Automotive lattice frame

Abstract

Described herein is an automotive vehicle lattice frame (T) including a plurality of structural nodes (N1, N2), each having a central body (1) and at least one hollow arm (2, 3, 4, 30) projecting from the central body (1). The lattice frame also includes a plurality of beam elements (5, 6, 11, 27) connected to one another by the hollow projecting arms (2, 3, 4, 30). The structural nodes (N1, N2) are fabricated by additive manufacturing techniques, and at least one arm (2, 3, 4, 30) of one of the nodes (N1, N2) has an end facing the central body (1), the end having a channel shape (C) that includes open voids both at a front end (12) of the arm (2, 3, 4, 30) and along one side (13) of the arm (2, 3, 4, 30).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to a motor vehicle frame, and more particularly to a motor vehicle lattice frame, comprising: a plurality of structural nodes, each having a central body and at least one hollow arm protruding from the central body; and a plurality of beam elements connected to each other by protruding arms. [Background technology]

[0002] US Pat. No. 4,355,844 shows a motor vehicle frame having the characteristics indicated above.

[0003] The present invention is based on the requirement to provide a motor vehicle lattice frame having rapid, low-cost manufacturing and assembly methods that do not render the motor vehicle lattice frame less effective at performing the functions for which it was designed.

[0004] It is an additional object of the present invention to provide an automotive vehicle lattice frame made of components suitable for creating different frame geometries. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] In order to achieve one or more of the above objects, the invention relates to an automotive lattice frame of the type indicated at the beginning of this specification, characterized in that said structural nodes are produced by additive manufacturing techniques, and at least one arm of one of the nodes has an end facing the central body, the end having a channel form including an open void both at the front end of the arm and along one side of the arm.

[0006] Preferably, the end having a channel shaped configuration includes two side flanges each extending along one side of an arm, on a respective side of the open gap, such that the at least one arm has an Ω cross-section at the end.

[0007] The beam element connected to the at least one arm having an Ω cross-section may include two end flanges arranged in abutment against the side flanges, thus defining an open space between the inner surface of the hollow arm and the beam element inserted into the channel-shaped end.

[0008] According to a further preferred characteristic, said beam element is connected with its channel-shaped end to said at least one arm only with the aid of an adhesive layer. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description, given by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to the present invention; [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing some components of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to a first embodiment. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing some details shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing some details shown in FIG. 2. [Diagram 5] FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing some details shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 6] FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view of some components of the frame according to a variation on that shown in the previous figure. [Figure 7] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of some components of a frame according to a further variation to that shown in the previous figure. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the detail shown in FIG. 7 in an assembled state. [Figure 9] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the detail shown in FIG. 7 in an assembled state. [Figure 10] 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a motor vehicle lattice frame in accordance with the present invention; [Figure 11] 1 is a cross-sectional perspective view of a portion of a motor vehicle lattice frame in accordance with the present invention; [Figure 12] 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a motor vehicle lattice frame in accordance with the present invention; [Figure 13A] 1A-1D show assembly stages of some details of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to the invention; [Figure 13B] 1A-1D show assembly stages of some details of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to the invention; [Figure 13C] 1A-1D show assembly stages of some details of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to the invention; [Figure 13D] 1A-1D show assembly stages of some details of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to the invention; [Figure 13E] 1A-1D show assembly stages of some details of a motor vehicle lattice frame according to the invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] In the following description, various specific details are presented for a thorough understanding of the embodiments. The embodiments may be implemented without one or more specific details or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other cases, known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring various aspects of the embodiments. Reference to an "embodiment" in the context of this specification indicates that a particular configuration, structure, or feature described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, phrases such as "in an embodiment" that may appear in different places in this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, certain features, structures, or features may be combined in an appropriate manner in one or more embodiments and / or may be associated with an embodiment in a different manner than shown in this specification. For example, features illustrated in this specification in connection with one figure may be applied to one or more embodiments illustrated in a different figure.

[0011] References provided herein are merely for convenience and therefore do not define the scope or coverage of the embodiments.

[0012] As used herein and in the claims that follow, the term "additive manufacturing" refers to a method known in the art in which an energy source, such as a laser or plasma beam, is used to selectively melt metal or plastic powders or wires of various sizes to form metal or plastic parts in a layer-by-layer sequence.

[0013] For example, a device for producing components using additive manufacturing is known from EP 3148784 A1. Of course, the techniques presented in this document are merely examples, since different additive manufacturing techniques can be applied to produce the automotive lattice frame according to the invention.

[0014] The attached drawings show a preferred embodiment of a motor vehicle lattice frame T according to the invention. The invention may relate to any type of motor vehicle frame, for example a frame of an automobile structure or a frame supporting a component mounted on a motor vehicle.

[0015] As particularly shown in the schematic diagram of Figure 1, the motor vehicle lattice frame T comprises a plurality of structural nodes N1, N2, each having a central body 1 from which at least two hollow arms 2, 3, 4, 30 project. The lattice frame T also includes a number of beam elements 5, 6, 11, 27 connected to each other by the projecting arms 2, 3, 4, 30. The beam elements connected to the respective arms of the nodes may have cross sections of different shapes (e.g., rectangular or circular).

[0016] In the following description, various embodiments of the structural nodes N1, N2 for providing a lattice frame T of a motor vehicle according to the invention are described in detail.

[0017] According to an essential feature of the invention, the structural nodes N1, N2 of the lattice frame T are obtained using additive manufacturing construction techniques. By producing the structural nodes by additive manufacturing techniques, it is possible to obtain many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods, including the machining of components with complex geometries without any penalties in terms of time or cost for the production of components with simpler geometries. In the case of the invention, the structural nodes can be made from metal or plastic materials, while the beam elements connected to each other by the structural nodes can be made, for example, from an aluminum alloy.

[0018] 2 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of an automotive structural node N1. As shown above, each structural node, which together with the beam elements constitutes a lattice frame T, includes a central body 1 and a number of arms 2, 3, 4, 30 protruding from the central body 1. The hollow arms are arranged around the central body in a number of configurations, so that the required geometry of the frame can be realized.

[0019] According to an important characteristic of the frame T according to the invention, at least one arm 2 of one of the nodes has an end facing the central body 1, the end including a C-channel shape having an open gap both at the front end 12 of the arm 2 and along the side 13 of the arm 2 (Figures 2 to 4).

[0020] The C-channel form having an open gap is arranged to accommodate a respective beam element 6 therein and is intended to be connected to another structural node at one of the opposing ends of the C-channel form.

[0021] The beam element 6 is connected to the arm 2 only with the aid of a layer of adhesive. Still referring to Figures 2-4, the C-channel shaped end includes two opposing side walls 14, on which at least one opening 7 is created to allow the layer of adhesive to pass, to create a bond between the arm 2 and the beam element 6. Of course, the configuration of the opening 7 for directing the adhesive may vary significantly with respect to that shown in the accompanying drawings without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0022] Thanks to the property of providing at least one arm of a structural node having an end with the above-mentioned C-channel configuration, it is possible to create various geometries of frames, including frames having two beam elements that are constrained to each other at a 45° angle and that are intended to be connected together with a single structural node at the end that defines said angle.

[0023] According to a preferred feature of the invention, shown in the cross-sectional view of Figure 6, the C-channel shaped end includes two side flanges 10, each spaced apart along one side of the arm 2 on a respective side of the open cavity of the C-channel configuration, such that the arm projecting from the central body 1 has an Ω-shaped cross-section at said end.

[0024] Still referring to the cross-sectional view of Figure 6, the beam element 6 connected to the arm with Ω cross-section also includes two end flanges 33 arranged in abutment against the side flanges 10 of the arm protruding from the central body 1 of the node, thus defining an empty space between the inner surface of the hollow arm and the beam element inserted in its end with the C-channel configuration. It will thus be understood that in one embodiment, the adhesive layer inserted in the opening 7 spreads in said empty space formed between the inner surface of the hollow arm and the beam element inserted in its end with the C-channel configuration.

[0025] According to another preferred feature of the invention, shown in the perspective view of FIG. 5, the arm 2 including the C-channel configuration may include a rigid covering element 8 connected to the end of the arm 2 having the C-channel configuration. The rigid covering element 8 is spaced along at least one side of the arm above the open gap and above the beam element arranged in the gap. Preferably, the covering element 8 is slidably mounted on the respective guide 24 after the alignment of one end of the beam element 6 occurs in the gap. The covering element 8 is configured to slide on the (e.g. conical) guide and remain blocked by means of an interference fit on the guide 24 and on the beam element 6. In this way, the beam element 6 is locked in position until the adhesive is injected.

[0026] In the following description, various additional embodiments of structural nodes for providing a lattice frame T of a motor vehicle according to the invention are described.

[0027] As shown in particular in Figures 2 to 4, one arm 3 of one of the nodes may have an end 14 arranged within the cavity of the hollow arm 3 and projecting in a direction opposite to the central body 1 of the structural node. The end 14 is configured to be attached with the respective hollow beam element 5, so that one end of the beam element 5 connected with the structural node is sandwiched between the walls of the hollow arm 3 and the end 14 projects in a direction opposite to the central body 1.

[0028] The hollow beam element 5 may define several cavities 15 arranged side by side and separated from one another by at least one intermediate wall 16. In this case, said end 14 arranged within the cavity of the hollow arm 3 defines a respective protruding area separated by a free space 25 arranged to accommodate the intermediate wall 16 of the beam element 6 attached by means of an interference fit with the arm 3 of the structural node.

[0029] The attached drawings show another embodiment of a structural node included in a lattice frame according to the invention, in which at least one arm 4 may be connected by adhesive to a respective beam element 11 such that a wall of the arm 4 is located within a respective end of the beam element 11. This arm 4 may include one or more inlet(s) 19 for injecting adhesive, an axial supply channel 20 for adhesive extending inside the arm 4, and a number of outlets 21 for adhesive (Figures 5, 7-9, 12).

[0030] The inlets 19 may be located near the central body of the node and may be made in the form of pins protruding from the walls defining the arm 4. There may be two inlets 19 protruding from two opposite sides of the arm 4, as shown in the example of FIG.

[0031] As shown in Figures 8 and 9, the supply channel 20 has an inlet end coinciding with the inlet 19 and an overall extension corresponding to the length of the arm 4. In the case shown in Figures 8 and 9, inside the arm 4, the channel 20 surrounds the inner part 26 of the arm 4, so that it extends between the outer wall and the inner part 26 of the arm 4.

[0032] The outlets 21 for the adhesive may be constituted by holes made through the wall of the arm 4, distributed along the extension and extending radially between the axial supply channel 20 for the adhesive and the outer wall of the arm 4. Thanks to this property, the gluing of the arms 4 within the respective beam elements 11 becomes extremely effective and long-lasting, since a uniform distribution of the adhesive is obtained along all the extensions of the arms 4.

[0033] According to another preferred feature shown in the drawings, one arm 4 of the nodes is connected to the respective hollow beam element 11 not only with the aid of an adhesive but also by a pre-mechanical connection. The pre-mechanical connection is realised by a connecting member which may comprise a resilient arm 17 arranged on one side of the arm 4 and an opening 18 formed on one side of the beam element, so that in the assembled state, the resilient arm 17 is connected with the opening 18, thus creating a mechanical engagement between the arm 4 and the beam element 11.

[0034] Preferably, at least one of the arms 4 provided with the holes constituting the supply channel 20 and the outlet 21 is formed by a pair of arms 4 arranged side by side and configured to be mounted within a single beam element 11 (Figures 5, 12).

[0035] Preferably, at least one of the structural nodes N2 of the lattice frame T according to the invention comprises a plurality of said arms 4 provided with holes constituting a supply channel 20 and an outlet 21 (FIG. 10). In this case, the node N2 may comprise a single inlet 19 for the adhesive, communicating with a central chamber 23 located in the central body 1 of the node N2, from which the supply channels 20 of the respective arms 4 extend. Of course, the number and configuration of the arms may be significantly different with respect to what is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. For example, together with the three arms 4 with the supply channels 20 shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, an arm 2 with a C-channel shape may be added, projecting from the same central body 1, the three arms 4 also projecting from the same central body 1.

[0036] 13A-13E show some components constituting a further embodiment of a lattice frame according to the invention, in which the arm 30 of one of the nodes is arranged in a beam element 27. The arm 30 is provided with a number of spacer elements 22 arranged along the extension of the arm 30, which are configured to define, in the assembled state, an empty space between the inner surface of the beam element 27 and the outer surface of the arm 30. The beam element 27 may be provided with one or more injection holes (not shown in FIGS. 13A-13E) in which an adhesive material may be introduced and flow into said empty space, thus forming an adhesive bond between the beam element 27 and the arm 30. Preferably, the spacer element 22 is conical in shape, which allows a layer of adhesive to pass into the empty space along all the extensions of the hollow arm 27.

[0037] Similar to that described above, the beam element 27 may have an opening 28 formed on one of its sides configured to accommodate a resilient arm 29 disposed on one side of the arm 30, thus providing a mechanical connection between the arm 30 and the beam element 27.

[0038] Thus, it will be appreciated that a motor vehicle lattice frame in accordance with the present invention will have rapid, low-cost manufacturing and assembly processes which will ensure that the motor vehicle lattice frame is not less effective at performing the functions for which it is designed.

[0039] Creating structural nodes by additive manufacturing construction techniques means that it is possible to obtain a number of advantages over traditional manufacturing methods, including the ability to machine components with complex geometries without incurring any penalty in terms of time or cost relative to the production of components with simpler geometries.

[0040] Thanks to the property of providing at least one arm of a structural node having an end with the above-mentioned C-channel configuration, it is possible to create a variety of frame geometries, including frames having two beam elements constrained to each other at a 45° angle and intended to be connected together with a single structural node at the end of the beam element that defines said angle.

[0041] Thanks to the property of providing at least one arm of a structural node with an outlet consisting of a hole formed through the wall of the arm, distributed along the extension and extending radially between the axial channel for the supply of adhesive and the outer wall of the arm, the adhesive bonding of the arms in the respective hollow beam element becomes extremely effective and long-lasting, since a uniform distribution of the adhesive along the entire length of the arm is ensured.

[0042] Of course, details of construction and embodiments may vary greatly from those described and illustrated solely by way of example, without prejudice to the principles of the invention and without departing from the scope of the invention. According to this specification, the following items are also disclosed. [Item 1] a plurality of structural nodes, each having a central body and at least one hollow protruding arm protruding from said central body; a plurality of beam elements connected to one another by said hollow protruding arms; A vehicle lattice frame comprising: The automotive vehicle lattice frame, wherein the structural nodes are created by an additive manufacturing technique, and at least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes has an end opposite the central body, the end having a channel shape (C) including an open void both at a front end of the hollow protruding arm and along one side of the hollow protruding arm. [Item 2] 2. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 1, wherein the end portion having a channel shape includes two side flanges, each extending along one side of the hollow protruding arm on a respective side of the open gap, such that the at least one hollow protruding arm has an Ω cross-section at the end portion. [Item 3] 3. The motor vehicle lattice frame according to claim 2, wherein at least one beam element connected to at least one hollow protruding arm having an Ω cross section includes two end flanges arranged in abutment against the side flanges, thereby defining an empty space between the inner surface of the hollow protruding arm and the beam element inserted into the end having the channel shape. [Item 4] 4. The motor vehicle lattice frame according to item 3, wherein the beam elements are connected to the at least one hollow protruding arm having an end with a channel shape only with the aid of an adhesive layer. [Item 5] 5. The automotive vehicle lattice frame of claim 4, wherein the channel-shaped end portion includes two opposing sidewall portions, and at least one opening is formed on the sidewall portions for the passage of the adhesive layer. [Item 6] 6. The automotive vehicle lattice frame according to item 5, wherein the adhesive layer is spread in the empty space between the inner surface of the hollow protruding arm and the beam element inserted into the end having the channel shape. [Item 7] The at least one hollow protruding arm is 7. The motor vehicle lattice frame of any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a rigid cover element slidably mounted on the channel-shaped end and positioned along at least one side of the hollow protruding arm above the open gap and above a beam element positioned within the open gap to lock the beam element. [Item 8] 2. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 1, wherein at least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes is connected to a respective hollow beam element by a pre-mechanical connection and by an adhesive, and wherein the at least one hollow protruding arm is disposed within the respective hollow beam element. [Item 9] 9. The motor vehicle lattice frame according to item 8, wherein the pre-mechanical connection is carried out by a connecting member comprising an elastic arm arranged on the side of the hollow protruding arm not having the at least one channel shape (C) and an opening obtained on one side of the beam element, so that in the assembled state, the hollow protruding arm not having the at least one channel shape (C) has a wall portion adjacent to and engaged with the wall portion of the beam element in which the opening is provided. [Item 10] 10. The motor vehicle lattice frame according to item 8 or 9, wherein the at least one hollow protruding arm comprises at least one inlet for injecting the adhesive, an axial channel for supplying the adhesive extending inside the hollow protruding arm, and a plurality of outlets consisting of holes formed through the wall of the hollow protruding arm, distributed along all the extensions of the hollow protruding arm and extending radially between the axial channel for supplying the adhesive and the outer surface of the at least one hollow protruding arm. [Item 11] 11. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 9 or 10, wherein the at least one hollow protruding arm is formed by a pair of hollow protruding arms arranged side by side and configured to be mounted within a single beam element. [Item 12] 2. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 1, wherein at least one hollow protruding arm is disposed within an end of a beam element, and a plurality of spacer elements are provided disposed along an extension of the hollow protruding arm, the spacer elements being configured to define an open space between an inner surface of the beam element and an outer surface of the hollow protruding arm when attached. [Item 13] 13. A motor vehicle comprising at least one motor vehicle lattice frame according to any one of items 1 to 12.

Claims

1. a plurality of structural nodes, each having a central body and at least one hollow protruding arm protruding from said central body; a plurality of beam elements connected to one another by said hollow protruding arms; A vehicle lattice frame comprising: The automotive vehicle lattice frame, wherein the structural nodes are produced by additive manufacturing techniques, and at least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes has an end facing the central body, the end having a channel shape (C) including an open void both at a front end of the hollow protruding arm and along one side of the hollow protruding arm; A vehicle lattice frame defining an open space between an inner surface of said hollow protruding arm and said beam element inserted into said channel shaped end.

2. 2. The vehicle lattice frame of claim 1, wherein the end portion having a channel shape includes two side flanges, each extending along one side of the hollow protruding arm on a respective side of the open gap such that the at least one hollow protruding arm has an Ω cross-section at the end portion.

3. 3. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 2, wherein at least one beam element connected to said at least one hollow projecting arm having an Ω cross section includes two end flanges disposed in abutment against said side flanges.

4. 4. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 3, wherein said beam elements are connected to said at least one hollow protruding arm having an end with a channel shape only with the aid of an adhesive layer.

5. a plurality of structural nodes, each having a central body and at least one hollow protruding arm protruding from said central body; a plurality of beam elements connected to one another by said hollow protruding arms; A vehicle lattice frame comprising: The automotive vehicle lattice frame, wherein the structural nodes are produced by additive manufacturing techniques, and at least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes has an end facing the central body, the end having a channel shape (C) including an open void both at a front end of the hollow protruding arm and along one side of the hollow protruding arm; the beam element is connected to the at least one hollow protruding arm having an end with a channel shape only with the aid of an adhesive layer; The end portion includes two opposing side walls, the side walls having at least one opening for injecting the adhesive layer.

6. the end portion having a channel shape includes two side flanges, each extending along one side of the hollow protruding arm, on a respective side of the open gap, such that the at least one hollow protruding arm has an Ω cross-section at the end portion; 6. The vehicle lattice frame of claim 5, wherein at least one beam element connected to at least one hollow protruding arm having an Ω cross section includes two end flanges arranged in abutment against the side flanges, thereby defining an empty space between an inner surface of the hollow protruding arm and the beam element inserted into the end having the channel shape.

7. 5. The automotive vehicle lattice frame of claim 4, wherein said channel-shaped end includes two opposing sidewalls, at least one opening formed on said sidewalls for passage of said adhesive layer therethrough.

8. 8. The automotive vehicle lattice frame of claim 7, wherein the adhesive layer is spread within the void space between the inner surface of the hollow protruding arm and the beam element inserted into the channel-shaped end.

9. The at least one hollow protruding arm is 9. The vehicle lattice frame of claim 1, further comprising a rigid cover element slidably mounted on the channel-shaped end and positioned along at least one side of the hollow protruding arm above the open gap and above a beam element positioned within the open gap to lock the beam element.

10. a plurality of structural nodes, each having a central body and at least one hollow protruding arm protruding from said central body; a plurality of beam elements connected to one another by said hollow protruding arms; A vehicle lattice frame comprising: The automotive vehicle lattice frame, wherein the structural nodes are produced by additive manufacturing techniques, and at least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes has an end facing the central body, the end having a channel shape (C) including an open void both at a front end of the hollow protruding arm and along one side of the hollow protruding arm; The at least one hollow protruding arm is A motor vehicle lattice frame including a rigid covering element slidably mounted on the channel-shaped end and positioned along at least one side of the hollow protruding arm above the open gap and above a beam element positioned within the open gap to lock the beam element.

11. a plurality of structural nodes, each having a central body and at least one hollow protruding arm protruding from said central body; a plurality of beam elements connected to one another by said hollow protruding arms; A vehicle lattice frame comprising: The automotive vehicle lattice frame, wherein the structural nodes are produced by additive manufacturing techniques, and at least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes has an end facing the central body, the end having a channel shape (C) including an open void both at a front end of the hollow protruding arm and along one side of the hollow protruding arm; At least one hollow protruding arm of one of the structural nodes is connected to a respective hollow beam element by a pre-mechanical connection and by an adhesive, and the at least one hollow protruding arm is disposed within the respective hollow beam element; The pre-mechanical connection is carried out by a connecting member including a resilient arm arranged on the side of at least one hollow protruding arm not having a channel shape and an opening obtained on one side of the beam element, so that in the assembled state, the at least one hollow protruding arm not having a channel shape has a wall portion engaged adjacent to the wall portion of the beam element in which the opening is provided.

12. 12. The vehicle lattice frame of claim 11, wherein the at least one hollow protruding arm includes at least one inlet for injecting the adhesive, an axial channel extending inside the at least one hollow protruding arm for supplying the adhesive, and a plurality of outlets formed of holes through the wall of the at least one hollow protruding arm, the outlets being distributed along all of the extensions of the at least one hollow protruding arm and extending radially between the axial channel for supplying the adhesive and an outer surface of the at least one hollow protruding arm.

13. 13. The motor vehicle lattice frame of claim 11 or 12, wherein the at least one hollow projecting arm is formed by a pair of hollow projecting arms arranged side by side and configured to be mounted within a single beam element.

14. 12. The vehicle lattice frame of claim 1, 5, 10, or 11, wherein at least one hollow protruding arm is disposed within an end of a beam element, and a plurality of spacer elements are provided disposed along an extension of the hollow protruding arm, the spacer elements being configured to define an open space between an inner surface of the beam element and an outer surface of the hollow protruding arm when installed.

15. A motor vehicle comprising at least one motor vehicle lattice frame according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

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