Discovery Key Handling for UE-to-Network Relay Discovery

Abstract

A method of operating a wireless device is provided that includes sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network to which the wireless device is roaming (1002), receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device that includes the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004), and securing communications with a network relay in the visited network using the discovery key (1006).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communications, and more particularly to communication methods and associated devices and nodes supporting wireless communications. [Background technology]

[0002] In 3GPP 4G wireless communication systems, the Proximity Services (ProSe) Function, as specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0, is a logical function used for network-related actions required to access ProSe services. The ProSe Function plays different roles for each ProSe feature. In the 4G specifications, it is assumed that there is only one logical ProSe Function in each Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) that supports proximity services.

[0003] Regarding ProSe in 5G systems, in 3GPP TR 23.752 v1.1.0, SA2 is studying an architecture option named "user plane based architecture". This architecture proposes to adopt the required functions of ProSe function as specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0 in 5G system architecture. According to 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0, the Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) and Direct Provisioning Function (DPF) of ProSe function are mandatory to support ProSe in 5G system architecture. DPF is used to provide the necessary parameters to UE to use 5G ProSe direct discovery and 5G ProSe direct communication, which can be replaced by PCF. DDNMF is used to provide the following procedure through PC3 interface. - Discovery request / response procedure: Providing IDs and filters for direct discovery - Match Reporting Procedure: Checks for direct discovery and provides mapping information for direct discovery - Alert notification procedure: Supports "on-demand" ProSe direct discovery in case of ProSe restricted discovery model A - Discovery update procedure: Update / invalidate previously assigned IDs, filters 5GS supports a service-based architecture model, where the DDNMF can be a network function (NF) that can not only interact with 5G NFs (e.g., to consume Nudm service operations), but also connects with UEs via user plane connectivity for support procedures over the PC3 interface. In this architecture, it is proposed to introduce the 5G DDNMF as shown in Figure 4.

[0004] The 5G DDNMF is managed by the MNO and can consume service operations from other NFs (e.g., Nudm or Npcf) in the 5G NF.

[0005] The PC3 interface supports the following baseline mechanisms as specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0: discovery request / response, match reporting procedure, alert notification procedure, and discovery update procedure. Whether NSSAI or DNN should be used for user plane connectivity for the PC3 interface is up to the MNO configuration (e.g., it can be controlled by the UE's URSP or local configuration).

[0006] 3GPP SA2 has not finalized a solution for UE-to-network relay in 5GS. In 4G (EPS), the use case for UE-to-network relay was only for public safety purposes. However, in 5GS, UE-to-network relay applies to both public safety and commercial use cases.

[0007] Thus, there is a need in this field for improved methods and devices. Summary of the Invention

[0008] Thus, example embodiments of the present disclosure address these and other issues, challenges, and / or difficulties associated with ProSe in 5G, including discovery key handling for UE-to-network relay discovery, thereby facilitating UE-to-network relay for both public safety and commercial use cases.

[0009] According to a first aspect, there is provided a method of operating a wireless device. The method includes sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network in which the wireless device is roaming. The method further includes receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device, the key response including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network, and using the discovery key to secure communication with a network relay of the visited network.

[0010] According to some embodiments, the network capabilities include a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the wireless device's home network.

[0011] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a list of networks for which a discovery key is desired, and the key response includes a list of networks for which a discovery key is provided and their associated discovery keys.

[0012] According to some embodiments, the list of networks for which network discovery is desired and the list of networks for which discovery services are provided comprises a list of Public Land Mobile Radio (PLMN) identities.

[0013] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a relay service code that identifies the connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0014] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies the application for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0015] According to some embodiments, the key response includes a relay service code.

[0016] According to some embodiments, the key response includes the ProSe application identification information.

[0017] According to some embodiments, the visited network is the same as the home network of the wireless device.

[0018] According to some embodiments, the key request and the key response each include an identification of the wireless device.

[0019] According to a second aspect, there is provided a wireless device comprising a processing circuit and a memory coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions which, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the wireless device to perform operations according to any of the methods of the first aspect. Further, there is provided a wireless device adapted to perform according to any of the methods of the first aspect.

[0020] According to a third aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising program code executed by a processing circuit of a wireless device, whereby, by executing the program code, causes the wireless device to perform operations according to any of the methods of the first aspect.

[0021] Further provided is a computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium including program code that is executed by processing circuitry of a wireless device, whereby executing the program code causes the wireless device to perform operations according to any of the methods of the first aspect.

[0022] According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a method of operating a network relay. The method includes sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the network relay to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery, and receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the network relay, the key response including the discovery key for network relay discovery. The method further includes protecting communications with a remote wireless device using the discovery key.

[0023] According to some embodiments, the network function includes a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the home network of the network relay.

[0024] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a list of networks for which a network discovery key is desired, and the key response includes a list of networks for which a discovery key is to be provided and their associated discovery keys.

[0025] According to some embodiments, the list of networks for which network discovery is desired and the list of networks for which discovery services are provided comprises a list of Public Land Mobile Radio (PLMN) identities.

[0026] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a relay service code that identifies the connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0027] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies the application for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0028] According to some embodiments, the key response includes a relay service code.

[0029] According to some embodiments, the key response includes the ProSe application identification information.

[0030] According to some embodiments, the key request and key response each include an identification of the network relay.

[0031] According to a fifth aspect, there is provided a network relay comprising a processing circuit and a memory coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions which, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the network relay to perform operations according to any of the methods of the fourth aspect. Further, there is provided a network relay adapted to perform according to any of the methods of the fourth aspect.

[0032] According to a sixth aspect, there is provided a computer program product comprising program code executed by a processing circuit of a network relay, whereby executing the program code causes the network relay to perform operations according to any of the methods of the fourth aspect. Also provided is a computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium comprising program code executed by a processing circuit of the network relay, whereby executing the program code causes the network relay to perform operations according to any of the methods of the fourth aspect.

[0033] According to a seventh aspect, a method of operating a first network function of a first wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving a key request from a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, and sending the key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key. The method further includes receiving the discovery key from the second network function, generating a key response including the discovery key, and sending the key response to the wireless device.

[0034] According to some embodiments, the first network function includes a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the first wireless communication system.

[0035] According to some embodiments, the second network functionality includes a DDNMF in the second wireless communication system.

[0036] According to an eighth aspect, a method of operating a second network function of a second wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving a key request from a first network function of a first wireless communication system by a wireless device visiting the second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery, and obtaining the discovery key. The method further includes generating a key response including the discovery key, and sending the key response to the first network function.

[0037] According to some embodiments, obtaining the discovery key includes generating the discovery key at the second network function.

[0038] According to some embodiments, obtaining the discovery key includes obtaining the discovery key from an application function of the second wireless communications system.

[0039] According to some embodiments, the first network function includes a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the first wireless communication system.

[0040] According to some embodiments, the second network functionality includes a DDNMF in the second wireless communication system.

[0041] According to a ninth aspect, there is provided a method of operating a network function of a wireless communication system. The method includes receiving a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, and obtaining the discovery key. The method further includes generating a key response including the discovery key, and transmitting the key response to the network relay.

[0042] According to some embodiments, obtaining the discovery key includes generating the discovery key at a network facility.

[0043] According to some embodiments, obtaining the discovery key includes obtaining the discovery key from an application function of the wireless communication system.

[0044] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a relay service code that identifies the connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0045] According to some embodiments, the key request includes a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies the application for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0046] According to some embodiments, the key response includes a relay service code.

[0047] According to some embodiments, the key response includes the ProSe application identification information.

[0048] According to some embodiments, the key request and the key response each include an identification of the wireless device.

[0049] According to a tenth aspect there is provided a core network node comprising a processing circuit and a memory coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions which, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the core network to perform operations according to any of the methods of the seventh, eighth and ninth aspects. Further, the core network node adapted to perform according to any of the methods of the seventh, eighth or ninth aspects.

[0050] According to an eleventh aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising program code executed by processing circuitry of a core network node, whereby executing the program code causes the core network node to perform operations according to any of the methods of the seventh, eighth or ninth aspects. Further, there is provided a computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium comprising program code executed by processing circuitry of a core network node, whereby executing the program code causes the core network node to perform operations according to any of the methods of the seventh, eighth and ninth aspects.

[0051] These and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from a reading of the following detailed description in light of the drawings briefly described below.

[0052] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate certain non-limiting embodiments of the inventive concepts. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0053] [Figure 1] A diagram showing a user equipment (UE) for ProSe function interfaces for each ProSe sub-function. [Diagram 2] A diagram showing ProSe functional interfaces to other network elements and PLMNs. [Diagram 3] A diagram showing the ProSe key request / response message flow. [Figure 4] A diagram showing the location of ProSe in a service-based architecture. [Figure 5A] A diagram showing a general setup for providing ProSe services to a remote UE. [Figure 5B] FIG. 2 illustrates a message flow for ProSe key discovery according to some embodiments. [Figure 6] FIG. 13 illustrates a message flow for ProSe key discovery according to a further embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a wireless device (UE) in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concepts. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a radio access network RAN ​​node (e.g., a base station eNB / gNB) in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 9] A block diagram showing a core network CN node (e.g., an AMF node, an SMF node, etc.) according to some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 10] 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 11] 1 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a UE-to-network relay in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concepts. [Figure 12] 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a core network node in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 13] 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a core network node in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 14] 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a core network node in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concept. [Figure 15] 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network according to some embodiments. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a user equipment according to some embodiments. [Figure 17]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 18] 1 is a block diagram of a communications network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network according to some embodiments. [Figure 19] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a host computer in communication with user equipment via a base station over a partial wireless connection, according to some embodiments. [Figure 20] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 21] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 22] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 23] 1 is a block diagram of a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0054] 4G system proximity service In 3GPP 4G wireless communication systems, the Proximity Services (ProSe) Function, as specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0, is a logical function used for network-related actions required to access ProSe services. The ProSe Function plays different roles for each ProSe feature. In the 4G specifications, it is assumed that there is only one logical ProSe Function in each Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) that supports proximity services.

[0055] When multiple ProSe functions are deployed within the same PLMN (e.g., due to load reasons), the method for finding the ProSe function assigned to a particular ProSe application code or ProSe restriction code (e.g., through a database lookup, etc.) is not specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0.

[0056] FIG. 1 shows a user equipment (UE) to ProSe function interface for each ProSe sub-function, and FIG. 2 shows the ProSe function interface to other network elements and the PLMN.

[0057] Referring to FIG. 1, the ProSe function consists of three major sub-functions that perform different roles depending on the ProSe mechanism: Direct Provisioning Function (DPF), Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF), and EPC Level Discovery ProSe Function.

[0058] The DPF is used to provide the UE with the necessary parameters to use ProSe direct discovery and ProSe direct communication. It is used to provide the UE with PLMN-specific parameters that enable the UE to use ProSe in a specific PLMN. In the case of direct communication used for public safety, the DPF is also used to provide the UE with parameters required when the UE is not served by the E-UTRAN. In the case of restricted ProSe direct discovery, it also generates and maintains the ProSe discovery UE ID (PDUID).

[0059] The DDNMF is used in Open Prose Direct Discovery to assign and process the mapping of ProSe Application ID and ProSe Application Code in ProSe Direct Discovery. It uses ProSe related subscriber data stored in the HSS for authentication for each discovery request. The DDNMF also provides the UE with the necessary security material to protect discovery messages sent over the air. In Limited ProSe Direct Discovery, it also interacts with the application server via the PC2 reference point for authentication of discovery requests.

[0060] The EPC level discovery ProSe function has a reference point (PC2) towards the application server, a reference point (PC6) towards other ProSe functions, a reference point (PC4a) towards the HSS, and a reference point (PC3) towards the UE. - storing ProSe related subscriber data and / or retrieving ProSe related subscriber data from the HSS; - EPC level ProSe discovery and EPC assisted WLAN direct discovery, as well as authentication and configuration of the UE for communication over PC3 - storing a list of applications authorized to use EPC level ProSe discovery and EPC assisted WLAN direct discovery and communication; - Acting as a Location Service Client (SLP Agent) enabling EPC level ProSe discovery - Providing information to the UE to assist in WLAN direct discovery and communication; - Handling of EPC ProSe user IDs and application layer user IDs - Signaling exchange with third-party application servers through the PC2 reference point for application registration and identifier mapping. - signaling exchange with ProSe functions of other PLMNs over the PC6 reference point to send proximity requests, proximity alerts, and location reports; - Optional support for the ability to request UE location via HSS

[0061] The ProSe function may support "on-demand" broadcasting requested by the UE based on operator policy in the case of ProSe restricted discovery model A. The ProSe function provides the necessary charging and security functions for ProSe usage (both ProSe over EPC, and ProSe for ProSe direct discovery, ProSe direct communication, and WLAN direct discovery and communication).

[0062] If a home routed configuration is applied for the PDN connection (e.g., the PDN GW is located in the HPLMN), the ProSe function of the UE's Home PLMN (HPLMN) can always be reached if such function is supported by the HPLMN. In case of local breakout (e.g., the PDN GW is located in a Visited PLMN (VPLMN)), a ProSe proxy function can be deployed by the VPLMN to support the UE for home ProSe function communication if inter-PLMN signaling is required.

[0063] UE to Network Relay (4G) A UE-to-Network Relay (or simply "relay") is a wireless device that provides functionality supporting connectivity of a remote UE to a network. A UE-to-Network Relay may itself be a UE. To discover a UE-to-Network Relay, a UE may perform a UE-to-Network Relay discovery procedure.

[0064] Parameter provisioning for Public Safety UE to Network Relay Discovery is specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0. The ProSe UE to Network Relay Discovery parameters include parameters that enable the UE to perform ProSe UE to Network Relay Discovery when provisioned in the ME from the DPF or configured in the UICC. These parameters include: - User Information ID: For Model A, this corresponds to the Broadcaster Information parameter when the UE is acting as a Broadcaster UE. For Model B, this corresponds to the Discoverer Information in the Request message and the Discoveree Information in the Response message when the UE is acting as a Discoverer UE or a Discoveree UE, respectively. - Relay Service Code: The relay service code identifies the connectivity service that the ProSe UE-to-network relay provides to the public safety application. The relay service code is configured in the ProSe UE-to-network relay that provides the connectivity service to the public safety application. The relay service code is configured in the remote UEs that are interested in the associated connectivity service. - Alternatively, these parameters can be provided by a third party public safety provider's application server (e.g. a GCS AS similar to TS 23.468). If the UE receives the same data set from the AS as was previously provided by the DPF, the UE uses the data set provided by the AS for ProSe UE-to-Network Relay Discovery.

[0065] Security of UE to Network Relay Discovery (4G) The ProSe UE-to-Network Relay procedure in 4G consists of two distinct stages: UE-to-Network Relay discovery and communication between the remote UE and the UE-to-Network Relay. The ProSe Key Management Function (PKMF) is responsible for providing the root key, i.e. the Public Safety Discovery Key (PSDK), used to protect the Public Safety Discovery messages. The Key Request and Key Response messages are specified in 3GPP TR 23.752 v1.0.0.

[0066] The purpose of these messages is for the UE to request a PSDK from the ProSe key management function. The FQDN of the PKMF is either pre-provisioned or provided by the ProSe function, so that the UE knows from which ProSe key management function to obtain the required PSDK.

[0067] The UE shall not release the PDN connection used to receive the MIKEY message containing the PSDK until the UE informs each ProSe key management function that it no longer requires the PSDK, in order to ensure that the ProSe key management function knows the correct UE IP address for the purpose of performing the PSDK delivery.

[0068] When the UE detects that the PDN connection used to receive the PSDK has been released by the network, the UE shall attempt to send a new key request to inform the ProSe key management function of its new IP address. This is to ensure that the ProSe key management function becomes aware of the new UE IP address for the purpose of performing the PSDK delivery. Any new IP address shall override any existing IP address of the UE in the ProSe key management function.

[0069] When sending a key request for the PSDK, the UE shall include all relevant details of all types of keys that the UE expects to receive from the PKMF, e.g., any PGKs for one-to-many ProSe communication.

[0070] Figure 3 shows the ProSe key request / response message flow.

[0071] When sending a key request message requesting the ProSe key management function to send a PSDK or to change the relay service code or group discovery ID for which it wants to receive keys, the UE shall include the following information: - Public Safety Discovery Security Capability of the UE, indicating whether the UE supports scrambling or not - A list of relay service codes and discovery group IDs for which the UE wants to receive keys - For each relay service code or discovery group ID, the PSDK ID of any keys the UE has for those discoveries. If the UE does not have any keys for this discovery, it shall send a PSDK ID of all zeros. - a list of relay service codes and discovery group IDs for which the UE wants to stop receiving keys

[0072] The ProSe key management function shall check that the UE is authorized to receive keys for the requested discovery. This is done by using the UE identity bound to the key that established the TLS tunnel through which the message is sent. If the UE is not authorized, the ProSe key management function shall respond with an appropriate error. The ProSe key management function shall also check the UE's public safety discovery security capabilities to find out if the UE supports scrambling and shall respond with an appropriate error if not. The ProSe key management function shall update the stored set of discoveries for which keys are sent to the UE.

[0073] The ProSe key management function responds to the UE with a key response message containing the following parameters: - A list of relay service codes and discovery group IDs that were included in the key request message - For each discoverer (relay or group member) that is provided with a key, security metadata that should be used to indicate how discovery messages and key type IDs are protected for discovery, and - For each other group, a status code indicating why the key was not provisioned for that group - optional PMK and PMK identity - CURRENT_TIME and MAX_OFFSET

[0074] For groups for which the UE obtains keys, the UE shall store the received information associated with that discovery. If the PMK and PMK identity are included, the UE shall store these and erase anything previously stored for this ProSe key management function. The security metadata informs the UE whether it needs to apply scrambling, message-specific confidentiality, and / or MIC check. If message-specific confidentiality is required, the security metadata contains the Encrypted_bit_mask.

[0075] The UE uses CURRENT_TIME and MAX_OFFSET in the same way as from open discovery, and the UE may only start broadcasting if the system provided UTC-based counter associated with the discovery slot is within MAX_OFFSET of the broadcasting UE's ProSe clock. The UE's ProSe clock is (re)set based on the provided CURRENT_TIME.

[0076] The ProSe key management function shall initiate the PGK delivery procedure for the keys required by the UE.

[0077] ProSe in 5G systems In 3GPP TR 23.752 v1.0.0, SA2 is studying an architecture option named "User Plane Based Architecture". This architecture proposes to adopt the required functionality of ProSe function as specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0 into the 5G system architecture. According to 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0, the Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) and Direct Provisioning Function (DPF) of the ProSe function are mandatory to support ProSe in the 5G system architecture. The DPF is used to provide the UE with the necessary parameters to use 5G ProSe Direct Discovery and 5G ProSe Direct Communication, which can be replaced by the PCF. The DDNMF is used to provide the following procedures through the PC3 interface. - Discovery request / response procedure: Providing IDs and filters for direct discovery - Match Reporting Procedure: Checks for direct discovery and provides mapping information for direct discovery - Alert notification procedure: Supports "on-demand" ProSe direct discovery in case of ProSe restricted discovery model A - Discovery update procedure: Update / invalidate previously assigned IDs, filters

[0078] 5GS supports a service-based architecture model, where the DDNMF can be a network function (NF) that can not only interact with 5G NFs (e.g., to consume Nudm service operations), but also connects with UEs via user plane connectivity for support procedures over the PC3 interface. In this architecture, it is proposed to introduce the 5G DDNMF as shown in Figure 4.

[0079] The 5G DDNMF is managed by the MNO and can consume service operations from other NFs (e.g., Nudm or Npcf) in the 5G NF.

[0080] The PC3 interface supports the following baseline mechanisms as specified in 3GPP TS 23.303 v15.1.0: discovery request / response, match reporting procedure, alert notification procedure, and discovery update procedure. Whether NSSAI or DNN should be used for user plane connectivity for the PC3 interface is up to the MNO configuration (e.g., it can be controlled by the UE's URSP or local configuration).

[0081] The inventive concept will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which examples of embodiments of the inventive concept are shown. However, the inventive concept may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments described herein. Instead, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that these embodiments are not mutually exclusive. Elements from one embodiment can be implicitly assumed to be present / used in another embodiment.

[0082] The following description presents various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. These embodiments are presented as teaching examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosed subject matter. For example, certain details of the described embodiments may be modified, omitted, or expanded without departing from the scope of the described subject matter.

[0083] 3GPP SA2 has not finalized a solution for UE-to-network relay in 5GS. In 4G (EPS), the UE-to-network relay use case was for public safety only. However, in 5GS, UE-to-network relay applies to both public safety and commercial use cases.

[0084] In 4G communication systems, the scenario where a remote UE uses the PC5 interface to access a 3GPP network via a UE-to-network relay (or simply "relay") was specified for public safety services only; commercial services were never in scope. In 5GS, UE-to-network relay is specified for both public safety and commercial services.

[0085] In 4G, for commercial services, a remote UE does not know in advance which relays it can find in its vicinity. For commercial services, it is not described how the remote UE and relays find a common security key used for UE-to-network relay discovery over the PC5 interface.

[0086] Furthermore, commercial use of PKMF is not considered appropriate because PKMF is maintained by the government for public safety use cases and is not dependent on the PLMN, in contrast to commercial applications which are typically dependent on the PLMN.

[0087] According to some embodiments disclosed herein, the 5G DDNMF (5G DDNMF) or Application Function (AF) may handle the management of ProSe discovery keys. For example, when a commercial application is Visited PLMN (VPLMN) dependent, i.e., the remote UE only connects to relays served by some specific PLMN, the remote UE sends a key request to the 5G DDNMF of its HPLMN. The key request includes a list of VPLMNs for which the discovery key is required. The 5G DDMNF of the HPLMN contacts the 5G DDMNF of the VPLMN to obtain the discovery key. The relay obtains the discovery key using the same procedure as the remote UE.

[0088] In some embodiments, if the commercial application is bound to a UE-to-Network Relay Home PLMN (HPLMN), the remote UE sends a key request to the 5G DDNMF of its HPLMN, which contacts the 5G DDMNF of the PLMN bound to the application to obtain the discovery key, and the relay contacts the 5G DDNMF in its HPLMN to obtain the discovery key.

[0089] These and other embodiments are described in further detail below.

[0090] The embodiments described herein may provide certain advantages. For example, according to some embodiments, discovery keys are supported that provide commercial UE-to-network relay discovery. Key provisioning can be controlled by the network operator if the commercial use case is PLMN dependent. Furthermore, the remote UE does not need to contact a key management function, e.g., a PKMF, to obtain the discovery key. Thus, in some embodiments, the address of the key management function does not need to be provided to the remote UE and the relay.

[0091] 5A illustrates a general setup for providing ProSe services to a remote UE. In particular, the remote UE 510 is a 5G ProSe-enabled UE that communicates with a data network (DN) 550 via a 5G ProSe UE-to-network relay 520. The 5G ProSe UE-to-network relay is a UE that provides functionality to support the remote UE's connectivity to the network.

[0092] A remote UE 510 communicates with a UE-to-network relay 520 via a PC5 interface, which in turn communicates with a gNodeB base station 530 over a conventional Uu interface. The gNodeB 530 provides connectivity to a 5G core network (5GC) 540, which in turn provides access to a data network 550.

[0093] A ProSe 5G UE-to-Network Relay entity can be used to access both public safety services and commercial services (e.g., interactive services). A UE is considered a remote UE for a given ProSe 5G UE-to-Network Relay if it successfully establishes a PC5 link to the ProSe 5G UE-to-Network Relay. A remote UE can be located within the coverage of the NG-RAN or outside the coverage of the NG-RAN.

[0094] The remote UE may perform communication path selection between the direct Uu path and the indirect Uu path based on the link quality and a configured threshold (which may be pre-configured or provided by the NG-RAN). For example, if the Uu link quality is above the configured threshold, the direct Uu path may be selected. Otherwise, the indirect Uu path may be selected by performing a UE-to-network relay discovery and selection procedure.

[0095] According to some embodiments, when a commercial application is Visited PLMN (VPLMN) dependent, i.e. when a remote UE accesses an application that only connects to UE-to-Network Relays served by that PLMN, the remote UE sends a key request to the 5GDDMNF of its HPLMN. The key request includes a list of VPLMNs for which access to the application is sought. The 5GDDMNF in the HPLMN of the remote UE contacts the 5GDDMNFs of the listed VPLMNs to obtain a discovery key. The UE-to-Network Relay may obtain the discovery key using the same procedure as the remote UE. This procedure is illustrated in FIG. 5B.

[0096] 5B, a remote UE 510 or UE-to-network relay ("relay") 520 connects to the network and is authenticated as a remote UE / relay for ProSe services in block 552. The remote UE / relay 510 / 520 also obtains the address of the 5G DNNMF of its HPLMN during provisioning / authentication.

[0097] The remote UE / relay 510 / 520 sends a key request 554 to the 5GDDNMF 515A of its HPLMN to obtain a discovery key for performing the UE to network relay discovery procedure. The key request contains at least the following information: - A list of PLMN IDs that the remote UE / relay 510 / 520 may visit. The list of PLMN IDs may include the IDs of the HPLMNs of the remote UE / relay 510 / 520. - Remote UE / Relay ID, such as SUPI, UE Application ID, or other ID - ProSe Application ID, and - One or more relay service codes

[0098] The ProSe application ID is an identification used in open ProSe direct discovery to identify application-related information for a ProSe-enabled UE. Each ProSe application ID may be globally unique.

[0099] The relay service code is used to identify the connectivity service provided by the ProSe UE-to-network relay and the authorized user to which the ProSe UE-to-network relay will present the service, and may select, for example, relevant security policies or information required for verification and authentication between the remote UE and the ProSe UE-to-network relay.

[0100] In block 556, the 5GDDNMF 515A of the HPLMN of the remote UE / relay 510 / 520 checks whether the remote UE / relay 510 / 520 can consume or provide relay services in the listed PLMNs.

[0101] If the check in block 556 is OK, the 5GDDNMF 515A in the HPLMN of the remote UE / relay sends a key request 558 to the 5GDDNMF 515B of each PLMN in the list.

[0102] In block 560, for every PLMN in the PLMN list, the associated 5GDDNMF 515B receives a key request 558 sent by the 5GDDNMF 515A of the HPLMN of the remote UE / relay 510 / 520. The 5GDDNMF 515B checks whether the remote UE / relay 510 / 520 can consume or provide relay services in the PLMN. If the check is OK, in block 560, the 5GDDNMF generates a discovery key corresponding to the relay service code and its PLMN ID. If the key management is done by another Network Function or Application Function (AF) 525, the 5GDDNMF contacts that NF or AF to obtain the key.

[0103] For every PLMN in the PLMN list, the associated 5GDDNMF 515B sends a Key Response 562 to the 5GDDNMF 515A of the HPLMN of the remote UE / relay 510 / 520. The Key Response message 562 contains at least the following information: - PLMN ID of the PLMN - UE ID - ProSe Application ID - Relay service code, and - Discovery Key

[0104] After receiving the Key Response 562 from the other 5GDDNMF 515B, the 5GDDNMF 515A of the HPLMN sends a Key Response 564 to the remote UE / relay 510 / 520. The Key Response message 564 contains at least the following information: - PLMN ID - UE ID - ProSe Application ID - Relay service code, and - Discovery keys received from other 5G DDNMFs

[0105] In some embodiments, commercial applications may depend on the HPLMN of the relay, i.e., the commercial applications may be accessible only from the HPLMN of the relay. In such a scenario, the procedure for the remote UE 510 is the same as that shown in FIG. 5B. The PLMN list sent in block 554 indicates the HPLMNs of the relays that the remote UE wants to discover. When the 5GDDNMF 515A receives the key request, it checks whether the remote UE 510 can discover relays belonging to the corresponding PLMN.

[0106] In the case of key discovery by relay, the procedure is simplified as shown in Figure 6. In that case, the 5G DDNMF 515 of the relay 520 does not need to contact the 5G DDNMF of other PLMNs.

[0107] 6, the relay 520 connects to the network and is authenticated as a relay for ProSe services in block 602. The relay 520 also obtains the address of the 5G DNNMF of its HPLMN during provisioning / authentication.

[0108] The relay 520 sends a key request 604 to the 5GDDNMF 515 of its HPLMN to obtain a discovery key for performing a UE to network relay discovery procedure in connection with services dependent on the HPLMN of the relay 520. The key request includes at least the following information: - Relay ID, such as SUPI, UE application ID, or other ID - ProSe Application ID - one or more relay service codes, and - (Optional) HPLMN ID

[0109] In block 606, the 5GDDNMF 515 of the HPLMN of the relay 520 checks whether the relay 520 can consume or provide the requested relay service.

[0110] If the check in block 606 is OK, the 5GDDNMF 515 in the HPLMN of the relay 520 generates a discovery key corresponding to the relay service code in block 608. If key management is performed by another Network Function or Application Function (AF) 525, the 5GDDNMF 515 contacts that NF or AF to obtain the key.

[0111] The 5GDDNMF 515 then sends a key response 610 to the relay 520. The key response message 610 contains at least the following information: - UE ID - ProSe Application ID - Relay Service Code - Discovery key, and - (Optional) PLMN ID of the HPLMN

[0112] Note that the PLMN ID in the key request 604 and key response 610 is optional, since the 5GDDNMF 515 knows its own PLMN ID.

[0113] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a communications device UE 300 (also referred to as a mobile terminal, mobile communications terminal, wireless device, wireless communications device, wireless terminal, mobile device, wireless communication terminal, user equipment (UE), user equipment node / terminal / device, etc.) configured to provide wireless communications, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. The UE 300 shown in FIG. 7 may correspond to a remote UE and / or a UE-to-network relay as described above. (Communications device 300 may be provided, for example, for wireless device 4110 of FIG. 15, UE 4200 of FIG. 16, UEs 4491, 4492 of FIG. 18, and / or UE 4530 of FIG. 19, as described below.)

[0114] As shown, the communication device UE may include an antenna 307 (e.g., corresponding to antenna 4111 in FIG. 15 ) and a transceiver circuit 301 (e.g., corresponding to interface 4114 in FIG. 15 , also referred to as a transceiver) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink wireless communication with a base station (one or more) of a radio access network (e.g., also referred to as a RAN node, corresponding to network node 4160 in FIG. 15 ). The communication device UE may also include a processing circuit 303 (e.g., corresponding to processing circuit 4120 in FIG. 15 , also referred to as a processor) coupled to the transceiver circuit, and a memory circuit 305 (e.g., corresponding to device readable medium 4130 in FIG. 15 , also referred to as a memory) coupled to the processing circuit. The memory circuit 305 may include computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuit 303, causes the processing circuit to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, the processing circuit 303 may be defined to include a memory such that a separate memory circuit is not required. The communication device UE may also include an interface (such as a user interface) coupled to the processing circuit 303 and / or the communication device UE may be integrated into a vehicle.

[0115] As described herein, operations of the communication device UE may be performed by the processing circuitry 303 and / or the transceiver circuitry 301. For example, the processing circuitry 303 may control the transceiver circuitry 301 to transmit communications through the transceiver circuitry 301 over an air interface to a radio access network node (also referred to as a base station) and / or receive communications through the transceiver circuitry 301 over an air interface from a RAN node. Furthermore, modules may be stored in the memory circuitry 305 and these modules may provide instructions such that, when instructions of the modules are executed by the processing circuitry 303, the processing circuitry 303 performs respective operations (e.g., operations described below with respect to exemplary embodiments related to wireless communication devices). According to some embodiments, the communication device UE 300 and / or elements / functionality thereof may be embodied as virtual node(s) and / or virtual machine(s).

[0116] 8 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a radio access network RAN ​​node 400 (also referred to as a network node, base station, eNodeB / eNB, gNodeB / gNB, etc.) of a radio access network (RAN) configured to provide cellular communications, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. (The RAN node 400 may be provided, for example, as described below with respect to the network node 4160 of FIG. 15, the base stations 4412a, 4412b, 4412c of FIG. 18, and / or the base station 4520 of FIG. 19.) As shown, the RAN node may include a transceiver circuit 401 (e.g., corresponding to a portion of the interface 4190 of FIG. 15, also referred to as a transceiver) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink wireless communications with mobile terminals. The RAN node may include a network interface circuit 407 (e.g., corresponding to a portion of the interface 4190 of FIG. 15, also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications with other nodes of the RAN and / or the core network CN (e.g., with other base stations). The network node may also include a processing circuit 403 (e.g., corresponding to processing circuit 4170, also referred to as a processor) coupled to the transceiver circuit, and a memory circuit 405 (e.g., corresponding to device readable medium 4180 of FIG. 15, also referred to as a memory) coupled to the processing circuit. The memory circuit 405 may include computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuit 403, causes the processing circuit to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, the processing circuit 403 may be defined to include a memory such that a separate memory circuit is not required.

[0117] As described herein, operations of the RAN node may be performed by the processing circuitry 403, the network interface 407, and / or the transceiver 401. For example, the processing circuitry 403 may control the transceiver 401 to transmit downlink communications through the transceiver 401 over a radio interface to one or more mobile terminals UEs and / or receive uplink communications from one or more mobile terminals UEs through the transceiver 401 over a radio interface. Similarly, the processing circuitry 403 may control the network interface 407 to transmit communications through the network interface 407 to one or more other network nodes and / or receive communications from one or more other network nodes through the network interface. Additionally, modules may be stored in the memory 405 that, when their instructions are executed by the processing circuitry 403, provide instructions to the processing circuitry 403 such that the processing circuitry 403 performs respective operations (e.g., operations described below with respect to exemplary embodiments related to a RAN node). According to some embodiments, the RAN node 400 and / or its elements / functions may be embodied as virtual node(s) and / or virtual machine(s).

[0118] According to some other embodiments, the network node may be implemented as a core network CN node lacking a transceiver. In such embodiments, the transmission to the wireless communication device UE may be initiated by the network node, whereby the transmission to the wireless communication device UE is provided through the network node including the transceiver (e.g., through a base station or a RAN node). According to an embodiment in which the network node is a RAN node including a transceiver, initiating the transmission may include transmitting through the transceiver.

[0119] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a core network CN node (e.g., SMF node, AMF node, etc.) of a communications network configured to provide cellular communications, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. As shown, the CN node may include a network interface circuit 507 (also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications with other nodes of the core network and / or radio access network RAN. The CN node may also include a processing circuit 503 (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the network interface circuit, and a memory circuit 505 (also referred to as a memory) coupled to the processing circuit. The memory circuit 505 may include computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuit 503, causes the processing circuit to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, the processing circuit 503 may be defined to include a memory, such that a separate memory circuit is not required.

[0120] As described herein, the operations of the CN node may be performed by the processing circuitry 503 and / or the network interface circuitry 507. For example, the processing circuitry 503 may control the network interface circuitry 507 to transmit communications to one or more other network nodes through the network interface circuitry 507 and / or receive communications from one or more other network nodes through the network interface circuitry. Additionally, modules may be stored in the memory 505 that, when their instructions are executed by the processing circuitry 503, may provide instructions such that the processing circuitry 503 performs respective operations (e.g., operations described below with respect to exemplary embodiments related to a core network node). According to some embodiments, the CN node 500 and / or its elements / functions may be embodied as virtual node(s) and / or virtual machine(s).

[0121] Operation of user equipment UE 300 (implemented using the structure of FIG. 7) will now be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 10, in accordance with some embodiments of the inventive concepts. For example, modules may be stored in memory 305 of FIG. 7, and these modules may provide instructions such that, when the instructions of the modules are executed by respective UE processing circuitry 303, the processing circuitry 303 performs the respective operations of the flowchart.

[0122] Referring to FIG. 10 , a method of operating a wireless device according to some embodiments includes sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network to which the wireless device is roaming (1002), receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004), and securing communications with a network relay in the visited network using the discovery key (1006).

[0123] The network capabilities may include a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the wireless device's home network.

[0124] The key request may include a list of networks for which a discovery key may be sought, and the key response may include a list of networks for which a discovery key may be provided and their associated discovery keys.

[0125] The list of networks for which network discovery may be sought, and for which discovery services may be provided, includes a list of Public Land Mobile Radio (PLMN) identities.

[0126] The key request may include a relay service code that identifies the connectivity service for which network relay discovery may be sought.

[0127] The key request may include a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies the application for which network relay discovery may be sought.

[0128] The key response may include a relay service code. The key response may include a ProSe application identity. The key request and the key response each include an identity of the wireless device.

[0129] The visited network may be the same as the home network of the wireless device.

[0130] 7 and 10, a wireless device (300) according to some embodiments includes a processing circuit (303) and a memory (305) coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions that, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the wireless device to perform operations including sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network to which the wireless device is roaming (1002), receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004), and using the discovery key to secure communications with a network relay in the visited network (1006).

[0131] 7 and 10, a wireless device (300) according to some embodiments is adapted to perform an operation of sending a key request to a network function in the wireless device's home network to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network to which the wireless device is roaming (1002), receiving a key response from the network function in the wireless device's home network including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004), and using the discovery key to secure communication with a network relay in the visited network (1006).

[0132] 7 and 10, a computer program according to some embodiments includes program code executed by a processing circuit (303) of a wireless device (300), thereby causing the wireless device (300) to perform an operation of sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network to which the wireless device is roaming (1002), receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004), and using the discovery key to secure communication with a network relay in the visited network (1006).

[0133] 7 and 10, a computer program product according to some embodiments includes a non-transitory storage medium including program code executed by a processing circuit (303) of a wireless device (300), thereby causing the wireless device (300) to perform an operation of sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network to which the wireless device is roaming (1002), receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004), and using the discovery key to secure communication with a network relay in the visited network (1006).

[0134] Referring to FIG. 11 , a method of operating a network relay according to some embodiments includes sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the network relay to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery (1102), receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the network relay including the discovery key for network relay discovery (1104), and protecting communications with a remote wireless device using the discovery key (1106).

[0135] The network function may include a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the home network of the network relay.

[0136] The key request may include a list of networks for which a network discovery key is desired, and the key response may include a list of networks for which a discovery key is to be provided and their associated discovery keys.

[0137] The list of networks for which network discovery is desired and the list of networks for which discovery services are provided includes a list of Public Land Mobile Radio (PLMN) identities.

[0138] The key request may include a relay service code that identifies the connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0139] 20. A method according to any of claims 15 to 19, wherein the key request may include a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies an application for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0140] The key response may include a relay service code.

[0141] The key response may include the ProSe application identification information.

[0142] The key request and key response each include the identity of the network relay.

[0143] 7 and 11, a network relay (300) according to some embodiments may include a processing circuit (303) and a memory (305) coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions that, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the network relay to perform an operation of sending a key request to a network function in the network relay's home network to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery (1102), receiving a key response from the network function in the network relay's home network including the discovery key for network relay discovery (1104), and protecting communications with a remote wireless device using the discovery key (1106).

[0144] 7 and 11, a network relay (300) according to some embodiments is adapted to perform an operation of sending a key request to a network function in the network relay's home network to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery (1102), receiving a key response from the network function in the network relay's home network including the discovery key for network relay discovery (1104), and using the discovery key to protect communications with a remote wireless device (1106).

[0145] 7 and 11, a computer program according to some embodiments may include program code executed by a processing circuit (303) of the network relay (300), such that, by executing the program code, the network relay (300) performs an operation of sending a key request to a network function in the network relay's home network to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery (1102), receiving a key response from the network function in the network relay's home network including the discovery key for network relay discovery (1104), and protecting communications with a remote wireless device using the discovery key (1106).

[0146] 7 and 11, a computer program product according to some embodiments may include a non-transitory storage medium including program code executed by a processing circuit (303) of a network relay (300), such that executing the program code causes the network relay (300) to perform an operation of sending a key request to a network function in the network relay's home network to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery (1102), receiving a key response from the network function in the network relay's home network including the discovery key for network relay discovery (1104), and protecting communications with a remote wireless device using the discovery key (1106).

[0147] Referring to FIG. 12, a method according to some embodiments of operating a first network function of a first wireless communication system includes receiving a key request from a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system (1202), sending a key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key (1204), receiving the discovery key from the second network function (1206), generating a key response including the discovery key (1208), and sending the key response to the wireless device (1210).

[0148] The first network function may include a direct discovery name management function (DDNMF) in the first wireless communication system.

[0149] The second network function may include a DDNMF in the second wireless communication system.

[0150] Referring to FIG. 13, a method according to some embodiments of operating a second network function of a second wireless communication system includes receiving a key request from a first network function in the first wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery by a wireless device visiting the second wireless communication system (1302), obtaining the discovery key (1304), generating a key response including the discovery key (1306), and sending the key response to the first network function (1308).

[0151] Obtaining the discovery key may include generating the discovery key at the second network function.

[0152] Obtaining the discovery key may include obtaining the discovery key from an application function of the second wireless communication system.

[0153] The first network function may include a direct discovery name management function (DDNMF) in the first wireless communication system.

[0154] The second network function may include a DDNMF in the second wireless communication system.

[0155] Referring to FIG. 14, a method according to some embodiments for operating a network function of a wireless communication system includes receiving a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system (1402), obtaining the discovery key (1404), generating a key response including the discovery key (1406), and sending the key response to the network relay (1408).

[0156] Obtaining the discovery key may include generating the discovery key at a network function.

[0157] Obtaining the discovery key may include obtaining the discovery key from an application function of the wireless communication system.

[0158] The key request may include a relay service code that identifies the connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0159] The key request may include a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies the application for which network relay discovery is desired.

[0160] The key response may include a relay service code.

[0161] The key response may include the ProSe application identification information. The key request and key response may each include an identification of the wireless device.

[0162] 9 and 12, a core network node (500) according to some embodiments includes a processing circuit (503) and a memory (505) coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions that, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the core network node to perform an operation of receiving a key request from a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system (1202), an operation of sending a key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key (1204), an operation of receiving the discovery key from the second network function (1206), an operation of generating a key response including the discovery key (1208), and an operation of sending the key response to the wireless device (1210).

[0163] 9 and 12, a core network node (500) according to some embodiments is adapted to perform an operation of receiving (1202) a key request from a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, an operation of sending (1204) a key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key, an operation of receiving (1206) the discovery key from the second network function, an operation of generating (1208) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1210) the key response to the wireless device.

[0164] 9 and 12, a computer program according to some embodiments includes program code executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby, by executing the program code, the core network node (500) performs an operation of receiving (1202) a key request from a wireless device visiting the second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, an operation of sending (1204) a key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key, an operation of receiving (1206) the discovery key from the second network function, an operation of generating (1208) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1210) the key response to the wireless device.

[0165] 9 and 12, a computer program product according to some embodiments includes a non-transitory storage medium including program code executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby executing the program code causes the core network node (500) to perform an operation of receiving (1202) a key request from a wireless device visiting the second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, an operation of sending (1204) a key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key, an operation of receiving (1206) the discovery key from the second network function, an operation of generating (1208) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1210) the key response to the wireless device.

[0166] 9 and 13, a core network node (500) according to some embodiments includes a processing circuit (503) and a memory (505) coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions that, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the core network node to perform an operation of receiving (1302) a key request from a first network function in a first wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery by a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1304) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1306) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1308) the key response to the first network function.

[0167] 9 and 13, a core network node (500) according to some embodiments is adapted to perform an operation of receiving (1302) a key request from a first network function in a first wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery by a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1304) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1306) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1308) the key response to the first network function.

[0168] 9 and 13, a computer program according to some embodiments includes program code executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby, by executing the program code, the core network node (500) performs an operation of receiving (1302) a key request from a first network function in a first wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery by a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1304) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1306) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1308) the key response to the first network function.

[0169] 9 and 13, a computer program product according to some embodiments includes a non-transitory storage medium including program code executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby executing the program code causes the core network node (500) to perform an operation of receiving (1302) a key request from a first network function in a first wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery by a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1304) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1306) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1308) the key response to the first network function.

[0170] 9 and 14, a core network node (500) according to some embodiments includes a processing circuit (503) and a memory (505) coupled to the processing circuit, the memory including instructions that, when executed by the processing circuit, cause the core network node to: receive a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system (1402); obtain the discovery key (1404); generate a key response including the discovery key (1406); and send the key response to the network relay (1408).

[0171] 9 and 14, a core network node (500) according to some embodiments is adapted to perform an operation of receiving (1402) a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1404) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1406) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1408) the key response to the network relay.

[0172] 9 and 14, a computer program according to some embodiments includes program code executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby, by executing the program code, the core network node (500) performs an operation of receiving (1402) a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1404) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1406) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1408) the key response to the network relay.

[0173] 9 and 14, a computer program product according to some embodiments includes a non-transitory storage medium including program code executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby executing the program code causes the core network node (500) to perform an operation of receiving (1402) a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system, an operation of obtaining (1404) the discovery key, an operation of generating (1406) a key response including the discovery key, and an operation of sending (1408) the key response to the network relay.

[0174] Further explanation is provided below.

[0175] In general, all terms used herein should be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or suggested by the context of use. All references to elements, apparatus, components, means, steps, etc. should be openly interpreted as referring to at least one instance of that element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless expressly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein need not be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is expressly described as being next to or prior to another step, and / or unless it is implied that a step must be next to or prior to another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, where appropriate. Similarly, any advantage of any embodiment may be applied to any other embodiment, and vice versa. Other objects, features, and advantages of the embodiments of the present specification will become apparent from the following description.

[0176] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein are further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, other embodiments are within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein and the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as being limited to only the embodiments described herein, but rather these embodiments are provided as examples to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0177] FIG. 15 illustrates a wireless network according to some embodiments.

[0178] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any suitable type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the exemplary wireless network shown in FIG. 15. For simplicity, the wireless network of FIG. 15 illustrates only the network 4106, the network nodes 4160 and 4160b, and the WDs 4110, 4110b, and 4110c (also referred to as mobile terminals). In practice, the wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable for supporting communication between wireless devices, or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, the network node 4160 and the wireless device (WD) 4110 will be described in more detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices accessing and / or using services provided by or through the wireless network.

[0179] The wireless network may comprise and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and / or radio network, or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to a particular standard or other type of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement a communication standard, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standard, a wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, and / or any other suitable wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and / or ZigBee standard.

[0180] The network 4106 may include one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), packet data networks, optical networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks that enable communication between devices.

[0181] The network node 4160 and WD 4110 comprise various components, which are described in more detail below. These components cooperate to provide the functionality of a network node and / or a wireless device, such as providing wireless connectivity in a wireless network. In different embodiments, a wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0182] As used herein, a network node refers to equipment that can, is configured to, is arranged to, and / or is operable to communicate directly or indirectly with wireless devices and / or other network nodes, or equipment in a wireless network that enables and / or provides wireless access to wireless devices and / or performs other functions (e.g., management) of the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, without limitation, access points (APs) (e.g., wireless access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), and NR Node Bs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or in other words, their transmit power levels), and therefore may also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node, or a relay donor node that controls a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed wireless base station, such as a centralized digital unit, and / or a remote radio unit (RRU), which may be referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with antennas as antenna-integrated radios. The distributed radio base station portion may also be referred to as a node of a distributed antenna system (DAS). Other further examples of network nodes include MSR equipment such as a multi-standard radio (MSR) BS, a network controller such as a radio network controller (RNC) or a base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transmission point, a transmitting node, a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), a core network node (e.g., MSC, MME), an O&M node, an OSS node, a SON node, a positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC), and / or an MDT. As another example, the network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below.More generally, however, a network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) configured, arranged, and / or operable to enable and / or provide access to a wireless network for a wireless device or to provide some service to a wireless device accessing the wireless network.

[0183] In FIG. 15, the network node 4160 includes a processing circuit 4170, a device readable medium 4180, an interface 4190, ancillary equipment 4184, a power source 4186, a power circuit 4187, and an antenna 4162. Although the network node 4160 shown in the example wireless network of FIG. 15 may represent a device including the shown combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise a network node having a different combination of components. It should be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and / or software necessary to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Furthermore, although the components of the network node 4160 are shown as a single box located within a larger box or as a single box nested within multiple boxes, in reality the network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single shown component (e.g., the device readable medium 4180 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules).

[0184] Similarly, the network node 4160 may be comprised of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a Node B component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), each of which may have its own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 4160 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., a BTS component and a BSC component), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control several Node Bs. In such scenarios, each unique pair of Node B and RNC may be considered as a single separate network node in some cases. In some embodiments, the network node 4160 may be configured to support several radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device-readable media 4180 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 4162 may be shared by the RATs). The network node 4160 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, integrated into the network node 4160. These wireless technologies may be integrated in the same or different chips or chipsets, and other components within the network node 4160.

[0185] The processing circuit 4170 is configured to perform any decision, computation, or similar operations (e.g., certain acquisition operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by the processing circuit 4170 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuit 4170, for example, by transforming the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or transformed information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or transformed information, and making a decision as a result of the processing.

[0186] The processing circuitry 4170 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable, alone or in conjunction with other network node 4160 components, such as device readable medium 4180, to provide the functionality of the network node 4160. For example, the processing circuitry 4170 may execute instructions stored on the device readable medium 4180 or stored in memory within the processing circuitry 4170. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 4170 may include a system on a chip (SOC).

[0187] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 4170 may include one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 4172 and a baseband processing circuitry 4174. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 4172 and the baseband processing circuitry 4174 may be on separate chips (or chipsets), boards, or units, such as a radio unit and a digital unit. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 4172 and the baseband processing circuitry 4174 may be on the same chip or chipset, board, or unit.

[0188] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB, or other such network device may be performed by the processing circuitry 4170 executing instructions stored on the device-readable medium 4180, or memory within the processing circuitry 4170. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 4170 without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of those embodiments, the processing circuitry 4170 can be configured to perform the described functionality, whether or not it executes instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry 4170 alone or other components of the network node 4160, but are enjoyed by the network node 4160 as a whole, and / or by end users and wireless networks in general.

[0189] The device readable medium 4180 may include any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory, including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disk (CD), or digital video disk (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile non-transitory device readable and / or computer executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 4170. The device readable medium 4180 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including computer programs, software, applications (including one or more of logic, rules, codes, tables, etc.), and / or other instructions that can be executed by the processing circuit 4170 and utilized by the network node 4160. The device readable medium 4180 may be used to store any calculations performed by the processing circuit 4170 and / or any data received via the interface 4190. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 4170 and the device readable medium 4180 may be considered to be integrated.

[0190] The interface 4190 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between the network node 4160, the network 4106, and / or the WD 4110. As shown, the interface 4190 includes a port / terminal 4194 for transmitting and receiving data to and from the network 4106, for example, via a wired connection. The interface 4190 also includes a radio front-end circuit 4192, which is coupled to the antenna 4162 or may be part of the antenna 4162 in certain embodiments. The radio front-end circuit 4192 includes a filter 4198 and an amplifier 4196. The radio front-end circuit 4192 may be connected to the antenna 4162 and the processing circuit 4170. The radio front-end circuit may be configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 4162 and the processing circuit 4170. The radio front-end circuit 4192 may receive digital data to be sent to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 4192 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 4198 and / or amplifiers 4196. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 4162. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 4162 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 4192. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 4170. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0191] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 4160 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 4192, and instead the processing circuit 4170 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and may be connected to the antenna 4162 without a separate radio front-end circuit 4192. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or a portion of the RF transceiver circuit 4172 may be considered part of the interface 4190. In still other embodiments, the interface 4190 may include one or more ports or terminals 4194, the radio front-end circuit 4192, and the RF transceiver circuit 4172 as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the interface 4190 may communicate with a baseband processing circuit 4174 that is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0192] The antenna 4162 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 4162 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 4192 and may be any type of antenna capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data and / or signals. In some embodiments, the antenna 4162 may comprise one or more omnidirectional, sector, or panel antennas operable to transmit / receive wireless signals, for example, from 2 GHz to 66 GHz. An omnidirectional antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals from devices in a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line-of-sight antenna used to transmit / receive wireless signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, the antenna 4162 may be separate from the network node 4160 and may be connectable to the network node 4160 through an interface or port.

[0193] The antenna 4162, the interface 4190, and / or the processing circuit 4170 may be configured to perform any receiving operation and / or certain acquisition operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signal may be received from a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 4162, the interface 4190, and / or the processing circuit 4170 may be configured to perform any transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signal may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0194] The power circuitry 4187 may comprise or be coupled to a power management circuitry and is configured to provide power to the components of the network node 4160 for performing the functions described herein. The power circuitry 4187 may receive power from a power source 4186. The power source 4186 and / or the power circuitry 4187 may be configured to provide power to the various components of the network node 4160 in a form suitable for each component (e.g., at the voltage and current levels required for each respective component). The power source 4186 may either be included in the power circuitry 4187 and / or the network node 4160 or be external thereto. For example, the network node 4160 may be connectable via an input circuit or interface, such as an electrical cable, to an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), whereby the external power source provides power to the power circuitry 4187. As a further example, the power source 4186 may comprise a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack connected to or integrated with the power circuitry 4187. The battery may provide backup power in the event that the external power source fails. Other types of power sources may also be used, such as solar cell devices.

[0195] Alternate embodiments of the network node 4160 may include additional components other than those shown in FIG. 15 that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functions described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 4160 may include user interface devices that allow for the input of information into the network node 4160 and the output of information from the network node 4160. This may enable a user to perform diagnostics, maintenance, repair, and other management functions of the network node 4160.

[0196] As used herein, a wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable of, configured to, arranged to, and / or operable to wirelessly communicate with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise specified, the term WO may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic, radio, infrared, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information over the air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predefined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the network. Examples of WDs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cell phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback appliances, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptop computers, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPE), in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, etc. WDs may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, for example, by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X), in which case they may be referred to as D2D communications devices. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another WD and / or network node.The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may be referred to as an MTC device in the 3GPP context. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or household or personal appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, etc.), personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, the WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that may monitor and / or report its operating status or other functions associated with the operation. The WD as described above may represent an endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, the WD as described above may be a mobile object, in which case the device may be referred to as a mobile device or mobile terminal.

[0197] As shown, the wireless device 4110 includes an antenna 4111, an interface 4114, a processing circuit 4120, a device readable medium 4130, a user interface device 4132, ancillary devices 4134, a power source 4136, and a power circuit 4137. The WD 4110 may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies that the WD 4110 supports, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to name a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated on the same or different chip or chipset as other components in the WD 4110.

[0198] The antenna 4111 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and is connected to the interface 4114. In certain alternative embodiments, the antenna 4111 may be separate from the WD 4110 and connectable to the WD 4110 through an interface or port. The antenna 4111, the interface 4114, and / or the processing circuitry 4120 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data, and / or signal may be received from a network node and / or another WD. In some embodiments, the wireless front-end circuitry and / or the antenna 4111 may be considered an interface.

[0199] As shown, the interface 4114 comprises a radio front-end circuit 4112 and an antenna 4111. The radio front-end circuit 4112 comprises one or more filters 4118 and an amplifier 4116. The radio front-end circuit 4112 is connected to the antenna 4111 and the processing circuit 4120 and is configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 4111 and the processing circuit 4120. The radio front-end circuit 4112 may be coupled to or part of the antenna 4111. In some embodiments, the WD 4110 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 4112, and rather, the processing circuit 4120 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna 4111. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 4122 may be considered part of the interface 4114. The radio front-end circuit 4112 may receive digital data to be sent to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 4112 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 4118 and / or amplifiers 4116. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 4111. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 4111 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 4112. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 4120. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0200] The processing circuitry 4120 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable, alone or in conjunction with other WD 4110 components such as the device readable medium 4130, to provide the functionality of the WD 4110. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits described herein. For example, the processing circuitry 4120 may execute instructions stored on the device readable medium 4130 or in memory within the processing circuitry 4120 to provide the functionality disclosed herein.

[0201] As shown, the processing circuit 4120 includes one or more of an RF transceiver circuit 4122, a baseband processing circuit 4124, and an application processing circuit 4126. In other embodiments, the processing circuit may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components. In a particular embodiment, the processing circuit 4120 of the WD 4110 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuit 4122, the baseband processing circuit 4124, and the application processing circuit 4126 may be on separate chips or chipsets. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the baseband processing circuit 4124 and the application processing circuit 4126 may be combined into one chip or chipset, and the RF transceiver circuit 4122 may be on a separate chip or chipset. In further alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 4122 and the baseband processing circuit 4124 may be on the same chip or chipset, and the application processing circuit 4126 may be on a separate chip or chipset. In yet other alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 4122, the baseband processing circuitry 4124, and the application processing circuitry 4126 may be combined within the same chip or chipset. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 4122 may be part of the interface 4114. The RF transceiver circuitry 4122 may condition RF signals for the processing circuitry 4120.

[0202] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by the WD may be provided by the processing circuitry 4120 executing instructions stored on a device-readable medium 4130, which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 4120 without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of these specific embodiments, the processing circuitry 4120 may be configured to perform the above-mentioned functionality, whether or not it executes instructions stored on a device-readable medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry 4120 alone or other components of the WD 4110, but are enjoyed by the WD 4110 as a whole, and / or by end users and wireless networks in general.

[0203] The processing circuitry 4120 may be configured to perform any of the decision, calculation, or similar operations (e.g., certain acquisition operations) described herein as being performed by the WD. These operations as performed by the processing circuitry 4120 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuitry 4120, for example, by converting the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or converted information with information stored by the WD 4110, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or converted information, and making a decision as a result of such processing.

[0204] The device-readable medium 4130 may be operable to store computer programs, software, applications (including one or more of logic, rules, codes, tables, etc.), and / or other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 4120. The device-readable medium 4130 may include computer memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 4120. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 4120 and the device-readable medium 4130 may be considered to be integrated.

[0205] The user interface device 4132 may provide components that allow a human user to interact with the WD 4110. Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, auditory, tactile, etc. The user interface device 4132 may be operable to generate output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to the WD 4110. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface device 4132 installed in the WD 4110. For example, if the WD 4110 is a smartphone, the interaction may be through a touch screen, and if the WD 4110 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). The user interface device 4132 may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, as well as output interfaces, devices and circuits. The user interface device 4132 is configured to allow input of information to the WD 4110 and is connected to the processing circuit 4120 to allow the processing circuit 4120 to process the input information. The user interface device 4132 may include, for example, a microphone, proximity or other sensors, keys / buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. The user interface device 4132 is also configured to enable output of information from the WD 4110 and to enable the processing circuitry 4120 to output information from the WD 4110. The user interface device 4132 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibration circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits of the user interface device 4132, the WD 4110 may communicate with an end user and / or a wireless network, enabling the end user and / or the wireless network to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0206] The auxiliary device 4134 is operable to provide more specific functions that a WD may not generally perform. It may include dedicated sensors that take measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communication, etc. The inclusion and types of components of the auxiliary device 4134 may vary depending on the embodiment and / or scenario.

[0207] The power source 4136 may be in the form of a battery or battery pack in some embodiments. Other types of power sources may also be used, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery. The WD 4110 may further comprise a power circuit 4137 for delivering power from the power source 4136 to various parts of the WD 4110 that require power from the power source 4136 to perform any of the functions described or suggested herein. The power circuit 4137 may comprise a power management circuit in certain embodiments. The power circuit 4137 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source, in which case the WD 4110 may be connectable to an external power source (such as an electrical outlet) via an interface such as an input circuit or a power cable. The power circuit 4137 may also be operable in certain embodiments to deliver power from the external power source to the power source 4136. This may be for charging the power source 4136, for example. The power circuitry 4137 may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modification to the power from the power source 4136 to make it suitable for the respective components of the WD 4110 being powered.

[0208] FIG. 16 illustrates a user equipment according to some embodiments.

[0209] FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of a UE according to various aspects described herein. As used herein, user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates an associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) that is intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but may not be associated with or may not initially be associated with a particular human user. Alternatively, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart power meter) that is not intended for sale to or operation by an end user, but may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user. The UE 42200 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including NB-IoT UE, Machine Type Communication (MTC) UE, and / or enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. As shown in Figure 16, the UE 4200 is an example of a WD configured to communicate according to one or more communications standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP's GSM, UMTS, LTE, and / or 5G standards. As mentioned above, the terms WD and UE may be used interchangeably. Thus, although Figure 16 is a UE, the components described herein are equally applicable to a WD and vice versa.

[0210] In FIG. 16, UE 4200 includes a processing circuit 4201 operatively coupled to an input / output interface 4205, a radio frequency (RF) interface 4209, a network connection interface 4211, a memory 4215 (including a random access memory (RAM) 4217, a read only memory (ROM) 4219, a storage medium 4221, etc.), a communication subsystem 4231, a power source 4213, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof. The storage medium 4221 includes an operating system 4223, an application program 4225, and data 4227. In other embodiments, the storage medium 4221 may include other similar types of information. A particular UE may utilize all of the components shown in FIG. 16, or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from UE to UE. Additionally, a particular UE may include multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0211] In Fig. 16, the processing circuit 4201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. The processing circuit 4201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operable to execute machine instructions stored in memory as a machine-readable computer program, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.), programmable logic together with appropriate firmware, one or more pre-programmed general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), together with appropriate software, or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuit 4201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). The data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer.

[0212] In the illustrated embodiment, the input / output interface 4205 may be configured to provide an input device, an output device, or a communication interface to an input / output device. The UE 4200 may be configured to use an output device via the input / output interface 4205. The output device may use the same type of interface port as the input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from the UE 4200. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof. The UE 4200 may be configured to enable a user to capture information to the UE 4200 using an input device via the input / output interface 4205. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, etc. The presence sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor that senses input from a user. The sensor may be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, a light sensor, a proximity sensor, another similar sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and a light sensor.

[0213] In FIG. 16, the RF interface 4209 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components, such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. The network connection interface 4211 may be configured to provide a communication interface to a network 4243a. The network 4243a may encompass a wired and / or wireless network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 4243a may include a Wi-Fi network. The network connection interface 4211 may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP / IP, SONET, ATM, etc. The network connection interface 4211 may implement receiver and transmitter functions appropriate for a communication network link (e.g., optical, electrical, etc.). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or may be implemented separately.

[0214] The RAM 4217 may be configured to interface to the processing circuit 4201 via the bus 4202 for storing or caching data or computer instructions during execution of software programs, such as an operating system, application programs, and device drivers. The ROM 4219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to the processing circuit 4201. For example, the ROM 4219 may be configured to store unchanging low-level system code or data for basic system functions, such as basic input / output (I / O), booting, or receiving keystrokes from a keyboard, stored in non-volatile memory. The storage medium 4221 may be configured to include memory, such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disk, optical disk, floppy disk, hard disk, removable cartridge, or flash drive. In one example, the storage medium 4221 may be configured to include an operating system 4223, an application program 4225, such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, or another application, and data files 4227. The storage medium 4221 may store any of a wide variety of different operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by the UE 4200.

[0215] The storage medium 4221 may be configured to include multiple physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high density digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) optical disk drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disk drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drive, external mini dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smart card memory such as a subscriber identity module or removable user identity (SIM / RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. The storage medium 4221 may enable the UE 4200 to access, offload data, or upload data, computer executable instructions, application programs, and the like, stored in a temporary or non-transitory memory medium. An article of manufacture, such as an article of manufacture utilizing a communication system, may be tangibly embodied in the storage medium 4221, which may include a device-readable medium.

[0216] In FIG. 16, the processing circuit 4201 may be configured to communicate with the network 4243b using the communication subsystem 4231. The network 4243a and the network 4243b may be the same network or networks or different networks or networks. The communication subsystem 4231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with the network 4243b. For example, the communication subsystem 4231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication, such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN), according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.11, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, etc. Each transceiver may include a transmitter 4233 and / or a receiver 4235 to respectively realize a transmitter function or a receiver function appropriate for a RAN link (e.g., frequency allocation, etc.). Additionally, the transmitter 4233 and receiver 4235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or may be implemented separately.

[0217] In an example embodiment, the communication capabilities of the communication subsystem 4231 may include data communications, voice communications, multimedia communications, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communications, location-based communications such as using a global positioning system (GPS) to determine location, another similar communication capability, or any combination thereof. For example, the communication subsystem 4231 may include cellular communications, Wi-Fi communications, Bluetooth communications, and GPS communications. The network 4243b may encompass wired and / or wireless networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 4243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and / or a near-field network. The power source 4213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to the components of the UE 4200.

[0218] The features, benefits, and / or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of the UE 4200 or split across multiple components of the UE 4200. Furthermore, the features, benefits, and / or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software, or firmware. In one example, the communication subsystem 4231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Furthermore, the processing circuitry 4201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components through the bus 4202. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that, when executed by the processing circuitry 4201, perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functions of any of such components may be split between the processing circuitry 4201 and the communication subsystem 4231. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware, and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0219] FIG. 17 illustrates a virtualization environment according to some embodiments.

[0220] FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 4300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In this context, virtualization means creating a virtual version of an apparatus or device, which may include virtualizing a hardware platform, storage devices, and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can apply to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized wireless access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device, or any other type of communication device) or components thereof, and relates to an implementation that executes at least a portion of the functions as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines, or containers running on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0221] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments 4300 hosted by one or more of the hardware nodes 4330. Furthermore, in embodiments where the virtual nodes are not wireless access nodes or do not require wireless connectivity (e.g., core network nodes), the network nodes may be fully virtualized.

[0222] The functionality may be realized by one or more applications 4320 (which may alternatively be referred to as software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operable to provide some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. The applications 4320 are run in a virtualization environment 4300, which provides hardware 4330 including a processing circuit 4360 and a memory 4390. The memory 4390 includes instructions 4395 executable by the processing circuit 4360 such that the applications 4320 are operable to provide one or more of the features, functions, and / or benefits of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0223] The virtualization environment 4300 comprises general-purpose or dedicated network hardware devices 4330 comprising one or more sets of processors or processing circuitry 4360, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or dedicated processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory 4390-1, which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions 4395 or software executed by the processing circuitry 4360. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) 4370, also known as network interface cards, that include a physical network interface 4380. Each hardware device may also include a non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage medium 4390-2 on which software 4395 and / or instructions executable by the processing circuitry 4360 are stored. Software 4395 may include any type of software, including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers 4350 (also referred to as hypervisors), software for running virtual machines 4340, and software that enables the software to perform the functions, features, and / or benefits described in connection with some of the embodiments described herein.

[0224] The virtual machines 4340 may comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 4350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the virtual appliance 4320 instances may be implemented in one or more of the virtual machines 4340, and the implementation may be done in different ways.

[0225] During operation, the processing circuitry 4360 executes software 4395 to instantiate a hypervisor or virtualization layer 4350, sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), which may present a virtual operating platform to the virtual machines 4340 that looks like networking hardware.

[0226] 17, the hardware 4330 may be a standalone network node having general or specific components. The hardware 4330 may include an antenna 43225 and may achieve some functionality through virtualization. Alternatively, the hardware 4330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (such as in the case of a data center or customer premises equipment (CPE) for example) that is managed via a management and orchestration (MANO) 43100 where many hardware nodes work together and oversee the lifecycle management of the applications 4320, among other things.

[0227] Hardware virtualization is referred to in some contexts as network functions virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage that may be located in data centers, as well as customer premises equipment.

[0228] In the context of NFV, a virtual machine 4340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each virtual machine 4340, and the portion of hardware 4330 on which it runs, if any, hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and / or hardware that the virtual machine shares with other virtual machines 4340, constitutes a separate virtual network element (VNE).

[0229] Further in the context of NFV, a virtual network function (VNF) is responsible for handling a specific network function running in one or more virtual machines 4340 on top of the hardware networking infrastructure 4330 and corresponds to application 4320 in FIG. 17.

[0230] In some embodiments, one or more radio units 43200, each including one or more transmitters 43220 and one or more receivers 43210, may be coupled to one or more antennas 43225. The radio units 43200 may communicate directly with the hardware node 4330 via one or more suitable network interfaces, or may be used in combination with a virtualization component, such as a radio access node or base station, to provide wireless capabilities to a virtualization node.

[0231] In some embodiments, some signaling can be accomplished using a control system 43230, which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware node 4330 and the wireless unit 43200.

[0232] FIG. 18 illustrates a communications network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments.

[0233] Referring to Fig. 18, according to one embodiment, a communication system includes a communication network 4410, such as a 3GPP type cellular network, comprising an access network 4411, such as a wireless access network, and a core network 4414. The access network 4411 comprises a number of base stations 4412a, 4412b, 4412c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs, or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 4413a, 4413b, 4413c. Each base station 4412a, 4412b, 4412c is connectable to the core network 4414 through a wired or wireless connection 4415. A first UE 4491 located within the coverage area 4413c is configured to wirelessly connect to or be paged by the corresponding base station 4412c. A second UE 4492 within the coverage area 4413a can wirelessly connect to a corresponding base station 4412a. Although multiple UEs 4491, 4492 are shown in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to situations where one UE is present in the coverage area or connected to the corresponding base station 4412.

[0234] The communication network 4410 itself is connected to a host computer 4430, which may be embodied in hardware and / or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, or a distributed server, or as a processing resource in a server farm. The host computer 4430 may be owned or controlled by a service provider, or may be operated by or on behalf of the service provider. The connections 4421 and 4422 between the communication network 4410 and the host computer 4430 may extend directly from the core network 4414 to the host computer 4430, or may extend through an optional intermediate network 4420. The intermediate network 4420 may be one or a combination of two or more of a public network, a private network, or a hosted network, and if an intermediate network 4420 exists, may be a backbone network or the Internet, and in particular the intermediate network 4420 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

[0235] The communication system of FIG. 18 as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs 4491, 4492 and the host computer 4430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 4450. The host computer 4430 and the connected UEs 4491, 4492 are configured to communicate data and / or signaling via the OTT connection 4450 using the access network 4411, the core network 4414, any intermediate networks 4420, and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection 4450 may be transparent in the sense that the involved communication devices through which the OTT connection 4450 passes are unaware of the routing of the uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station 4412 may not or need not be informed of the past routing of incoming downlink communications, where data originating from the host computer 4430 is forwarded (e.g., handed over) to the connected UE 4491. Similarly, the base station 4412 does not need to be aware of the future routing of outgoing uplink communications originating from the UE 4491 and destined for the host computer 4430 .

[0236] FIG. 19 illustrates a host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partial wireless connection, according to some embodiments.

[0237] An exemplary implementation according to one embodiment of the UE, base station and host computer described in the previous paragraphs will now be described below with reference to Fig. 19. In the communication system 4500, the host computer 4510 comprises hardware 4515 including a communication interface 4516 configured to set up and maintain wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 4500. The host computer 4510 further comprises a processing circuit 4518, which may have memory and / or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuit 4518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer 4510 further comprises software 4511 executable by the processing circuit 4518 stored in or accessible by the host computer 4510. The software 4511 includes a host application 4512. The host application 4512 may be operable to provide services to a remote user, such as the UE 4530, that connects via an OTT connection 4550 that terminates at the UE 4530 and the host computer 4510. In providing services to the remote user, the host application 4512 may provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT connection 4550.

[0238] The communication system 4500 further includes a base station 4520 provided within the communication system, the base station 4520 comprising hardware 4525 enabling the base station 4520 to communicate with the host computer 4510 and the UE 4530. The hardware 4525 may include a communication interface 4526 for setting up and maintaining wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 4500, as well as a wireless interface 4527 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 4570 with a UE 4530 located within a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 19) served by the base station 4520. The communication interface 4526 may be configured to facilitate a connection 4560 to the host computer 4510. The connection 4560 may be direct or may go through a core network (not shown in FIG. 19) of the communication system and / or through one or more intermediate networks external to the communication system. In the illustrated embodiment, the hardware 4525 of the base station 4520 further includes processing circuitry 4528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station 4520 further includes software 4521 stored therein or accessible via an external connection.

[0239] The communication system 4500 further includes the already mentioned UE 4530. Its hardware 4535 may include a wireless interface 4537 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 4570 with a base station serving the coverage area in which the UE 4530 is currently located. The hardware 4535 of the UE 4530 further includes a processing circuit 4538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE 4530 further includes software 4531 stored in or accessible by the UE 4530 and executable by the processing circuit 4538. The software 4531 includes a client application 4532. The client application 4532 may be operable to provide services to a human or non-human user via the UE 4530 with the support of the host computer 4510. At the host computer 4510, an executing host application 4512 may communicate with an executing client application 4532 via an OTT connection 4550 that terminates at the UE 4530 and the host computer 4510. In providing services to a user, the client application 4532 may receive request data from the host application 4512 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 4550 may transport both the request data and the user data. The client application 4532 may interact with the user and generate user data to provide.

[0240] It should be noted that the host computer 4510, base station 4520, and UE 4530 shown in Figure 19 may be similar to or identical to the host computer 4430, one of the base stations 4412a, 4412b, 4412c, and one of the UEs 4491, 4492, respectively, of Figure 18. That is, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in Figure 19, and alternatively, the surrounding network topology may be that of Figure 18.

[0241] 19, the OTT connection 4550 is depicted abstractly to show communication between the host computer 4510 and the UE 4530 via the base station 4520, without explicitly mentioning any intermediary devices and the exact routing of messages through these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, which may be configured to be hidden from the UE 4530, or from the service provider operating the host computer 4510, or both. The network infrastructure may also make decisions to dynamically change the routing while the OTT connection 4550 is active (e.g., based on load balancing considerations or network reconfiguration).

[0242] The wireless connection 4570 between the UE 4530 and the base station 4520 follows the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments may improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE 4530 using the OTT connection 4550 of which the wireless connection 4570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the random access speed and / or reduce the random access failure rate, and thereby provide benefits such as faster and / or more reliable random access.

[0243] Measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rates, latency, and other factors that one or more embodiments improve upon. Additionally, there may be optional network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection 4550 between the host computer 4510 and the UE 4530 in response to fluctuations in the measurement results. The measurement procedures and / or network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection 4550 may be implemented in the software 4511 and hardware 4515 of the host computer 4510, or in the software 4531 and hardware 4535 of the UE 4530, or both. In an embodiment, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or associated with the communications device through which the OTT connection 4550 passes, and the sensors may participate in the measurement procedures by providing values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or values ​​of other physical quantities from which the software 4511, 4531 may calculate or estimate the monitored quantities. Reconfiguration of the OTT connection 4550 may include message formats, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and the reconfiguration need not affect the base station 4520 and may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station 4520. Such procedures and functions may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates the host computer 4510 measurements of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. Measurements may be accomplished in that software 4511 and 4531 cause messages to be sent using the OTT connection 4550, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.

[0244] FIG. 20 illustrates a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0245] FIG. 20 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 18 and FIG. 19. To simplify the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 20 are included in this section. In step 4610, the host computer provides user data. In sub-step 4611 (which may be optional) of step 4610, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 4620, the host computer initiates a transmission conveying the user data to the UE. In step 4630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits the user data conveyed in the host computer initiated transmission to the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 4640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0246] FIG. 21 illustrates a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0247] FIG. 21 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 18 and FIG. 19. To simplify the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 21 are included in this section. In step 4710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional sub-step (not shown), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 4720, the host computer initiates a transmission that conveys the user data to the UE. The transmission may go through a base station according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 4730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data conveyed in the transmission.

[0248] FIG. 22 illustrates a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0249] FIG. 22 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 18 and FIG. 19. To simplify the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 22 are included in this section. In step 4810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 4820, the UE provides user data. In sub-step 4821 (which may be optional) of step 4820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step 4811 (which may be optional) of step 4810, the UE executes a client application that provides user data in response to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further take into account user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular manner in which the user data is provided, the UE begins transmitting the user data to the host computer in sub-step 4830 (which may be optional). At method step 4840, the host computer receives user data transmitted from the UE in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0250] FIG. 23 illustrates a method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0251] FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 18 and FIG. 19. To simplify the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 23 are included in this section. In step 4910 (which may be optional), the base station receives user data from the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 4920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 4930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data conveyed in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0252] Any suitable step, method, feature, function, or benefit disclosed herein may be implemented through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual devices. Each virtual device may comprise several of these functional units. These functional units may be realized through processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), dedicated digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, and the like. The program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more communication and / or data communication protocols, as well as instructions for implementing one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional units to implement corresponding functions according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0253] The term unit may have its conventional meaning in the fields of electronics, electrical devices, and / or electronic devices, and may include, for example, electric and / or electronic circuits, devices, modules, processors, memories, logical solids, and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions, etc., for performing a respective task, procedure, computation, output, and / or display function, such as those described herein.

[0254] Further definitions and embodiments are described below.

[0255] In the above description of various embodiments of the inventive concept, it should be understood that the terminology used herein is merely for describing specific embodiments, and is not intended to limit the inventive concept. Unless otherwise specified, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the inventive concept belongs. It is further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning according to the meaning of those terms in the context of this specification and related art, and are not to be interpreted in an ideal or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0256] When an element is referred to as being "connected," "coupled," "responsive" to another element, or variations thereof, the element may be directly connected, coupled, or responsive to the other element, or there may be intervening elements. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected," "directly coupled," "directly responsive" to another element, or variations thereof, there are no intervening elements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Additionally, as used herein, "coupled," "connected," "responsive," or variations thereof may include wirelessly coupled, wirelessly connected, or wirelessly responsive. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For the sake of brevity and / or clarity, well-known features or structures may not be described in detail. The term "and / or" (abbreviated as " / ") includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0257] Although terms such as first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements / operations, it will be understood that these elements / operations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used only to distinguish one element / operation from another. Thus, a first element / operation in some embodiments may be called a second element / operation in other embodiments without departing from the teachings of the inventive concept. The same reference numbers or characters refer to the same or similar elements throughout this specification.

[0258] As used herein, the terms "comprise," "comprising," "comprises," "include," "including," "includes," "have," "has," "having," or variations thereof, are open-ended and include one or more stated features, wholes, elements, steps, components, or functions, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, wholes, elements, steps, components, functions, or groups thereof. Additionally, as used herein, the common abbreviation "eg," from the Latin phrase "exempli gratia," may be used to introduce or specifically name one or more general examples of the aforementioned items, without limiting such items. The common abbreviation "ie," from the Latin phrase "id est," may be used to specifically name a particular item from a more general statement.

[0259] Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations of computer-implemented methods, apparatus (systems and / or devices) and / or computer program products. It will be understood that the blocks of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, may be realized by computer program instructions carried out by one or more computer circuits. These computer program instructions may be provided to processor circuits of general-purpose computer circuits, special-purpose computer circuits, and / or other programmable data processing circuits to create a machine, such that the instructions executing via the processor of the computer and / or other programmable data processing apparatus transform and control transistors, values ​​stored in memory locations, and other hardware components in such circuits to realize the functions / acts specified in one or more blocks of the block diagrams and / or flowcharts, and thereby create means (functions) and / or structures for realizing the functions / acts specified in the block(s) of the block diagrams and / or flowcharts.

[0260] These computer program instructions may also be stored on a tangible computer readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored on the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture containing instructions that implement the functions / acts specified in one or more blocks of the block diagrams and / or flowcharts. Thus, embodiments of the inventive concepts may be embodied in the form of hardware and / or in the form of software (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.) running on a processor, such as a digital signal processor, which may be collectively referred to as a "circuit," "module," or variations thereof.

[0261] It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions / acts noted in the blocks may occur in an order other than that noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks illustrated in succession may in fact be executed substantially in parallel, depending on the functions / acts involved, or in some cases the blocks may be executed in reverse order. Furthermore, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks, and / or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated. Finally, other blocks may be added / inserted between the illustrated blocks, and / or blocks / acts may be omitted without departing from the scope of the inventive concept. Furthermore, while some of the figures include arrows on communication paths to indicate a primary direction of communication, it should be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to that of the illustrated arrows.

[0262] Many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the inventive concept. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of the inventive concept. Accordingly, the subject matter disclosed above should be considered as illustrative and not limiting, and the example embodiments are intended to cover all such modifications, extensions, and other embodiments that are within the spirit and scope of the inventive concept. Thus, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the scope of the inventive concept should be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the present disclosure, including the example embodiments and their equivalents, and should not be limited or restricted by the above detailed description.

Claims

1. Sending a key request to a network function in a home network of a wireless device to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in a visited network in which the wireless device is roaming (1002); receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the wireless device, the key response including the discovery key for network relay discovery in the visited network (1004); using the discovery key to secure communications with a network relay in the visited network (1006); A method of operating a wireless device, comprising:

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the network function includes a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the home network of the wireless device.

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the key request includes a list of networks for which a discovery key is sought, and the key response includes a list of networks for which a discovery key is provided and their associated discovery keys.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the list of networks for which network discovery is desired and the list of networks for which discovery services are provided comprise a list of Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identities.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the key request includes a relay service code that identifies a connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

6. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the key request includes a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies an application for which network relay discovery is desired.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the key response includes a relay service code.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the key response includes a ProSe application identity.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the visited network is the same as the home network of the wireless device.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the key request and the key response each include an identification of the wireless device.

11. A wireless device (300), A processing circuit (303); a memory (305) coupled to the processing circuitry, the memory (305) containing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the wireless device to perform the operations of any one of claims 1 to 10; A wireless device (300) comprising:

12. A wireless device (300) adapted to implement according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

13. A computer program comprising program code to be executed by a processing circuit (303) of a wireless device (300), thereby causing the wireless device (300) to perform the operations of any one of claims 1 to 10, by executing said program code.

14. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium containing program code to be executed by a processing circuit (303) of a wireless device (300), whereby executing the program code causes the wireless device (300) to perform the operations described in any one of claims 1 to 10.

15. 1. A method of operating a network relay, comprising: Sending a key request to a network function in a home network of the network relay to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery (1102); receiving a key response from the network function in the home network of the network relay, the key response including the discovery key for network relay discovery (1104); using said discovery key to secure communications with a remote wireless device (1106); A method comprising:

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the network function includes a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the home network of the network relay.

17. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the key request includes a list of networks for which a network discovery key is sought, and the key response includes a list of networks for which a discovery key is provided and their associated discovery keys.

18. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the list of networks for which network discovery is desired and the list of networks for which discovery services are provided comprise a list of Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identities.

19. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the key request includes a relay service code that identifies a connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

20. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the key request includes a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies an application for which network relay discovery is desired.

21. 21. The method of any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein the key response includes a relay service code.

22. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the key response includes a ProSe application identity.

23. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the key request and the key response each include an identification of the network relay.

24. A network relay (300) A processing circuit (303); a memory (305) coupled to the processing circuitry, the memory (305) containing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the network relay to perform the operations of any one of claims 15 to 23; A network relay (300).

25. A network relay (300) adapted to implement according to any one of claims 15 to 23.

26. 24. A computer program comprising program code to be executed by a processing circuit (303) of a network relay (300), thereby causing the network relay (300) to perform the operations of any one of claims 15 to 23, by executing said program code.

27. 24. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium containing program code to be executed by a processing circuit (303) of a network relay (300), whereby executing said program code causes said network relay (300) to perform the operations of any one of claims 15 to 23.

28. receiving a key request from a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system (1202); sending a key request to a second network function in the second wireless communication system for the discovery key (1204); receiving the discovery key from the second network function (1206); generating a key response including the discovery key (1208); sending the key response to the wireless device (1210); 23. A method of operating a first network function of a first wireless communication system, comprising:

29. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the first network function comprises a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the first wireless communication system.

30. 30. The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein the second network function comprises a DDNMF in a second wireless communication system.

31. receiving a key request from a first network function of a first wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery by a wireless device visiting a second wireless communication system (1302); Obtaining the discovery key (1304); generating 1306 a key response including the discovery key; sending the key response to the first network function (1308); 23. A method of operating a second network function of a second wireless communication system, comprising:

32. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein obtaining the discovery key comprises generating the discovery key at the second network function.

33. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein obtaining the discovery key includes obtaining the discovery key from an application function of the second wireless communication system.

34. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the first network function comprises a Direct Discovery Name Management Function (DDNMF) in the first wireless communication system.

35. 35. The method of claim 33 or 34, wherein the second network function comprises a DDNMF in a second wireless communication system.

36. receiving 1402 a key request from a network relay visiting a second wireless communication system to obtain a discovery key for network relay discovery in the second wireless communication system; Obtaining the discovery key (1404); generating 1406 a key response including the discovery key; sending the key response to the network relay (1408); 23. A method for operating a network function in a wireless communication system, comprising:

37. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein obtaining the discovery key comprises generating the discovery key at the network function.

38. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein obtaining the discovery key comprises obtaining the discovery key from an application function of the wireless communication system.

39. 39. The method of any one of claims 28 to 38, wherein the key request includes a relay service code that identifies a connectivity service for which network relay discovery is desired.

40. 40. The method of claim 28, wherein the key request includes a Proximity Services (ProSe) application identifier that identifies an application for which network relay discovery is desired.

41. 41. The method of any one of claims 28 to 40, wherein the key response includes a relay service code.

42. 42. The method of claim 28, wherein the key response includes a ProSe application identity.

43. 36. The method of any one of claims 28 to 35, wherein the key request and the key response each include an identification of the wireless device.

44. A core network node (500), A processing circuit (503); a memory (505) coupled to said processing circuitry, the memory (505) containing instructions that, when executed by said processing circuitry, cause said core network node to perform the operations of any one of claims 28 to 43; A core network node (500).

45. A core network node (500) adapted to implement according to any one of claims 28 to 43.

46. A computer program comprising program code to be executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), thereby causing the core network node (500) to perform operations according to any one of claims 28 to 43, by executing said program code.

47. 44. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium containing program code to be executed by a processing circuit (503) of a core network node (500), whereby executing said program code causes said core network node (500) to perform the operations described in any one of claims 28 to 43.

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