C is a top view of an alternative center stack display 100 for an automobile 650 comprising the display 100 of Figure 1A with the reflective polarizer 302 omitted, and the polarity controlled retarder of Figure 19A below. Features of the embodiment of Figure 13C that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0224] Compared to the arrangement of Figure 13A, in the alternative display of Figure 13C a central privacy display is provided for use by passenger 45 and to provide image invisibility to the driver 47. A single optical window 26 is provided for passenger 45. Advantageously, image invisibility can be provided to the driver 47 while the passenger can instead view distracting content such as entertainment information.

[0225] Figure 13D is a top view of an alignment layer 419A for the display of Figure 13C. Features of the embodiment of Figure 13D that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features. Compared to the embodiment of Figure 13B, the average angles 617DAL, 617DAC, 617DAR across the display 100 are non-zero.

[0226] Figure 13E is a schematic top view of a display device showing viewing angles 450L, 450C, 450R of the display from points 470L, 470C, 470R of Figure 13C. Features of the embodiment of Figure 13E that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of the features.

[0227] The angles of maximum transmission 63L, 63c, 63R are all tilted relative to axis 199 and directed off-axis towards a common optical window 26.

[0228] 13F-13H are graphs illustrating the variation in luminance with polarity direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 13C from different positions across the display 100. Advantageously, a uniform luminance can be provided at the window 26 to the passengers 45 and a uniform security factor can be provided to the driver 47, reducing the visibility of distracting image data.

[0229] Next, the arrangement of the alignment directions of the tile display will be described.

[0230] 14A and 14B are top and perspective views, respectively, of a pair of tiled display devices 100 angled with respect to one another such that a user 45 is aligned with a central optical axis 199A, 199B of each respective display device 100A, 100B. Features of the embodiments of Figures 14A and 14B that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features bearing like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0231] The direction of light ray 450LA from display 100A is parallel to light ray 450RB from display 100B. The arrangement of orientation directions 417RA, 417CA, 417LA may be the same as arrangements 417RB, 417CB, 417LB. Advantageously, the same arrangement can be used for both displays, reducing costs.

[0232] 15A and 15B are top and perspective views, respectively, of a pair of tiled display devices 100 that are in-plane with respect to each other.

[0233] Compared to the arrangements of Figures 15A and 15B, a different arrangement of the alignment layer 419 is used in the display devices 100A, 100B.

[0234] As is evident from FIG. 15A, the user 45 is no longer positioned on-axis with respect to the center of each display. Instead, the user may be positioned approximately on-axis at the edge of each display. Thus, as shown in FIG. 15B, at least the alignment layer 419B may be arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 that is different from the alignment of the display 100 as seen by the user on-axis with the center of the display 100, for example as shown in FIG. 3A. The alignment in this arrangement of the display 100 may be arranged such that the luminance appears uniform at points across at least a portion of the display, even though the viewer 45 is not positioned on-axis with the center of the display 100.

[0235] Further exemplary embodiments will now be described.

[0236] 16 is a perspective view of a polarity controlled retarder 300 that may be applied to the display device 100 seen in FIG. 1A. The polarity controlled retarder 300 comprises a switchable LC retarder 301 with homogeneous orientation. This is indicated by the aligned directions 417A, 417B on the electrodes 413, 415. The polarity controlled retarder 300 further comprises a passive polarity controlled retarder provided by a negative C-plate retarder 330. The negative C-plate has an optic axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder 330, as indicated diagrammatically by the orientation of the discotic material 430.

[0237] Features of the embodiment of FIG. 16 that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features bearing like reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0238] 17A-17C are graphs showing the change in luminance with polarity direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 for different points on the display device with in-plane component angles oriented at 80°, 90°, and 100°, respectively, and FIGS. 17D-17F are graphs showing the change in reflectance with polarity direction of light output from the display device of FIG. 1A using multiple retarders of FIG. 16 for different points on the display device with in-plane component angles oriented at 80°, 90°, and 100°, respectively.

[0239] The profiles in Figures 17A-17F are provided for the properties in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0240] Advantageously, thickness and cost can be reduced compared to the embodiment of FIG. 5A.

[0241] FIG. 18A is a perspective view of a polarity-controlled retarder 300 that may be applied to FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically aligned switchable LC retarder and a negative C-plate retarder in a privacy mode of operation. FIG. 18B is a graph of the LC director angle 407 of the homeotropically aligned switchable LC 414 of FIGS. 17D and 17E across thickness, shown as a fraction 440 through the LC retarder 301. The polarity-controlled retarder 300 comprises a homeotropically aligned switchable LC retarder 301 and a negative C-plate retarder 330. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 18A that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0242] Compared with the homogeneous alignment of Figures 5A and 5B, Figure 18A shows that the homeotropic alignment switchable LC retarder 301 has two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B, each having alignment directions 417AL, 417AC, 417AR, 417BL, 417BC, 417BR that provide a homeotropic alignment pretilt in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 with the pretilt providing in-plane components, where the in-plane components 417ALp, 417ACp, 417ARp and 417BLp, 417BCp, 417BRp are relatively small in magnitude and the out-of-plane components 417ALz, 417ACz, 417ARz and 417BLz, 417BCz, 417BRz are relatively large in magnitude.

[0243] 18B shows the LC director angle 407 as indicated by profile 444 when a drive voltage is applied, and profile 442 shows the LC director angle 407 when no voltage is applied. The graph shows that when a drive voltage is applied, the liquid crystal material 414 has a director angle 407 that varies across the thickness of layer 314, and when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal material 414 has a constant LC director angle that is not exactly 90°.

[0244] 5A and 16, the liquid crystal material 414 can provide a wide viewing angle without the application of a voltage. The homeotropic alignment in the alignment layer 419 can be arranged with a small pretilt, as shown by profile 442, which leaves a preferred alignment direction 617 in the layer 314, thus providing the molecules 414 with a preferred alignment in the layer that changes to the predetermined direction 500.

[0245] 19A is a perspective view of a polarity controlled retarder 300 applicable to FIG. 1, the polarity controlled retarder 301 comprising a homeotropic and homogeneous alignment switchable LC retarder and a negative C-plate retarder, where the alignment direction of the homeotropic alignment layer 419A is common across the lateral direction and the alignment direction of the homogeneous alignment layer 419B varies across the lateral direction. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 19A that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features. An exemplary embodiment is shown in Table 6. [Table 3]

[0246] In an alternative embodiment of Figure 19A, one of the surface alignment layers 419B is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414, such that the angles 617BL, 617BC, 617BR of the in-plane components of alignment in the liquid crystal material 414 adjacent to one of the surface alignment layers 419B vary monotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across at least a portion of the display device 100, and the other of the surface alignment layers 419A is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414, such that the angle 617A of the in-plane components of alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent to the other of the surface alignment layers 619A does not vary along the predetermined axis 500 across at least a portion of the display device 100.

[0247] When a surface alignment layer 419a arranged to provide homeotropic alignment is between the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and the polarity controlled retarder 330, the liquid crystal retarder 301 has retardation characteristics for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in the range 500 nm to 1800 nm, preferably in the range 700 nm to 1500 nm, and most preferably in the range 900 nm to 1350 nm. The polarity controlled delay 300 may further comprise a passive polarity controlled delay 330 having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the delay 330, the passive polarity controlled delay 330 having a delay characteristic for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in the range of -300 nm to -1600 nm, preferably in the range of -500 nm to -1300 nm, and most preferably in the range of -700 nm to -1150 nm; or the delay 330 may further comprise a pair of passive retarders having an optical axis in the intersecting retarder plane, each retarder of the pair having a delay characteristic for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in the range of 400 nm to 1600 nm, preferably in the range of 600 nm to 1400 nm, and most preferably in the range of 800 nm to 1300 nm.

[0248] Figure 19A shows that the aligned switchable LC retarder 301 has a surface alignment layer 419A with an alignment direction 417A that provides homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 and an alignment direction 417B that provides homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 with a pretilt that provides an in-plane component. Figure 19A further shows that the homeotropic alignment layer 419A is disposed between the passive retarder 330 and the liquid crystal retarder 301.

[0249] Compared with the embodiment of Figures 5A-5B and 18A, the homeotropic alignment layer has a common alignment direction in a direction parallel to the axis 500. Furthermore, since the components 417ALp, 417ACp and 417ARp are small, the impact of each alignment layer 417ALp, 417BLp and 417Arp, 417BRp not being parallel or anti-parallel is small. Therefore, the pupil formation of the output, i.e., the redirection of the maximum transmission direction, is mainly due to the homogeneous alignment layer, and the desired pupil formation of the output is achieved. Advantageously, the alignment layer 417A has reduced cost and complexity.

[0250] FIG. 19B is a graph of the LC director angle across thickness 440 for the homeotropic and homogeneous aligned switchable LCs of FIG. 19A.

[0251] 19B shows the LC director angle 407 as indicated by profile 444 when a drive voltage is applied and profile 442 shows the LC director angle 407 when no voltage is applied. The graph shows that when a drive voltage is applied, the liquid crystal material 414 has a director angle 407 that varies across the thickness of layer 314, and when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal material 414 has a constantly varying LC director angle.

[0252] Compared to the arrangement of Figure 18A, the arrangement of Figure 19A can provide increased polar area for a desirable level of visual security. Advantageously, privacy performance and uniformity against off-axis voyeurs can be improved.

[0253] 19C is a perspective view of a polarity controlled retarder 300 applicable to FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropic and homogeneous aligned switchable LC retarder 301 arranged between negative C-plate retarders 330A, 330B, where the alignment directions of the homogeneous and homeotropic aligned layers, respectively, vary across the lateral direction. Features of the embodiment of FIG. 19C that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations in features.

[0254] FIG. 19C illustrates an alternative to FIG. 19A, where alignment layers 417A, 417B can be formed on the passive retarders 330A, 330B, advantageously achieving reduced cost and thickness.

[0255] Figure 19C shows another alternative to Figure 19A, where both alignment layers 417A, 417B have an in-plane alignment that varies monotonically along the direction of axis 500. Advantageously, this may improve transmission efficiency off-centre of the display.

[0256] Next, stacked multiple retarders and additional polarizers with alignment layers with monotonically varying orientations are described.

[0257] Fig. 20A is a side perspective view of a display device 100 modified compared to the display device 100 of Fig. 1A. Fig. 20B is a perspective view of two sets of polarity-controlled retarders 300, 300A that can be applied to Fig. 1, each comprising a homogeneously oriented switchable LC retarder 301, 301A and a negative C-plate retarder 330, 330A. Features of the arrangements of Figs. 20A and 20B that are not discussed in further detail can be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, in particular with reference to Fig. 1, including potential variations in features.

[0258] 1A, display device 100 comprises an additional polarizer 318B disposed on the input side of input polarizer 210, which is disposed on the input side of SLM 48. As previously mentioned, input polarizer 210 is a linear polarizer.

[0259] The polarity-controlled delay 300 of FIG. 1 may be provided by a respective polarity-controlled delay 300A of FIG. 20A.

[0260] Thus, the display device 100 comprises a polarity-controlled retarder 300A disposed between the output polarizer 218 (and the reflective polarizer 302) and an additional polarizer 318A.

[0261] At least one polarity controlled retarder 300A includes a liquid crystal retarder 301A comprising a layer of liquid crystal material 314A and two surface alignment layers 419AA, 419AB disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material 314A. At least one of the surface alignment layers 419AA, 419AB is arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314A with an in-plane component that is in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material 314A. The angle 617AA of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314A varies monotonically along a predetermined axis 500 across at least a portion of the display device 100. This is illustrated in FIG. 20A by the arrows 417ALp, 417ACp, 417ARp indicating the in-plane component of the alignment layer 419AA that determines the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314A.

[0262] The display device 100 also comprises at least one further polarity controlled retarder 300B disposed between the input polarizer 210 and the further additional polarizer 318B. The at least one further polarity controlled retarder 300B comprises a liquid crystal retarder 301B comprising a layer of liquid crystal material 314B and two surface alignment layers 419BA, 419BB disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material 314B. At least one of the surface alignment layers 419BA, 419BB is arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314B with an in-plane component that is in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material 314B. The angle 617BA of said in-plane component 417BA of alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314B varies monotonically along a given axis across at least a portion of the display device 100. This is illustrated in Figure 20A by the arrows 417BLp, 417BCp, 417BRp indicating the in-plane component of alignment layer 419BA which determines the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314B. As noted above, the use of two polarity-controlled retarders 300A, 300B may allow for further reduction in brightness to an off-axis voyeur through the synergistic effect of the brightness reduction achieved by each of the polarity-controlled retarders 300, 300A.

[0263] The polarity controlled delays 300A and 300B are identical to the polarity controlled delay 300 shown in FIG. 19A. As shown, a voltage V is applied to the polarity controlled delay 300A, and a voltage V A may be applied to a further polarity controlled delay 300A. The polarity controlled delays 300A, 300B may have the same or different prescriptions for the characteristics of the delays 301A, 330A and 301B, 330B. Different prescriptions may provide different polar viewing angle control. Advantageously, the uniformity of the privacy image for the primary user and the uniformity of visual security for off-axis voyeurs may be increased.

[0264] In the alternative embodiments of Figures 20A-20B, both polarity controlled retarders 300A, 300B may be located on the input side of the transmissive spatial light modulator 48, or both polarity controlled retarders 300A, 300B may be located on the output side of the transmissive spatial light modulator 48 or the output side of the emissive spatial light modulator 48.

[0265] FIG. 21 is a side view of an apparatus 600 for producing a surface alignment layer 419, for example the alignment layers 419A, 419B mentioned above with varying alignment angles over its area. The apparatus 600 comprises a rotating roller 602 configured to translate a substrate 604 with the alignment layer 419 thereon. The apparatus 600 further comprises a light source 606, such as an ultraviolet light source, arranged to provide a light beam 607 towards the alignment layer 419. A polarizer 608 and a mask 610 are arranged in the optical path of the light source 606. The mask 610 functions only to allow the light beam 607 to be incident on the desired portion 605 of the alignment layer 419. The apparatus further comprises a controller 612 operably connected to the means 610 for rotating the polarized light 603 from the polarizer 608 and the roller 602. The polarizer 608 may be a physically rotated linear polarizer or may comprise a fixed linear polarizer and a controllable retarder.

[0266] The operation of the apparatus 600 will now be described. In use, the roller 602 can translate the substrate 604, and thus the alignment layer 419, relative to the light source 606 and mask 610, such that the light beam 607 can be incident on different parts of the alignment layer 419, which can be a photo-alignment layer. As the roller 602 moves the substrate 604, the polarizer 608 can be simultaneously controlled so that the light beam 607 incident on the alignment layer 419 has a desired polarization direction 603. The part of the alignment layer 419 illuminated by the light beam can be oriented based on the polarization of the incident light beam 607. The light beam 607 can also harden the alignment layer 419. By controlling the orientation of the polarizer 608 to change the polarization direction 603 of the light beam 607 as the roller 602 moves the substrate 604, it can be possible to illuminate the alignment layer 419 with different polarization directions 603 at different parts of the alignment layer 419, and thus change the alignment angle along the alignment layer 419. With appropriate control, it may be possible to achieve a monotonically varying in-plane material orientation angle in the alignment layer 419. Although rollers 602 are described above, any other suitable means may be provided to induce relative motion between the light beam 607 and the alignment layer 419. For example, the light source 606 may be movably mounted to scan the light beam 607 over the surface layer 419.

[0267] Figure 22 shows a front view of the mask 610 of the device 600 seen in Figure 21 across different portions 605, 605R of the alignment layer 419 and the polarization directions 603, 603R of the light beam 607 in their corresponding portions. The double-headed arrows 419, 419R indicate the direction of alignment in the alignment layer 419 with the light 607 in the different portions of the alignment layer 419. As shown by the arrows 417, 417R in Figure 22, the material of the alignment layer is aligned 90°, i.e. perpendicular, to the polarization directions 603, 603R of the incident light. The light beam 607 can also be directed at an angle to the plane of the alignment layer 419 to achieve a pretilt of the material in the alignment layer 419.

[0268] FIG. 23A is a schematic diagram showing illumination of a polarity-controlled retarder 630 layer with off-axis light in a perspective view. The polarity-controlled retarder 630 may include a birefringent material represented by an index ellipsoid 632 with an optical axis direction 634 at 0 degrees relative to the x-axis and has a thickness 631. The polarity-controlled retarder 630 is representative of any of the passive or switchable retarders described above with homogeneous alignment. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 23A-25E below that are not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to features with similar reference numbers discussed above, including potential variations of features.

[0269] Ordinary ray 636 propagates such that its path length in the material is the same as thickness 631. Ray 637 lies in the yz plane and has an increased path length, but the retardation characteristics of the material are substantially the same as ray 636. In comparison, ray 638, which lies in the xz plane, has an increased path length in the birefringent material and, furthermore, its retardation characteristics are different than ordinary ray 636.

[0270] Therefore, the delay characteristic of polarity controlled retarder 630 depends on the angle of incidence of each ray and the plane of incidence, ie, ray 638 in xz, has different delay characteristics than ordinary rays 636 and 637 in the yz plane.

[0271] We now discuss the interaction of polarization with polarity controlled retarder 630. To distinguish from the first and second polarization components during operation in directional backlight 20, the following discussion refers to third and fourth polarization components.

[0272] FIG. 23B is a perspective schematic diagram showing illumination of a polar-controlled retardation layer with off-axis light of a third linear polarization state at 90 degrees relative to the x-axis, and FIG. 23C is a perspective schematic diagram showing illumination of a polar-controlled retardation layer with off-axis light of a fourth linear polarization state at 0 degrees relative to the x-axis. In such an arrangement, the input linear polarization state is aligned with the optical axis of the birefringent material, represented by ellipse 632. As a result, no phase difference is provided between the third and fourth orthogonal polarization components, and there is no resulting change in the polarization state of the linearly polarized input of each light beam 636, 637, 638. Thus, polar-controlled retarder 630 does not introduce a phase shift in the polarization components of the light passing through the polarizer on the input side of polar-controlled retarder 630 along an axis normal to the plane of polar-controlled retarder 630. Thus, polar-controlled retarder 630, and the polarizers on either side of polar-controlled retarder 630 (not shown), do not affect the brightness of the light passing through it. 23A-23C relate specifically to polarity controlled delay 630, which is passive, but a similar effect is achieved by polarity controlled delays in the devices described above.

[0273] FIG. 23D is a schematic diagram showing in perspective illumination of a polar controlled retarder 630 layer with off-axis light of a linear polarization state at 45 degrees. The linear polarization state can be decomposed into third and fourth polarization components that are orthogonal and parallel to the optical axis 634 direction, respectively. The material retardation properties represented by the thickness 631 and index ellipsoid 632 of the polar controlled retarder can provide a net effect of relatively shifting the phase of the third and fourth polarization components incident on it in the normal direction, represented by light ray 636 at half a wavelength, for a design wavelength. The design wavelength can be, for example, in the range of 500-550 nm.

[0274] For light at the design wavelength and propagating normally along ray 636, the output polarization may be rotated 90 degrees at -45 degrees to a linear polarization state 640. Light propagating along ray 637 may see a phase difference similar but not identical to the phase difference along ray 636 due to thickness variations, and thus an elliptical polarization state 639 may be output, which may have a principal axis similar to the linear polarization axis of the output light in ray 636.

[0275] In contrast, the phase difference of the input linear polarization states along light ray 638 can be significantly different, and in particular a lower phase difference can be provided. Such a phase difference can provide an output polarization state 644 that is substantially circular at a given tilt angle 642. Thus, the polarity-controlled retarder 630 introduces a phase shift to the polarization components of the light passing through the polarizer at the input side of the polarity-controlled retarder 630 along an axis corresponding to light ray 638 that is tilted with respect to the normal to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 630. Although FIG. 23D relates to a polarity-controlled retarder 630 that is passive, a similar effect is achieved by the polarity-controlled retarder described above in the switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal polarity-controlled retarder that corresponds to the privacy mode.

[0276] Next, to illustrate the off-axis behavior of the polarity controlled retarder stack, angular intensity control of a C-plate, e.g., a C-plate 330 between the additional polarizer 318 and the output display polarizer 218, or a C-plate 330A, is described, followed by various off-axis illumination configurations associated with the operation of a C-plate between parallel polarizers 500, 210.

[0277] FIG. 24A is a schematic diagram showing in perspective the illumination of a C-plate layer by off-axis polarized light 638 with a positive elevation angle. An incident linearly polarized component 704, achieved by a polarizer 500 with an electric vector transmission direction 501, enters the birefringent material 561 of a polarity-controlled retarder 560, which is a C-plate with an optical axis direction 507 that is perpendicular to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 560. The output polarization component is the same as component 704, since the polarization component 704 sees no net phase difference when transmitting through the liquid crystal molecules. Thus, maximum transmission is seen through the polarizer 210, since the polarization direction is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 211. The same is true for incident light 636 traveling at zero lateral angle and zero elevation angle. Thus, the polarity-controlled retarder 560 has an optical axis 507 that is perpendicular to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 560, i.e., the xy plane. A polarity-controlled retarder 560 with an optical axis 507 perpendicular to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder comprises a C-plate.

[0278] FIG. 24B is a schematic diagram showing illumination of a C-plate layer with off-axis polarized light with a negative transverse angle in a perspective view. Similar to the arrangement of FIG. 24A, the polarization state 704 sees no net phase difference and is transmitted with maximum brightness. Thus, the polarity-controlled retarder 560 does not introduce a phase shift to the polarization components of the light passing through the polarizer on the input side of the polarity-controlled retarder 560 along an axis normal to the plane of the polarity-controlled retarder 560. Thus, the polarity-controlled retarder 560 does not affect the brightness of the light passing through the polarizer 500, 210 on either side of the polarity-controlled retarder 560 and the polarizers 500, 210 on either side of the polarity-controlled retarder 560.

[0279] FIG. 24C is a schematic diagram showing illumination of a C-plate layer with off-axis polarized light with a positive elevation angle and a negative lateral angle in a perspective view. Compared to the arrangement of FIGS. 24A-24B, the polarization state 704 decomposes into eigenstates 703, 705 for the birefringent material 561, providing a net phase difference upon transmission through the polarity-controlled retarder 560. The resulting elliptically polarized component 656 transmits through the polarizer 210 with reduced intensity compared to the light beam shown in FIGS. 24A-24B. Although FIGS. 24A-24C are specifically related to the polarity-controlled retarder 560 being passive, similar effects are achieved by the polarity-controlled retarders in the devices described above.

[0280] FIG. 24D is a schematic diagram showing the illumination of a C-plate layer with off-axis polarized light with a positive elevation angle and a negative lateral angle in a perspective view. In a similar manner to FIG. 24C, the polarized components 704 are decomposed into eigenstates 703, 705 that undergo a net phase difference to provide an elliptically polarized component 660, which reduces the intensity of each off-axis ray after transmission through the polarizer. Thus, the polarized retarder 560 introduces a phase shift to the polarized components of light passing through the polarizer at the input side of the polarized retarder 560 along an axis that is tilted relative to the normal to the plane of the polarized retarder 560. Although FIG. 24D concerns a polarized retarder 560 that is passive, a similar effect is achieved by the polarized retarder described above in the switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal polarized retarder that corresponds to the privacy mode.

[0281] FIG. 24E is a schematic graph showing the variation of output transmission with polar orientation of the transmitted light beam of FIGS. 24A-24D. Thus, the C-plate can provide polar quadrant brightness reduction. In combination with the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 described elsewhere herein, this can achieve (i) elimination of the C-plate brightness reduction in a first, wide-angle operating state, and (ii) an extended polar region for brightness reduction in a second, privacy operating state.

[0282] To illustrate the off-axis operation of the polarity controlled retarder stack, the angular intensity control of the crossed A-plates 308A, 308B between the additional polarizer 318 and the output display polarizer 218 is illustrated for various off-axis illumination configurations.

[0283] FIG. 25A is a schematic diagram showing illumination of crossed A-plate retarder layers with off-axis polarized light with positive elevation angle in a perspective view. A linear polarizer 218 with electric vector transmission direction 219 is used to provide a horizontally parallel linear polarization state 704 on the first A-plate 308A of the crossed A-plates 308A, 308B. The first A-plate 308A may comprise a birefringent material represented by an index ellipsoid 408 with an optical axis direction 309A tilted +45 degrees horizontally. The first A-plate 308A has a first thickness 531. The retardation characteristic of the polarity-controlled retarder 308A for an off-axis angle θ1 in the positive elevation direction provides a resultant polarization component 650 that is generally elliptical at the output. The polarization component 650 is incident on the second A-plate 308B of the crossed A-plates 308A, 308B. The second A-plate 308A may comprise a birefringent material represented by an index ellipsoid 410 with an optical axis direction 309B perpendicular to the optical axis direction 309A of the first A-plate 330A. The second A-plate 308B has a second thickness 533. The first thickness 531 and the second thickness 533 may be the same or different. At the incidence plane of FIG. 25A, the retardation characteristic of the second A-plate 308B for the off-axis angle θ1 is equal and opposite to that of the first A-plate 308A. Thus, a net retardation characteristic of zero is provided to the input polarization component 704, and the output polarization component is the same as the input polarization component 704. The same applies to the light ray 636 with zero lateral angle and zero elevation angle.

[0284] The output polarization components are oriented in the electric vector transmission direction of the additional polarizer 318 and are therefore efficiently transmitted. Advantageously, virtually no loss is provided for rays having an angular component at zero transverse angle, thus achieving perfect transmission efficiency.

[0285] Figure 25B is a schematic diagram showing in perspective the illumination of the crossed A-plate retarder layers 308A, 308B seen in Figure 25A with off-axis polarized light with a negative transverse angle. Thus, the linear input polarization component 704 is converted by the first A-plate 308A into an intermediate polarization component 652, which is generally an elliptically polarized state. The second A-plate 308B again provides equal and opposite retardation characteristics to the first A-plate 308A, so that the output polarization component 704 is the same as the input polarization component 704, and the light is efficiently transmitted through the polarizer 318.

[0286] The polarity controlled retarder thus comprises a pair of retarders 308A, 308B having optical axes 309A, 309B in the plane of the intersecting retarders 330A, 330B, i.e. in the xy plane in this embodiment. The pair of retarders 308A, 308B have their optical axes 309A, 309B each extending at 45° to an electric vector transmission direction parallel to the electric vector transmission of the polarizer 318.

[0287] Advantageously, substantially no loss is provided for rays having a zero elevation angle component so that perfect transmission efficiency is achieved.

[0288] 25C is a perspective view of illumination of crossed A-plate retarder layers with off-axis polarization with a positive elevation angle and a negative lateral angle. Polarized light component 704 is converted to an elliptically polarized light component 654 by the first A-plate 308A. The resulting elliptical component 656 is output from the second A-plate 308B. The elliptical component 656 is analyzed by the input polarizer 318 with reduced intensity compared to the input intensity of the first polarization component 704.

[0289] 25D is a perspective view of the illumination of the crossed A-plate retarder layers 308A, 308B with off-axis polarization with positive elevation and positive lateral angles. Polarization components 658 and 660 are provided by the first and second A-plates 308A, 308B because the net retardance of the first and second A-plates 308A, 308B does not provide compensation.

[0290] Thus, the brightness of light rays having a non-zero lateral angle and a non-zero elevation angle component is reduced, advantageously improving display privacy for voyeurs located in the viewing quadrant, without significantly reducing luminous efficacy for the primary display user.

[0291] Figure 25E is a schematic graph showing the variation of output transmission with polar orientation of the transmitted light beam of Figures 25A-25D. Compared to the arrangement of Figure 24E, the area of ​​brightness reduction has increased for off-axis viewing. However, the switchable liquid crystal layer 314 may provide reduced uniformity compared to the C-plate arrangement for off-axis viewing in the first public operating mode state.

[0292] Although various embodiments according to the principles disclosed herein have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the claims and their equivalents issued from this disclosure. Moreover, while the above advantages and features are provided in the described embodiments, the application of such issued claims to processes and structures that achieve any or all of the above advantages should not be limited.

[0293] In addition, the section headings herein are provided for consistency with suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or to provide organizational clues. These headings should not limit or characterize the embodiments described in claims that may be issued from this disclosure. Specifically, by way of example, the headings refer to the "Technical Field," but the claims should not be limited by the language selected under this heading to describe the so-called field. Furthermore, the description of a technology in the "Background" should not be construed as an admission that a particular technology is prior art to any embodiment in this disclosure. Nor should the "Abstract" be considered a feature of the embodiments described in the issued claims. Furthermore, references to the singular "invention" in this disclosure should not be used to assert that there is only a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodiments may be described according to the limitations of multiple claims that may be issued from this disclosure, and such claims thus define the embodiments and their equivalents that are protected thereby. In all cases, the scope of such claims should be considered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by the headings set forth herein.

Claims

1. 1. A display device, comprising: A spatial light modulator; a display polarizer disposed on a side of the spatial light modulator, the display polarizer being a linear polarizer; an additional polarizer disposed on the same side of the spatial light modulator as the display polarizer, the additional polarizer being a linear polarizer; at least one polarity controlled retarder disposed between the additional polarizer and the display polarizer, the at least one polarity controlled retarder comprising a liquid crystal retarder, the liquid crystal retarder comprising: a layer of liquid crystal material; and two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material, at least one of the surface alignment layers being arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that lies in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, such that the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material varies monotonically along a predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device.

2. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material varies monotonically along the given axis across at least a portion of the display device and does not vary along a further axis perpendicular to the given axis.

3. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material varies monotonically along the given axis over at least a portion of the display device and also varies along a further axis perpendicular to the given axis.

4. A display device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material has an average direction parallel or perpendicular to the electric vector transmission direction of at least one of the display polarizer and the additional polarizer.

5. The display device of claim 4 , wherein the display polarizer and the additional polarizer have parallel electric vector transmission directions.

6. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.

7. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein each of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.

8. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with a pretilt providing the in-plane component.

9. one of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent to said one of the surface alignment layers varying monotonically along the predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device; and A display device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the other of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, and the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent the other of the surface alignment layers does not vary monotonically along the predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device.

10. A display device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein each of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with a respective in-plane component that lies in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, and the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material varies monotonically along the predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device.

11. 11. A display device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal materials varies monotonically along the predetermined axis across at least a portion of the display device, such that the directions of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer, the additional polarizer and the at least one polarity controlled retarder from a point on the at least a portion of the display device are directed towards a common optical window in front of the display device.

12. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal materials varies monotonically along a given axis across the display device.

13. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal materials varies monotonically along a predetermined axis across a first portion of the display device.

14. 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material also varies monotonically along a given axis across a second portion of the display device.

15. the angles of the in-plane components of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal materials vary monotonically along the predetermined axis across the first portion of the display device such that a direction of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer, the additional polarizer, and the at least one polarity controlled retarder from a point on the first portion of the display device is directed toward a first common optical window in front of the display device; and 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the angle of the in-plane component of the orientation in the adjacent liquid crystal material varies monotonically along the predetermined axis across the second portion of the display device, such that the direction of maximum light transmission of the display polarizer, the additional polarizer, and the at least one polarity controlled retarder from a point in the second portion of the display device is directed toward a second common optical window in front of the display device, different from the first common optical window.

16. The display device of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the additional polarizer and the at least one polarity controlled retarder are curved with a concave curvature.

17. 20. The display device of claim 16, wherein the spatial light modulator is curved with a concave curvature.

18. 18. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid crystal retarder is a switchable liquid crystal retarder further comprising electrodes arranged to apply a voltage to control the liquid crystal layer.

19. 20. The display device of claim 18, further comprising a control system arranged to control the voltages applied to the electrodes of the switchable liquid crystal retarder.

20. 20. A display device as claimed in claim 18 or 19, wherein the at least one polarity controlled delay further comprises at least one passive compensation delay.

21. 21. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein the spatial light modulator is an emissive spatial light modulator and the display polariser is an output polariser disposed on the output side of the emissive spatial light modulator.

22. A display device according to any preceding claim, wherein the spatial light modulator is a transmissive spatial light modulator.

23. 23. The display device of claim 22, wherein the display polarizer is an output polarizer disposed on an output side of the transmissive spatial light modulator.

24. 24. The display device of claim 21 or 23, further comprising a reflective polarizer disposed between the output polarizer and the at least one polarity-controlled retarder, the reflective polarizer being a linear polarizer disposed to pass the same linearly polarized polarization component as the output polarizer.

25. an input polarizer disposed on an input side of the spatial light modulator, the input polarizer being a linear polarizer; an additional polarizer disposed on the input side of the input polarizer; and and at least one further polarity controlled retarder disposed between the input polarizer and the further additional polarizer, the at least one further polarity controlled retarder comprising a liquid crystal retarder, the liquid crystal retarder comprising: a layer of liquid crystal material; 25. A display device as claimed in claim 23 or 24, comprising two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to and on either side of the layer of liquid crystal material, at least one of the surface alignment layers being arranged to provide an alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that lies in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, the angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material varying monotonically along a predetermined axis over at least a portion of the display device.

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